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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour and ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predators_and_parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators_and_parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Predators and parasites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predators_and_parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Conservation status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cited texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mourning dove</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="حمامة الحداد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمامة الحداد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenaida_macroura" title="Zenaida macroura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Zenaida macroura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Плачеща гургулица – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плачеща гургулица" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turzhunell_drist" title="Turzhunell drist – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Turzhunell drist" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3rtora_nord-americana" title="Tórtora nord-americana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tórtora nord-americana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenaida_macroura" title="Zenaida macroura – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Zenaida macroura" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrdli%C4%8Dka_karolinsk%C3%A1" title="Hrdlička karolinská – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hrdlička karolinská" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colomen_alarus" title="Colomen alarus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Colomen alarus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8rgedue" title="Sørgedue – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sørgedue" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolinataube" title="Carolinataube – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carolinataube" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasb%C3%ADd%C3%AD_%C5%82ib%C3%A1h%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Hasbídí łibáhígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Hasbídí łibáhígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenaida_macroura" title="Zenaida macroura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zenaida macroura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plorturto" title="Plorturto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plorturto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenaida_macroura" title="Zenaida macroura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zenaida macroura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="قمری مویه‌گر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قمری مویه‌گر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourterelle_triste" title="Tourterelle triste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tourterelle triste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear%C3%A1n_gubhach" title="Fearán gubhach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fearán gubhach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%8A%94%EB%B9%84%EB%91%98%EA%B8%B0" title="우는비둘기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우는비둘기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merpati_karolina" title="Merpati karolina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Merpati karolina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenaida_macroura" title="Zenaida macroura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zenaida macroura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%93%D0%B4%D3%B9" title="Америка тыргӓдӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Америка тыргӓдӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirat%C3%B3_gerle" title="Sirató gerle – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sirató gerle" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="حمامة الحداد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حمامة الحداد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treurduif" title="Treurduif – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Treurduif" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B2%E3%82%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%88" title="ナゲキバト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナゲキバト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%A9%DA%BE%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%8F%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="دکھی گھُگی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دکھی گھُگی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C5%82%C4%99biak_d%C5%82ugosterny" title="Gołębiak długosterny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gołębiak długosterny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rola-carpideira" title="Rola-carpideira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rola-carpideira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turturic%C4%83_american%C4%83" title="Turturică americană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turturică americană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Плачущая горлица – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плачущая горлица" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourning_dove" title="Mourning dove – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mourning dove" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%95" title="کۆترەباریکە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆترەباریکە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaikertajakyyhky" title="Vaikertajakyyhky – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vaikertajakyyhky" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spetsstj%C3%A4rtad_duva" title="Spetsstjärtad duva – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spetsstjärtad duva" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE" title="ஆமைப் புறா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆமைப் புறா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenaida_macroura" title="Zenaida macroura – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="Zenaida macroura" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenaida_macroura" title="Zenaida macroura – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zenaida macroura" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Зенаїда північна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зенаїда північна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%93_c%C3%A2u_bi_ai" title="Bồ câu bi ai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bồ câu bi ai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenaida_macroura" title="Zenaida macroura – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Zenaida macroura" data-language-autonym="Winaray" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">North American bird in the family Columbidae </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mourning_collared_dove" title="Mourning collared dove">Mourning collared dove</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Native American author of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Mourning_Dove_(author)" title="Mourning Dove (author)">Mourning Dove (author)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Mourning dove<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Pleistocene–present</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.12676923077px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mourning_dove_perched_(61179).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mourning_dove_perched_%2861179%29.jpg/220px-Mourning_dove_perched_%2861179%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mourning_dove_perched_%2861179%29.jpg/330px-Mourning_dove_perched_%2861179%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mourning_dove_perched_%2861179%29.jpg/440px-Mourning_dove_perched_%2861179%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4549" data-file-height="3446" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">In <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Park,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Prospect Park, Brooklyn">Prospect Park</a>, New York, USA </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Zenaida_macroura_vocalizations_-_pone.0027052.s009.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Zenaida_macroura_vocalizations_-_pone.0027052.s009.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Zenaida_macroura_vocalizations_-_pone.0027052.s009.oga/Zenaida_macroura_vocalizations_-_pone.0027052.s009.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Mourning Dove vocalizations </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Zenaida" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae">Columbiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae">Columbidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zenaida_doves" title="Zenaida doves"><i>Zenaida</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>Z. macroura</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Zenaida macroura</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subspecies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>See text </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zenaida_macroura_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Zenaida_macroura_map.svg/220px-Zenaida_macroura_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Zenaida_macroura_map.svg/330px-Zenaida_macroura_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Zenaida_macroura_map.svg/440px-Zenaida_macroura_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="715" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Approximate distribution map <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#eb8608; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Breeding</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7162c8; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Year-round</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5f9ed3; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Nonbreeding</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Introduced</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Columba macroura</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Linnaeus, 1758</span></li> <li><i>Columba carolinensis</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Linnaeus, 1766</span></li> <li><i>Ectopistes carolinensis</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Linnaeus, 1766)</span></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>mourning dove</b> (<i><b>Zenaida macroura</b></i>) is a member of the dove <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae">Columbidae</a>. The bird is also known as the <b>American mourning dove</b>, the <b>rain dove</b>, the <b>chueybird</b>, colloquially as the <b>turtle dove</b>, and it was once known as the <b>Carolina pigeon</b> and <b>Carolina turtledove</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the most abundant and widespread North American birds and a popular gamebird, with more than 20 million birds (up to 70 million in some years) shot annually in the U.S., both for sport and meat. Its ability to sustain its population under such pressure is due to its prolific breeding; in warm areas, one pair may raise up to six <a href="/wiki/Offspring" title="Offspring">broods</a> of two young each in a single year. The wings make an unusual whistling sound upon take-off and landing, a form of <a href="/wiki/Sonation" title="Sonation">sonation</a>. The bird is a strong <a href="/wiki/Bird_flight" title="Bird flight">flier</a>, capable of speeds up to 88 km/h (55 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mourning doves are light gray and brown and generally muted in color. Males and females are similar in appearance. The species is generally <a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">monogamous</a>, with two <a href="/wiki/Squab" title="Squab">squabs</a> (young) per brood. Both parents incubate and care for the young. Mourning doves eat almost exclusively seeds, but the young are fed <a href="/wiki/Crop_milk" title="Crop milk">crop milk</a> by their parents. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourning_dove&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:80%;line-height:75%;width:230px;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><i>Zenaida</i>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/White-winged_dove" title="White-winged dove">White-winged dove</a> (<i>Z. asiatica</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/West_Peruvian_dove" title="West Peruvian dove">West Peruvian dove</a> (<i>Z. meloda</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Zenaida_dove" title="Zenaida dove">Zenaida dove</a> (<i>Z. aurita</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Eared_dove" title="Eared dove">Eared dove</a> (<i>Z. auriculata</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Socorro_dove" title="Socorro dove">Socorro dove</a> (<i>Z. graysoni</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mourning dove</a> (<i>Z. macroura</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">Cladogram</a> showing the positions of the doves in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Zenaida" title="Zenaida">Zenaida</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1731, the English naturalist <a href="/wiki/Mark_Catesby" title="Mark Catesby">Mark Catesby</a> described and illustrated the <a href="/wiki/Passenger_pigeon" title="Passenger pigeon">passenger pigeon</a> and the mourning dove on successive pages of his <i>The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands</i>. For the passenger pigeon he used the common name "Pigeon of passage" and the scientific Latin <i>Palumbus migratorius</i>; for the mourning dove he used "Turtle of Carolina" and <i>Turtur carolinensis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1743, the naturalist <a href="/wiki/George_Edwards_(naturalist)" title="George Edwards (naturalist)">George Edwards</a> included the mourning dove with the English name "long-tail'd dove" and the Latin name <i>Columba macroura</i> in his <i>A Natural History of Uncommon Birds</i>. Edwards's pictures of the male and female doves were drawn from live birds that had been shipped to England from the West Indies.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1758, when the Swedish naturalist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> updated his <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> for the <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">tenth edition</a>, he conflated the two species. He used the Latin name <i>Columba macroura</i> introduced by Edwards as the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Binomial name">binomial name</a> but included a description mainly based on Catesby. He cited Edwards's description of the mourning dove and Catesby's description of the passenger pigeon.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bangs_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bangs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linnaeus updated his <i>Systema Naturae</i> again in 1766 for the <a href="/wiki/12th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="12th edition of Systema Naturae">twelfth edition</a>. He dropped <i>Columba macroura</i> and instead coined <i>Columba migratoria</i> for the passenger pigeon, <i>Columba cariolensis</i> for the mourning dove and <i>Columba marginata</i> for Edwards's mourning dove.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bangs_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bangs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To resolve the confusion over the binomial names of the two species, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hemming" title="Francis Hemming">Francis Hemming</a> proposed in 1952 that the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature</a> (ICZN) secure the specific name <i>macroura</i> for the mourning dove and <i>migratorius</i> for the passenger pigeon, since this was the intended use by the authors on whose work Linnaeus had based his description.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was accepted by the ICZN, which used its <a href="/wiki/Plenary_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Plenary powers">plenary powers</a> to designate the species for the respective names in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mourning dove is now placed in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Zenaida_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenaida (genus)">Zenaida</a></i>, introduced in 1838 by the French naturalist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Charles Lucien Bonaparte">Charles Lucien Bonaparte</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ioc_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commemorating his wife <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9na%C3%AFde_Bonaparte" title="Zénaïde Bonaparte">Zénaïde</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Specific_epithet" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific epithet">specific epithet</a> is from the Ancient Greek <i>makros</i> meaning "long" and <i>-ouros</i> meaning "-tailed".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mourning dove is closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Eared_dove" title="Eared dove">eared dove</a> (<i>Zenaida auriculata</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Socorro_dove" title="Socorro dove">Socorro dove</a> (<i>Zenaida graysoni</i>). Some authorities consider them a superspecies, and the three birds are sometimes classified in the separate genus <i>Zenaidura</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-AOU_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOU-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the current classification has them as separate species in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Zenaida_doves" title="Zenaida doves">Zenaida</a></i>. In addition, the Socorro dove has at times been considered conspecific with the mourning dove, though several differences in behavior, call, and appearance justify separation as two different species.<sup id="cite_ref-Checklist225_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Checklist225-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the three species do form a subgroup of <i>Zenaida</i>, using a separate genus would interfere with the <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyly</a> of <i>Zenaida</i> by making it <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyletic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AOU_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOU-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are five <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-ioc_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Zenaida macroura marginella</i> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Washington_Woodhouse" title="Samuel Washington Woodhouse">Woodhouse</a>, 1852) – <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">west Canada</a> and west USA to south central Mexico</li> <li><i>Zenaida macroura carolinensis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1766) – <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">east Canada</a> and east USA, <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahama_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahama Islands">Bahama Islands</a></li> <li><i>Zenaida macroura macroura</i> (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758) – (nominate subspecies) <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>), <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><i>Zenaida macroura clarionensis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Haskins_Townsend" title="Charles Haskins Townsend">Townsend, CH</a>, 1890) – <a href="/wiki/Clarion_Island" title="Clarion Island">Clarion Island</a> (off west <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>)</li> <li><i>Zenaida macroura turturilla</i> (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wetmore" title="Alexander Wetmore">Wetmore</a>, 1956) – <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, west Panama</li></ul> <p>The ranges of most of the subspecies overlap a little, with three in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> or <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Geographic_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The West Indian subspecies is found throughout the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NRCS_p3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRCS_p3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has recently invaded the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys" title="Florida Keys">Florida Keys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Geographic_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eastern subspecies is found mainly in eastern North America, as well as <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>. The western subspecies are found in western North America, including parts of Mexico. The Panamanian subspecies is in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>. The Clarion Island subspecies is found only on <a href="/wiki/Clarion_Island" title="Clarion Island">Clarion Island</a>, off Mexico's Pacific coast.<sup id="cite_ref-NRCS_p3_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRCS_p3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mourning dove is sometimes called the "American mourning dove" to distinguish it from the distantly related <a href="/wiki/Mourning_collared_dove" title="Mourning collared dove">mourning collared dove</a> (<i>Streptopelia decipiens</i>) of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-AOU_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOU-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also formerly known as the "Carolina turtledove" and the "Carolina pigeon".<sup id="cite_ref-Birds_of_America_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birds_of_America-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "mourning" part of its <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common name</a> comes from its doleful call.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mourning dove was thought to be the passenger pigeon's closest living relative on morphological grounds<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until genetic analysis showed <i><a href="/wiki/Patagioenas" title="Patagioenas">Patagioenas</a></i> pigeons are more closely related. The mourning dove was even suggested to belong to the same genus, <i>Ectopistes</i>, and was listed by some authors as <i>E. carolinensis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The passenger pigeon (<i>Ectopistes migratorius</i>) was hunted to extinction in the early 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourning_dove&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mourning_Dove_on_seawall.ogv/220px--Mourning_Dove_on_seawall.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="17" data-mwtitle="Mourning_Dove_on_seawall.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Mourning_Dove_on_seawall.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Mourning_Dove_on_seawall.ogv/Mourning_Dove_on_seawall.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Mourning_Dove_on_seawall.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Mourning_Dove_on_seawall.ogv/Mourning_Dove_on_seawall.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Mourning_Dove_on_seawall.ogv/Mourning_Dove_on_seawall.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Mourning_Dove_on_seawall.ogv/Mourning_Dove_on_seawall.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Mourning_Dove_on_seawall.ogv/Mourning_Dove_on_seawall.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Mourning dove on a <a href="/wiki/Seawall" title="Seawall">seawall</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zenaida_macroura_-California-8-2c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zenaida_macroura_-California-8-2c.jpg/220px-Zenaida_macroura_-California-8-2c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zenaida_macroura_-California-8-2c.jpg/330px-Zenaida_macroura_-California-8-2c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zenaida_macroura_-California-8-2c.jpg/440px-Zenaida_macroura_-California-8-2c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2168" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption>Mourning dove in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mourning_Dove_(Zenaida_macroura).