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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Park_Service_documentation_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>National Park Service documentation programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Park_Service_documentation_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photographers_noted_for_having_used_large_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photographers_noted_for_having_used_large_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Photographers noted for having used large format</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photographers_noted_for_having_used_large_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Large format</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_(%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86)" title="قطع بزرگ (دوربین) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قطع بزرگ (دوربین)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%98%95_%EC%B9%B4%EB%A9%94%EB%9D%BC" title="대형 카메라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대형 카메라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_formato" title="Grande formato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande formato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%98_%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C" title="פורמט גדול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורמט גדול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A4%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A9" title="大判カメラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大判カメラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparat_wielkoformatowy" title="Aparat wielkoformatowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aparat wielkoformatowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Крупноформатный фотоаппарат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крупноформатный фотоаппарат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D" title="లార్జ్ ఫార్మాట్ ఫిల్మ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లార్జ్ ఫార్మాట్ ఫిల్మ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Великий формат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Великий формат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1189460#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Large_format" title="Special:EditPage/Large format">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Large+format%22">"Large format"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Large+format%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Large+format%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Large+format%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Large+format%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Large+format%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Large_format##" title="Talk:Large format">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Large_format&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Large+format%22">"Large format"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Large+format%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Large+format%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Large+format%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Large+format%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Large+format%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"8x10" redirects here. For the Indian film, see <a href="/wiki/8_x_10_Tasveer" title="8 x 10 Tasveer">8 x 10 Tasveer</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Studijskifotoaparat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Studijskifotoaparat.JPG/220px-Studijskifotoaparat.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Studijskifotoaparat.JPG/330px-Studijskifotoaparat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Studijskifotoaparat.JPG/440px-Studijskifotoaparat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1559" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Old studio camera</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_format_camera_lens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Large_format_camera_lens.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="271" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>Lens and mounting of a large format camera</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:35mm_MF_LF_Comparison.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/35mm_MF_LF_Comparison.svg/220px-35mm_MF_LF_Comparison.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/35mm_MF_LF_Comparison.svg/330px-35mm_MF_LF_Comparison.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/35mm_MF_LF_Comparison.svg/440px-35mm_MF_LF_Comparison.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of 35 mm, medium format, and large format</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Large format</b> photography refers to any imaging format of 9 cm × 12 cm (3.5 in × 4.7 in) or larger. Large format is larger than "<a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium format</a>", the 6 cm × 6 cm (2.4 in × 2.4 in) or 6 cm × 9 cm (2.4 in × 3.5 in) size of <a href="/wiki/Hasselblad" title="Hasselblad">Hasselblad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamiya" title="Mamiya">Mamiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rollei" title="Rollei">Rollei</a>, Kowa, and <a href="/wiki/Pentax" title="Pentax">Pentax</a> cameras (using <a href="/wiki/120_film" title="120 film">120- and 220-roll film</a>), and much larger than the 24 mm × 36 mm (0.94 in × 1.42 in) frame of <a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">35 mm</a> format. </p><p>The main advantage of a large format, film or digital, is a higher resolution at the same pixel pitch, or the same resolution with larger pixels or grains which allows each pixel to capture more light enabling exceptional low-light capture. A 4×5 inch image (12.903 mm²) has about 15 times the area, and thus 15 times the total resolution, of a 35 mm frame (864 mm²). </p><p>Large format cameras were some of the earliest photographic devices, and before enlargers were common, it was normal to just make 1:1 <a href="/wiki/Contact_print" title="Contact print">contact prints</a> from a 4×5, 5×7, or 8×10-inch negative. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formats">Formats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_format&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common large format is 4×5 inches (10.2x12.7 cm), which was the size used by cameras like the <a href="/wiki/Graflex" title="Graflex">Graflex</a> <a href="/wiki/Speed_Graphic" title="Speed Graphic">Speed Graphic</a> and Crown Graphic, among others. Less common formats include quarter-plate (3.25x4.25 inches (8.3x10.8 cm)), 5×7 inches (12.7x17.8 cm), and 8×10 inches (20×25 cm); the size of many old 1920s <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a> cameras (various versions of Kodak 1, 2, and 3 and Master View cameras, to much later Sinar monorail studio cameras) are 11×14 inches (28x36 cm), 16×20 inches (41x51 cm), 20×24 inches (51x61 cm), various panoramic or "banquet" formats (such as 4×10 and 8×20 inches (10x25 and 20x51 cm), and metric formats, including 9×12 cm, 10×13 cm, and 13×18 cm and assorted old and current aerial image formats of 9×9 inches, 9×18 inches (K17, K18, K19, K22 etc.), using roll film of 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, or 10 inches width or, <a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view cameras</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole cameras</a>), reproduction/process cameras, and x-ray film. </p><p>Above 8×10 inches, the formats are often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Ultra_Large_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra Large Format">Ultra Large Format</a> (ULF) and may be 11×14, 16×20, or 20×24 inches or as large as film, plates, or cameras are available. Many large formats (e.g., 24×24, 36x36, and 48x48 inches) are horizontal cameras designed to make big negatives for contact printing onto press-printing plates. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Polaroid_20%C3%9724_camera" title="Polaroid 20×24 camera">Polaroid 20×24 camera</a> is one of the largest format <a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant cameras</a> in common usage and can be hired from Polaroid agents in various countries.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many well-known photographers have used the 235 pounds (107 kg), wheeled-chassis Polaroid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control">Control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_format&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scheimpflug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Scheimpflug.jpg/250px-Scheimpflug.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Scheimpflug.jpg/375px-Scheimpflug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Scheimpflug.jpg/500px-Scheimpflug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>Scheimpflug principle</figcaption></figure> <p>Most, but not all, large format cameras are <a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view cameras</a>, with fronts and backs called "standards" that allow the photographer to better control rendering of <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">perspective</a> and increase apparent <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a>. Architectural and close-up photographers in particular benefit greatly from this ability. These allow the front and back of the camera to be <i>shifted</i> up/down and left/right (useful for architectural images where the scene is higher than the camera, and produces images where the scene is lower than the camera), and <i>tilted</i> out of parallel with each other left/right, up/down, or both; based on the <a href="/wiki/Scheimpflug_principle" title="Scheimpflug principle">Scheimpflug principle</a>. The shift and tilt movements make it possible to solve otherwise impossible depth-of-field problems, and to change perspective rendering, and create special effects that would be impossible with a conventional fixed-plane fixed-lens camera. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ansel_Adams" title="Ansel Adams">Ansel Adams</a>' photographs, and those of the other <a href="/wiki/Group_f/64" title="Group f/64">Group f/64</a> photographers, demonstrate how the use of front (lens plane) and back (<a href="/wiki/Film_plane" title="Film plane">film plane</a>) adjustments can secure great apparent depth of field when using the movements available on large format view cameras. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_format&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of actions need to be taken to use a typical large format camera, resulting in a slower, often more contemplative, photographic style. For example, film loading using sheet film holders requires a dark space to load and unload the film, typically a <a href="/wiki/Changing_bag" title="Changing bag">changing bag</a> or <a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">darkroom</a>, although prepackaged film magazines and large format roll films have also been used in the past. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Tripod" title="Tripod">tripod</a> is typically used for view camera work, but some models are designed for hand-held use. These "technical cameras" have separate viewfinders and <a href="/wiki/Rangefinder" title="Rangefinder">rangefinders</a> for faster handling. </p><p>In general large format camera use, the scene is composed on the camera's <a href="/wiki/Ground_glass" title="Ground glass">ground glass</a>, and then a film holder is fitted to the camera back prior to exposure. A separate <a href="/wiki/Polaroid_Corporation" title="Polaroid Corporation">Polaroid</a> back using <a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">instant film</a> is used by some photographers, allowing previewing of the composition, correctness of exposure and depth of field before committing the image to film to be developed later. Failure to "Polaroid" an exposure risks discovery later, at the time of film development, that there was an error in camera setup. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_format&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg/220px-Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg/330px-Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg/440px-Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2402" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ansel_Adams" title="Ansel Adams">Ansel Adams</a>'s large format photograph <i>The Tetons and the Snake River</i> (1942)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregory_Crewdson_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Gregory_Crewdson_2.jpg/220px-Gregory_Crewdson_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Gregory_Crewdson_2.jpg/330px-Gregory_Crewdson_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Gregory_Crewdson_2.jpg/440px-Gregory_Crewdson_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Photographer <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Crewdson" title="Gregory Crewdson">Gregory Crewdson</a> with a large format camera in 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>The 4×5 inch sheet film format was very convenient for press photography since it allowed for direct <a href="/wiki/Contact_print" title="Contact print">contact printing</a> on the printing plate, hence it was widely used in <a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press cameras</a>. This was done well into the 1940s and 1950s, even with the advent of more convenient and compact <a href="/wiki/Medium_format_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium format (film)">medium format</a> or <a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">35 mm</a> roll-film cameras which started to appear in the 1930s. The 35 mm and medium format <a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a> which appeared in the mid-1950s were soon adopted by press photographers. </p><p>Large format photography is not limited to film; large <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">digital camera backs</a> are available to fit large format cameras. These are either medium-format digital backs adapted to fit large format cameras (sometimes resulting in cropped images), step and repeat Multishot systems, or <a href="/wiki/Digital_scan_back" title="Digital scan back">scanning backs</a> (which scan the image area in the manner of a flat-bed <a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">scanner</a>). Scanning backs can take seconds or even several minutes to capture an image. When using a <a href="/wiki/Sinar" title="Sinar">Sinar</a> Macroscan unit and 54H data files, over 1 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">gigabyte</a> of data is produced. </p><p>Large format, both film-based and digital, is still used for many applications, such as landscape photography, advertising photos, fine-art photography, scientific applications and generally for images that will be enlarged to a high magnification while requiring a high level of detail. High quality fine art prints can be made at sizes in the range of 40x50″ from a 4×5″ original, and well beyond that for larger negatives. </p><p>In the printing industry, very large fixed cameras were also used to make large films for the preparation of <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithographic</a> plates before <a href="/wiki/Computer_to_film" title="Computer to film">computer to film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_to_plate" title="Computer to plate">computer to plate</a> techniques were introduced. These are generally referred to as a "<a href="/wiki/Process_camera" title="Process camera">process camera</a>" and consist of vertically mounted models for smaller work and horizontal units mounted on rails for very large works such as maps and plans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Park_Service_documentation_programs">National Park Service documentation programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_format&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: National Park Service documentation programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large format film is also used to create a record of historic places and things for the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> documentation programs. The <a href="/wiki/Historic_American_Buildings_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic American Buildings Survey">Historic American Buildings Survey</a> (HABS), the <a href="/wiki/Historic_American_Engineering_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic American Engineering Record">Historic American Engineering Record</a> (HAER), and the <a href="/wiki/Historic_American_Landscapes_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic American Landscapes Survey">Historic American Landscapes Survey</a> (HALS) require large format film-based photography. 4×5″, 5×7″, and 8×10″ large format film formats are the only acceptable formats for inclusion in these collections at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. 