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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">League of Empire Loyalists</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_League_of_Empire_Loyalists.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Emblem_of_the_League_of_Empire_Loyalists.svg/65px-Emblem_of_the_League_of_Empire_Loyalists.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Emblem_of_the_League_of_Empire_Loyalists.svg/98px-Emblem_of_the_League_of_Empire_Loyalists.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Emblem_of_the_League_of_Empire_Loyalists.svg/130px-Emblem_of_the_League_of_Empire_Loyalists.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="245" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">LEL</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">A. K. Chesterton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1954<span class="noprint">; 70 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1954</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap">7 February 1967<span class="noprint">; 57 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">7 February 1967</span>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Split from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merged into</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2,000–3,000 (1960s <abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="British imperialism">British imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">Far-right</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CE2029; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> Red <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> White <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000080; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> Blue</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>League of Empire Loyalists</b> (<b>LEL</b>) was a British <a href="/wiki/Pressure_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure group">pressure group</a> (also called a "<a href="/wiki/Ginger_group" title="Ginger group">ginger group</a>" in Britain and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>), established in 1954. Its ostensible purpose was to stop the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>'s dissolution. The League was a small group of current or former members of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_K._Chesterton" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur K. Chesterton">Arthur K. Chesterton</a>, a former leading figure in the <a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a>, who had served under Sir <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a>. The League found support from some Conservative Party members, although most of the Conservative leadership disliked it.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=League_of_Empire_Loyalists&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chesterton established the group in 1954 on the far right of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)#Party_factions" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>, effectively as a reaction to the more liberal forms of <a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Toryism</a> in evidence at the time, as typified by the policies of <a href="/wiki/R._A._Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="R. A. Butler">R. A. Butler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197728–29_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197728–29-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chesterton feared the growth of the Soviet Union and of the United States. He concluded that <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> and American-style <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> were actually in an alliance as part of a <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>-led conspiracy against the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, a mindset that informed the LEL from the beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197729_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197729-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wide-reaching critiques that this conspiracy theory utilised meant that the LEL won membership from various sectors of right-wing opinion, including former BUF activists like Chesterton himself and <a href="/wiki/Barry_Domvile" title="Barry Domvile">Barry Domvile</a>, traditionalist patriots like <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hilton_(British_Army_officer)" title="Richard Hilton (British Army officer)">General Richard Hilton</a> and young radicals like <a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall_(far-right_activist)" title="John Tyndall (far-right activist)">John Tyndall</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bean_(politician)" title="John Bean (politician)">John Bean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Jordan" title="Colin Jordan">Colin Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Webster" title="Martin Webster">Martin Webster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197730_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197730-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, in its early years, the LEL succeeded in attracting some leading members of the establishment to its ranks, including Field-Marshal <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside,_1st_Baron_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside">Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside</a>, Lieutenant-General Sir <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Oliphant_Hutchison" class="mw-redirect" title="Balfour Oliphant Hutchison">Balfour Oliphant Hutchison</a> and the former <a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(1939)" title="British People's Party (1939)">British People's Party</a> election candidate Air Commodore G. S. Oddie.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the LEL actively supported an independent candidate who was a member at the <a href="/wiki/1957_Lewisham_North_by-election" title="1957 Lewisham North by-election">1957 Lewisham North by-election</a>, it was not a political party.<sup id="cite_ref-Boothroyd_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boothroyd-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Nigel Fielding, the LEL "was composed of right-wing Conservatives, particularly retired military men, and a few pre-war Fascists".