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The Court also created new governmental officials called \u0026quot; tithingmen , \u0026quot; whose stated purpose was to serve as social censors and snoopers , monitoring the behavior of the citizenry and upbraid- ing\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA17","page_number":"17","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolony\u003c/b\u003e as the best way to preserve social unity by insulating its members from greed and corruption was quickly being sup- planted by a thriving commercial system linking Massachusetts Bay with an international trading network . As\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA20","page_number":"20","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolony\u003c/b\u003e.34 For the most part , his attitude toward work and wealth was decidedly orthodox . In language reminiscent of Calvin and Cotton , Mather emphasized the communal significance of work and frugality : \u0026quot; God hath placed us , as in a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA21","page_number":"21","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolony\u003c/b\u003e , Magnalia Christi Americana , Mather described with unfeigned adulation the simple habits and tastes of the Puritan fathers whose ... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e society had changed dramatically since the first years of THE PURITAN WAY 21."},{"page_id":"PA22","page_number":"22","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolony\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e hierarchy of values.40 The widening distance between ideals and behavior that Mather and other \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e spokesmen bemoaned created what Erik Erikson has called a \u0026quot; guilt culture \u0026quot; which led them to explain social crises and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA23","page_number":"23","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e spirituality and simplicity were not dead yet . Just as religious orthodoxy seemed to be falling into its ... \u003cb\u003ecolonies\u003c/b\u003e in the early 1730s and quickly spread up the Atlantic coast . Whole towns and villages were swept up in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA24","page_number":"24","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonies\u003c/b\u003e , confirmed this picture of Edwards . After visiting the Edwards household in Northamp- ton in 1740 , he recorded in his journal that \u0026quot; their children were not dressed in silks and satins , but plain , as become the children of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA25","page_number":"25","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolony\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e chief justice , Benjamin Whitaker , urged his fellows to \u0026quot; abstain from that luxury and excess which within ... \u003cb\u003ecolonies\u003c/b\u003e . The Baptist revivals occurred somewhat later than the Congrega- tional and Presbyterian Awakening\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA26","page_number":"26","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonies\u003c/b\u003e . By the late 1740s Edwards was forced to acknowl- edge that the revival of piety and plainness he had promoted in Northampton had quickly subsided . Between 1744 and 1748 there was not a single new applicant for membership in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA27","page_number":"27","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e founders . Successful New Englanders continued to devote more and more of their time and energy to the ... \u003cb\u003ecolonies\u003c/b\u003e came to emphasize material gratification more than pious self - restraint is not surprising . The simple\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA28","page_number":"28","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolony\u003c/b\u003e and began professing their disruptive beliefs . \u0026#39; Why such animosity ? By rejecting the Calvinist doctrine of predestination and insisting that God\u0026#39;s grace was a gift offered to all , Quakerism raised the specter of antinomian\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA32","page_number":"32","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolony\u003c/b\u003e . His study of history had convinced him that societies declined when luxury and secularism appeared . In ... \u003cb\u003ecolonies\u003c/b\u003e in America , Penn and the governing political and religious authorities in Pennsylvania and West Jersey\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA33","page_number":"33","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolony\u003c/b\u003e did not guarantee order and piety , especially in a settlement that encouraged religious toleration . At least some legal and institutional controls were necessary to restrain men\u0026#39;s baser tendencies . As he stressed in the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA34","page_number":"34","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolony\u003c/b\u003e that soon was the most tolerant and prosperous in North America . As early as 1690 George Fox feared that the American Friends were in danger of submerging themselves in the world rather than transforming it . \u0026quot; Take heed , \u0026quot; he\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA36","page_number":"36","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolony\u003c/b\u003e in an address to the Yearly Meeting of Ministers in Philadelphia . At the beginning of the century , he observed , the Friends were \u0026quot; a plain , lowly minded people . \u0026quot; A generation later , as wealth increased along with a general\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA37","page_number":"37","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonies\u003c/b\u003e . Not long after Jonathan Edwards , George Whitefield , Gilbert Tennent , and others led a Presbyterian and Congrega- tionalist revival , the Quakers experienced their own \u0026quot; Great Awakening . \u0026quot; 25 The impetus behind this\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA38","page_number":"38","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolony\u003c/b\u003e . It was reported , for instance , that Israel Pemberton , Jr. , certainly one of the richest merchants in Philadelphia , was so zealous in his renewed piety that he gave \u0026quot; friends daily uneasiness by his froward conduct . \u0026quot; In\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA40","page_number":"40","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonies\u003c/b\u003e , from New England to the Carolinas , exerting a profound personal influence on American Quakerism.32 Woolman spent much of his early ministry crusading against slavery . It was especially distressing for him to see so many\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA41","page_number":"41","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolony\u003c/b\u003e had failed , Woolman , along with many other Friends during the crisis of 1755-56 , wondered what would happen to the Quaker faith and its social ethic . Would the Friends respond to the failure of their Quaker commonwealth by\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA43","page_number":"43","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonies\u003c/b\u003e in the 1750s and 1760s . He felt an inward call to promote a \u0026quot; humbler , plain , temperate Way of Living : a life where no unnecessary cares nor expenses may encumber our minds , nor lessen our ability to do good . \u0026quot; Woolman\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA48","page_number":"48","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e dream of a society of tem- perate saints , 52 There is certainly much evidence to support such an ... \u003cb\u003ecolonies\u003c/b\u003e publicly professed the value of plain , pious living and quickly established sumptuary laws would seem to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA49","page_number":"49","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e growth . Conflicting loyalties thus combined with tempting circumstances to dislodge the simple life from the list of operative assumptions guiding the behavior of many Americans.53 But I generalize too grandly . One must take\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA50","page_number":"50","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e society . Al- though the bulk of the people remained small farmers and artisans of the \u0026quot; middling sort , \u0026quot; the visible disparity between rich and poor widened . In South Carolina , for example , a visiting New Englander\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA51","page_number":"51","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolony\u003c/b\u003e . A New Jersey writer in 1768 placed much of the blame for such developments on the influx of paper money and ... \u003cb\u003ecolonies\u003c/b\u003e with striking frequency in the decade and a half before the Revolution . A resident of Annapolis\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA52","page_number":"52","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e response to increased British regulation and taxation after 1763 . During the Revolutionary crisis , Whig spokesmen articulated a republican ideology that proved to be the most potent conceptual force shaping political and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA53","page_number":"53","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eColonial\u003c/b\u003e readers especially identified with the pastoral poetry of Virgil and Horace and the histories of the late Roman republic written by Sallust , Cicero , Livy , Tacitus , and Plutarch . These and other Roman writers portrayed the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA54","page_number":"54","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonies\u003c/b\u003e . John Adams once claimed that Burgh\u0026#39;s books were \u0026quot; held in as high estimation by all my friends as they are by me . The more they are read , the more eagerly and generally they are sought for . \u0026quot; Burgh\u0026#39;s Britain\u0026#39;s Remembrancer\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA55","page_number":"55","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonies\u003c/b\u003e as well . Dickinson maintained that the source of America\u0026#39;s moral decline and domestic turmoil was not so ... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e spokesmen fo- cused on the continuing attachment to England as the source of the cancer infecting the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA56","page_number":"56","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e observers went , must somehow prevent the further spread of the \u0026quot; poison of British corruption \u0026quot; to their own society . Only then could they resume the providential \u0026quot; errand into the wilderness \u0026quot; begun by their fore- fathers\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA57","page_number":"57","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e patriots appeared eager to reduce their material desires for the sake of a great public cause . During the 1760s newspapers throughout the \u003cb\u003ecolonies\u003c/b\u003e reported the success of the nonimportation societies and of new domestic\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA58","page_number":"58","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e resistance , self - consciously assumed the mantle of repub- lican simplicity in his famous Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( 1768 ) attacking the Townshend Acts . He began by confessing that he