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Werner Heisenberg - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Biografie-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jeugd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jeugd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Jeugd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jeugd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vooroorlogse_loopbaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vooroorlogse_loopbaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Vooroorlogse loopbaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vooroorlogse_loopbaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Werken_voor_de_nazi&#039;s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Werken_voor_de_nazi&#039;s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Werken voor de nazi's</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Werken_voor_de_nazi&#039;s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Na_de_oorlog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Na_de_oorlog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Na de oorlog</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Na_de_oorlog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latere_carrière" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latere_carrière"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Latere carrière</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latere_carrière-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wetenschappelijke_biografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wetenschappelijke_biografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Wetenschappelijke biografie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wetenschappelijke_biografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wetenschappelijke biografie-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wetenschappelijke_biografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Matrixmechanica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matrixmechanica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Matrixmechanica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matrixmechanica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onzekerheidsrelatie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onzekerheidsrelatie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Onzekerheidsrelatie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onzekerheidsrelatie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kopenhaagse_interpretatie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kopenhaagse_interpretatie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kopenhaagse interpretatie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kopenhaagse_interpretatie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isospin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isospin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Isospin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isospin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Trivia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Externe links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Werner Heisenberg</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 111 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">111 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="فيرنر هايزنبيرغ – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيرنر هايزنبيرغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="فيرنر هايزنبيرج – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيرنر هايزنبيرج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="ৱাৰ্নাৰ হাইজেনবাৰ্গ – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৱাৰ্নাৰ হাইজেনবাৰ্গ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verner_Heyzenberq" title="Verner Heyzenberq – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Verner Heyzenberq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="ورنر کارل هایزنبرگ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ورنر کارل هایزنبرگ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Beiers" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Beiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Вернер Карл Гайзенберг – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вернер Карл Гайзенберг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Вэрнэр Карл Гайзэнбэрг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вэрнэр Карл Гайзэнбэрг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Вернер Хайзенберг – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вернер Хайзенберг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="ওয়ার্নার কার্ল হাইজেনবার্গ – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়ার্নার কার্ল হাইজেনবার্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1_%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="ڤێرنەر ھایزنبێرگ – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤێرنەر ھایزنبێرگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Гейзенберг Вернер Карл – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гейзенберг Вернер Карл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Βέρνερ Χάιζενμπεργκ – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βέρνερ Χάιζενμπεργκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="ورنر هایزنبرگ – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ورنر هایزنبرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Schots-Gaelisch" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Schots-Gaelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92" title="ורנר הייזנברג – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ורנר הייזנברג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="वर्नर हाइजनबर्ग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वर्नर हाइजनबर्ग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Karl_Heisenberg" title="Werner Karl Heisenberg – Haïtiaans Creools" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Werner Karl Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Վերներ Հայզենբերգ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերներ Հայզենբերգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Karl_Heisenberg" title="Werner Karl Heisenberg – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Werner Karl Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF" title="ヴェルナー・ハイゼンベルク – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴェルナー・ハイゼンベルク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ვერნერ ჰაიზენბერგი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვერნერ ჰაიზენბერგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Вернер Гейзенберг – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вернер Гейзенберг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ವರ್ನರ್ ಹೈಸನ್‍ಬರ್ಗ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವರ್ನರ್ ಹೈಸನ್‍ಬರ್ಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%84%88_%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%A0%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="베르너 하이젠베르크 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베르너 하이젠베르크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Вернер Гейзенберг – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вернер Гейзенберг" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernerus_Heisenberg" title="Wernerus Heisenberg – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Wernerus Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verners_Heizenbergs" title="Verners Heizenbergs – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Verners Heizenbergs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Вернер Хајзенберг – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вернер Хајзенберг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C" title="വെർണർ ഹൈസെൻബെർഗ്‌ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെർണർ ഹൈസെൻബെർഗ്‌" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Вернер Хайзенберг – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вернер Хайзенберг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="वर्नर