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mourning_Dove_%28Zenaida_macroura%29.jpg/220px-Mourning_Dove_%28Zenaida_macroura%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mourning_Dove_%28Zenaida_macroura%29.jpg/330px-Mourning_Dove_%28Zenaida_macroura%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mourning_Dove_%28Zenaida_macroura%29.jpg/440px-Mourning_Dove_%28Zenaida_macroura%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4087" data-file-height="2299" /></a><figcaption>Mourning dove in <a href="/wiki/Guelph" title="Guelph">Guelph</a>, Ontario, Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>The mourning dove is a medium-sized, slender dove approximately 31 cm (12 in) in length. Mourning doves weigh 112–170 g (4.0–6.0 oz), usually closer to 128 g (4.5 oz).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mourning dove has a wingspan of 37–45 cm.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bird_flight" title="Bird flight">elliptical wings</a> are broad, and the head is rounded. Its tail is long and tapered ("macroura" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> words for "large" and "tail"<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Mourning doves have perching feet, with three toes forward and one reversed. The legs are short and reddish colored. The <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">beak</a> is short and dark, usually a brown-black hue.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Geographic_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a> is generally light gray-brown and lighter and pinkish below. The wings have black spotting, and the outer tail <a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">feathers</a> are white, contrasting with the black inners. Below the eye is a distinctive crescent-shaped area of dark feathers. The eyes are dark, with light blue skin surrounding them.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Geographic_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adult male has bright purple-pink patches on the neck sides, with light pink coloring reaching the breast. The crown of the adult male is a distinctly bluish-grey color. Females are similar in appearance but with more brown coloring overall and a little smaller than the male. The iridescent feather patches on the neck above the shoulders are nearly absent but can be quite vivid on males. Juvenile birds have a scaly appearance and are generally darker.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Geographic_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Feather colors are generally believed to be relatively static, changing only by small amounts over periods of months. However, a 2011 study argued that since feathers have neither nerves or blood vessels, color changes must be caused by external stimuli. Researchers analyzed how feathers of iridescent mourning doves responded to stimulus changes of adding and evaporating water. As a result, it was discovered that <a href="/wiki/Iridescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridescent">iridescent</a> feather color changed hue, became more chromatic, and increased overall reflectance by almost 50%. <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">Transmission electron microscopy</a> and thin-film models revealed that color is produced by <a href="/wiki/Thin-film_interference" title="Thin-film interference">thin-film interference</a> from a single layer of <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a> around the edge of feather barbules, under which lies a layer of air and <a href="/wiki/Melanosome" title="Melanosome">melanosomes</a>. Once the environmental conditions were changed, the most striking morphological difference was a twisting of colored barbules that exposed more of their surface area for reflection, which explains the observed increase in brightness. Overall, the researchers suggest that some plumage colors may be more changeable than previously thought possible.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All five subspecies of the mourning dove look similar and are not easily distinguishable.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Geographic_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nominate subspecies possesses shorter wings and are darker and more buff-colored than the "average" mourning dove. <i>Z. m. carolinensis</i> has longer wings and toes, a shorter beak, and is darker in color. The western subspecies has longer wings, a longer beak and shorter toes, and is more muted and lighter in color. The Panama mourning dove has shorter wings and legs, a longer beak, and is grayer in color. The Clarion Island subspecies possesses larger feet, a larger beak, and is darker brown in color.<sup id="cite_ref-NRCS_p3_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRCS_p3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocalization">Vocalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourning_dove&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vocalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This species' call is a distinctive, plaintive <i>cooOOoo-wooo-woo-woooo</i>, uttered by males to attract females, and it may be mistaken for the call of an <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owl</a> at first. (Close up, a grating or throat-rattling sound may be heard preceding the first coo.) Other sounds include a nested call (<i>cooOOoo</i>) by paired males to attract their female mates to the nest sites, a greeting call (a soft <i>ork</i>) by males upon rejoining their mates, and an alarm call (a short <i>roo-oo</i>) by either a male or female when threatened. In flight, the wings make a fluttery whistling sound that is hard to hear. The wing whistle is much louder and more noticeable upon take-off and landing.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Geographic_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mourning dove can also 'clap' its wings together when taking off, in a similar manner to the <a href="/wiki/Rock_dove" title="Rock dove">rock dove</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourning_dove&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zenaida_Macroura.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Zenaida_Macroura.JPG/220px-Zenaida_Macroura.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Zenaida_Macroura.JPG/330px-Zenaida_Macroura.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Zenaida_Macroura.JPG/440px-Zenaida_Macroura.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>In Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>The mourning dove has a large <a href="/wiki/Range_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Range (biology)">range</a> of nearly 11,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (4,200,000 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Birdlife_International_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birdlife_International-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species is resident throughout the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental United States">Continental United States</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and the Atlantic archipelago of <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>. Much of the Canadian prairie sees these birds in summer only, and southern Central America sees them in winter only.<sup id="cite_ref-NRCS_p2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRCS_p2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species is a <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy_(biology)" title="Vagrancy (biology)">vagrant</a> in northern Canada, Alaska,<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufman_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufman-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and South America.<sup id="cite_ref-AOU_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOU-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been spotted as an accidental at least seven times in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Palaearctic" title="Western Palaearctic">Western Palearctic</a> with records from the British Isles (5), the Azores (1) and Iceland (1).<sup id="cite_ref-National_Geographic_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963, the mourning dove was <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, and in 1998 there was still a small population in <a href="/wiki/Kona,_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kona, Hawaii">North Kona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Checklist224_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Checklist224-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mourning dove also appeared on <a href="/wiki/Socorro_Island" title="Socorro Island">Socorro Island</a>, off the western coast of Mexico, in 1988, sixteen years after the Socorro dove was <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">extirpated</a> from that island.<sup id="cite_ref-Checklist225_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Checklist225-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mourning dove occupies a wide variety of open and semi-open habitats, such as urban areas, farms, prairie, grassland, and lightly wooded areas. It avoids <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamps</a> and thick <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufman_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufman-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mother_Dove_and_Squabs_Nesting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mother_Dove_and_Squabs_Nesting.jpg/220px-Mother_Dove_and_Squabs_Nesting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mother_Dove_and_Squabs_Nesting.jpg/330px-Mother_Dove_and_Squabs_Nesting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mother_Dove_and_Squabs_Nesting.jpg/440px-Mother_Dove_and_Squabs_Nesting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Adult and squabs in the cactus-protected nest, <a href="/wiki/High_Desert_(California)" title="High Desert (California)">High Desert (California)</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration">Migration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourning_dove&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most mourning doves <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migrate</a> along <a href="/wiki/Flyway" title="Flyway">flyways</a> over land. Birds in Canada migrate the farthest, probably wintering in Mexico or further south. Those that spend the summer further south are more sedentary, with much shorter migrations. At the southern part of their range, Mourning Doves are present year-round.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Geographic_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spring migration north runs from March to May. Fall migration south runs from September to November, with immatures moving first, followed by adult females and then by adult males.<sup id="cite_ref-NRCS_p2_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRCS_p2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Migration is usually during the day, in flocks, and at low altitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufman_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufman-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour_and_ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourning_dove&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Behaviour and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mourning doves sunbathe or rain bathe by lying on the ground or a flat tree limb, leaning over, stretching one wing, and keeping this posture for up to twenty minutes. These birds can also water bathe in shallow pools or birdbaths. <a href="/wiki/Dust_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Dust bath">Dustbathing</a> is common as well. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zenaida_macroura_pair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Zenaida_macroura_pair.jpg/220px-Zenaida_macroura_pair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Zenaida_macroura_pair.jpg/330px-Zenaida_macroura_pair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Zenaida_macroura_pair.jpg/440px-Zenaida_macroura_pair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2147" data-file-height="1743" /></a><figcaption>Pair of doves in late winter in Minnesota</figcaption></figure> <p>Outside the breeding season, mourning doves roost communally in dense <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> trees or <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a>. During sleep, the head rests between the shoulders, close to the body; it is not tucked under the shoulder feathers as in many other species. During the winter in Canada, roosting flights to the roosts in the evening, and out of the roosts in the morning, are delayed on colder days.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mourning_Bird_new_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mourning_Bird_new_family.jpg/220px-Mourning_Bird_new_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mourning_Bird_new_family.jpg/330px-Mourning_Bird_new_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mourning_Bird_new_family.jpg/440px-Mourning_Bird_new_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3442" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Mourning Bird new family, nesting in backyard birdhouse, June 2020, Sunnyvale CA</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourning_dove&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zenaida_macroura_MWNH_0568.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Zenaida_macroura_MWNH_0568.JPG/220px-Zenaida_macroura_MWNH_0568.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Zenaida_macroura_MWNH_0568.JPG/330px-Zenaida_macroura_MWNH_0568.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Zenaida_macroura_MWNH_0568.JPG/440px-Zenaida_macroura_MWNH_0568.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2282" data-file-height="1689" /></a><figcaption>Mourning dove egg, Collection <a href="/wiki/Museum_Wiesbaden" title="Museum Wiesbaden">Museum Wiesbaden</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Courtship_display" title="Courtship display">Courtship</a> begins with a noisy flight by the male, followed by a graceful, circular glide with outstretched wings and head down. After landing, the male will approach the female with a puffed-out breast, bobbing head, and loud calls. Mated pairs will often <a href="/wiki/Preening_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Preening (bird)">preen</a> each other's feathers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufman_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufman-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The male then leads the female to potential nest sites, and the female will choose one. The female dove builds the nest. The male will fly about, gather material, and bring it to her. The male will stand on the female's back and give the material to the female, who then builds it into the nest.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nest is constructed of twigs, <a href="/wiki/Pinophyta#Foliage" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">conifer needles</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Poaceae#Structure_and_growth" title="Poaceae">grass blades</a>, and is of flimsy construction.<sup id="cite_ref-NRCS_p3_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRCS_p3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mourning doves will sometimes requisition the unused nests of other mourning doves, other birds, or arboreal mammals such as <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NRCS_p4_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRCS_p4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most nests are in <a href="/wiki/Trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Trees">trees</a>, both deciduous and coniferous. Sometimes, they can be found in <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vines</a>, or on artificial constructs like <a href="/wiki/Buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Buildings">buildings</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NRCS_p3_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRCS_p3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or hanging flower pots.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When there is no suitable elevated object, mourning doves will nest on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-NRCS_p3_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRCS_p3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The clutch size is almost always two <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">eggs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally, however, a female will lay her eggs in the nest of another pair, leading to three or four eggs in the nest.<sup id="cite_ref-NRCS_p1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRCS_p1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eggs are white, 6.6 ml (0.23 imp fl oz; 0.22 US fl oz), 2.57–2.96 cm (1.01–1.17 in) long, 2.06–2.30 cm (0.81–0.91 in) wide, 6–7 g (0.21–0.25 oz) at laying (5–6% of female body mass). Both sexes incubate, the male from morning to afternoon, and the female the rest of the day and at night. Mourning doves are devoted parents; nests are very rarely left unattended by the adults.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Hatching and growth</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mourning_Dove_Egg.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Egg in nest"><img alt="Egg in nest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mourning_Dove_Egg.JPG/240px-Mourning_Dove_Egg.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mourning_Dove_Egg.JPG/360px-Mourning_Dove_Egg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mourning_Dove_Egg.JPG/480px-Mourning_Dove_Egg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Egg in nest</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mourning_Dove_Nesting_20060630.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Nesting in progress"><img alt="Nesting in progress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mourning_Dove_Nesting_20060630.JPG/240px-Mourning_Dove_Nesting_20060630.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mourning_Dove_Nesting_20060630.JPG/360px-Mourning_Dove_Nesting_20060630.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mourning_Dove_Nesting_20060630.JPG/480px-Mourning_Dove_Nesting_20060630.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nesting in progress</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mourning_Dove_Chicks_20060701.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Squabs"><img alt="Squabs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mourning_Dove_Chicks_20060701.JPG/240px-Mourning_Dove_Chicks_20060701.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mourning_Dove_Chicks_20060701.JPG/360px-Mourning_Dove_Chicks_20060701.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mourning_Dove_Chicks_20060701.JPG/480px-Mourning_Dove_Chicks_20060701.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Squabs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 153.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 151.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zenaida_macroura2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A juvenile"><img alt="A juvenile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zenaida_macroura2.jpg/227px-Zenaida_macroura2.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zenaida_macroura2.jpg/340px-Zenaida_macroura2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zenaida_macroura2.jpg/453px-Zenaida_macroura2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1289" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A juvenile</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mourning_DoveMD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adult"><img alt="Adult" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mourning_DoveMD.jpg/270px-Mourning_DoveMD.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mourning_DoveMD.jpg/405px-Mourning_DoveMD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mourning_DoveMD.jpg/540px-Mourning_DoveMD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adult</div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Avian_incubation" class="mw-redirect" title="Avian incubation">Incubation</a> takes two weeks. The hatched young, called squabs, are strongly <a href="/wiki/Altricial" class="mw-redirect" title="Altricial">altricial</a>, being helpless at hatching and covered with <a href="/wiki/Down_feather" title="Down feather">down</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both parents feed the squabs <a href="/wiki/Crop_milk" title="Crop milk">pigeon's milk</a> (crop milk) for the first 3–4 days of life. Thereafter, the crop milk is gradually augmented by seeds. <a href="/wiki/Fledging" class="mw-redirect" title="Fledging">Fledging</a> takes place in about 11–15 days, before the squabs are fully grown but after they are capable of digesting adult food.<sup id="cite_ref-NRCS_p4_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRCS_p4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They stay nearby to be fed by their father for up to two weeks after fledging.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufman_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufman-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mourning doves are prolific breeders. In warmer areas, these birds may raise up to six broods in a season.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufman_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufman-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fast breeding is essential because mortality is high. Each year, mortality can reach 58% a year for adults and 69% for the young.<sup id="cite_ref-NRCS_p1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRCS_p1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mourning dove is generally monogamous and forms strong pair bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-NRCS_p1_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRCS_p1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourning_dove&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zenaida_macroura_-Mesa,_Arizona,_USA_-parent_and_chicks-8a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Zenaida_macroura_-Mesa%2C_Arizona%2C_USA_-parent_and_chicks-8a.jpg/220px-Zenaida_macroura_-Mesa%2C_Arizona%2C_USA_-parent_and_chicks-8a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Zenaida_macroura_-Mesa%2C_Arizona%2C_USA_-parent_and_chicks-8a.jpg/330px-Zenaida_macroura_-Mesa%2C_Arizona%2C_USA_-parent_and_chicks-8a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Zenaida_macroura_-Mesa%2C_Arizona%2C_USA_-parent_and_chicks-8a.jpg/440px-Zenaida_macroura_-Mesa%2C_Arizona%2C_USA_-parent_and_chicks-8a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Parent and two chicks in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mourning doves eat almost exclusively <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>, which make up more than 99% of their diet.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rarely, they will eat <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a> or <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mourning doves generally eat enough to fill their <a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">crops</a> and then fly away to digest while resting. They often swallow grit such as fine <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> to assist with <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>. The species usually forages on the ground, walking but not hopping.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufman_33-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufman-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At bird feeders, mourning doves are attracted to one of the largest ranges of seed types of any North American bird, with a preference for rapeseed, corn, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safflower" title="Safflower">safflower</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">sunflower seeds</a>. Mourning doves do not dig or scratch for seeds, though they will push aside ground litter; instead, they eat what is readily visible.