4x5 and 5x7 are generally used in the field (5×7″ is preferred for very significant buildings) and 8×10″ is generally used for photo-duplication of historic photographs, documents and blueprints. Through HABS/HAER/HALS, buildings and sites of historic significance are recorded with large format cameras and black and white film and using techniques that document the key features of the historic resource with special care not to distort the angles and views. This rectified photography can be accomplished with large format cameras by keeping the film, lens and subject perfectly parallel. Smaller format cameras need to be tilted to view high or low subjects, but the same subjects can be captured by shifting the lens element of a large format camera up or down to keep the film, lens, and subject planes parallel. </p><p>HABS, HAER, and HALS also requires the increased resolution of large format film. A sheet of 5×7″ film has almost twice the resolution of 4×5″ film, and 4×5″ is almost 16 times larger than a 35 mm film image (24×36 mm). This added negative size not only allows for more detail, but the large format <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> film is also far more durable than <a href="/wiki/Acetate" title="Acetate">acetate</a> 35 mm stock. HABS, HAER, and HALS require that all submissions to the Library of Congress include the original film (archivally washed) and it must also include contact prints on fiber-based paper; these contacts are the same size as the film being submitted, 4×5″, 5×7″, or 8×10″, and the large size allows people to readily see the prints, while 35 mm contacts would be too small and would require magnification. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photographers_noted_for_having_used_large_format">Photographers noted for having used large format</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_format&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Photographers noted for having used large format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Example_farm plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#List_size" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">irrelevant</a> examples</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Large_format&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding descriptive text and removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Example_cruft" title="Wikipedia:Example cruft">less pertinent examples</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansel_Adams" title="Ansel Adams">Ansel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Adams_(photographer)" title="Robert Adams (photographer)">Robert Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takashi_Amano_(aquarist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Takashi Amano (aquarist)">Takashi Amano</a> (8×20" and 11×14")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget" title="Eugène Atget">Eugène Atget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Avedon" title="Richard Avedon">Richard Avedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tina_Barney" title="Tina Barney">Tina Barney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Basilico" title="Gabriele Basilico">Gabriele Basilico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernd_and_Hilla_Becher" title="Bernd and Hilla Becher">Bernd and Hilla Becher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Bridges" title="Marilyn Bridges">Marilyn Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bryant_(photographer)" title="Richard Bryant (photographer)">Richard Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Burkett" title="Christopher Burkett">Christopher Burkett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Burnett_(photojournalist)" title="David Burnett (photojournalist)">David Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burtynsky" title="Edward Burtynsky">Edward Burtynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Butcher" title="Clyde Butcher">Clyde Butcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Margaret_Cameron" title="Julia Margaret Cameron">Julia Margaret Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Carter_(photographer)" title="Keith Carter (photographer)">Keith Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Caponigro" title="Paul Caponigro">Paul Caponigro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Close" title="Chuck Close">Chuck Close</a> (20×24", 40×80")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Collier" title="Anne Collier">Anne Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Connor" title="Linda Connor">Linda Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Joshua_Cooper" title="Thomas Joshua Cooper">Thomas Joshua Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Crewdson" title="Gregory Crewdson">Gregory Crewdson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rineke_Dijkstra" title="Rineke Dijkstra">Rineke Dijkstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsa_Dorfman" title="Elsa Dorfman">Elsa Dorfman</a> (20"×24")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eggleston" title="William Eggleston">William Eggleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Epstein" title="Mitch Epstein">Mitch Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Evans" title="Walker Evans">Walker Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Feininger" title="Andreas Feininger">Andreas Feininger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishay_Garbasz" title="Yishay Garbasz">Yishay Garbasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_G%C3%B3mez_(photographer)" title="Miguel Gómez (photographer)">Miguel Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmet_Gowin" title="Emmet Gowin">Emmet Gowin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gowland" title="Peter Gowland">Peter Gowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Greenfield-Sanders" title="Timothy Greenfield-Sanders">Timothy Greenfield-Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Grunewald" title="Olivier Grunewald">Olivier Grunewald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Guidi_(photographer)" title="Guido Guidi (photographer)">Guido Guidi</a> (8×10")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Gursky" title="Andreas Gursky">Andreas Gursky</a> (5×7")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Halberstadt" title="Milton Halberstadt">Milton Halberstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Harris_(photographer)" title="Charles Harris (photographer)">Charles "Teenie" Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Hofer" title="Evelyn Hofer">Evelyn Hofer</a> (4×5")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousuf_Karsh" title="Yousuf Karsh">Yousuf