हायझेनबर्ग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वर्नर हायझेनबर्ग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ဝန်နာ ဟိုင်ဇင်ဘတ် – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝန်နာ ဟိုင်ဇင်ဘတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="ورنر هایزنبرگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ورنر هایزنبرگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="वर्नर हाइजेनबर्ग – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वर्नर हाइजेनबर्ग" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਵਰਨਰ ਆਈਜਨਬਰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਰਨਰ ਆਈਜਨਬਰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Karl_Heisenberg" title="Werner Karl Heisenberg – Piëmontees" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Werner Karl Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piëmontees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1_%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="ورنر ہائسنبرگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ورنر ہائسنبرگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AB" title="وايرنر هايزنبرګ – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وايرنر هايزنبرګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3,_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гейзенберг, Вернер – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гейзенберг, Вернер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="वर्नर हाइजेनबर्ग – Sanskriet" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वर्नर हाइजेनबर्ग" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskriet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Karl_Heisenberg" title="Werner Karl Heisenberg – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Werner Karl Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Karl_Heisenberg" title="Werner Karl Heisenberg – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Werner Karl Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Вернер Хајзенберг – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вернер Хајзенберг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Soendanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Soendanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="வெர்னர் ஐசன்பர்க் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெர்னர் ஐசன்பர்க்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="వెర్నర్ హైసెన్‌బర్గ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వెర్నర్ హైసెన్‌బర్గ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84" title="แวร์เนอร์ ไฮเซินแบร์ค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แวร์เนอร์ ไฮเซินแบร์ค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heyzenberg" title="Werner Heyzenberg – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Werner Heyzenberg" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Вернер Гейзенберг – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вернер Гейзенберг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1_%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="ورنر ہیزنبرگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ورنر ہیزنبرگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="维尔纳·海森堡 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="维尔纳·海森堡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="უერნერ ჰეიზენბერგი – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უერნერ ჰეიზენბერგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%92" title="ווערנער הייזנבערג – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווערנער הייזנבערג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="维尔纳·海森堡 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="维尔纳·海森堡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Werner Heisenberg" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="海森堡 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="海森堡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q40904#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen 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lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nobelprijswinnaar"><img alt="Nobelprijswinnaar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/25px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/38px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/50px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span>&#160;&#160;Werner Karl Heisenberg </th></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit; text-align:center;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/5_december" title="5 december">5 december</a> <a href="/wiki/1901" title="1901">1901</a> – <a href="/wiki/1_februari" title="1 februari">1 februari</a> <a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Bundesarchiv_Bild183-R57262,_Werner_Heisenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Werner Karl Heisenberg in 1933" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_Bild183-R57262%2C_Werner_Heisenberg.jpg/266px-Bundesarchiv_Bild183-R57262%2C_Werner_Heisenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="422" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_Bild183-R57262%2C_Werner_Heisenberg.jpg/399px-Bundesarchiv_Bild183-R57262%2C_Werner_Heisenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_Bild183-R57262%2C_Werner_Heisenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="789" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%">Werner Karl Heisenberg in 1933</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteland </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Duitse Keizerrijk"><img alt="Vlag van Duitse Keizerrijk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Duitse_Keizerrijk" title="Duitse Keizerrijk">Duitse Keizerrijk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteplaats </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_(stad)" title="Würzburg (stad)">Würzburg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nationaliteit </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitse</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Overlijdensplaats </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München">München</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nobelprijs </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_de_Natuurkunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelprijs voor de Natuurkunde">Natuurkunde</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Jaar </th> <td colspan="2">1932 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Reden </th> <td colspan="2">"Voor zijn ontwikkeling van de <a href="/wiki/Kwantummechanica" title="Kwantummechanica">kwantummechanica</a> waarvan de toepassing geleid heeft tot de ontdekking van de <a href="/wiki/Allotropie" title="Allotropie">allotrope</a> vormen van waterstof." </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">Voorganger(s)</span> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Raman">Chandrasekhara Raman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Opvolger(s) </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> en <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>&#160; <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> &#160; </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Natuurkunde" title="Portaal:Natuurkunde">Natuurkunde</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Werner Karl Heisenberg</b> (<a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_(stad)" title="Würzburg (stad)">Würzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/5_december" title="5 december">5 december</a> <a href="/wiki/1901" title="1901">1901</a> – <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München">München</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_februari" title="1 februari">1 februari</a> <a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a>) was een <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duits</a> <a href="/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde">natuurkundige</a> en een van de grondleggers van de <a href="/wiki/Kwantummechanica" title="Kwantummechanica">kwantummechanica</a>. De bekende <i><a href="/wiki/Onzekerheidsrelatie_van_Heisenberg" title="Onzekerheidsrelatie van Heisenberg">onzekerheidsrelatie van Heisenberg</a></i> is van hem afkomstig. Daarnaast heeft hij belangrijke bijdragen geleverd aan werk op het gebied van de <a href="/wiki/Vloeistofmechanica" title="Vloeistofmechanica">hydrodynamica</a> van <a href="/wiki/Turbulente_stroming" title="Turbulente stroming">turbulentie</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Atoomkern" title="Atoomkern">atoomkern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetisme" title="Ferromagnetisme">ferromagnetisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmische_straling" title="Kosmische straling">kosmische straling</a> en <a href="/wiki/Elementair_deeltje" title="Elementair deeltje">elementaire deeltjes</a> en was hij de ontwerper van de eerste naoorlogse <a href="/wiki/Kernreactor" title="Kernreactor">kernreactor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_(stad)" title="Karlsruhe (stad)">Karlsruhe</a> in Duitsland. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografie">Biografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Biografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Biografie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jeugd">Jeugd</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Jeugd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Jeugd"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heisenberg werd in <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_(stad)" title="Würzburg (stad)">Würzburg</a> geboren als zoon van August Heisenberg en Annia Wecklein. Zijn vader was hoogleraar <a href="/wiki/Byzantijnse_Rijk" title="Byzantijnse Rijk">Byzantijnse geschiedenis</a> en middeleeuws en modern <a href="/wiki/Grieks" title="Grieks">Grieks</a> in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München">München</a>; zijn moeder was een dochter van de rector van het <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium" title="Gymnasium">gymnasium</a> in München, waar hij later naar school ging. Hij viel op school al op door een grote leerzucht en vlijt en was ook een sterk <a href="/wiki/Schaker" title="Schaker">schaker</a>. Heisenberg had een 1,5 jaar oudere broer, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Heisenberg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Heisenberg (de pagina bestaat niet)">Erwin</a>, die eveneens zeer begaafd was. Tussen de broers bestond een levendige rivaliteit. </p><p>Sinds 1911 bezocht Heisenberg het <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximilian_Gymnasium&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maximilian Gymnasium (de pagina bestaat niet)">Maximilian Gymnasium</a>, een eliteschool die werd bestuurd door zijn grootvader Wecklein. Tijdens de <a href="/wiki/Eerste_Wereldoorlog" title="Eerste Wereldoorlog">Eerste Wereldoorlog</a> was hij als adolescent lid van een semi-militaire Duitse jeugdbeweging – gemodelleerd naar <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell" title="Robert Baden-Powell">Robert Baden-Powells</a> <a href="/wiki/Scouting" title="Scouting">scoutingbeweging</a> – die gedisciplineerde lichamelijke activiteiten in de buitenlucht propageerde. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vooroorlogse_loopbaan">Vooroorlogse loopbaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Vooroorlogse loopbaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Vooroorlogse loopbaan"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Na het Maximilian Gymnasium studeerde Heisenberg <a href="/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde">natuurkunde</a> in München, samen met zijn vriend <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> die een paar jaar boven hem zat. Hij studeerde onder <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a> en promoveerde in 1923 op een proefschrift over turbulentie in vloeistofstromen. Heisenberg volgde Pauli naar <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_G%C3%B6ttingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Universiteit van Göttingen">Göttingen</a> om daar onder <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> aan zijn <a href="/wiki/Habilitatie" title="Habilitatie">habilitatie</a> te werken. Na het afronden daarvan ging hij in 1924 werken aan het <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr-instituut" title="Niels Bohr-instituut">instituut voor theoretische natuurkunde</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kopenhagen" title="Kopenhagen">Kopenhagen</a> onder <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>, die hij als student in 1922 reeds had ontmoet. Dit resulteerde in een vruchtbare samenwerking, leidend tot de <i><a href="/wiki/Kopenhaagse_interpretatie" title="Kopenhaagse interpretatie">Kopenhaagse interpretatie</a></i> van de kwantummechanica en uiteindelijk tot een <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Natuurkunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde">Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde</a> in 1932 voor zijn werk aan de kwantummechanica. In 1929 ontving hij ook al de <a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medal</a>. In 1927 werd hij, 26 jaar oud, hoogleraar theoretische natuurkunde in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, in 1941 aan de <a href="/wiki/Humboldtuniversiteit_te_Berlijn" class="mw-redirect" title="Humboldtuniversiteit te Berlijn">Universiteit van Berlijn</a>. </p><p>Heisenberg trouwde in 1937 met Elisabeth Schumacher en het echtpaar kreeg zeven kinderen. Een van zijn zoons, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Heisenberg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Heisenberg (de pagina bestaat niet)">Martin Heisenberg</a>, is hoogleraar <a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">genetica</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Werken_voor_de_nazi's"><span id="Werken_voor_de_nazi.27s"></span>Werken voor de nazi's</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Werken voor de nazi&#039;s" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Werken voor de nazi&#039;s"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1933" title="1933">1933</a> kwam <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> aan de macht in Duitsland en binnen zeer korte tijd was het land door hem omgevormd tot een <a href="/wiki/Totalitarisme" title="Totalitarisme">totalitaire dictatuur</a> en stevig onder de knoet van diens <a href="/wiki/Nationaalsocialistische_Duitse_Arbeiderspartij" title="Nationaalsocialistische Duitse Arbeiderspartij">nazipartij</a>. Aanvankelijk verzette Heisenberg zich tegen de bemoeienis van de nazi's met de wetenschap en speciaal tegen de uitsluiting van joodse wetenschappers, maar ten slotte schikte hij zich naar hun wensen. Het principe van <a href="/wiki/Kernsplijting" title="Kernsplijting">kernsplijting</a> werd in 1938 ontdekt in Duitsland. Als gerenommeerd adviseur van de tweede <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranverein&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Uranverein (de pagina bestaat niet)">Uranverein</a></i> (uraniumclub, september 1939 - april 1945) was Heisenberg nauw betrokken bij dit Duitse <a href="/wiki/Kernfysica" title="Kernfysica">kernonderzoek</a> en bij de, uiteindelijk niet geslaagde, bescheiden pogingen van de nazi's een <a href="/wiki/Hitlers_bom" title="Hitlers bom">eigen atoombom</a> te ontwikkelen. Dit ambitieuze uraniumproject werd uitgevoerd door een informele, onder strikte geheimhouding opererende groep van ideologisch geselecteerde topwetenschappers (zoals <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Walther Bothe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Wilhelm_Geiger" title="Hans Wilhelm Geiger">Hans Wilhelm Geiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Harteck" title="Paul Harteck">Paul Harteck</a>) die onder het directe militaire toezicht van het <i>Heereswaffenamt</i> (HWA) stonden, de wapenonderzoeksdienst van de Duitse landmacht. In