was \u0026quot; now convinced that a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA59","page_number":"59","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e leaders to support the formation of the Continental Association in 1774 , a coordinated effort designed to end all economic relations between the \u003cb\u003ecolonies\u003c/b\u003e and an increasingly oppressive mother country . Adopted by most of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA61","page_number":"61","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e resistance movement . Convinced that the English were conspiring to sap American resistance by debasing the colonists \u0026#39; morals , he was determined to halt the incursion of British tyranny and corruption , and in the process he\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA62","page_number":"62","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e self - sufficiency through local production and personal economy . This would promote , he hoped , both ... \u003cb\u003ecolonies\u003c/b\u003e from impending ruin . \u0026quot; 33 Throughout the 1760s Adams remained in the forefront of the organized\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA65","page_number":"65","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonies\u003c/b\u003e . He was convinced that \u0026quot; the Preservation of Liberty depends upon the intellectual and moral Character of the People , ” and that the character of the English ruling class was rotten . In his Novanglus essay , written in 1774\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA66","page_number":"66","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonies\u003c/b\u003e to separate themselves as much as possible from the corrupt- ing influence of the home country , and he wholeheartedly endorsed the nonimportation movement and other forms of resistance . He was , however , more sceptical than\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA67","page_number":"67","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e resistance . Rush agreed with his friend John Adams that American society was racked with the disease of materialism , but he was more optimistic that the patient could yet overcome it , since the ailment \u0026quot; has advanced but a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA68","page_number":"68","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e newspapers were again filled with advertisements announcing new shipments of European finery . A New England clergyman watching this development commented that \u0026quot; instead of a public spirit which should have been a moving spirit\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA73","page_number":"73","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonies\u003c/b\u003e , and such anxieties would play a major role in the decision to organize the Constitutional Convention in 1787.59 Revolutionary Americans , in sum , were of many minds about what the pursuit of happiness in the new nation meant\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA99","page_number":"99","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e rights within the British empire , republicanism increasingly came to be used after 1800 as a theory of democratic political economy to justify individual rights in the marketplace and political arena.63 In 1815 Jefferson\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA104","page_number":"104","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e Puritans , conservative evangelicals during the Jacksonian era wanted moral reform but not social change . \u0026quot; The evangelicals as well as other religious leaders still considered it part of their social responsibility to impose\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA111","page_number":"111","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e wives had once spent a great deal of time producing were now made better and more cheaply in factories . Moreover , a growing supply of immigrant labor coupled with the rising personal income of middle - class husbands\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA124","page_number":"124","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e ancestors and live for something nobler than their work and its monetary rewards . They should \u0026quot; rise from every period of labor into an atmosphere of intellectual and social activity , or into some form of refined family\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA129","page_number":"129","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e Emerson ancestors , she reported : \u0026quot; They all believed in poverty and would have nothing to do with Uncle John of Topsfield who was very rich . \u0026quot; One of their forebears \u0026quot; prayed every night that none of his descendants might\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA134","page_number":"134","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolony\u003c/b\u003e of agriculturalists \u0026amp; scholars with whom he threatens to take the field \u0026amp; the book . One man renounces the use of animal food ; and another of coin ; and another of domestic hired service , and another of the State . \u0026quot; Emerson\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA138","page_number":"138","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolony\u003c/b\u003e that was making the women do most of the work so the men could spend the day philosophizing . Alcott and Lane , he confided in his journal , \u0026quot; are always feeling of their shoulders to find if their wings are sprouting ; but next\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA142","page_number":"142","snippet_text":"... and higher purpose that he found so inspiring among his \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e ancestors . Yet it also required modifying the glorification of work itself . The emphasis of the founding