<sup id="cite_ref-NRCS_p3_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRCS_p3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They will sometimes perch on plants and eat from there.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufman_33-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufman-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mourning doves show a preference for the seeds of certain species of plant over others. Foods taken in preference to others include <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> nuts, <a href="/wiki/Liquidambar" title="Liquidambar">sweetgum</a> seeds, and the seeds of <a href="/wiki/Pokeberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokeberry">pokeberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amaranth" title="Amaranth">amaranth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canary_grass" title="Canary grass">canary grass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sesame_seed" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesame seed">sesame</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NRCS_p3_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRCS_p3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When their favorite foods are absent, mourning doves will eat the seeds of other plants, including <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goosegrass" title="Goosegrass">goosegrass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smartweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartweed">smartweed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NRCS_p3_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRCS_p3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predators_and_parasites">Predators and parasites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourning_dove&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Predators and parasites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary predators of this species are diurnal <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">birds of prey</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawks</a>. During nesting, <a href="/wiki/Corvid" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvid">corvids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grackle" title="Grackle">grackles</a>, housecats, or <a href="/wiki/Rat_snake" title="Rat snake">rat snakes</a> will prey on their eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-NRCS_p1_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRCS_p1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cowbird" title="Cowbird">Cowbirds</a> rarely <a href="/wiki/Brood_parasitism" title="Brood parasitism">parasitize</a> mourning dove nests. Mourning doves reject slightly under a third of cowbird eggs in such nests, and the mourning dove's vegetarian diet is unsuitable for cowbirds.<sup id="cite_ref-Peer_and_Bollinger_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peer_and_Bollinger-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mourning doves can be afflicted with several different diseases and <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Tapeworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapeworm">tapeworms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bird_louse" title="Bird louse">lice</a>. The mouth-dwelling parasite <i><a href="/wiki/Trichomonas_gallinae" title="Trichomonas gallinae">Trichomonas gallinae</a></i> is particularly severe. While a mourning dove will sometimes host it without symptoms, it will often cause yellowish growth in the mouth and esophagus that will eventually <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starve</a> the host to death. <a href="/wiki/Avian_pox" class="mw-redirect" title="Avian pox">Avian pox</a> is a common, insect-<a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">vectored</a> disease.<sup id="cite_ref-NRCS_p6_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRCS_p6-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_status">Conservation status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourning_dove&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Conservation status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zenaida_macrouraAWP17AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Zenaida_macrouraAWP17AA.jpg/170px-Zenaida_macrouraAWP17AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Zenaida_macrouraAWP17AA.jpg/255px-Zenaida_macrouraAWP17AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Zenaida_macrouraAWP17AA.jpg/340px-Zenaida_macrouraAWP17AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="1574" /></a><figcaption>Audubon's Carolina pigeon</figcaption></figure> <p>The number of individual mourning doves was estimated to be approximately 475 million in 1994,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent reports indicate that there were approximately 346 million doves in the US as of September 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large population and its vast range explain why the mourning dove is considered to be of <a href="/wiki/Least_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least concern">least concern</a>, meaning that the species is not at immediate risk.<sup id="cite_ref-Birdlife_International_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birdlife_International-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">gamebird</a>, the mourning dove is well-managed, with more than 20 million (and up to 40–70 million) shot by hunters each year.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, reporting cautions that mourning doves are in decline in the western United States, and susceptible everywhere in the country due to <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a> as they eat spent shot leftover in hunting fields. In some cases, the fields are specifically planted with a favored seed plant to lure them to those sites.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourning_dove&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-In_popular_culture plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">irrelevant</a> references to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections#"In_popular_culture"_and_"Cultural_references"_material" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">popular culture</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help Wikipedia to <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mourning_dove&action=edit">improve this section</a> by removing the content or adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent sources</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron/Wyandot</a> legend tells of a maiden named Ayu'ra (modernly spelled Iohara) who used to care for the bird, who came to love her a great deal. One day, she became sick and died. As her spirit traveled across the land to the entrance to the Underworld, all the doves followed her and tried to gain entrance into the Underworld alongside her. Sky Woman, the deity who guards this door, refused them entry, eventually creating smoke to blind them and take Ayu'ra's spirit away without their knowledge. The smoke stained their feathers gray and they have been in mourning for the maiden's loss ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The logic behind the story is a play on words—the sound many Native Americans attributed to the bird was "howe howe," and this is also the sound the Iroquoian peoples used to chant over the dead at funerary events.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (June 2023)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The eastern mourning dove (<i>Z. m. carolinensis</i>) is <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>'s official <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbol</a> of peace.<sup id="cite_ref-Wisconsin_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wisconsin-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bird is also <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>'s state bird of peace.<sup id="cite_ref-USA_Today_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mourning dove appears as the Carolina turtle-dove on plate 286 of <a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">Audubon</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_America_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds of America (book)">Birds of America</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Birds_of_America_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birds_of_America-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>References to mourning doves appear frequently in Native American literature. Mourning Dove was the pen name of <a href="/wiki/Christine_Quintasket" class="mw-redirect" title="Christine Quintasket">Christine Quintasket</a>, one of the first published Native American women authors. Mourning dove imagery also turns up in contemporary American and Canadian poetry in the work of poets as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bly" title="Robert Bly">Robert Bly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jared_Carter_(poet)" title="Jared Carter (poet)">Jared Carter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lorine_Niedecker" title="Lorine Niedecker">Lorine Niedecker</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wright_(poet)" title="Charles Wright (poet)">Charles Wright</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mourning dove is mentioned on the <a href="/wiki/Nick_Cave" title="Nick Cave">Nick Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warren_Ellis_(musician)" title="Warren Ellis (musician)">Warren Ellis</a> track, "Wood Dove", for the "For the Birds: The Birdsong Project", Vol. 2. </p><p>The mourning dove is also mentioned in other musical tracks, including <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a>' rendition of the popular <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> song "Careless Love" and "I Love You, I Love You (I Will Never Let You Go)". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourning_dove&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2016" class="citation journal cs1">BirdLife International (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22690736/95215602">"<i>Zenaida macroura</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2016</b>: e.T22690736A95215602. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690736A95215602.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690736A95215602.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Zenaida+macroura&rft.volume=2016&rft.pages=e.T22690736A95215602&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690736A95215602.en&rft.au=BirdLife+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F22690736%2F95215602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Torres, J.K. (1982) <i>The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds</i>, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, p. 730, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0517032880" title="Special:BookSources/0517032880">0517032880</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastin,_E._W.1952" class="citation journal cs1">Bastin, E. W. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/node/127141">"Flight-speed of the Mourning Dove"</a>. <i>Wilson Bulletin</i>. <b>64</b> (1): 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wilson+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Flight-speed+of+the+Mourning+Dove&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47&rft.date=1952&rft.au=Bastin%2C+E.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fnode%2F127141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanksWecksteinRemsenJohnson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Banks, R.C.; Weckstein, J.D.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Johnson, K.P. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256980440">"Classification of a clade of New World doves (Columbidae: Zenaidini)"</a>. <i>Zootaxa</i>. <b>3669</b> (2): 184–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.3669.2.11">10.11646/zootaxa.3669.2.11</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26312335">26312335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zootaxa&rft.atitle=Classification+of+a+clade+of+New+World+doves+%28Columbidae%3A+Zenaidini%29&rft.volume=3669&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=184-188&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fzootaxa.3669.2.11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26312335&rft.aulast=Banks&rft.aufirst=R.C.