zijn pogingen om een langzame (gecontroleerde) <a href="/wiki/Nucleaire_kettingreactie" title="Nucleaire kettingreactie">nucleaire kettingreactie</a> op gang te brengen, experimenteerde Heisenberg o.m. door aan kettingen vastgemaakte blokken <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> neer te laten in vaten met <a href="/wiki/Zwaar_water" title="Zwaar water">zwaar water</a> als <a href="/wiki/Moderator_(kernfysica)" title="Moderator (kernfysica)">moderator</a> (om de <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutronen</a> te absorberen). Bij zijn onderzoek naar de splitsing van <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uraniumisotopen</a> en de bouw van een <i>Uranmaschine</i> - m.a.w. een energie producerende <a href="/wiki/Kernreactor" title="Kernreactor">kernreactor</a> voor civiele toepassingen - kwamen Heisenberg en zijn nauwste medewerkers (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Wirtz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Wirtz (de pagina bestaat niet)">Karl Wirtz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker">Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker</a>) vaak in conflict met zijn rivaal <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Diebner" title="Kurt Diebner">Kurt Diebner</a> die als administratief directeur van het <a href="/wiki/Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft" title="Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft">Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik</a> (KWIP) in <a href="/wiki/Berlijn-Dahlem" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlijn-Dahlem">Berlijn-Dahlem</a> het Duitse kernwapenprogramma leidde tot oktober 1942. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Werner_Heisenberg_Briefmarke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Werner_Heisenberg_Briefmarke.jpg/260px-Werner_Heisenberg_Briefmarke.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Werner_Heisenberg_Briefmarke.jpg/390px-Werner_Heisenberg_Briefmarke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Werner_Heisenberg_Briefmarke.jpg/520px-Werner_Heisenberg_Briefmarke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption>Postzegel van de Duitse Post, 2001</figcaption></figure> <p>Door zijn werken voor het naziregime werd Heisenberg een omstreden figuur. Toen hij aan Bohr bekendmaakte dat hij aan de ontwikkeling van een Duits atoomwapen werkte eindigde hun lange vriendschap abrupt. In september 1941 was er in het bezette Kopenhagen een ontmoeting tussen Heisenberg en Bohr. Er is veel geheimzinnigheid omtrent de aard van deze ontmoeting. De familie van Bohr gaf in 2002 documenten vrij waarin valt te lezen dat Bohr geschokt was over het feit dat Heisenberg, die er blijkbaar van overtuigd was dat Duitsland de oorlog zou winnen, onthulde dat hij meewerkte aan de ontwikkeling van een Duitse <a href="/wiki/Kernwapen" title="Kernwapen">atoombom</a>. Toen Bohr dit aan de geallieerden bekendmaakte, gaf dit een extra impuls aan het <a href="/wiki/Manhattanproject_(operatie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattanproject (operatie)">Manhattanproject</a>: de Amerikaanse poging een atoombom te vervaardigen. In de lezing van Heisenberg deed hij integendeel juist alles om het project te <i>vertragen</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> De verschillende interpretaties zijn de basis geweest van het toneelstuk <i>Kopenhagen</i> (1998) van <a href="/wiki/Michael_Frayn" title="Michael Frayn">Michael Frayn</a>. </p><p>In juni 1942 werd er een conferentie gehouden over de toekomst van het <i>Uranprojekt</i>, waar ook Albert Speer, de pasbenoemde minister van bewapening, aan deelnam. Op 4 juni 1942 werd Heisenberg, twee maanden eerder benoemd tot professor en directeur van het KWIP, door de nieuwe minister van Bewapening <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> gevraagd naar zijn vooruitzichten inzake de omschakeling van het Uranvereins onderzoek van (burgerlijke) energiewinning uit uraniumsplitsing naar <a href="/wiki/Jacht_op_het_Duits_atoomwapen_in_de_Tweede_Wereldoorlog" title="Jacht op het Duits atoomwapen in de Tweede Wereldoorlog">kernwapenonderzoek</a>. Volgens Heisenberg zou een "uraniumbom ter grootte van een ananas" voldoende explosiviteit hebben om een grote stad compleet te vernietigen maar zou zo'n atoombom niet voor het einde van de oorlog kunnen worden gebouwd door een gebrek aan geld, grondstoffen (<a href="/wiki/Verrijkt_uranium" title="Verrijkt uranium">verrijkt uranium</a>, met in verhouding meer <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235"><sup>235</sup>U</a> dan uranium zoals het van nature in uraniumerts voorkomt) en hoogopgeleid personeel. Op deze conferentie werd besloten dat het leger zich zou terug trekken uit het uraniumproject, en dat men, onder civiele leiding van de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsforschungsrat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsforschungsrat (de pagina bestaat niet)">Reichsforschungsrat</a> (Rijksonderzoeksraad - RFR), voorlopig op beperkte schaal door zou gaan met de ontwikkeling van een kernreactor voor toepassingen na de oorlog. Het ontwikkelen van een kernbom was niet langer een prioriteit en bovendien werkte de legerleiding aan andere geheime wapens, die wèl snel beschikbaar zouden zijn.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Na_de_oorlog">Na de oorlog</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Na de oorlog" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Na de oorlog"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aan het eind van de oorlog in Europa werd Heisenberg door de <a href="/wiki/Jacht_op_het_Duits_atoomwapen_in_de_Tweede_Wereldoorlog" title="Jacht op het Duits atoomwapen in de Tweede Wereldoorlog">Alsosgroep</a> gearresteerd en zat hij enige maanden gevangen in het landhuis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_Hall&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Farm Hall (de pagina bestaat niet)">Farm Hall</a> bij <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="Cambridge (Verenigd Koninkrijk)">Cambridge</a> in het Verenigd Koninkrijk, samen met een aantal andere eminente Duitse geleerden onder wie <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker">Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Harteck" title="Paul Harteck">Paul Harteck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Diebner" title="Kurt Diebner">Kurt Diebner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walther_Gerlach" title="Walther Gerlach">Walther Gerlach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ritz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Ritz (de pagina bestaat niet)">Karl Ritz</a>. Ze werden goed behandeld en hadden veel vrijheid. De Britten hadden echter in elke ruimte microfoons verborgen om hun onderlinge gesprekken af te luisteren. Zo wilden de Britten te weten komen hoever de Duitsers gevorderd waren in het fabriceren van hun atoombom. Toen begin augustus 1945 het bericht over de <a href="/wiki/Atoombommen_op_Hiroshima_en_Nagasaki" title="Atoombommen op Hiroshima en Nagasaki">eerste atoombom op Japan</a> bekend werd, was dit natuurlijk meteen het onderwerp van speculatie onder de Duitse wetenschappers. Heisenberg gaf er echter blijk van totaal op het verkeerde spoor te zitten wat betreft zijn gedachten over het ontwerp van de bom - hij had geen idee van de berekening van de juiste kritische massa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latere_carrière"><span id="Latere_carri.C3.A8re"></span>Latere carrière</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Latere carrière" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Latere carrière"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Heisenberg%27s_grave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Heisenberg%27s_grave.JPG/260px-Heisenberg%27s_grave.