generation on the duty of diligent work at one\u0026#39;s 142 THE SIMPLE\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA150","page_number":"150","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e spokesmen had viewed the Revolutionary struggle with Great Britain as a stimulant to public and private virtue , the romantics saw the Civil War producing a moral revival in the process of resolving the sectional dispute and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA173","page_number":"173","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e adventure spawned by the Spanish - American War was the last straw . \u0026quot; America has rejected her old ideals , \u0026quot; Norton wrote , \u0026quot; turned her back on her past , and chosen the path of barbarism . \u0026quot; A dynamic industrial culture had\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA187","page_number":"187","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e work . \u0026quot; Its effect depended \u0026quot; solely on simple lines and quiet detail . \u0026quot; 29 Frank Lloyd Wright had a similar perspective . “ Radical though it may be , \u0026quot; he observed , his work was \u0026quot; dedicated to a cause conservative . \u0026quot; This\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA190","page_number":"190","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonies\u003c/b\u003e scattered across the country , the most famous of which was Elbert Hubbard\u0026#39;s Roycroft in New York state . Intended to attract disaffected artisans and craftsmen from the cities , they usually combined subsistence agriculture\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA223","page_number":"223","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonies\u003c/b\u003e in the agriculturally depressed region . But President Coolidge\u0026#39;s ardent opposition to such schemes kept them from ever coming to a vote.21 This was quite a disappointment to an articulate group of southern intellectuals\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA277","page_number":"277","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e days , the image of America as a spiritual commonwealth and a republic of virtue has survived alongside the more tantalizing vision of America as a cornucopia of economic opportunities and consumer delights . Yet the simple\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA278","page_number":"278","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e settlements . Quakers and Christians of all denominations continue to bear witness to the power of Jesus\u0026#39;s example by combining simplicity and service into a spiritual ethic of conscience . At the same time , thousands practice\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA284","page_number":"284","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eColonial\u003c/b\u003e Experience , 1607-1783 ( New York , 1970 ) ; John Demos , A Little Commonwealth : Family Life in Plymouth \u003cb\u003eColony\u003c/b\u003e ( New York , 1970 ) ; Sandford Fleming , Children and Puritanism ( New Haven , 1933 ) ; Philip J. Greven , Jr\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA285","page_number":"285","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ecolonial\u003c/b\u003e writings . 14. Massachusetts Historical Society , The John Winthrop Papers , 5 vols . ( Boston , 1929-47 ) , 1 : 193-94 ( hereafter cited as Winthrop Papers ) ; Morgan , Puritan Dilemma , 11 ; Ralph Barton Perry , Puritanism\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA287","page_number":"287","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eColony\u003c/b\u003e to Province ( Cambridge , Mass . , 1953 ) , 397–411 . 35. CM , A Christian at His Calling ( Boston , 1701 ) , 42-43 ; CM , The Good Old Way ( Boston , 1706 ) , 8 ; CM , Advice from Taberah ( Boston , 1711 ) , 25 . 36. CM\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA289","page_number":"289","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eColonies\u003c/b\u003e in Transition , 1660-1713 ( New York , 1968 ) , 193 ; Claypoole quoted in Bronner , \u0026quot; Holy Experiment ... \u003cb\u003eColonial\u003c/b\u003e America : A Portrait of the Society of Friends ( New York , 1973 ) , 187–211 . 24. Tolles , Meeting House\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA290","page_number":"290","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eColonies\u003c/b\u003e ( New York , 1962 ) , 397 . 33. JW Journal , 38. On JW\u0026#39;s opposition to slavery see Thomas E. Drake , Quakers and Slavery ( New Haven , 1950 ) , 54-60 . 34. JW Journal , 96 , 126 ; Janet Whitney , ed . , The Journal of John\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA291","page_number":"291","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eColonies\u003c/b\u003e , 1720 to 1775 , \u0026quot; William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser . 32 ( 1975 ) : 191– 222 ; Charles Grant , \u0026quot; Land Speculation and the Settlement of Kent , 1738-1760 , \u0026quot; New England Quarterly 28 ( 1955 ) : 51-71 ; Jack P. Greene\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA292","page_number":"292","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eColonial\u003c/b\u003e Radicals and the Develop- ment of American Opposition to Britain , 1765-1776 ( New York , 1972 ) ; Drew McCoy , The Elusive Republic : Political Economy in Jeffersonian America ( Chapel Hill , 1980 ) ; J. G. A. Pocock , The\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA302","page_number":"302","snippet_text":"... Bestor , Backwoods Utopias : The Sectarian and Owenite Phases of Communitarian Socialism in America , 1663–1829 ( Philadelphia , 1950 ) ; Alice Felt Tyler , Freedom\u0026#39;s Ferment : Phases of American Social History from the \u003cb\u003eColonial\u003c/b\u003e 302 NOTES."}],"search_query_escaped":"colonial"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>