&rft.au=Weckstein%2C+J.D.&rft.au=Remsen%2C+J.V.+Jr.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+K.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F256980440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatesby1731" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Catesby" title="Mark Catesby">Catesby, Mark</a> (1731). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40753187"><i>The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands</i></a>. Vol. 1. London: W. Innys and R. Manby. pp. 23, 24, Plates 23, 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History+of+Carolina%2C+Florida+and+the+Bahama+Islands&rft.place=London&rft.pages=23%2C+24%2C+Plates+23%2C+24&rft.pub=W.+Innys+and+R.+Manby&rft.date=1731&rft.aulast=Catesby&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F40753187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1743" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/George_Edwards_(naturalist)" title="George Edwards (naturalist)">Edwards, George</a> (1743). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50240539"><i>A Natural History of Uncommon Birds</i></a>. Vol. Part I & II. London: Printed for the author, at the College of Physicians. p. 15 Plate 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+Uncommon+Birds&rft.place=London&rft.pages=15+Plate+15&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+author%2C+at+the+College+of+Physicians&rft.date=1743&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F50240539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1758" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727071"><i>Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</i></a> (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+Naturae+per+regna+tria+naturae%2C+secundum+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+cum+characteribus%2C+differentiis%2C+synonymis%2C+locis&rft.pages=164&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Holmiae%3ALaurentii+Salvii&rft.date=1758&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F727071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bangs-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bangs_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bangs_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBangs1906" class="citation journal cs1">Bangs, O. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2348105#page/67/mode/1up">"The names of the passenger pigeon and the mourning dove"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington</i>. <b>19</b>: 43–44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Biological+Society+of+Washington&rft.atitle=The+names+of+the+passenger+pigeon+and+the+mourning+dove&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=43-44&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Bangs&rft.aufirst=O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F2348105%23page%2F67%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1766" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1766). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42946481"><i>Systema naturae: per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</i></a> (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. pp. 285, 286.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+naturae%3A+per+regna+tria+natura%2C+secundum+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+cum+characteribus%2C+differentiis%2C+synonymis%2C+locis&rft.place=Holmiae+%28Stockholm%29&rft.pages=285%2C+286&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=Laurentii+Salvii&rft.date=1766&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F42946481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemming1952" class="citation journal cs1">Hemming, F. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12158465#page/152/mode/1up">"Proposed use of the plenary powers to secure that the name <i>Columba migratoria</i> Linnaeus, 1766, shall be the oldest available name for the Passenger Pigeon, the type species of the genus <i>Ectopistes</i> Swainson, 1827"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature">Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature</a></i>. <b>9</b>: 80–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.part.10238">10.5962/bhl.part.10238</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Zoological+Nomenclature&rft.atitle=Proposed+use+of+the+plenary+powers+to+secure+that+the+name+Columba+migratoria+Linnaeus%2C+1766%2C+shall+be+the+oldest+available+name+for+the+Passenger+Pigeon%2C+the+type+species+of+the+genus+Ectopistes+Swainson%2C+1827&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=80-84&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.part.10238&rft.aulast=Hemming&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F12158465%23page%2F152%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemming1955" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hemming" title="Francis Hemming">Hemming, Francis</a>, ed. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34652646">"Direction 18: Designation under the Plenary Powers of a lectotype for the nominal species <i>Columba macroura</i> Linnaeus, 1758, to secure that that name shall apply to the Mourning Dove and that the name <i>Columba migratoria</i> Linnaeus, 1766, shall be the oldest available name for the Passenger Pigeon (Direction supplementary to Opinion 67)"</a>. <i>Opinions and declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature</i>. Vol. 1, Section C Part C.9. London: International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. pp. 113–132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Direction+18%3A+Designation+under+the+Plenary+Powers+of+a+lectotype+for+the+nominal+species+Columba+macroura+Linnaeus%2C+1758%2C+to+secure+that+that+name+shall+apply+to+the+Mourning+Dove+and+that+the+name+Columba+migratoria+Linnaeus%2C+1766%2C+shall+be+the+oldest+available+name+for+the+Passenger+Pigeon+%28Direction+supplementary+to+Opinion+67%29&rft.btitle=Opinions+and+declarations+rendered+by+the+International+Commission+on+Zoological+Nomenclature&rft.place=London&rft.pages=113-132&rft.pub=International+Commission+on+Zoological+Nomenclature&rft.date=1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F34652646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonaparte1838" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Charles Lucien Bonaparte">Bonaparte, Charles Lucien</a> (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33208430"><i>A Geographical and Comparative List of the Birds of Europe and North America</i></a>. London: John Van Voorst. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Geographical+and+Comparative+List+of+the+Birds+of+Europe+and+North+America&rft.place=London&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=John+Van+Voorst&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Bonaparte&rft.aufirst=Charles+Lucien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F33208430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ioc-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ioc_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ioc_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)" title="Frank Gill (ornithologist)">Gill, Frank</a>; Donsker, David; <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Rasmussen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamela Rasmussen">Rasmussen, Pamela</a>, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/pigeons/">"Pigeons"</a>. <i>IOC World Bird List Version 10.1</i>. International Ornithologists' Union<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IOC+World+Bird+List+Version+10.1&rft.atitle=Pigeons&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbirdnames.org%2Fbow%2Fpigeons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobling2010" class="citation book cs1">Jobling, James A. 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London: Christopher Helm. pp. 236, 414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4"><bdi>978-1-4081-2501-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Helm+Dictionary+of+Scientific+Bird+Names&rft.place=London&rft.pages=236%2C+414&rft.pub=Christopher+Helm&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4&rft.aulast=Jobling&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHelm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AOU-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AOU_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AOU_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AOU_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AOU_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouth_American_Classification_Committee_American_Ornithologists'_Union" class="citation web cs1">South American Classification Committee American Ornithologists' Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline03.htm">"Part 3. Columbiformes to Caprimulgiformes"</a>. <i>A classification of the bird species of South America</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100109122036/http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline03.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+classification+of+the+bird+species+of+South+America&rft.atitle=Part+3.+Columbiformes+to+Caprimulgiformes&rft.au=South+American+Classification+Committee+American+Ornithologists%27+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.lsu.edu%2F~Remsen%2FSACCBaseline03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Checklist225-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Checklist225_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Checklist225_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aou.org/checklist/pdf/AOUchecklistPter-Apod.pdf">"Check-list of North American Birds"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Ornithologists%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="American Ornithologists' Union">American Ornithologists' Union</a>. 1998. p. 225<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569160/Pigeon.html">the original</a> on 2009-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pigeon&rft.btitle=Encarta+Online&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761569160%2FPigeon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlockstein2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Blockstein, David E. (2002). "Passenger Pigeon <i>Ectopistes migratorius</i>". In Poole, Alan; Gill, Frank (eds.). <i>The Birds of North America</i>. Vol. 611. Philadelphia: The Birds of North America, Inc. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Passenger+Pigeon+Ectopistes+migratorius&rft.btitle=The+Birds+of+North+America&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=The+Birds+of+North+America%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Blockstein&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmer_J.1969" class="citation conference cs1">Wilmer J., Miller (16 January 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120920051011/http://www.ringneckdove.com/Wilmer%27s%20WebPage/mourning__doves.htm"><i>Should Doves be Hunted in Iowa?</i></a>. The Biology and Natural History of the Mourning Dove. Ames, IA: Ames <a href="/wiki/Audubon_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Audubon Society">Audubon Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ringneckdove.com/Wilmer's%20WebPage/mourning__doves.htm">the original</a> on 20 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Should+Doves+be+Hunted+in+Iowa%3F&rft.place=Ames%2C+IA&rft.pub=Ames+Audubon+Society&rft.date=1969-01-16&rft.aulast=Wilmer+J.&rft.aufirst=Miller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ringneckdove.com%2FWilmer%27s%2520WebPage%2Fmourning__doves.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewer1840" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mayo_Brewer" title="Thomas Mayo Brewer">Brewer, Thomas Mayo</a> (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bFs3AQAAMAAJ&q=Ectopistes+carolinensis&pg=PA717"><i>Wilson's American Ornithology: with Notes by Jardine; to which is Added a Synopsis of American Birds, Including those Described by Bonaparte, Audubon, Nuttall, and Richardson</i></a>. Boston: Otis, Broaders, and Company. p. 717.