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</button> <ul id="toc-Terms_and_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caravanserai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caravanserai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Caravanserai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caravanserai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Khan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funduq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funduq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Funduq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funduq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wikala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wikala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Wikala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wikala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Okelle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Okelle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Okelle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Okelle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Katra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Katra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Caravanserai</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavanserai" title="Karavanserai – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Karavanserai" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karvansara" title="Karvansara – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karvansara" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کاروانسارا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کاروانسارا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87" title="ক্যারাভানসরাই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যারাভানসরাই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Кервансарай – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кервансарай" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavanska_stanica" title="Karavanska stanica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Karavanska stanica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravanserrall" title="Caravanserrall – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caravanserrall" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavanser%C3%A1j" title="Karavanseráj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karavanseráj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavanserai" title="Karavanserai – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karavanserai" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karawanserei" title="Karawanserei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karawanserei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B9" title="Καραβανσεράι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καραβανσεράι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravasar" title="Caravasar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caravasar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavanejo" title="Karavanejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karavanejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabansarai" title="Karabansarai – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karabansarai" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کاروانسرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاروانسرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravans%C3%A9rail" title="Caravansérail – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Caravansérail" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavaanseray" title="Karavaanseray – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Karavaanseray" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravasar" title="Caravasar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Caravasar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EB%9F%AC%EB%B0%B4%EC%84%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4" title="캐러밴서라이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐러밴서라이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5" title="Քարավանսարայ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քարավանսարայ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="कारवां सराय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कारवां सराय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavan-saraj" title="Karavan-saraj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karavan-saraj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavanserayo" title="Karavanserayo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karavanserayo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavanserai" title="Karavanserai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karavanserai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravanserraglio" title="Caravanserraglio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caravanserraglio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%90%D7%9F_(%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%94)" title="חאן (מבנה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חאן (מבנה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ქარვასლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქარვასლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Керуен Сарай – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Керуен Сарай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karav%C4%81nser%C4%81ls" title="Karavānserāls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karavānserāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavansarajus" title="Karavansarajus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karavansarajus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karav%C3%A1nszer%C3%A1j" title="Karavánszeráj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karavánszeráj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Карвансарај – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карвансарај" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavanserai" title="Karavanserai – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karavanserai" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4" title="キャラバンサライ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キャラバンサライ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavanserai" title="Karavanserai – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karavanserai" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavanserai" title="Karavanserai – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karavanserai" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravanserralh" title="Caravanserralh – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Caravanserralh" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karvonsaroy" title="Karvonsaroy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karvonsaroy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92" title="کارواں سرائے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کارواں سرائے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karawanseraj" title="Karawanseraj – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karawanseraj" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravan%C3%A7arai" title="Caravançarai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caravançarai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Caravanserai" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Караван-сарай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Караван-сарай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Caravanserai" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karvansarai" title="Karvansarai – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karvansarai" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavanserail" title="Karavanserail – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karavanserail" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavanseraj" title="Karavanseraj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karavanseraj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Каравансарај – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Каравансарај" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavansaraj" title="Karavansaraj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karavansaraj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavaaniseralji" title="Karavaaniseralji – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karavaaniseralji" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavanseraj" title="Karavanseraj – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karavanseraj" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="கேரவன்செராய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கேரவன்செராய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="สถานีคาราวาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถานีคาราวาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Корвонсаро – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Корвонсаро" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kervansaray" title="Kervansaray – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kervansaray" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Караван-сарай – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Караван-сарай" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92" title="کارواں سرائے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کارواں سرائے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of roadside inn</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the roadside inns. For the album by Santana, see <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai_(album)" title="Caravanserai (album)">Caravanserai (album)</a>. For the tour by Santana, see <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai_Tour" title="Caravanserai Tour">Caravanserai Tour</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Funduq" redirects here. For the Palestinian village, see <a href="/wiki/Al-Funduq" title="Al-Funduq">al-Funduq</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Izadkhvast_Caravanserai_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Izadkhvast_Caravanserai_01.jpg/220px-Izadkhvast_Caravanserai_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Izadkhvast_Caravanserai_01.jpg/330px-Izadkhvast_Caravanserai_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Izadkhvast_Caravanserai_01.jpg/440px-Izadkhvast_Caravanserai_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4562" data-file-height="3041" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Izadkhast_Caravanserai" title="Izadkhast Caravanserai">Izadkhast caravanserai</a> (early 17th century), <a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>caravanserai</b> (or <b>caravansary</b>; <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ær/: 'arr' in 'marry'">ær</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an <a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">inn</a> that provided lodging for travelers, merchants, and <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(travellers)" title="Caravan (travellers)">caravans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the region and period, they were called by a variety of names including <i>khan</i>, <i>funduq</i> and <i>wikala.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caravanserais supported the flow of commerce, information, and people across the network of <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a> covering Asia, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Silk_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silk-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NatGeo_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the countryside, they were typically built at intervals equivalent to a day's journey along important roads, where they served as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Stage_station" title="Stage station">staging post</a>. Urban versions of caravanserais were historically common in cities throughout the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic world</a>, where they could serve as inns, depots, and venues for conducting business.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The buildings were most commonly rectangular structures with one protected entrance. Inside, a central courtyard was surrounded by an array of rooms on one or more levels.