Karsh</a> (8×10")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seydou_Ke%C3%AFta_(photographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seydou Keïta (photographer)">Seydou Keïta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Klett" title="Mark Klett">Mark Klett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Knight_(photographer)" title="Nick Knight (photographer)">Nick Knight</a> (8×10")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An-My_L%C3%AA" title="An-My Lê">An-My Lê</a> (8×10")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Leonard" title="Herman Leonard">Herman Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sze_Tsung_Leong" title="Sze Tsung Leong">Sze Tsung Leong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._Winston_Link" title="O. Winston Link">O. Winston Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Lough_Jr." title="Rodney Lough Jr.">Rodney Lough Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janelle_Lynch" title="Janelle Lynch">Janelle Lynch</a> (8x10")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Mann" title="Sally Mann">Sally Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Masa" title="George Masa">George Masa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Mendes" title="Louis Mendes">Louis Mendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Meyerowitz" title="Joel Meyerowitz">Joel Meyerowitz</a> (8×10")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Misrach" title="Richard Misrach">Richard Misrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Modica" title="Andrea Modica">Andrea Modica</a> (8x10")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Muench" title="David Muench">David Muench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Nixon" title="Nicholas Nixon">Nicholas Nixon</a> (8×10")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Porter" title="Eliot Porter">Eliot Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Power" title="Mark Power">Mark Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Joy_Ross" title="Judith Joy Ross">Judith Joy Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Roversi" title="Paolo Roversi">Paolo Roversi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ruff" title="Thomas Ruff">Thomas Ruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sanderson_(photographer)" title="John Sanderson (photographer)">John Sanderson</a> (4x5" and 8x10")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sexton_(photographer)" title="John Sexton (photographer)">John Sexton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Shore" title="Stephen Shore">Stephen Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshio_Shibata" title="Toshio Shibata">Toshio Shibata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Shulman" title="Julius Shulman">Julius Shulman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Smith_(photographer)" title="Michael A. Smith (photographer)">Michael A. Smith</a> (8×10", 8×20" and 18×22")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Soth" title="Alec Soth">Alec Soth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stephenson_(photographer)" title="David Stephenson (photographer)">David Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Sternfeld" title="Joel Sternfeld">Joel Sternfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Stoller" title="Ezra Stoller">Ezra Stoller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Strand" title="Paul Strand">Paul Strand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Struth" title="Thomas Struth">Thomas Struth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Sugimoto" title="Hiroshi Sugimoto">Hiroshi Sugimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tice" class="mw-redirect" title="George Tice">George Tice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tress" title="Arthur Tress">Arthur Tress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Ulrich" title="Brian Ulrich">Brian Ulrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Wall" title="Jeff Wall">Jeff Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Watson_(photographer)" title="Peter Watson (photographer)">Peter Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weegee" title="Weegee">Weegee</a> (4×5")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wegman_(photographer)" title="William Wegman (photographer)">William Wegman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Weston" title="Brett Weston">Brett Weston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Weston" title="Edward Weston">Edward Weston</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_format&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APUG" class="mw-redirect" title="APUG">APUG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_format_lens" title="Large format lens">Large format lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reisekamera" title="Reisekamera">Reisekamera</a> (tailboard view camera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-format_printer" title="Wide-format printer">Wide-format printer</a> (In digital printing, the term "large format" is also used as a synonym for "wide format".)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_format&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.20x24studio.com/">"20 x 24 Studio"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=20+x+24+Studio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.20x24studio.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarge+format" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_format&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Large_format_cameras" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Large format cameras">Large format cameras</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/hdp/standards/"><i>HABS/HAER/HALS Standards & Guidelines</i></a>, National Park Service website</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Photography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span 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