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilson%27s+American+Ornithology%3A+with+Notes+by+Jardine%3B+to+which+is+Added+a+Synopsis+of+American+Birds%2C+Including+those+Described+by+Bonaparte%2C+Audubon%2C+Nuttall%2C+and+Richardson&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=717&rft.pub=Otis%2C+Broaders%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Mayo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbFs3AQAAMAAJ%26q%3DEctopistes%2Bcarolinensis%26pg%3DPA717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ringneckdove.com/Wilmer's%20WebPage/mourning__doves.htm">The Biology and natural history of the Mourning Dove</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120920051011/http://www.ringneckdove.com/Wilmer%27s%20WebPage/mourning__doves.htm">Archived</a> 2012-09-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ringneckdove.com. Retrieved on 2013-03-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100325170740/http://www.mdc.mo.gov/nathis/birds/doves/">The Mourning Dove in Missouri</a>. the Conservation Commission of the State of Missouri (1990) mdc.mo.gov</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1969" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Wilmer J. (1969-01-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120920051011/http://www.ringneckdove.com/Wilmer%27s%20WebPage/mourning__doves.htm">"The biology and Natural History of the Mourning Dove"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-14</span></span>. <q>Mourning doves weigh 4–6 ounces, usually close to the lesser weight.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+biology+and+Natural+History+of+the+Mourning+Dove&rft.date=1969-01-16&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Wilmer+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ringneckdove.com%2FWilmer%27s%2520WebPage%2Fmourning__doves.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOiseaux.net" class="citation web cs1">Oiseaux.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oiseaux.net/birds/mourning.dove.html">"Tourterelle triste – Zenaida macroura – Mourning Dove"</a>. <i>www.oiseaux.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oiseaux.net&rft.atitle=Tourterelle+triste+%E2%80%93+Zenaida+macroura+%E2%80%93+Mourning+Dove&rft.au=Oiseaux.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oiseaux.net%2Fbirds%2Fmourning.dove.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorror,_D.J.1960" class="citation book cs1">Borror, D.J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoology&rft.atitle=Structural+color+change+following+hydration+and+dehydration+of+iridescent+mourning+dove+%28Zenaida+macroura%29+feathers&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=59-68&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21411302&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.zool.2010.11.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Zool..114...59S&rft.aulast=Shawkey&rft.aufirst=Mathew+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS094420061100016X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Mourning_Dove/sounds">"Mourning Dove Sounds, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology"</a>. <i>www.allaboutbirds.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.allaboutbirds.org&rft.atitle=Mourning+Dove+Sounds%2C+All+About+Birds%2C+Cornell+Lab+of+Ornithology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutbirds.org%2Fguide%2FMourning_Dove%2Fsounds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birdlife_International-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birdlife_International_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birdlife_International_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirdlife_International" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Birdlife_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Birdlife International">Birdlife International</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=2554&m=0">"Mourning Dove – BirdLife Species Factsheet"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Check-list+of+North+American+Birds&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=American+Ornithologists%27+Union&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aou.org%2Fchecklist%2Fpdf%2FAOUchecklistPter-Apod.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoucette,_D.R.Reebs,_S.G.1994" class="citation journal cs1">Doucette, D.R. & Reebs, S.G. (1994). "Influence of temperature and other factors on the daily roosting times of Mourning Doves in winter". <i>Canadian Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>72</b> (7): 1287–90. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994CaJZ...72.1287D">1994CaJZ...72.1287D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fz94-171">10.1139/z94-171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=Influence+of+temperature+and+other+factors+on+the+daily+roosting+times+of+Mourning+Doves+in+winter&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1287-90&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fz94-171&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994CaJZ...72.1287D&rft.au=Doucette%2C+D.R.&rft.au=Reebs%2C+S.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornell-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_36-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Mourning_Dove_dtl.html">"Mourning Dove"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a> Lab of Ornithology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mourning+Dove&rft.pub=Cornell+Lab+of+Ornithology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birds.cornell.edu%2FAllAboutBirds%2FBirdGuide%2FMourning_Dove_dtl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRCS_p4-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NRCS_p4_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NRCS_p4_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)", NRCS, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRCS_p1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NRCS_p1_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NRCS_p1_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NRCS_p1_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NRCS_p1_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)", NRCS, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/mourning-dove">"Mourning Dove | Audubon Field Guide"</a>. <i>Audubon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Audubon&rft.atitle=Mourning+Dove+%7C+Audubon+Field+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.audubon.org%2Ffield-guide%2Fbird%2Fmourning-dove&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peer_and_Bollinger-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peer_and_Bollinger_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeer,_BrianBollinger,_Eric1998" class="citation journal cs1">Peer, Brian & Bollinger, Eric (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v115n04/p1057-p1062.pdf">"Rejection of Cowbird eggs by Mourning Doves: A manifestation of nest usurpation?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Auk" class="mw-redirect" title="The Auk">The Auk</a></i>. <b>115</b> (4): 1057–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4089523">10.2307/4089523</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4089523">4089523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Auk&rft.atitle=Rejection+of+Cowbird+eggs+by+Mourning+Doves%3A+A+manifestation+of+nest+usurpation%3F&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1057-62&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4089523&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4089523%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Peer%2C+Brian&rft.au=Bollinger%2C+Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fauk%2Fv115n04%2Fp1057-p1062.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRCS_p6-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NRCS_p6_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)", NRCS, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mirarchi, R.E., and Baskett, T.S. 1994. Mourning Dove (<i>Zenaida macroura</i>). <i>In</i> The Birds of North America, No. 117 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, DC: The American Ornithologists' Union.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_E._Seamans,_U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service,_Division_of_Migratory_Bird_Management2024" class="citation report cs1">Mark E. Seamans, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management (2024-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2024-08/mourning-dove-population-status-report-2024.pdf">Mourning Dove Population Status,2024</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Migratory Bird Management. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-28</span></span>. <q>Estimates of absolute abundance are available since 2007 and indicate that there were approximately 346 million doves in the US as of 1 September 2023.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Mourning+Dove+Population+Status%2C2024&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=U.S.+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service+Division+of+Migratory+Bird+Management&rft.date=2024-08-01&rft.au=Mark+E.+Seamans%2C+U.S.+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service%2C+Division+of+Migratory+Bird+Management&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2F2024-08%2Fmourning-dove-population-status-report-2024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">cite report</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sadler, K.C. (1993) "Mourning Dove harvest. <i>In</i> Ecology and management of the Mourning Dove (T.S. Baskett, M.W. Sayre, R.E. Tomlinson, and R.E. Mirarchi, eds.) Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0811719405" title="Special:BookSources/0811719405">0811719405</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nestwatch.org/learn/all-about-birdhouses/birds/mourning-dove/">"Cornell NestWatch Mourning Dove"</a>. <i>NestWatch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NestWatch&rft.atitle=Cornell+NestWatch+Mourning+Dove&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnestwatch.org%2Flearn%2Fall-about-birdhouses%2Fbirds%2Fmourning-dove%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/">"United States Geological Survey"</a>. <i>www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov&rft.atitle=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnelly1928" class="citation book cs1">Connelly, William Elsey (1928). <i>Indian Myths</i>. Rand McNally. p. 106 "How the Dove got its Color and Song".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Myths&rft.pages=106+%22How+the+Dove+got+its+Color+and+Song%22&rft.pub=Rand+McNally&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=William+Elsey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wisconsin-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wisconsin_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWisconsin_Historical_Society2012" class="citation web cs1">Wisconsin Historical Society (23 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Content.aspx?dsNav=Ny:True,Ro:0,Nrc:id-5,N:4294963828-4294963805&dsNavOnly=N:1099&dsRecordDetails=R:CS2908&dsDimensionSearch=D:symbols,Dxm:All,Dxp:3&dsCompoundDimensionSearch=D:symbols,Dxm:All,Dxp:3">"Wisconsin State Symbols"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wisconsin+State+Symbols&rft.date=2012-05-23&rft.au=Wisconsin+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisconsinhistory.org%2FContent.aspx%3FdsNav%3DNy%3ATrue%2CRo%3A0%2CNrc%3Aid-5%2CN%3A4294963828-4294963805%26dsNavOnly%3DN%3A1099%26dsRecordDetails%3DR%3ACS2908%26dsDimensionSearch%3DD%3Asymbols%2CDxm%3AAll%2CDxp%3A3%26dsCompoundDimensionSearch%3DD%3Asymbols%2CDxm%3AAll%2CDxp%3A3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USA_Today-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USA_Today_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudi,_Tamara2006" class="citation news cs1">Audi, Tamara (2006-10-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-10-16-dove-hunting_x.htm">"Dove hunting finds place on Mich. ballot"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Dove+hunting+finds+place+on+Mich.