<i><sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> In addition to lodgings for people, they often included space to accommodate horses, camels, and other <a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">pack animals</a>, as well as storage rooms for merchandise.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terms_and_etymology">Terms and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caravanserai&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terms and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/220px-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/330px-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/440px-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4557" data-file-height="3014" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ganjali_Khan_Complex" title="Ganjali Khan Complex">Ganjali Khan Caravanserai</a> (1598), in <a href="/wiki/Kerman" title="Kerman">Kerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caravanserai&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Caravanserai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caravanserai (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">کاروانسرای</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn"><i>kārvānsarāy</i></i></span>), is the Persian compound word variant combining <i>kārvān</i> "<a href="/wiki/Caravan_(travellers)" title="Caravan (travellers)">caravan</a>" with <i>-sarāy</i> "palace", "building with enclosed courts".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here "caravan" means a group of traders, pilgrims, and travelers, engaged in long-distance travel. The word is also rendered as <i>caravansary</i>, <i>caravansaray</i>, <i>caravanseray</i>, <i>caravansara</i>, and <i>caravansarai</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NatGeo_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In scholarly sources, it is often used as an umbrella term for multiple related types of commercial buildings similar to inns or hostels, whereas the actual instances of such buildings had a variety of names depending on the region and the local language.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the term was typically preferred for rural inns built along roads outside of city walls.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khan">Khan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caravanserai&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Khan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khan_As%27ad_Pasha_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Khan_As%27ad_Pasha_Panorama.jpg/220px-Khan_As%27ad_Pasha_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Khan_As%27ad_Pasha_Panorama.jpg/330px-Khan_As%27ad_Pasha_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Khan_As%27ad_Pasha_Panorama.jpg/440px-Khan_As%27ad_Pasha_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2266" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khan_As%27ad_Pasha" title="Khan As'ad Pasha">Khan As'ad Pasha</a>, a caravanserai built in 1752 in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, Syria</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>khan</i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">خان</span></span>) derives from a clipping of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <span lang="pal" dir="rtl">𐭡𐭩𐭲𐭠</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Middle Persian-language romanization"><i lang="pal-Latn">xānag</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'house'.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It could refer to an urban caravanserai built within a town or a city<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brit_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to any caravanserai in general, including those built in the countryside and along desert routes.<sup id="cite_ref-Rout_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rout-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It came into more common usage under the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Persian, the word passed into common usage in Arabic (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">خان</span>) and Turkish (Turkish: <i lang="tr">han</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of such buildings are found throughout the Middle East from as early as the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brit_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same word was used in <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, having arrived through the Ottoman conquest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funduq">Funduq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caravanserai&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Funduq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fes_-_Fondouk_el-Nejjarine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Fes_-_Fondouk_el-Nejjarine.jpg/170px-Fes_-_Fondouk_el-Nejjarine.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Fes_-_Fondouk_el-Nejjarine.jpg/255px-Fes_-_Fondouk_el-Nejjarine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Fes_-_Fondouk_el-Nejjarine.jpg/340px-Fes_-_Fondouk_el-Nejjarine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Funduq_al-Najjarin" title="Funduq al-Najjarin">Funduq al-Najjarin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>funduq</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">فندق</span>; sometimes spelled <i>foundouk</i> or <i>fondouk</i> from the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> transliteration) is frequently used for historic inns around the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, particularly those in the cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Touri_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Touri-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilbaux_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilbaux-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116">: 116 </span></sup> </p><p>The word comes from <a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">πανδοκεῖον</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Koinē Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">welcoming all; an inn</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it appears as <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">פונדק</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">pundaq</i></span>, <i>fundaco</i> in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <i>fondaco</i> in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Alh%C3%B3ndiga_(building)" title="Alhóndiga (building)">alhóndiga</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-DRAE_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRAE-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>fonda</i> in Spanish. In the cities of this region such buildings were also frequently used as housing for artisan workshops.<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Touri_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Touri-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tour_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tour-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 318">: 318 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wikala">Wikala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caravanserai&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wikala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo,_wikala_di_al-ghouri_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cairo%2C_wikala_di_al-ghouri_02.jpg/220px-Cairo%2C_wikala_di_al-ghouri_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cairo%2C_wikala_di_al-ghouri_02.jpg/330px-Cairo%2C_wikala_di_al-ghouri_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cairo%2C_wikala_di_al-ghouri_02.jpg/440px-Cairo%2C_wikala_di_al-ghouri_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3553" data-file-height="2887" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wikala_of_Al-Ghuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikala of Al-Ghuri">Wikala of Sultan al-Ghuri</a> (1504–05), one of the best-preserved examples in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Arabic word <i>wikala</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">وكالة</span></span>), sometimes spelled <i>wakala</i> or <i>wekala</i>, is a term used in Egypt for an urban caravanserai which housed merchants and their goods and served as a center for trade, storage, transactions and other commercial activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Hathaway_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hathaway-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>wikala</i> means roughly "agency" in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, in this case a commercial agency,<sup id="cite_ref-Hathaway_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hathaway-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may also have been a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs</a> offices that could be located here to deal with imported goods.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>khan</i> was also frequently used for this type of building in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Okelle">Okelle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caravanserai&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Okelle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>okelle</i> or <i>okalle</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italianized</a> rendering of the Arabic word <i>wikala</i>, is used for a type of large urban buildings in 19th century Egypt, specifically in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>. Here, the older Egyptian <i>wikala</i> was reinterpreted in an <a href="/wiki/Italianate_architecture" title="Italianate architecture">Italianate</a> style by the Italian architect <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Mancini_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Mancini (architect) (page does not exist)">Francesco Mancini</a>. Directed by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a>, he designed and built a number of <i>okelle</i>s delineating the <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square,_Alexandria" title="Tahrir Square, Alexandria"><i>Place des Consuls</i></a> (the main square of Alexandria's European quarter), which served as consular mansions, a European-style hotel, and a stock exchange, among other functions.<sup id="cite_ref-Pallini_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pallini-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Katra">Katra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caravanserai&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Katra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Katra_(Dhaka)" title="Katra (Dhaka)">Kāṭrā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">কাটরা</span>) is the name given to the caravanserais built by the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bara_Katra" title="Bara Katra">Bara Katra</a> (Bengali: <span lang="bn">বড় কাটরা</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">Baṛa Kāṭrā</i></span>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'Great Caravanserai') and <a href="/wiki/Chhota_Katra" title="Chhota Katra">Chhota Katra</a> (Bengali: <span lang="bn">ছোট কাটরা</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">Chōṭa kāṭrā</i></span>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'Small Caravanserai') refers to two magnificent <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> katras in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caravanserai&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of rural caravanserais are ancient. One early antecedent has been found in the remains of an <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartian</a> site from the 8th or 9th century BCE uncovered in western Iran, near the mountain pass between <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oshnavieh" title="Oshnavieh">Oshnavieh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> (6th to 4th centuries BCE) built <a href="/wiki/Stage_station" title="Stage station">staging posts</a> or relay stations for communications along its major roads.