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Heisenberg%27s_grave.JPG/390px-Heisenberg%27s_grave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Heisenberg%27s_grave.JPG/520px-Heisenberg%27s_grave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Het graf van Heisenberg</figcaption></figure> <p>Na zijn vrijlating speelde Heisenberg een grote rol in het herstel van het wetenschappelijk onderwijs in Duitsland, onder andere als mede-oprichter van de <a href="/wiki/Max-Planck-Gesellschaft" title="Max-Planck-Gesellschaft">Max-Planck-Gesellschaft</a> en een aantal Max-Planck-instituten. Van 1946 tot 1948 was hij hoogleraar aan de <a href="/wiki/Georg-August-Universit%C3%A4t_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Georg-August-Universität Göttingen">Universiteit van Göttingen</a>, daarna nog een jaar in München. In zijn latere leven probeerde hij een '<a href="/wiki/Theorie_van_alles" title="Theorie van alles">Theorie van alles</a>' te ontwikkelen, maar slaagde daarin niet. </p><p>Heisenberg sleet zijn verdere leven met onder andere het mede ontwikkelen van de eerste toepasbare kernreactor in Duitsland, doceren aan diverse universiteiten in binnen- en buitenland en publiceren van wetenschappelijke en <a href="/wiki/Populaire_wetenschap" title="Populaire wetenschap">populairwetenschappelijke</a> boeken en artikelen. Hij overleed in 1976. De plaats van Heisenbergs graf is vrij nauwkeurig bepaald,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dus de veel aangehaalde anekdote dat op zijn graf zou staan "Hier ligt Werner Heisenberg..... ergens" - een toespeling op zijn onzekerheidsrelatie - is <a href="/wiki/Apocrief#Niet-religieus_gebruik" title="Apocrief">apocrief</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wetenschappelijke_biografie">Wetenschappelijke biografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Wetenschappelijke biografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Wetenschappelijke biografie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matrixmechanica">Matrixmechanica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Matrixmechanica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Matrixmechanica"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heisenberg ontwikkelde in 1925 met <a href="/wiki/Pascual_Jordan" title="Pascual Jordan">Pascual Jordan</a> en <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> in de <a href="/wiki/Matrixmechanica" title="Matrixmechanica">matrixmechanica</a>, de eerste <a href="/wiki/Formele_wetenschap" title="Formele wetenschap">formalisering</a> van de kwantummechanica. Aan de basis van deze ontwikkeling lag zijn artikel <i>Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (Herinterpretatie van kinematische en mechanische relaties) waarin hij poogde, geleid door het correspondentiebeginsel van Bohr, een wiskundige basis te vinden die toepasbaar was voor de nieuwe kwantummechanica. In 1913 had Bohr zijn atoommodel geformuleerd waarin elektronen in stationaire toestanden bewegen die worden weergegeven met gehele getallen. Dit atoommodel werd in de loop der jaren steeds bijgesteld met nieuwe kwantumregels om de nieuwe ontdekkingen in te kunnen passen. Heisenberg besloot in een nieuwe benadering zich te beperken tot alleen dié grootheden die in principe meetbaar waren. Elk beeld van wat in een atoom buiten de waarneming gebeurt, moest vermeden worden. Deze benadering werkte hij uit in een matrixvermenigvuldiging. Later werd aangetoond dat dit formalisme equivalent is aan de <a href="/wiki/Golfmechanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Golfmechanica">golfmechanica</a> van <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a>, een onafhankelijk ontwikkelde manier van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiskundige_notatie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiskundige notatie (de pagina bestaat niet)">wiskundig noteren</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onzekerheidsrelatie">Onzekerheidsrelatie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Onzekerheidsrelatie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Onzekerheidsrelatie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1927 realiseerde Heisenberg zich dat de kwantumtheorie enkele vreemde gevolgen had. Namelijk dat experimenten nooit in volledige afzondering uitgevoerd kunnen worden, omdat het meten zelf altijd de uitkomst beïnvloedt. Hoe nauwkeuriger men de ene grootheid meet, hoe minder men over de andere grootheid te weten kan komen.<br /> Deze wederzijdse onnauwkeurigheid of onscherpte bij de meting is niet het gevolg van (onvermijdelijke) meetfouten maar is in zekere zin het gevolg van natuurkundige wetmatigheden; een door het bestaan van de kwantum<a href="/wiki/Constante_van_Planck" title="Constante van Planck">constante van Planck</a> ℎ bepaald feit. Dit drukte Heisenberg uit in zijn 'onzekerheidsrelatie',<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> die later uitgeschreven werd in de volgende formulevorm: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta x\Delta p\geq {\frac {h}{4\pi }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x0394;<!-- Δ --></mi> <mi>x</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x0394;<!-- Δ --></mi> <mi>p</mi> <mo>&#x2265;<!-- ≥ --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>h</mi> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>&#x03C0;<!-- π --></mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta x\Delta p\geq {\frac {h}{4\pi }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3d590fae49786ef71895573276f343cee6129eae" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.8ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta x\Delta p\geq {\frac {h}{4\pi }}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Het product van beide fouten, wanneer plaats <i>x</i> en impuls <i>p</i> van een elementair deeltje gelijktijdig gemeten wordt, is altijd groter dan of gelijk aan een kleine constante (gedefinieerd door de constante van Planck, 10<sup>−34</sup> <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a><a href="/wiki/Seconde" title="Seconde">s</a>), maar is nooit gelijk aan nul. Hetzelfde geldt voor de energie <i>E</i> van een deeltje op een nauwkeurig bepaald tijdstip <i>t</i>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta E\Delta t\geq {\frac {h}{4\pi }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x0394;<!-- Δ --></mi> <mi>E</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x0394;<!-- Δ --></mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&#x2265;<!-- ≥ --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>h</mi> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>&#x03C0;<!-- π --></mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta E\Delta t\geq {\frac {h}{4\pi }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fcd8c041ecc845cc2290ae9c6793520e596401f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.916ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta E\Delta t\geq {\frac {h}{4\pi }}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Het gevolg van de onzekerheidsrelatie van Heisenberg is dat van een subatomair deeltje noch het verleden, noch het toekomstige gedrag met zekerheid voorspeld kan worden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kopenhaagse_interpretatie">Kopenhaagse interpretatie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Kopenhaagse interpretatie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Kopenhaagse interpretatie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Heisenbergbohr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Heisenbergbohr.jpg/260px-Heisenbergbohr.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Heisenbergbohr.jpg/390px-Heisenbergbohr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Heisenbergbohr.jpg/520px-Heisenbergbohr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Heisenberg met <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> in 1934</figcaption></figure> <p>In de jaren twintig ontwikkelde Heisenberg, in samenwerking met Bohr, te Kopenhagen de zogenaamde <a href="/wiki/Kopenhaagse_interpretatie" title="Kopenhaagse interpretatie">Kopenhaagse interpretatie</a> van de kwantummechanica.