+ballot&rft.date=2006-10-16&rft.au=Audi%2C+Tamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2006-10-16-dove-hunting_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Jared_Carter_(poet)" title="Jared Carter (poet)">Carter, Jared</a> (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaredcarter.com/poems/6/">"Mourning Doves"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030822003417/http://www.jaredcarter.com/poems/6/">Archived</a> 2003-08-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> , in <i>After the Rain</i>, Cleveland State Univ Poetry Center, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0914946978" title="Special:BookSources/0914946978">0914946978</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lorineniedecker.org/poems.cfm">"Poetry"</a>. Friends of Lorine Niedecker<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poetry&rft.pub=Friends+of+Lorine+Niedecker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lorineniedecker.org%2Fpoems.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.salon.com/books/feature/2000/04/14/national_poetry_month/print.html">Meditation on Song and Structure</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725125012/http://archive.salon.com/books/feature/2000/04/14/national_poetry_month/print.html">Archived</a> 2008-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <i>Negative Blue: Selected Later Poems</i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wright_(poet)" title="Charles Wright (poet)">Charles Wright</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_texts">Cited texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourning_dove&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cited texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923182605/http://www.sc.nrcs.usda.gov/intranet/Dick%20Yetter%20Information/Tech%20Notes%20for%20Web%20Site/Biology%20Tech%20Note_31_MourningDove.pdf">"Mourning Dove <i>(Zenaida macroura)</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Fish and Wildlife Habitat Management leaflet 31</i>. National Resources Conservation Services (NRCS). February 2006. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sc.nrcs.usda.gov/intranet/Dick%20Yetter%20Information/Tech%20Notes%20for%20Web%20Site/Biology%20Tech%20Note_31_MourningDove.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fish+and+Wildlife+Habitat+Management+leaflet+31&rft.atitle=Mourning+Dove+%28Zenaida+macroura%29&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2006-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sc.nrcs.usda.gov%2Fintranet%2FDick%2520Yetter%2520Information%2FTech%2520Notes%2520for%2520Web%2520Site%2FBiology%2520Tech%2520Note_31_MourningDove.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourning+dove" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourning_dove&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Zenaida_macroura" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Zenaida macroura">Zenaida macroura</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Zenaida-macroura">Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the mourning dove</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i3160id.html">Mourning dove – <i>Zenaida macroura</i></a> – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/movies/Zenaida_macroura/90990">Mourning dove Movies</a> (Tree of Life)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pigeonpedia.com/mourning-dove/">Mourning Dove: Breed Guide</a> Pigeonpedia.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=mourning+dove&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24">Mourning dove photo gallery</a> at VIREO (Drexel University)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Game_animals_and_shooting_in_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_Game" title="Template:North American Game"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_Game" title="Template talk:North American Game"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_Game" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American Game"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Game_animals_and_shooting_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Game animals and shooting in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Game birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_bobwhite" title="Northern bobwhite">Bobwhite quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukar_partridge" title="Chukar partridge">Chukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_partridge" title="Grey partridge">Hungarian partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_prairie_chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater prairie chicken">Prairie chicken</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mourning dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_pheasant" title="Common pheasant">Ring-necked pheasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_ptarmigan" title="Rock ptarmigan">Ptarmigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruffed_grouse" title="Ruffed grouse">Ruffed grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp-tailed_grouse" title="Sharp-tailed grouse">Sharp-tailed grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_snipe" title="Wilson's snipe">Snipe (common snipe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_grouse" title="Spruce grouse">Spruce grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodcock" title="Woodcock">Woodcock</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BgforhuntingCrop.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Waterfowl hunters"><img alt="Waterfowl hunters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/65px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG" decoding="async" width="65" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/98px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/130px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>Waterfowl hunters</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_black_duck" title="American black duck">Black duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_goose" title="Canada goose">Canada goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvasback" title="Canvasback">Canvasback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadwall" title="Gadwall">Gadwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_scaup" title="Greater scaup">Greater scaup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_scaup" title="Lesser scaup">Lesser scaup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">Mallard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pintail" title="Northern pintail">Northern pintail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redhead_(bird)" title="Redhead (bird)">Redhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross%27s_goose" title="Ross's goose">Ross's goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_goose" title="Snow goose">Snow goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_duck" title="Wood duck">Wood duck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">Big game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">Black bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feral_pig" title="Feral pig">Razorback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison (buffalo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Caribou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Cougar (mountain lion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other quarry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">Badger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">Bobcat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_squirrel" title="Fox squirrel">Fox squirrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">Gray fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_gray_squirrel" title="Eastern gray squirrel">Gray squirrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">Opossum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_hare" title="Snowshoe hare">Snowshoe hare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">Big-game hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_hunting" title="Upland hunting">Upland hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/24px-Eagle_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/32px-Eagle_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="381" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Birds" title="Portal:Birds">Birds</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/21px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/42px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" 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role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Zenaida macroura</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750027" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q750027">Q750027</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Zenaida_macroura" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Zenaida macroura">Zenaida macroura</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Birding_Association" title="American Birding Association">ABA</a>: <span class="uid">moudov</span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Zenaida_macroura/">Zenaida_macroura</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/zenaida-macroura/">zenaida-macroura</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=00124D987C95811B">00124D987C95811B</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22690736">22690736</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=9959">9959</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World" title="Birds of the World">BOW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/moudov">moudov</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5D2BZ">5D2BZ</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/moudov">moudov</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/45509402">45509402</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ZENDMA">ZENDMA</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/100981">100981</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_for_Bird_Ringing" title="European Union for Bird Ringing">EURING</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euring.org/edb/species-maps/sp6950.htm">6950</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:97017">97017</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/3f4adc5d-cb76-4525-8157-ed7e07925497">3f4adc5d-cb76-4525-8157-ed7e07925497</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FEIS: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/animals/bird/zema/all.html">zema</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2495347">2495347</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">GNAB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/mourning-dove">mourning-dove</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World" title="Handbook of the Birds of the World">IBC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/american-mourning-dove-zenaida-macroura">american-mourning-dove-zenaida-macroura</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/3454">3454</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10195247">10195247</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=177125">177125</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22690736">22690736</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104326/">2.104326</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000530715">NHMSYS0000530715</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=47245">47245</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_Birds_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotropical Birds Online">Neotropical</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/moudov">moudov</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/72489/">72489</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/1485214">1485214</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Ohio Department of Natural Resources">ODNR</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/http://wildlife.ohiodnr.gov/species-and-habitats/species-guide-index/birds/mourning-dove">mourning-dove</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=368077">368077</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=289527">289527</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Zenaida-macroura">Zenaida-macroura</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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