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herodotus reports that they existed along the Achaemenid Empire's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal Road</a>, a 2,500-kilometre-long (1,600 mi) ancient highway that stretched from <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a> to <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He writes: "Now the true account of the road in question is the following: Royal stations exist along its whole length, and excellent caravanserais; and throughout, it traverses an inhabited tract, and is free from danger."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> also maintained staging posts along its major roads.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of these ancient caravanserais have been preserved and therefore not much is known of their appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81.jpg/220px-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81.jpg/330px-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81.jpg/440px-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ribat_of_Sharaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribat of Sharaf">Ribat-i Sharaf</a> in Iran, built by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuks">Great Seljuks</a> in the 12th century<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">Islamic period</a> (seventh century and after), the use of caravanserais intensified.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their development at this time is linked to the shift from wheeled vehicles to camels and caravans for long-distance travel.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caravanserais were a common type of structure both in the rural countryside and in dense urban centers across the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest identified example of an Islamic caravanserai is a courtyard structure at <a href="/wiki/Qasr_al-Hayr_al-Sharqi" title="Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi">Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> complex from the early 8th century located in the middle of the desert in present-day Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Han%C4%B1_Kervansaray;_Nordseite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sultan_Han%C4%B1_Kervansaray%3B_Nordseite.jpg/220px-Sultan_Han%C4%B1_Kervansaray%3B_Nordseite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sultan_Han%C4%B1_Kervansaray%3B_Nordseite.jpg/330px-Sultan_Han%C4%B1_Kervansaray%3B_Nordseite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sultan_Han%C4%B1_Kervansaray%3B_Nordseite.jpg/440px-Sultan_Han%C4%B1_Kervansaray%3B_Nordseite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Han" title="Sultan Han">Sultan Han</a>, built by the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Seljuks">Anatolian Seljuks</a> in the 13th century near <a href="/wiki/Aksaray" title="Aksaray">Aksaray</a>, Turkey</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of 12th to 13th-century rural caravanserais were built throughout the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> and its offshoots, many examples of which have survived across Iran (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Ribat_of_Sharaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribat of Sharaf">Ribat-i Sharaf</a> in <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_province" title="Khorasan province">Khorasan province</a>), Central Asia (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ribat-i_Malik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribat-i Malik">Ribat-i Malik</a> in Uzbekistan) and Turkey (e.g. the large <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Han" title="Sultan Han">Sultan Han</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aksaray_Province" title="Aksaray Province">Aksaray Province</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They continued to be built under successor dynasties, although few notable examples have survived from the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk</a> periods in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the later <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a> in Iran, as the economy of the region improved, their construction increased to encourage international trade, particularly on the trade routes to India. <a href="/wiki/Abbas_the_Great" title="Abbas the Great">Shah Abbas I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1587–1629</span>), in particular, built them as part of his improvements to communications and commercial infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/220px-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/330px-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/440px-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Mirjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan al-Mirjan">Khan al-Mirjan</a> in Baghdad, dated to 1359, the oldest surviving urban caravanserai<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Urban versions of caravanserais also became important centers of economic activity in cities across the Muslim world, often concentrated near the main <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaar</a> areas, with many examples still standing in the historic areas of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fes</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Club_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Club-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kuban_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuban-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sumner_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumner-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tour_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tour-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest urban caravanserai to have survived to the present day is the <a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Mirjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan al-Mirjan">Khan al-Mirjan</a> in Baghdad, which dates from 1359.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commercial prosperity of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> during the late Middle Ages led to the proliferation of numerous caravanserais in the heart of major Syrian cities and of Cairo in Egypt. Other caravanserais were also built in the center of major cities in Safavid Iran and in the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, caravanserais are found along the historic trade route known as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road" title="Grand Trunk Road">Grand Trunk Road</a>. The oldest clear mention of a caravanserai in historical documents is the one commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad ibn Tughluq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Sultan of Delhi</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1324–1351</span>), which was built between <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daulatabad_Fort" title="Daulatabad Fort">Daulatabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They grew in number during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1486–1545</span>). Under the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a>, the sultans commissioned the construction of further caravanserais and encouraged their entourage to do the same, mainly from the 16th to late 18th centuries. Their concept and designs were adapted from Iranian examples.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caravanserai&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fallujah_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fallujah_1914.jpg/170px-Fallujah_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fallujah_1914.jpg/255px-Fallujah_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fallujah_1914.jpg/340px-Fallujah_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah">Fallujah</a>'s Caravanserai in use, ca. 1914, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Caravanserais served a variety of functions supporting trade and commerce. Rural caravanserais were built at intervals along major roads. They served as way stations where merchants and travelers could safely stop and rest along the way. The distance between them was intended to be equivalent to a day's journey.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Iran, this typically amounted to a distance of 30 to 40 kilometres (19 to 25 mi) in open landscapes (like deserts and plains) or about 10 kilometres (6 mi) or less in more difficult mountainous terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urban versions of caravanserais were commonly built in the hearts of major cities. They provided lodging for merchants, in particular for foreign merchants who needed a place to stay when doing business in the city. They also served as depots for their merchandise and as venues for conducting transactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to accommodation and storage, caravanserais could include other amenities such as a <a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">hammam</a> (bathhouse) and a prayer room or mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a>, a 14th-century Muslim traveler, described the function of a caravanserai in the region of China: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>China is the safest and best country for the traveller. A man travels for nine months alone with great wealth and has nothing to fear. What is responsible for this is that in every post station in their country is <i>funduq</i> which has a director living there with a company of horse and foot. After sunset or nightfall the director comes to the <i>funduq</i> with his secretary and writes down the names of all the travellers who will pass the night there, seals it and locks the door of the <i>funduq</i>. In the morning he and his secretary come and call everybody by name and write down a record. He sends someone with the travellers to conduct them to the next post station and he brings back a certificate from the director of the <i>funduq</i> confirming that they have all arrived. If he does not do this he is answerable for them. This is the procedure in every post station in their country from Sin al-Sin to Khan Baliq. In them is everything the traveller needs by way of provisions, especially hens and geese. Sheep are rare among them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb2010894_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb2010894-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In many parts of the Muslim world, caravanserais also provided revenues that were used to fund charitable or religious functions or buildings. This was characteristic of urban caravanserais.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These revenues and functions were managed through a <i><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a></i>, a protected agreement which gave certain buildings and revenues the status of <a href="/wiki/Mortmain" title="Mortmain">mortmain</a> endowments guaranteed under <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seif_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seif-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many major religious complexes in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> empires, for example, either included a caravanserai building (like in the <i><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">külliye</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a> in Istanbul) or drew revenues from one in the area (such as the <a href="/wiki/Wikala_of_Al-Ghuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikala of Al-Ghuri">Wikala al-Ghuri</a> in Cairo, which was built to contribute revenues for the nearby <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Al-Ghuri_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Al-Ghuri Complex">complex of Sultan al-Ghuri</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sumner_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumner-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kuban_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuban-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Qansuh_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qansuh-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caravanserai&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caravanserai&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carvansara_plan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Carvansara_plan.png/220px-Carvansara_plan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Carvansara_plan.png/330px-Carvansara_plan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Carvansara_plan.png/440px-Carvansara_plan.