<br /> Veel natuurkundigen uit die tijd - meestal al van middelbare leeftijd of nog ouder, onder wie <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> - hadden grote moeite met de <a href="/wiki/Determinisme_(filosofie)" title="Determinisme (filosofie)">non-deterministische</a> Kopenhaagse interpretatie van de kwantumwereld, maar de experimentele resultaten hebben deze tot nu toe gesteund. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isospin">Isospin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Isospin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Isospin"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aan het eind van 1932, reeds enkele maanden na <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwicks</a> ontdekking van het <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a>, publiceerde Heisenberg een drietal artikelen in het <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeitschrift für Physik (de pagina bestaat niet)">Zeitschrift für Physik</a></i>, alle getiteld <i>"Über den Bau der Atomkerne"</i>. Hierin beschreef hij dat, ten aanzien van de <a href="/wiki/Sterke_kernkracht" title="Sterke kernkracht">sterke kernkracht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proton_(deeltje)" title="Proton (deeltje)">protonen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutronen</a> beschouwd moeten worden als identieke deeltjes, die hij <a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">nucleonen</a> noemde. Om deze 'doubletstructuur' zichtbaar te maken voerde Heisenberg een nieuw kwantumgetal in dat hij – in analogie met elektronenspin – de naam <i>isotopische spin</i> (<a href="/wiki/Isospin" title="Isospin">isospin</a>) gaf. Protonen met lading +1 kregen een isospin +½ en neutronen met lading 0 een isospin –½. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Bibliografie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Naast vele technisch natuurkundige publicaties in wetenschappelijke tijdschriften heeft Heisenberg ook een aantal <a href="/wiki/Populaire_wetenschap" title="Populaire wetenschap">populairwetenschappelijke</a> en meer <a href="/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie">filosofische</a> boeken geschreven, waaronder: </p> <ul><li><i>Der Teil und das Ganze</i>. uitgeverij Piper Verlag, 2001 <span class="&#73;SBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/3-492-22297-8" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/3-492-22297-8">ISBN 3-492-22297-8</a></span>. Een Nederlandse vertaling door Maarten van Buuren verscheen in 2019 bij Lemniscaat onder de titel <i>Het Deel en het Geheel</i> (<span class="&#73;SBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9047711637" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9047711637">ISBN 9047711637</a></span>).</li></ul> <p>Een goede biografie over Heisenberg is: </p> <ul><li>David Cassidy, <i>Uncertainty: The Life and Science of Werner Heisenberg</i>. New York, uitgeverij W.H. Freeman, 1992 <span class="&#73;SBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0-7167-2503-9" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0-7167-2503-9">ISBN 978-0-7167-2503-9</a></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trivia">Trivia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Trivia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Trivia"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In de serie <i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad" title="Breaking Bad">Breaking Bad</a></i> gebruikt hoofdrolspeler Walter White (<a href="/wiki/Bryan_Cranston" title="Bryan Cranston">Bryan Cranston</a>) de naam 'Heisenberg' als alias.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_High_Castle_(televisieserie)" title="The Man in the High Castle (televisieserie)">The Man in the High Castle</a></i>, een Amerikaanse serie die zich afspeelt in een alternatieve realiteit, is 'the Heisenberg device' de naam voor de atoombom waarmee nazi-Duitsland Washington DC vernietigde en zo de VS dwong tot capitulatie. In seizoen 2 hebben alle atoombommen de naam Heisenberg device.</li> <li>De <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heisenberg_compensator&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Heisenberg compensator (de pagina bestaat niet)">Heisenberg compensator</a></i> is een onderdeel van de transporter uit <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i>.</li> <li>In de serie <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Heavy_Water_War&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Heavy Water War (de pagina bestaat niet)">The Heavy Water War</a></i> komt Werner Heisenberg voor in de periode dat hij voor de nazi's zou werken.</li> <li>In de film <i><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_(film)" title="Oppenheimer (film)">Oppenheimer</a></i> uit 2023 van <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan_(regisseur)" title="Christopher Nolan (regisseur)">Christopher Nolan</a>, speelt Heisenberg ook een rol die gespeeld wordt door <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Schweigh%C3%B6fer" title="Matthias Schweighöfer">Matthias Schweighöfer</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cerncourier.com/main/article/41/10/16">Biografische bespreking van zijn belangrijkste wetenschappelijke werk</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/werner_karl_heisenberg.html">Biografie van Heisenberg als Nobelprijswinnaar</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbarchive.dk/collections/bohr-heisenberg/documents">Documenten over de ontmoeting tussen Bohr en Heisenberg in 1941</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/web-exhibits/heisenberg/farm-hall.html">Transcriptie</a> van het gesprek in Farm Hall, de avond van <a href="/wiki/6_augustus" title="6 augustus">6 augustus</a> <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a>.</li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFCattaneo2005"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Cattaneo, Marco</span>&#32;(2005).&#32;<cite><i>Heisenberg. Van kwantumrevolutie tot wereldformule</i></cite>. Natuurwetenschap &amp; Techniek, Amsterdam.&#32;<span class="&#73;SBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-9076988672" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-9076988672">ISBN 978-9076988672</a></span>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFMachiel_Kleemans2009"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Machiel Kleemans</span>&#32;(2009).&#32;<cite>De Quantummechanica van Werner Heisenberg</cite>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nederlands_Tijdschrift_voor_Natuurkunde" title="Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde">Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde</a></i>. </span></li></ul> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/English101.pdf">Transcript of Surreptitiously Taped Conversations among German Nuclear Physicists at Farm Hall (August 6–7, 1945)</a>.&#32;German History in Documents and Images.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170519001219/http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/English101.pdf">Gearchiveerd</a> op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2017-04-26">26 april 2017</span>.&#32;Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-12-19">19 december 2019</span>. </span> Verslag van de vertaalde afgeluisterde gesprekken van Heisenberg, Hahn, Weizsäcker en andere Duitse kerngeleerden en een generaal, die door de Geallieerden gevangen waren genomen, 6-7 augustus 1945, Farmhall, VK.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.kpn.nl/reijhamer/Heisenberg2.htm">Rob Reijerkerk, <i>Werner Heisenberg, wel of niet een schurk</i></a>, Geschiedenis van de natuurwetenschappen, 24 juli 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Broer van de latere Duitse Bondspresident <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Richard von Weizsäcker">Richard von Weizsäcker</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Waldfriedhof_(M%C3%BCnchen)" title="Waldfriedhof (München)">Waldfriedhof</a>, München, Alter Teil, Grab Nr. 163-W-29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFW._Heisenberg1925"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">W. Heisenberg</span>&#32;(1925).