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stunts">Stunts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=League_of_Empire_Loyalists&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Stunts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The LEL was well known for various stunts at Conservative Party meetings and conferences (acting as a constant irritant to the party). These stunts included hiding underneath the speaker platform overnight to emerge during the conference in order to put across their points. At the 1958 party Conference in <a href="/wiki/Blackpool" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a>, George Irvine Finlay (who became Director of Organisation for the <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Scotland)" title="Unionist Party (Scotland)">Scottish Conservatives</a>) was involved in forcibly removing members of the League of Empire Loyalists. The widespread media coverage resulted in his being sued for assault; not only was he acquitted, but costs were awarded against the prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year the League secured further publicity when members launched an "invasion" of the <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Conference" title="Lambeth Conference">Lambeth Conference</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boothroyd_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boothroyd-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In another incident, LEL member Austen Brooks gained access to a lunch for <a href="/wiki/U_Thant" title="U Thant">U Thant</a> by impersonating Cypriot Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Makarios_III" title="Makarios III">Makarios III</a>, both men being heavily bearded, before revealing his charade and shouting LEL slogans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197730_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197730-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> was also a target and when he shook hands with <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a> as they arrived at <a href="/wiki/London_Victoria_station" title="London Victoria station">Victoria Station</a> in 1956, LEL members were on hand to yell at Eden that he had just shaken hands with murderers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurlow1987250_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurlow1987250-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1961, Leonard Young, a Royal Air Force Wing Commander and author of the 1956 book <i>Deadlier Than the H-Bomb</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gained further notoriety for the LEL when he threw a bag of sheep guts at the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kenya" title="President of Kenya">President of Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197731_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197731-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</a> was also a target when speakers at its inaugural rally in <a href="/wiki/Central_Hall,_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Hall, Westminster">Central Hall, Westminster</a>, on 17 February 1958 were heckled, in particular <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After these antics, the Tory leadership made it clear to their members that the LEL was to be discouraged, leading to a severe downturn in membership.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies">Policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=League_of_Empire_Loyalists&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As its name suggests, the initial aim of the LEL was to support the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and to campaign for its continuing existence.<sup id="cite_ref-Boothroyd_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boothroyd-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was to be its calls for the restoration of the empire and reassertion of the notion of <a href="/wiki/Britons" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons">Britons</a> as the world's natural leaders that ultimately saw the group become estranged from the Conservatives, as the League was increasingly divorced from the <a href="/wiki/One_nation_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="One nation conservatism">one nation conservatism</a> that came to dominate the party.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was particularly true following the independence of Sudan and the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> in 1956 when the Conservatives formally broke from any notion of being the party of empire.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As time progressed, the group became primarily concerned with opposing non-white immigration into <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> and were instrumental in the founding (with other <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazi</a> groups) of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front</a> in February 1967. Chesterton's personal <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> and devotion to conspiracy theories about the Jews and international capitalism also became more prominent in LEL ideology towards the end of the group's life.<sup id="cite_ref-Lunn213_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunn213-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The League was also strongly <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> and had close links with emigre groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Committee" title="Ukrainian National Committee">Ukrainian National Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_and_splits">Decline and splits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=League_of_Empire_Loyalists&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decline and splits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1961, the LEL found itself in financial trouble, and Chesterton was funding the group himself. The group had also lost many of its members, falling from a 1958 high of 3000 to only 300 members. Some had left with Hilton to join his <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Party_(UK)" title="Patriotic Party (UK)">Patriotic Party</a> whilst another group of leavers had been the supporters of Colin Jordan. Jordan had left in 1957 after his call to bar Jews, and non-whites from the LEL had been rejected, whilst John Bean had left under acrimonious circumstances the following year. Both men advocated the formation of mass parties, an idea that Chesterton rejected, and over time they won support to their respective groups, the <a href="/wiki/White_Defence_League" title="White Defence League">White Defence League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Labour_Party_(UK,_1957)" title="National Labour Party (UK, 1957)">National Labour Party</a> by advocating these and other more radical ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197731_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197731-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1960s, the LEL was a shadow of its former self as, according to leading member <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Legg" title="Rodney Legg">Rodney Legg</a>, it had come to be seen as archaic and anachronistic whilst it was struggling even more with a lack of funds. By 1964, Chesterton was already being heard to say in private that the future of the LEL might be better served by joining up with the younger, more radical members who had departed earlier in the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197747_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197747-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an attempt to reinvigorate the flagging group Chesterton was persuaded to put up three "Independent Loyalist" candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964 General Election</a>, but between them, they managed to secure only 1064 votes<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197748_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197748-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Michael Billig, the League only contested these seats as a publicity stunt rather than due to having any pretensions to becoming a political party.