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A sample <a href="/wiki/Floor_plan" title="Floor plan">floor plan</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavid Empire</a>-era caravanserai in Karaj, Iran</figcaption></figure> <p>Typically, a caravanserai was a building with a square or rectangular floor plan, with a single entrance wide enough to permit large or heavily laden beasts such as <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a> to enter. It had a central courtyard, almost always open to the sky, which was surrounded by a number of identical <a href="/wiki/Animal_stall" title="Animal stall">animal stalls</a>, bays, and chambers to accommodate merchants and their servants, animals, and merchandise.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caravanserais provided water for human and animal consumption as well as for washing and <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual purification</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">wudu</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">ghusl</a></i>), provided by a fountain or well in the courtyard and sometimes by attached public baths (<a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">hammams</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They kept <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> for animals and had shops for travellers where they could acquire new supplies. Some shops bought goods from the travelling merchants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This information should be easy to source but was previously attributed to a citation that did not state any of this. Please add a relevant and reliable reference. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many caravanserais were equipped with small mosques, such as the elevated prayer rooms in the center of <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a> caravanserais in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-Sumner_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumner-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kuban_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuban-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:575px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caravansaray_Shah-Abbasi_Karaj_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of a typical courtyard layout in the Shah-Abbasi caravansarai in Karaj, Iran"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Caravansaray_Shah-Abbasi_Karaj_Panorama.jpg/567px-Caravansaray_Shah-Abbasi_Karaj_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="567" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Caravansaray_Shah-Abbasi_Karaj_Panorama.jpg/851px-Caravansaray_Shah-Abbasi_Karaj_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Caravansaray_Shah-Abbasi_Karaj_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="271" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Caravansaray_Shah-Abbasi_Karaj_Panorama.jpg" title="File:Caravansaray Shah-Abbasi Karaj Panorama.jpg"> </a></div>View of a typical courtyard layout in the Shah-Abbasi caravansarai in <a href="/wiki/Karaj" title="Karaj">Karaj</a>, Iran</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations">Variations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caravanserai&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Building techniques and decoration varied depending on the region and period. Rural caravanserais of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk period</a> in Iran and Central Asia, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ribat-i_Sharaf" title="Ribat-i Sharaf">Ribat-i Sharaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ribat-i_Malik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribat-i Malik">Ribat-i Malik</a>, were built in brick and are known for their monumental exterior façades with decorative brickwork.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rural caravanserais of <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Seljuk Anatolia</a> could include, in addition to (or sometimes instead of) a courtyard, a roofed section consisting of a vaulted hall with side chambers. Built of stone rather than brick, Anatolian caravanserais are also notable for their tall and elaborately-carved entrance portals.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The urban caravanserais of the Levant, from the late Middle Ages onward, were of typical layout but built with local decoration such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">ablaq</a></i> masonry and carved stone details. Their street façades often had alcoves for hosting shops. Some were quite large and formed part of a larger complex of amenities, as in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khan_al-Jumruk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khan al-Jumruk (page does not exist)">Khan al-Jumruk</a> in Aleppo.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Cairo, starting in the <a href="/wiki/Burji_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Burji dynasty">Burji Mamluk</a> period, <i>wikala</i>s were frequently several stories tall and often included a <i>rab'</i>, a low-income rental apartment complex, that was situated on the upper floors while the merchant accommodations occupied the lower floors.<sup id="cite_ref-Yeo_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yeo-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Club_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Club-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made the best use of limited space in a crowded city and provided the building with two sources of revenue that were managed through the <i><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a></i> system.<sup id="cite_ref-Seif_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seif-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caire_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caire-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The later Ottomans continued to build caravanserais but their patronage was focused on urban centres, where they were built alongside other commercial structures such as <i>arasta</i>s (market streets) and <a href="/wiki/Bedesten" title="Bedesten"><i>bedesten</i>s</a> (central market halls) in the middle of the city. The caravanserais themselves consist of courtyards surrounded by two or more levels of domed rooms fronted by <a href="/wiki/Arcaded" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcaded">arcaded</a> galleries.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a>, caravanserais had a standard layout for the most part: a rectangular courtyard surrounded by a gallery of vaulted openings (<a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">iwans</a>) and rooms on one or two levels. At the middle of each of side was a larger central iwan, repeating the <a href="/wiki/Four-iwan_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-iwan plan">four-iwan plan</a> common in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian architecture</a>. Rural caravanserais often had rounded towers at their corners and an imposing entrance portal. In the later Safavid period (17th century), more complex layouts appeared, such as those with an octagonal floor plan instead of rectangular.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Indian subcontinent, caravanserais were drawn from Iranian designs but adapted to local needs. They usually had a symmetrical floor plan with two major gateways. A mosque, often consisting of a three-domed hall, was commonly built into the west side of the building.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the far west of the Islamic world, comprising present-day Morocco and Spain, urban caravanserais were multi-story buildings with a central courtyard. Though they could have elaborate entrance portals and ornate wooden ceilings in their vestibules, the interior could be relatively austere.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Examples of caravanserai architecture</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabat-i_Malik_caravanserai_2_(cropped_and_retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gateway of Ribat-i Malik in Uzbekistan (c. 1068–1080, Great Seljuk period) [45]"><img alt="Gateway of Ribat-i Malik in Uzbekistan (c. 1068–1080, Great Seljuk period) [45]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Rabat-i_Malik_caravanserai_2_%28cropped_and_retouched%29.jpg/116px-Rabat-i_Malik_caravanserai_2_%28cropped_and_retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Rabat-i_Malik_caravanserai_2_%28cropped_and_retouched%29.jpg/174px-Rabat-i_Malik_caravanserai_2_%28cropped_and_retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Rabat-i_Malik_caravanserai_2_%28cropped_and_retouched%29.jpg/233px-Rabat-i_Malik_caravanserai_2_%28cropped_and_retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2211" data-file-height="2282" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gateway of <a href="/wiki/Ribat-i_Malik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribat-i Malik">Ribat-i Malik</a> in Uzbekistan (c. 1068–1080, Great Seljuk period) <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20180110_Sultanhani_4496_(40093350601).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roofed hall attached to the Sultan Han near Aksaray, Turkey (13th century), a feature of some Anatolian Seljuk caravanserais[2]"><img alt="Roofed hall attached to the Sultan Han near Aksaray, Turkey (13th century), a feature of some Anatolian Seljuk caravanserais[2]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/20180110_Sultanhani_4496_%2840093350601%29.jpg/80px-20180110_Sultanhani_4496_%2840093350601%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/20180110_Sultanhani_4496_%2840093350601%29.jpg/120px-20180110_Sultanhani_4496_%2840093350601%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/20180110_Sultanhani_4496_%2840093350601%29.jpg/160px-20180110_Sultanhani_4496_%2840093350601%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5304" data-file-height="7952" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roofed hall attached to the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Han" title="Sultan Han">Sultan Han</a> near Aksaray, Turkey (13th century), a feature of some Anatolian Seljuk caravanserais<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Selim_Caravanserai_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance of Orbelian's Caravanserai in Armenia (1332)[46]"><img alt="Entrance of Orbelian's Caravanserai in Armenia (1332)[46]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Selim_Caravanserai_1.jpg/120px-Selim_Caravanserai_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Selim_Caravanserai_1.jpg/180px-Selim_Caravanserai_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Selim_Caravanserai_1.jpg/240px-Selim_Caravanserai_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3209" data-file-height="2139" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance of <a href="/wiki/Orbelian%27s_Caravanserai" title="Orbelian's Caravanserai">Orbelian's Caravanserai</a> in Armenia (1332)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Granada_Corral_del_Carb%C3%B3n_16-03-2011_17-29-46_16-03-2011_17-29-46.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance of the Corral del Carbón, a former urban caravanserai in Granada, Spain (14th century, Nasrid period)"><img alt="Entrance of the Corral del Carbón, a former urban caravanserai in Granada, Spain (14th century, Nasrid period)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Granada_Corral_del_Carb%C3%B3n_16-03-2011_17-29-46_16-03-2011_17-29-46.JPG/80px-Granada_Corral_del_Carb%C3%B3n_16-03-2011_17-29-46_16-03-2011_17-29-46.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Granada_Corral_del_Carb%C3%B3n_16-03-2011_17-29-46_16-03-2011_17-29-46.JPG/119px-Granada_Corral_del_Carb%C3%B3n_16-03-2011_17-29-46_16-03-2011_17-29-46.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Granada_Corral_del_Carb%C3%B3n_16-03-2011_17-29-46_16-03-2011_17-29-46.JPG/159px-Granada_Corral_del_Carb%C3%B3n_16-03-2011_17-29-46_16-03-2011_17-29-46.