&#32;<cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psiquadrat.de/downloads/heisenberg1925.pdf">Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen</a></cite>. <i>Zeitschrift für Physik</i>&#32;<b>33</b>&#32;(1): 879-839. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01328377">10.1007/BF01328377</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFW._Heisenberg1927"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">W. Heisenberg</span>&#32;(1927).&#32;<cite>Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretische Kinematik und Mechanik</cite>. <i>Zeitschrift für Physik</i>&#32;<b>43</b>&#32;(3-4): 172-198. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01397280">10.1007/BF01397280</a>. </span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Winnaars_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Natuurkunde" class="navigatie-titel">Winnaars van de <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Natuurkunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde">Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud mw-collapsible-content"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67785531">.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel{margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding-left:0.5em}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><b>1901–1925:</b></td><td class="rechts">1901:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a> · 1902:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a> · 1903:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Antoine_Henri_Becquerel" title="Antoine Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span> · 1904:&#160;<a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" title="John William Strutt">Rayleigh</a> · 1905:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Philipp_Eduard_Anton_Lenard" title="Philipp Eduard Anton Lenard">Lenard</a> · <span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">J.J. Thomson</a></span> · 1907:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Albert_Michelson" title="Albert Michelson">Michelson</a> · 1908:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Jonas_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Jonas Lippmann">Lippmann</a> · 1909:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a> · <span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">van der Waals</a></span> · 1911:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a> · 1912:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Nils_Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Nils Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a> · <span class="nowrap">1913 <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">von Laue</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W.L. Bragg</a></span> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W.H. Bragg</a></span> · <span style="color:">1916</span> · 1917:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a> · 1918:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a> · 1919:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a> · 1920:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Charles-%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles-Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a> · 1921:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> · <span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1923:<a href="/wiki/Robert_Millikan" title="Robert Millikan">Millikan</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1924 <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span> · 1925:&#160;<a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>1926–1950:</b></td><td class="rechts">1926:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Jean_Perrin" title="Jean Perrin">Perrin</a> · 1927:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Compton</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C.T.R. Wilson</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O.W. Richardson</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">de Broglie</a></span> · 1930:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Raman">Raman</a> · <span style="color:">1931</span> · 1932:&#160;<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heisenberg</a> · 1933:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a> · <span style="color:">1934</span> · 1935:&#160;<a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a> · 1936:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Victor_Franz_Hess" title="Victor Franz Hess">Hess</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anderson_(natuurkundige)" title="Carl Anderson (natuurkundige)">C. Anderson</a></span> · 1937:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G.P. Thomson</a></span> · 1938:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a> · 1939:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a> · <span style="color:">1940</span> · <span style="color:">1941</span> · <span style="color:">1942</span> · 1943:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a> · 1944:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a> · 1945:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a> · 1946:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a> · 1947:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a> · 1948:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a> · 1949:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a> · 1950:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Cecil_Powell" title="Cecil Powell">Powell</a> ·</td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>1951–1975:</b></td><td class="rechts">1951:&#160;<a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a> · 1952:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a> · 1953:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a> · 1954:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a> · 1955:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a> · 1956:&#160;<a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Brattain" title="Walter Brattain">Brattain</a> · 1957:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Yang</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T.D. Lee</a></span> · 1958:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Pavel_Tsjerenkov" title="Pavel Tsjerenkov">Tsjerenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Frank" title="Ilja Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a> · 1959:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a> · 1960:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Donald_Glaser" title="Donald Glaser">Glaser</a> · 1961:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a> · 1962:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a> · 1963:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert-Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jensen" title="Hans Jensen">Jensen</a> · 1964:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Charles_Townes" title="Charles Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Basov" title="Nikolaj Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Prochorov" title="Aleksandr Prochorov">Prokhorov</a> · 1965:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Shinichiro_Tomonaga" title="Shinichiro Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a> · 1966:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a> · 1967:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a> · 1968:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Luis_Alvarez" title="Luis Alvarez">Alvarez</a> · 1969:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a> · 1970:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a> · 1971:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a> · 1972:&#160;<a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schrieffer" title="Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a> · 1973:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a> · 