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The League's journal <a href="/wiki/Candour_(magazine)" title="Candour (magazine)"><i>Candour</i></a> went on to support the National Front while A. K. Chesterton was its leader. Following that, it became independent and is still published to this day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation_of_the_National_Front">Creation of the National Front</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=League_of_Empire_Loyalists&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Creation of the National Front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the poor performances of the three candidates, donations had poured in from all over the country to help them fight the campaign. This made a deep impression on Chesterton, who had largely been obliged to fund the LEL out of his own pocket.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197748_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197748-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chesterton had been preoccupied with a legal case over the estate of his financial benefactor, the <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>-based millionaire Robert K. Jeffrey, who had seemingly left two contradictory wills, but Chesterton's fervour for politics had been rekindled by his discovery of the relative ease of funding a political party and by the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Martell_(politician)" title="Edward Martell (politician)">Edward Martell</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing libertarian">right-wing libertarian</a> who had garnered a reputation as an excellent fund-raiser and whose methods, if not politics, had impressed Chesterton greatly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197748–49_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197748–49-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the spring of 1966, Chesterton had begun sounding out the likes of Bean, Tyndall and even Jordan about the possibility of building a united front on the far right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197748_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197748-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chesterton's mood was dampened somewhat by the <a href="/wiki/1966_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1966 United Kingdom general election">1966 general election</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> won a convincing victory and anti-immigration candidates lost support, as well as by <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>'s exit from the Commonwealth following its <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Unilateral Declaration of Independence</a>. However, it also convinced him that space had opened to the right of the Conservative Party and that the chances were better for a united far-right group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197750_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197750-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LEL, however, was under threat from the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Racial_Preservation_Society" title="Racial Preservation Society">Racial Preservation Society</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Monday_Club" title="Monday Club">Monday Club</a>, making the need for a new party that much more urgent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197761_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197761-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time, he flirted with Dr David Brown of the Racial Preservation Society and his plans to establish a <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(UK,_1966)" title="National Democratic Party (UK, 1966)">National Democratic Party</a>, but he backed away when Brown insisted that the LEL would effectively be turned over to RPS control in this arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197764_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197764-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discussions with the <a href="/wiki/British_National_Party_(1960)" title="British National Party (1960)">British National Party</a> (BNP) began in earnest in September 1966, and by the time of the LEL conference the following month, plans were already at such an advanced stage that the major topic was whether the new party would be called the British Front or the National Independence Party. The conference also saw the establishment of a working party to thrash out details of the new group, consisting of Austen Brooks, <a href="/wiki/Rosine_de_Bounevialle" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosine de Bounevialle">Rosine de Bounevialle</a>, Avril Walters and Nettie Bonner from the LEL and Philip Maxwell, Bernard Simmons and Gerald Kemp from the BNP.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197765_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197765-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 February 1967 the LEL was wound up and replaced by the newly merged group, by now known as the <a href="/wiki/British_National_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="British National Front">National Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197767_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197767-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=League_of_Empire_Loyalists&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Taylor, <i>The National Front in English Politics</i>, London: Macmillan, 1982, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197728–29-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197728–29_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1977">Walker 1977</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197729-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197729_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1977">Walker 1977</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197730-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197730_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197730_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1977">Walker 1977</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Bean1999" class="citation book cs1">John Bean (1999). <i>Many Shades of Black: Inside Britain's Far Right</i>. London: New Millennium. p. 99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Shades+of+Black%3A+Inside+Britain%27s+Far+Right&rft.place=London&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=New+Millennium&rft.date=1999&rft.au=John+Bean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeague+of+Empire+Loyalists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boothroyd-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boothroyd_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boothroyd_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boothroyd_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Boothroyd, <i>The Politico's Guide to the History of British Political Parties</i>, London: Politico's, 2001, p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFielding1981" class="citation book cs1">Fielding, Nigel (1981). <i>The National Front</i>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710005595" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710005595"><bdi>978-0710005595</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Front&rft.place=London&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0710005595&rft.aulast=Fielding&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeague+of+Empire+Loyalists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Irvine Finlay Obituary, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)" title="The Herald (Glasgow)">The Herald</a></i>. Glasgow. 