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="3216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Corral_del_Carb%C3%B3n" title="Corral del Carbón">Corral del Carbón</a>, a former urban caravanserai in <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, Spain (14th century, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Nasrid</a> period)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikala-sabil-kuttab_of_Qaitbay_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance of the Wikala of Sultan Qaytbay in Cairo, Egypt (1477, Mamluk period)[47]"><img alt="Entrance of the Wikala of Sultan Qaytbay in Cairo, Egypt (1477, Mamluk period)[47]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Wikala-sabil-kuttab_of_Qaitbay_03.jpg/90px-Wikala-sabil-kuttab_of_Qaitbay_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Wikala-sabil-kuttab_of_Qaitbay_03.jpg/135px-Wikala-sabil-kuttab_of_Qaitbay_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Wikala-sabil-kuttab_of_Qaitbay_03.jpg/180px-Wikala-sabil-kuttab_of_Qaitbay_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Sabil-Kuttab-Wakala_of_Sultan_Qa%27it_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabil-Kuttab-Wakala of Sultan Qa'it Bay">Wikala of Sultan Qaytbay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt (1477, <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk</a> period)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bursa,_Turkey_(4505709750).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Courtyard of the Koza Han in Bursa, Turkey (1491, Ottoman period) ; the domed building is a small mosque[48]"><img alt="Courtyard of the Koza Han in Bursa, Turkey (1491, Ottoman period) ; the domed building is a small mosque[48]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bursa%2C_Turkey_%284505709750%29.jpg/120px-Bursa%2C_Turkey_%284505709750%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bursa%2C_Turkey_%284505709750%29.jpg/180px-Bursa%2C_Turkey_%284505709750%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bursa%2C_Turkey_%284505709750%29.jpg/240px-Bursa%2C_Turkey_%284505709750%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Courtyard of the <a href="/wiki/Koza_Han" title="Koza Han">Koza Han</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>, Turkey (1491, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> period) ; the domed building is a small mosque<sup id="cite_ref-:02_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tash_Rabat.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tash Rabat caravanserai in Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Tash Rabat caravanserai in Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tash_Rabat.JPG/120px-Tash_Rabat.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tash_Rabat.JPG/180px-Tash_Rabat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tash_Rabat.JPG/240px-Tash_Rabat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3568" data-file-height="2376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tash_Rabat" title="Tash Rabat">Tash Rabat</a> caravanserai in Kyrgyzstan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Khan_al-Jumruk_9159.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior façade of a gate from the courtyard of Khan al-Jumruk in Aleppo, Syria (1574)[2]"><img alt="Interior façade of a gate from the courtyard of Khan al-Jumruk in Aleppo, Syria (1574)[2]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Aleppo_Khan_al-Jumruk_9159.jpg/80px-Aleppo_Khan_al-Jumruk_9159.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Aleppo_Khan_al-Jumruk_9159.jpg/120px-Aleppo_Khan_al-Jumruk_9159.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Aleppo_Khan_al-Jumruk_9159.jpg/160px-Aleppo_Khan_al-Jumruk_9159.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior façade of a gate from the courtyard of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khan_al-Jumruk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khan al-Jumruk (page does not exist)">Khan al-Jumruk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, Syria (1574)<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_Entrance_of_Akbari_Sarai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gateway of Akbari Sarai in Lahore, Pakistan (16th century, with later additions)[49]"><img alt="Gateway of Akbari Sarai in Lahore, Pakistan (16th century, with later additions)[49]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Main_Entrance_of_Akbari_Sarai.jpg/120px-Main_Entrance_of_Akbari_Sarai.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Main_Entrance_of_Akbari_Sarai.jpg/180px-Main_Entrance_of_Akbari_Sarai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Main_Entrance_of_Akbari_Sarai.jpg/240px-Main_Entrance_of_Akbari_Sarai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5445" data-file-height="3602" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gateway of <a href="/wiki/Akbari_Sarai" title="Akbari Sarai">Akbari Sarai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, Pakistan (16th century, with later additions)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AminAbad94_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caravanserai of Aminabad, with an octagonal layout (17th century, Safavid period)[2]"><img alt="Caravanserai of Aminabad, with an octagonal layout (17th century, Safavid period)[2]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AminAbad94_%282%29.jpg/120px-AminAbad94_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AminAbad94_%282%29.jpg/180px-AminAbad94_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AminAbad94_%282%29.jpg/240px-AminAbad94_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Caravanserai of <a href="/wiki/Aminabad,_Shahreza" title="Aminabad, Shahreza">Aminabad</a>, with an octagonal layout (17th century, Safavid period)<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Katra_Masjid_panoramic_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Caravanserai Mosque in Murshidabad, India, built by Murshid Quli Khan of Bengal (early 18th century)"><img alt="The Caravanserai Mosque in Murshidabad, India, built by Murshid Quli Khan of Bengal (early 18th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Katra_Masjid_panoramic_view.jpg/120px-Katra_Masjid_panoramic_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Katra_Masjid_panoramic_view.jpg/180px-Katra_Masjid_panoramic_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Katra_Masjid_panoramic_view.jpg/240px-Katra_Masjid_panoramic_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9534" data-file-height="4211" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Katra_Masjid" title="Katra Masjid">Caravanserai Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a>, India, built by <a href="/wiki/Murshid_Quli_Khan" title="Murshid Quli Khan">Murshid Quli Khan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> (early 18th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbasi_Hotel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of a large Safavid caravanserai in Isfahan, Iran (early 18th century, now the Abbasi Hotel)[2]"><img alt="Interior of a large Safavid caravanserai in Isfahan, Iran (early 18th century, now the Abbasi Hotel)[2]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Abbasi_Hotel.jpg/120px-Abbasi_Hotel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Abbasi_Hotel.jpg/180px-Abbasi_Hotel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Abbasi_Hotel.jpg/240px-Abbasi_Hotel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of a large Safavid caravanserai in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, Iran (early 18th century, now the <a href="/wiki/Abbasi_Hotel" title="Abbasi Hotel">Abbasi Hotel</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_2-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akko_BW_13.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khan al-Umdan in Acre, Israel (18th century, with clock tower added in 1906)[50]"><img alt="Khan al-Umdan in Acre, Israel (18th century, with clock tower added in 1906)[50]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Akko_BW_13.JPG/120px-Akko_BW_13.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Akko_BW_13.JPG/180px-Akko_BW_13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Akko_BW_13.JPG/240px-Akko_BW_13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3373" data-file-height="2460" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Umdan" title="Khan al-Umdan">Khan al-Umdan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Akko" class="mw-redirect" title="Akko">Acre</a>, Israel (18th century, with clock tower added in 1906)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B3rny_Karawanseraj_-_Szeki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shaki Caravanserai in Azerbaijan (19th century)"><img alt="Shaki Caravanserai in Azerbaijan (19th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/G%C3%B3rny_Karawanseraj_-_Szeki.jpg/120px-G%C3%B3rny_Karawanseraj_-_Szeki.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/G%C3%B3rny_Karawanseraj_-_Szeki.jpg/180px-G%C3%B3rny_Karawanseraj_-_Szeki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/G%C3%B3rny_Karawanseraj_-_Szeki.jpg/240px-G%C3%B3rny_Karawanseraj_-_Szeki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shaki_Caravanserai" title="Shaki Caravanserai">Shaki Caravanserai</a> in Azerbaijan (19th century)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caravanserai&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caravanserais" title="List of caravanserais">List of caravanserais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a>, early Muslim frontier fort, later caravanserai or Sufi retreat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravan_city" title="Caravan city">Caravan city</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shukuba" title="Shukuba">Shukuba</a></i>, the Japanese equivalent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venta_(establishment)" title="Venta (establishment)">Venta (establishment)</a>, the Spanish equivalent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_inn" title="Coaching inn">Coaching inn</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Map_Icon_-_Hotel.png/28px-Map_Icon_-_Hotel.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Map_Icon_-_Hotel.png/42px-Map_Icon_-_Hotel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Map_Icon_-_Hotel.png/56px-Map_Icon_-_Hotel.png 2x" data-file-width="5334" data-file-height="5334" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hotels" title="Portal:Hotels">Hotels portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caravanserai&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/caravanserai?s=t">"Dictionary.com – caravansary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212010159/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/caravanserai?s=t">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+%E2%80%93+caravansary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fcaravanserai%3Fs%3Dt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grove-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_2-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomBlair2009" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Caravanserai". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=PA353"><i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture</i></a>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">353–</span>355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1"><bdi>978-0-19-530991-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caravanserai&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E353-%3C%2Fspan%3E355&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530991-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dun4WcfEASZwC%26pg%3DPA353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElisséeff1978" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Elisséeff, N. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=K%CC%B2h%CC%B2%C4%81n&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo">"K̲h̲ān"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume IV:<i> Iran–Kha</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 1010–1017. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/758278456">758278456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=K%CC%B2h%CC%B2%C4%81n&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+IV%3A+Iran%E2%80%93Kha&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=1010-1017&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F758278456&rft.aulast=Eliss%C3%A9eff&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DK%25CC%25B2h%25CC%25B2%25C4%2581n%26source%3D%252Fdb%252Feieo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Tourneau1965" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Le Tourneau, Roger (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Fundu%E1%B8%B3&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo">"Funduḳ"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume II:<i> C–G</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 945. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469475">495469475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fundu%E1%B8%B3&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+II%3A+C%E2%80%93G&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=945&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469475&rft.aulast=Le+Tourneau&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DFundu%25E1%25B8%25B3%26source%3D%252Fdb%252Feieo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silk-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Silk_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/caravanserais-cross-roads-commerce-and-culture-along-silk-roads">"Caravanserais: cross-roads of commerce and culture along the Silk Roads | Silk Roads Programme"</a>. <i>en.unesco.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529041141/https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/caravanserais-cross-roads-commerce-and-culture-along-silk-roads">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Caravanserais%3A+cross-roads+of+commerce+and+culture+along+the+Silk+Roads+%7C+Silk+Roads+Programme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fsilkroad%2Fcontent%2Fcaravanserais-cross-roads-commerce-and-culture-along-silk-roads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatGeo-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NatGeo_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatGeo_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/caravanserai/">"Caravanserai"</a>. National Geographic Society. 23 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729201134/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/caravanserai/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caravanserai&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2019-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fcaravanserai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sims, Eleanor. 1978. Trade and Travel: Markets and Caravansary.' In: Michell, George. (ed.). 1978. <i>Architecture of the Islamic World – Its History and Social Meaning.</i> London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/caravanserai">"caravanserai | Origin and meaning of caravanserai by Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.etymonline.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618083013/https://www.etymonline.com/word/caravanserai">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etymonline.com&rft.atitle=caravanserai+%7C+Origin+and+meaning+of+caravanserai+by+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fcaravanserai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/caravansary">"Caravansary | building"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727071123/https://www.britannica.com/technology/caravansary">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Caravansary+%7C+building&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fcaravansary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Neil_MacKenzie" title="David Neil MacKenzie">MacKenzie, D. N.</a> (1971), "xān", in <i>A concise Pahlavi dictionary</i>, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brit-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brit_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/khan-architecture">"Khan | architecture"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727071415/https://www.britannica.com/technology/khan-architecture">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Khan+%7C+architecture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fkhan-architecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rout-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rout_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen1996" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Andrew (1996). "khan". <i>Dictionary of Islamic architecture</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">146–</span>147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134613663" title="Special:BookSources/9781134613663"><bdi>9781134613663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=khan&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Islamic+architecture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E147&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781134613663&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Touri-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Touri_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Touri_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTouriBenaboudBoujibar_El-KhatibLakhdar2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010). <i>Le Maroc andalou : à la découverte d'un art de vivre</i> (in French) (2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3902782311" title="Special:BookSources/978-3902782311"><bdi>978-3902782311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Maroc+andalou+%3A+%C3%A0+la+d%C3%A9couverte+d%27un+art+de+vivre&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+des+Affaires+Culturelles+du+Royaume+du+Maroc+%26+Museum+With+No+Frontiers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3902782311&rft.aulast=Touri&rft.aufirst=Abdelaziz&rft.au=Benaboud%2C+Mhammad&rft.au=Boujibar+El-Khatib%2C+Na%C3%AFma&rft.au=Lakhdar%2C+Kamal&rft.au=Mezzine%2C+Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilbaux-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilbaux_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilbaux2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wilbaux, Quentin (2001). <i>La médina de Marrakech: Formation des espaces urbains d'une ancienne capitale du Maroc</i> (in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2747523888" title="Special:BookSources/2747523888"><bdi>2747523888</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+m%C3%A9dina+de+Marrakech%3A+Formation+des+espaces+urbains+d%27une+ancienne+capitale+du+Maroc&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=2747523888&rft.aulast=Wilbaux&rft.aufirst=Quentin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/greek/3829.htm">"Strong's Greek: 3829. πανδοχεῖον (pandocheion) -- an inn"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141229012507/http://biblehub.com/greek/3829.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Strong%27s+Greek%3A+3829.+%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%B5%E1%BF%96%CE%BF%CE%BD+%28pandocheion%29+--+an+inn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fgreek%2F3829.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DRAE-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DRAE_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lema.rae.es/drae/?val=alh%C3%B3ndiga">"alhóndiga in the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806143422/http://lema.rae.es/drae/?val=alh%C3%B3ndiga">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=alh%C3%B3ndiga+in+the+Diccionario+de+la+Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flema.rae.es%2Fdrae%2F%3Fval%3Dalh%25C3%25B3ndiga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parker-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parker_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1981" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Richard (1981). <i>A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco</i>. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+practical+guide+to+Islamic+Monuments+in+Morocco&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+VA&rft.pub=The+Baraka+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tour-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tour_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tour_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Tourneau1949" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). <i>Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman</i> (in French). Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F%C3%A8s+avant+le+protectorat%3A+%C3%A9tude+%C3%A9conomique+et+sociale+d%27une+ville+de+l%27occident+musulman&rft.place=Casablanca&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Marocaine+de+Librairie+et+d%27%C3%89dition&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Le+Tourneau&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hathaway-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hathaway_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hathaway_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHathaway2008" class="citation book cs1">Hathaway, Jane (2008). <i>The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule: 1516-1800</i>. Routledge. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582418998" title="Special:BookSources/9780582418998"><bdi>9780582418998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Lands+under+Ottoman+Rule%3A+1516-1800&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780582418998&rft.aulast=Hathaway&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlSayyad2011" class="citation book cs1">AlSayyad, Nezar (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cairohistoriesof0000alsa/page/143"><i>Cairo: Histories of a City</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cairohistoriesof0000alsa/page/143">143</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04786-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04786-0"><bdi>978-0-674-04786-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cairo%3A+Histories+of+a+City&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04786-0&rft.aulast=AlSayyad&rft.aufirst=Nezar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcairohistoriesof0000alsa%2Fpage%2F143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pallini-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pallini_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallini2006" class="citation book cs1">Pallini, Cristina (2006). "Italian Architects and Modern Egypt". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.mit.edu/akpia/www/articlepallini.pdf"><i>Studies in Architecture, History & Culture: Articles by the 2003-2004 AKPIA@MIT Visiting Post-Doctoral Fellows</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at MIT. pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Italian+Architects+and+Modern+Egypt&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Architecture%2C+History+%26+Culture%3A+Articles+by+the+2003-2004+AKPIA%40MIT+Visiting+Post-Doctoral+Fellows&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=Aga+Khan+Program+for+Islamic+Architecture+at+MIT&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pallini&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fakpia%2Fwww%2Farticlepallini.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMamun" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mamun, Muntasir. <i>Dhaka: Smriti Bismritir Nagari</i> <bdi lang="bn">ঢাকা: স্মৃতি বিস্মৃতির নগরী</bdi> [<i>Dhaka: City of Memories and Oblivion</i>] (in Bengali) (3rd ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">201–</span>206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-412-104-3" title="Special:BookSources/984-412-104-3"><bdi>984-412-104-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dhaka%3A+Smriti+Bismritir+Nagari+%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%3A+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E206&rft.edition=3rd&rft.isbn=984-412-104-3&rft.aulast=Mamun&rft.aufirst=Muntasir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman" class="citation book cs1">Rahman, Mahbubur. <i>City of an Architect</i>. Dhaka: Delvistaa Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-984-33-2451-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-984-33-2451-1"><bdi>978-984-33-2451-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+an+Architect&rft.pub=Dhaka%3A+Delvistaa+Foundation&rft.isbn=978-984-33-2451-1&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Mahbubur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1980" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Nazimuddin (1980). <i>Islamic Heritage of Bangladesh</i>. Dacca: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. pp. <span class="nowrap">50–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8476199">8476199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Heritage+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dacca&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8476199&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Nazimuddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsher1984" class="citation book cs1">Asher, Catherine B (1984). <i>Inventory of Key Monuments. 