1974:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a> · <span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Mottelson" title="Ben Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>1976–2000:</b></td><td class="rechts"><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ting" title="Samuel Ting">Ting</a> · <span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Anderson_(natuurkundige)" title="Philip Anderson (natuurkundige)">P. Anderson</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Mott" title="Nevill Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_van_Vleck" title="John van Vleck">van:&#160;Vleck</a> · 1978:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Pjotr_Kapitsa" title="Pjotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R.W. Wilson</a></span> · 1979:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a> · 1980:&#160;<a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Fitch" title="Val Fitch">Fitch</a> · 1981:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Nico_Bloembergen" title="Nico Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schawlow" title="Arthur Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilson" title="Kenneth Wilson">K.G. Wilson</a></span> · 1983:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Subramanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subramanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Fowler" title="William Fowler">Fowler</a> · 1984:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">van der Meer</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span> · 1986:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a> · 1987:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="Alex Müller">Müller</a> · 1988:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Leon_Lederman" title="Leon Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a> · 1989:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey" title="Norman Ramsey">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Dehmelt" title="Hans Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a> · 1990:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Jerome_Friedman" title="Jerome Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kendall" title="Henry Kendall">Kendall</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(natuurkundige)" title="Richard Taylor (natuurkundige)">R. Taylor</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span> · 1992:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a> · 1993:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Russell_Hulse" title="Russell Hulse">Hulse</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Taylor" title="Joseph Taylor">J. Taylor</a></span> · 1994:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a> · 1995:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a> · <span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Morris_Lee" title="David Morris Lee">D. Lee</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R.C. Richardson</a></span> · 1997:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a> · 1998:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Robert_Betts_Laughlin" title="Robert Betts Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chee_Tsui" title="Daniel Chee Tsui">Tsui</a> · <span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard &#39;t Hooft">'t Hooft</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Veltman_(natuurkundige)" title="Martinus Veltman (natuurkundige)">Veltman</a> · 2000:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Zjores_Ivanovitsj_Alferov" title="Zjores Ivanovitsj Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><span class="nowrap">2000–heden:</span></b></td><td class="rechts">2001:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Eric_Cornell" title="Eric Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a> · 2002:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_jr." title="Raymond Davis jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a> · 2003:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Aleksej_Abrikosov" title="Aleksej Abrikosov">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitali_Ginzburg" title="Vitali Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Leggett" title="Anthony Leggett">Leggett</a> · 2004:&#160;<a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Politzer" title="David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a> · 2005:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Roy_Glauber" title="Roy Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hall_(natuurkundige)" title="John Hall (natuurkundige)">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor Hänsch">Hänsch</a> · 2006:&#160;<a href="/wiki/John_Mather" title="John Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a> · 2007:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a> · 2008:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi" title="Makoto Kobayashi">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a> · 2009:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Charles_Kao" title="Charles Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a> · 2010:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a> · 2011:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> · 2012:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Wineland" title="David Wineland">Wineland</a> · 2013:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a> · 2014:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a> · 2015:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_McDonald" title="Arthur McDonald">McDonald</a> · 2016:&#160;<a href="/wiki/David_Thouless" title="David Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kosterlitz" title="Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a> · 2017:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a> · 2018:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a> · 2019:&#160;<a href="/wiki/James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a> · 2020:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ghez" title="Andrea Ghez">Ghez</a> · 2021:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> · 2022:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a> · 2023:&#160;<a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L&#39;Huillier">L'Huillier</a> · 2024:&#160;<a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Werner_Heisenberg" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Werner Heisenberg">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/38px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div>Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" class="extiw" title="commons:Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a></b></i> op <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a>.</div> </div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐694cf4987f‐xfthv Cached time: 20241125223415 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.218 seconds Real time usage: 0.422 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3199/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 60645/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 35445/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 7691/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.004/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 741048/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 186.055 1 -total 35.68% 66.392 1 Sjabloon:Infobox_Nobelprijswinnaar 34.02% 63.302 1 Sjabloon:Infobox_generiek 26.40% 49.120 1 Sjabloon:Appendix 24.69% 45.942 1 Sjabloon:Navigatie_winnaars_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_de_Natuurkunde 21.69% 40.350 1 Sjabloon:Navigatie_uitklapbaar 19.86% 36.956 1 Sjabloon:Wikidata_afbeelding 14.03% 26.103 1 Sjabloon:Navigatie/Tabel 13.13% 24.423 1 Sjabloon:Citeer_boek 8.93% 16.619 1 Sjabloon:References --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key nlwiki:pcache:idhash:11287-0!dateformat=default and timestamp 20241125223415 and revision id 67332097. 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