5 January 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurlow1987250-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurlow1987250_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThurlow1987">Thurlow 1987</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colchestercollection.com/authors/Y/leonard-young.html">"Leonard Young Profile"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leonard+Young+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colchestercollection.com%2Fauthors%2FY%2Fleonard-young.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeague+of+Empire+Loyalists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197731-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197731_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197731_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1977">Walker 1977</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Wrigley, <i>A.J.P. Taylor: Radical Historian of Europe</i>, I.B.Tauris, 2006, p. 276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, <i>The National Front in English Politics</i>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Barker, <i>The New Racism</i>, London: Junction Books, 1982, p. 33-34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hill_(British_activist)" title="Ray Hill (British activist)">Ray Hill</a> & Andrew Bell, <i>The Other Face of Terror - Inside Europe’s Neo-Nazi Network</i>, London: Collins, 1988, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lunn213-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lunn213_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Lunn, Richard C. Thurlow, <i>British fascism: essays on the radical right in inter-war Britain</i>, Taylor & Francis, 1980, p. 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bean, <i>Many Shades of Black</i>, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197747-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197747_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1977">Walker 1977</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197748-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197748_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197748_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197748_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1977">Walker 1977</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Billig, <i>A Social Psychological View of the National Front</i>, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978, p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197748–49-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197748–49_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1977">Walker 1977</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197750-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197750_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1977">Walker 1977</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197761-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197761_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1977">Walker 1977</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197764-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197764_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1977">Walker 1977</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197765-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197765_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1977">Walker 1977</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197767-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197767_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1977">Walker 1977</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurlow1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thurlow" title="Richard Thurlow">Thurlow, Richard C.</a> (1987). <i>Fascism in Britain: A History, 1918–1985</i>. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-13618-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-13618-7"><bdi>978-0-631-13618-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism+in+Britain%3A+A+History%2C+1918%E2%80%931985&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-631-13618-7&rft.aulast=Thurlow&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeague+of+Empire+Loyalists" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Walker_(reporter)" title="Martin Walker (reporter)">Walker, Martin</a> (1977). <i>The National Front</i>. London: Fontana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-634824-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-634824-5"><bdi>978-0-00-634824-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Front&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fontana&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-00-634824-5&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeague+of+Empire+Loyalists" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Far-right_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_far_right" title="Template:UK far right"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_far_right" title="Template talk:UK far right"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_far_right" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK far right"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Far-right_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-right politics in the United Kingdom">Far-right politics in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1945 groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Brothers%27_League" title="British Brothers' League">British Brothers' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fascists" title="British Fascists">British Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(1939)" title="British People's Party (1939)">British People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britons_Publishing_Society" title="Britons Publishing Society">Britons Publishing Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Array" title="English Array">English Array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Mistery" title="English Mistery">English Mistery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_National_Association" title="English National Association">English National Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Fascist_League" title="Imperial Fascist League">Imperial Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Link_(UK_organization)" title="The Link (UK organization)">The Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militant_Christian_Patriots" title="Militant Christian Patriots">Militant Christian Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascisti" title="National Fascisti">National Fascisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(UK,_1917)" title="National Party (UK, 1917)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League" title="National Socialist League">National Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_League" title="Nordic League">Nordic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Club" title="Right