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Yale University Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300088670" title="Special:BookSources/9780300088670"><bdi>9780300088670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Art+and+Architecture%3A+650%E2%80%931250&rft.pages=154&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780300088670&rft.aulast=Ettinghausen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Grabar%2C+Oleg&rft.au=Jenkins-Madina%2C+Marilyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl1uWZAzN_VcC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archnet.org/sites/4147">"Seljuk Caravanserais"</a>. <i>Archnet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618052540/https://archnet.org/sites/4147">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archnet&rft.atitle=Seljuk+Caravanserais&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchnet.org%2Fsites%2F4147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archnet.org/sites/3521">"Khans of Damascus"</a>. <i>Archnet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618203225/https://archnet.org/sites/3521">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archnet&rft.atitle=Khans+of+Damascus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchnet.org%2Fsites%2F3521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Club-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Club_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Club_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2018" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Caroline (2018). <i>Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide</i> (7th ed.). 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-47757-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-47757-3"><bdi>978-1-000-47757-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caravanserais%3A+A+synthesis+of+Indo-Iranian+architecture&rft.btitle=Art+and+Architectural+Traditions+of+India+and+Iran%3A+Commonality+and+Diversity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-000-47757-3&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=Harsha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgKZMEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT63%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb2010894-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb2010894_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb2010">Gibb 2010</a>, p. 894.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Waḳf". <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</i>. 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Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qansuh-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Qansuh_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archnet.org/sites/4258">"Wakala Qansuh al-Ghawri"</a>. <i>ArchNet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103073020/https://archnet.org/sites/4258">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(ed.). 1978. <i>Architecture of the Islamic World – Its History and Social Meaning.</i> London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreely2008" class="citation book cs1">Freely, John (2008). <i>Storm on Horseback: The Seljuk Warriors of Turkey</i>. I. B. 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(1999). <i>Le Khan al-Khalili et ses environs: Un centre commercial et artisanal au Caire du XIIIe au XXe siècle</i> (in French). Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Khan+al-Khalili+et+ses+environs%3A+Un+centre+commercial+et+artisanal+au+Caire+du+XIIIe+au+XXe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+orientale&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grove2-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grove2_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomBlair2009" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Architecture". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=PA353"><i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture</i></a>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1"><bdi>978-0-19-530991-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Architecture&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530991-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dun4WcfEASZwC%26pg%3DPA353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEttinghausenGrabarJenkins-Madina2001" class="citation book cs1">Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l1uWZAzN_VcC&pg=PA154"><i>Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250</i></a> (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300088670" title="Special:BookSources/9780300088670"><bdi>9780300088670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Art+and+Architecture%3A+650%E2%80%931250&rft.pages=154&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780300088670&rft.aulast=Ettinghausen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Grabar%2C+Oleg&rft.au=Jenkins-Madina%2C+Marilyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl1uWZAzN_VcC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlessing2020" class="citation book cs1">Blessing, Patricia (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=46MxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA141">"Armenian inscriptions in the Ikhanid empire: Mren, Selim Caravanserai"</a>. In Canby, Sheila (ed.). <i>Seljuqs and Their Successors: Art, Culture and History</i>. United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">139–</span>142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474450379" title="Special:BookSources/9781474450379"><bdi>9781474450379</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armenian+inscriptions+in+the+Ikhanid+empire%3A+Mren%2C+Selim+Caravanserai&rft.btitle=Seljuqs+and+Their+Successors%3A+Art%2C+Culture+and+History&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781474450379&rft.aulast=Blessing&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D46MxEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2018" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Caroline (2018). <i>Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide</i> (7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">206–</span>207.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Monuments+in+Cairo%3A+The+Practical+Guide&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E206-%3C%2Fspan%3E207&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemiralp" class="citation web cs1">Demiralp, Yekta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monument;isl;tr;mon01;15;en">"Koza Han"</a>. <i>Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover+Islamic+Art%2C+Museum+With+No+Frontiers&rft.atitle=Koza+Han&rft.aulast=Demiralp&rft.aufirst=Yekta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamicart.museumwnf.org%2Fdatabase_item.php%3Fid%3Dmonument%3Bisl%3Btr%3Bmon01%3B15%3Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElisseeff2000" class="citation book cs1">Elisseeff, Vadime (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=nVVoRKSZxagC&pg=PA161"><i>The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce</i></a>. Berghahn Books. pp. 161 and after. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-221-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-221-6"><bdi>978-1-57181-221-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Roads%3A+Highways+of+Culture+and+Commerce&rft.pages=161+and+after&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-221-6&rft.aulast=Elisseeff&rft.aufirst=Vadime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnVVoRKSZxagC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/3490">"Khan al-'Umdan"</a>. <i>ArchNet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArchNet&rft.atitle=Khan+al-%27Umdan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archnet.org%2Fsites%2F3490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caravanserai&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Branning, Katharine. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://turkishhan.org/homebase.htm">turkishhan.org</a>, The Seljuk Han in Anatolia. New York, USA.</li> <li>Cytryn-Silverman, Katia. 2010. <i>The Road Inns (Khans) in Bilad al-Sham</i>. BAR (<a href="/wiki/British_Archaeological_Reports" title="British Archaeological Reports">British Archaeological Reports</a>), Oxford. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781407306711" title="Special:BookSources/9781407306711">9781407306711</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKīānīKleiss1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kīānī, Moḥammad-Yūsuf; Kleiss, Wolfram (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/caravansary">"Caravansary"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">798–</span>802.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caravansary&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+IV%2C+Fasc.+7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E798-%3C%2Fspan%3E802&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=K%C4%AB%C4%81n%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Mo%E1%B8%A5ammad-Y%C5%ABsuf&rft.au=Kleiss%2C+Wolfram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcaravansary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Erdmann, Kurt, Erdmann, Hanna. 1961. <i>Das anatolische Karavansaray des 13. Jahrhunderts</i>, 3 vols. Berlin: Mann, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7861-2241-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-7861-2241-5">3-7861-2241-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibb2010" class="citation cs2">Gibb, H.A.R. (2010), <i>The Travels of Ibn Battuta, AD 1325-1354, Volume IV</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Ibn+Battuta%2C+AD+1325-1354%2C+Volume+IV&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Gibb&rft.aufirst=H.A.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaravanserai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hillenbrand, Robert. 1994. <i>Islamic Architecture: Form, function and meaning</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. (see Chapter VI for an in depth overview of the caravanserai).</li> <li>Kiani, Mohammad Yusef. 1976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caroun.com/Architecture/Caravansary/00-Khorasan.html">Caravansaries in Khorasan Road.</a> Reprinted from: <i>Traditions Architecturales en Iran</i>, Tehran, No. 2 & 3, 1976.</li> <li>Schutyser, Tom. 2012. <i>Caravanserai: Traces, Places, Dialogue in the Middle East</i>. Milan: 5 Continents Editions, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7439-604-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7439-604-7">978-88-7439-604-7</a></li> <li>Yavuz, Aysil Tükel. 1997. <i>The Concepts that Shape Anatolian Seljuq Caravansara.</i> In: Gülru Necipoglu (ed). 1997. <i>Muqarnas XIV: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World.</i> Leiden: E. J. Brill, 80–95. [archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/8967/doc/DPC1304.pdf Available online as a PDF document, 1.98 MB]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caravanserai&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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title="commons:Category:Caravanserais">Caravanserais</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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caravanserais and travel journeys in Middle East and Central Asia.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227192419/http://www.bedesten.net/kervansaraylar.html">Caravanserais (Kervansaray) in Turkey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050128114115/http://turkishhan.org/">The Seljuk Han in Anatolia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6197/">Persian Caravanserai</a>, UNESCO application</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_architecture" title="Template talk:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_architecture421" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Deccan_sultanates" title="Architecture of the Deccan sultanates">Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_architecture" title="Qutb Shahi architecture">Qutb Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_architecture" title="Aghlabid architecture">Aghlabid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_architecture" title="Almoravid architecture">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_architecture" title="Almohad architecture">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_architecture" title="Hafsid architecture">Hafsid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_architecture" title="Zayyanid architecture">Zayyanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qadad" title="Qadad">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 1.0em"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/200px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/300px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/400px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a> (four-arch structure)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharging_arch" title="Discharging arch">Discharging arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">Four-centred arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambrequin_arch" title="Lambrequin arch">Lambrequin arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee#Ogee_arch" title="Ogee">Ogee arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive#architecture" title="Ogive">Pointed arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">Squinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Vaulting" title="Islamic architecture">Vaulting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roofs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Arabic dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">Onion dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes" title="History of Persian domes">Persian dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asian_domes" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asian domes">South Asian dome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">Semi-dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajug" title="Tajug">Tajug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhajja" title="Chhajja">Chhajja</a> (eaves)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaza" title="Anaza">Anaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedug" title="Bedug">Bedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikka" title="Dikka">Dikka</a> (or müezzin mahfili)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussainiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussainiya">Hussainiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers_in_mosques" title="Loudspeakers in mosques">Loudspeakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqsurah" title="Maqsurah">Maqsurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarih" title="Zarih">Zarih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<i>For overview, see</i> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a> (multicoloured ashlar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ina-k%C4%81ri" class="mw-redirect" title="Āina-kāri">Āina-kāri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashani" title="Qashani">Qashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebka" title="Sebka">Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsa" title="Shamsa">Shamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a> (entrance hall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirador_(architecture)" title="Mirador (architecture)">Mirador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosh_(architecture)" title="Hosh (architecture)">Hosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a_(room)" title="Qa'a (room)">Qa’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">Zenana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh (garden)">Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outdoor<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatri" title="Chhatri">Chhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgah" title="Eidgah">Eidgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fina_(architecture)" title="Fina (architecture)">Fina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechouar" title="Mechouar">Mechouar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">Sebil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passive<br />cooling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a> (fountain type)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharokha" title="Jharokha">Jharokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq (arcade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a> (courtyard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsabil_(fountain)" title="Salsabil (fountain)">Salsabil (fountain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_Haram_Piazza_Shading_Umbrellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Haram Piazza Shading Umbrellas">Shading Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">Congregational mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Muwaqqit" title="Dar al-Muwaqqit">Dar al-Muwaqqit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargah" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khanqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">Külliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">Kuttab (or maktab)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqbara" title="Maqbara">Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla" title="Musalla">Musalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubba" title="Qubba">Qubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauza" title="Rauza">Rauza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">Surau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takya" class="mw-redirect" title="Takya">Takya</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">takyeh</a> in modern Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">Türbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baradari_(building)" title="Baradari (building)">Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghorfa" title="Ghorfa">Ghorfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasht-Bihisht_(Architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasht-Bihisht (Architecture)">Hasht-Bihisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahal_(palace)" title="Mahal (palace)">Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsar" title="Amsar">Amsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture" title="Aga Khan Award for Architecture">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArchNet" title="ArchNet">ArchNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_with_No_Frontiers" title="Museum with No Frontiers">Museum with No Frontiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art#Architecture" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Category pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_architecture" title="Category:Arabic architecture">Arabic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Berber_architecture" title="Category:Berber architecture">Berber architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Iran" title="Category:Architecture in Iran">Iranian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architecture" title="Category:Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moorish_architecture" title="Category:Moorish architecture">Moorish architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Architecture in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Category:Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Yemen" title="Category:Architecture in Yemen">Yemeni architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a> •  <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/16px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/24px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/32px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></b> •  <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iranian_architecture86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_architecture" title="Template:Iranian architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iranian_architecture" title="Template talk:Iranian architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iranian_architecture86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_style" title="Parthian style">Parthian style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Sasanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Early Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Ilkhanid_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Ilkhanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perspolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/90px-Perspolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/135px-Perspolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/180px-Perspolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="3065" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaars</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caravanserais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khaneqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">Takyeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_anbar" title="Ab anbar">Ab anbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biruni_(Persian_architecture)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biruni (Persian architecture) (page does not exist)">Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalan_e_Vorudi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalan e Vorudi (page does not exist)">Dalan e Vorudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashti" title="Hashti">Hashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanat#Iran" title="Qanat">Kariz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjdari" title="Panjdari">Panjdari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian Garden (<i>hayāt</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanat" title="Qanat">Qanat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talar" title="Talar">Talar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakhch%C4%81l" title="Yakhchāl">Yakhchāl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ina-k%C4%81ri" class="mw-redirect" title="Āina-kāri">Āina-kāri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amol" title="Amol">Amol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bam,_Iran" title="Bam, Iran">Bam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gur-e-Amir" title="Gur-e-Amir">Gur-e-Amir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmar" title="Kashmar">Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorramabad" title="Khorramabad">Khorramabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrisabz" title="Shahrisabz">Shahrisabz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Soleym%C4%81n" title="Takht-e Soleymān">Takht-e Soleymān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Tehran" title="Architecture of Tehran">Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory and analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Persian_residential_architecture" title="Traditional Persian residential architecture">Traditional Persian residential architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_water_sources_of_Persian_antiquity" title="Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity">Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architects_of_Iran" title="Architects of Iran">Architects of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Castles_in_Iran" title="Category:Castles in Iran"><i>Arg</i>s, castles, and <i>ghal'eh</i>s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ab_anbars_of_Qazvin" title="List of ab anbars of Qazvin">List of ab anbars of Qazvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Iran" title="List of mosques in Iran">List of mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat#Iran" title="Ziyarat">List of ziyarat-gahs</a></li></ul> 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