Club">Right Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct<br />post-1945 groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Democratic_Party_(1979)" title="British Democratic Party (1979)">British Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_Party" title="British Empire Party">British Empire Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Freedom_Party" title="British Freedom Party">British Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(2005)" title="British People's Party (2005)">British People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_League_of_Ex-Servicemen_and_Women" title="British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women">British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_League_of_Rights" title="British League of Rights">British League of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party_(1960)" title="British National Party (1960)">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_88" title="Column 88">Column 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democratic_Alliance" title="Conservative Democratic Alliance">Conservative Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Movement" title="Constitutional Movement">Constitutional Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_First_Party" title="England First Party">England First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberation_Front" title="European Liberation Front">European Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Group" title="Flag Group">Flag Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Britain_Movement" title="For Britain Movement">For Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_Lads_Alliance" title="Football Lads Alliance">Football Lads Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Britain_Movement" title="Greater Britain Movement">Greater Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Third_Position" title="International Third Position">International Third Position</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">League of Empire Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_GB" title="Liberty GB">Liberty GB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(UK,_1966)" title="National Democratic Party (UK, 1966)">National Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democrats_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Democrats (United Kingdom)">National Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fellowship" title="National Fellowship">National Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Independence_Party_(UK)" title="National Independence Party (UK)">National Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labour_Party_(UK,_1957)" title="National Labour Party (UK, 1957)">National Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(UK,_1976)" title="National Party (UK, 1976)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Action_Party" title="National Socialist Action Party">National Socialist Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(UK,_1962)" title="National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)">National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)">National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Alliance" title="Nationalist Alliance">Nationalist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_Party" title="New Britain Party">New Britain Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nationalist_Party_(UK)" title="New Nationalist Party (UK)">New Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_League_(British_neo-Nazi_organisation)" title="Northern League (British neo-Nazi organisation)">Northern League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_National_Front" title="Official National Front">Official National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Party_(UK)" title="Patriotic Party (UK)">Patriotic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Preservation_Society" title="Racial Preservation Society">Racial Preservation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Conservative_Caucus" title="Revolutionary Conservative Caucus">Revolutionary Conservative Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearhead_(magazine)" title="Spearhead (magazine)"><i>Spearhead</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Movement" title="Union Movement">Union Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Country_Party_(United_Kingdom)" title="United Country Party (United Kingdom)">United Country Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Defence_League" title="White Defence League">White Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Nationalist_Party" title="White Nationalist Party">White Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Goals_Institute" title="Western Goals Institute">Western Goals Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_far-right_groups_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="List of British far-right groups (1945–present)">Active groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_%26_Honour" title="Blood & Honour">Blood & Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_First" title="Britain First">Britain First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Democratic_Party_(2013)" title="British Democratic Party (2013)">British Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Movement" title="British Movement">British Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/BNP_Youth" title="BNP Youth">BNP Youth</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Council_of_Britain" title="Christian Council of Britain">Christian Council of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_18" title="Combat 18">Combat 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Democrats" title="English Democrats">English Democrats</a> (some members)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Oswald_Mosley" title="Friends of Oswald Mosley">Friends of Oswald Mosley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_Party_(Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Party (Britain)">Homeland Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Saint_George" title="League of Saint George">League of Saint George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Forum_(far-right_group)" title="London Forum (far-right group)">London Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(UK)" title="National Action (UK)">National Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1999)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1999)">National Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_9th_Society" title="November 9th Society">November 9th Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alternative" title="Patriotic Alternative">Patriotic Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Coalition" title="Protestant Coalition">Protestant Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Pie and Mash squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Volunteer_Force" title="Racial Volunteer Force">Racial Volunteer Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division#United_Kingdom_(Sonnenkrieg_Division)" title="Atomwaffen Division">Sonnenkrieg Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Islamisation_of_Europe" title="Stop Islamisation of Europe">Stop Islamisation of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Britain_Group" title="Traditional Britain Group">Traditional Britain Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1945 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Sophia_Allen" title="Mary Sophia Allen">Mary Sophia Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Amery" title="John Amery">John Amery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hamilton_Beamish" title="Henry Hamilton Beamish">Henry Hamilton Beamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beckett_(politician)" title="John Beckett (politician)">John Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Russell,_12th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="Hastings Russell, 12th Duke of Bedford">Hastings Russell, 12th Duke of Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._D._Blakeney" title="R. B. D. Blakeney">R. B. D. Blakeney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">A. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Clarke" title="John Henry Clarke">John Henry Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Haller_Cooper" title="Thomas Haller Cooper">Thomas Haller Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Domvile" title="Barry Domvile">Barry Domvile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Drummond_Wolff_(Basingstoke_MP)" title="Henry Drummond Wolff (Basingstoke MP)">Henry Drummond Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josslyn_Hay,_22nd_Earl_of_Erroll" title="Josslyn Hay, 22nd Earl of Erroll">Josslyn Hay, 22nd Earl of Erroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Evans-Gordon" title="William Evans-Gordon">William Evans-Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Forgan" title="Robert Forgan">Robert Forgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Gardiner" title="Rolf Gardiner">Rolf Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Boyle,_8th_Earl_of_Glasgow" title="Patrick Boyle, 8th Earl of Glasgow">Patrick Boyle, 8th Earl of Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Elsdale_Goad" title="Harold Elsdale Goad">Harold Elsdale Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Goodall" title="Reginald Goodall">Reginald Goodall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon-Canning" title="Robert Gordon-Canning">Robert Gordon-Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Greig" title="Louis Greig">Louis Greig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Francis_Hawkins" title="Neil Francis Hawkins">Neil Francis Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._F._C._Fuller" title="J. F. C. Fuller">J. F. C. Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joyce" title="William Joyce">William Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Leese" title="Arnold Leese">Arnold Leese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotha_Lintorn-Orman" title="Rotha Lintorn-Orman">Rotha Lintorn-Orman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_McLardy" title="Frank McLardy">Frank McLardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Mitford" title="Unity Mitford">Unity Mitford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Diana Mosley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Cynthia_Mosley" title="Lady Cynthia Mosley">Cynthia Mosley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Wallop,_9th_Earl_of_Portsmouth" title="Gerard Wallop, 9th Earl of Portsmouth">Gerard Wallop, 9th Earl of Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Maule_Ramsay" title="Archibald Maule Ramsay">Archibald Maule Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mitford,_2nd_Baron_Redesdale" title="David Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale">David Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliott_Verdon_Roe" title="Alliott Verdon Roe">Alliott Verdon Roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Russell,_26th_Baron_de_Clifford" title="Edward Russell, 26th Baron de Clifford">Edward Russell, 26th Baron de Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Raven_Thomson" title="Alexander Raven Thomson">Alexander Raven Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Seton_Hutchison" title="Graham Seton Hutchison">Graham Seton Hutchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Vivian" title="Herbert Vivian">Herbert Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warburton_(fascist)" title="John Warburton (fascist)">John Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Watts_(fascist)" title="Charlie Watts (fascist)">Charlie Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesta_Helen_Webster" title="Nesta Helen Webster">Nesta Helen Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_5th_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 5th Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 5th Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Williamson" title="Henry Williamson">Henry Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormonde_Winter" title="Ormonde Winter">Ormonde Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Yeats-Brown" title="Francis Yeats-Brown">Francis Yeats-Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-1945 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Anderson_(British_politician)" title="Ian Anderson (British politician)">Ian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barnbrook" title="Richard Barnbrook">Richard Barnbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._F._X._Baron" title="A. F. X. Baron">A. F. X. Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Larratt_Battersby" title="James Larratt Battersby">James Larratt Battersby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Beackon" title="Derek Beackon">Derek Beackon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bean_(politician)" title="John Bean (politician)">John Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Birdwood,_Baroness_Birdwood" title="Jane Birdwood, Baroness Birdwood">Jane, Lady Birdwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden" title="Jonathan Bowden">Jonathan Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Brons" title="Andrew Brons">Andrew Brons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Bryan" title="Kevin Bryan">Kevin Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Buckby" title="Jack Buckby">Jack Buckby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Butler" title="Eddy Butler">Eddy Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">A. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Collett" title="Mark Collett">Mark Collett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_London_nail_bombings#David_Copeland" title="1999 London nail bombings">David Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Cotterill" title="Mark Cotterill">Mark Cotterill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicky_Crane" title="Nicky Crane">Nicky Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Darby" title="Simon Darby">Simon Darby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Ebanks" title="Sharon Ebanks">Sharon Ebanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Edmonds" title="Richard Edmonds">Richard Edmonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Dowson" title="Jim Dowson">Jim Dowson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fountaine" title="Andrew Fountaine">Andrew Fountaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayda_Fransen" title="Jayda Fransen">Jayda Fransen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Golding" title="Paul Golding">Paul Golding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Griffin" title="Nick Griffin">Nick Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hamm" title="Jeffrey Hamm">Jeffrey Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hancock_(publisher)" title="Anthony Hancock (publisher)">Anthony Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Harrington_(activist)" title="Patrick Harrington (activist)">Patrick Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hill_(British_activist)" title="Ray Hill (British activist)">Ray Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Holland_(activist)" title="Derek Holland (activist)">Derek Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Holmes_(British_politician)" title="Tom Holmes (British politician)">Tom Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katie_Hopkins" title="Katie Hopkins">Katie Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Huxley-Blythe" title="Peter Huxley-Blythe">Peter Huxley-Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Irving" title="David Irving">David Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Jordan" title="Colin Jordan">Colin Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raheem_Kassam" title="Raheem Kassam">Raheem Kassam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kemp" title="Arthur Kemp">Arthur Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Kurtagi%C4%87" title="Alex Kurtagić">Alex Kurtagić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kingsley_Read" title="John Kingsley Read">John Kingsley Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lake_(English_Defence_League)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Lake (English Defence League)">Alan Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lawson_(activist)" title="Richard Lawson (activist)">Richard Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Lecomber" title="Tony Lecomber">Tony Lecomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_McLaughlin_(activist)" title="Michael McLaughlin (activist)">Michael McLaughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Morrison" title="Eddy Morrison">Eddy Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morse_(British_politician)" title="John Morse (British politician)">John Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Myatt" title="David Myatt">David Myatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Brien_(British_politician)" title="John O'Brien (British politician)">John O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Painter" title="Roy Painter">Roy Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neema_Parvini" title="Neema Parvini">Neema Parvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Roger Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Pirie" title="Denis Pirie">Denis Pirie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Quinn_(neo-Nazi)" title="Kevin Quinn (neo-Nazi)">Kevin Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Reed_Herbert" title="Anthony Reed Herbert">Anthony Reed Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Relf" title="Robert Relf">Robert Relf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Renshaw_(terrorist)" title="Jack Renshaw (terrorist)">Jack Renshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennial_Woes" title="Millennial Woes">Colin Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Robinson" title="Tommy Robinson">Tommy Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Row" title="Robert Row">Robert Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sheppard_(activist)" title="Simon Sheppard (activist)">Simon Sheppard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenny_Smith_(far-right_activist)" title="Kenny Smith (far-right activist)">Kenny Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Southgate" title="Troy Southgate">Troy Southgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stuart_Donaldson" title="Ian Stuart Donaldson">Ian Stuart Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Thompson_(politician)" title="Keith Thompson (politician)">Keith Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall_(far-right_activist)" title="John Tyndall (far-right activist)">John Tyndall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Verrall" title="Richard Verrall">Richard Verrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Walker_(British_politician)" title="Adam Walker (British politician)">Adam Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Marie_Waters" title="Anne Marie Waters">Anne Marie Waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Paul Joseph Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Webster" title="Martin Webster">Martin Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_West_(politician)" title="Robert West (politician)">Robert West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weston_(politician)" title="Paul Weston (politician)">Paul Weston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Williamson" title="Graham Williamson">Graham Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Wingfield" title="Martin Wingfield">Martin Wingfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graeme_Wood" title="John Graeme Wood">John Graeme Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo_Yiannopoulos" title="Milo Yiannopoulos">Milo Yiannopoulos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_Fellowship" title="Anglo-German Fellowship">Anglo-German Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street" title="Battle of Cable Street">Battle of Cable Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="British Fascism">British Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party_election_results" title="British National Party election results">British National Party election results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliveden_set" title="Cliveden set">Cliveden set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_a_Nation" title="Europe a Nation">Europe a Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_fascist_parties" title="List of British fascist parties">List of British fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)_election_results" title="National Front (UK) election results">National Front election results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Maintenance_of_Supplies" title="Organisation for the Maintenance of Supplies">Organisation for the Maintenance of Supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Soldier" title="Political Soldier">Political Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Communism" title="Rock Against Communism">Rock Against Communism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active notable publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candour_(magazine)" title="Candour (magazine)"><i>Candour</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redwatch" title="Redwatch">Redwatch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509041#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509041#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509041#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/129468369">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/734966/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr98002073">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49782625">Australia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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