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id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midlands_named_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midlands_named_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Midlands named concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midlands_named_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Midlands</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B2" title="ميدلاندز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميدلاندز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81" title="Мидлендс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мидлендс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Midlands" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_(Anglaterra)" title="Midlands (Anglaterra) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Midlands (Anglaterra)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canolbarth_Lloegr" title="Canolbarth Lloegr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Canolbarth Lloegr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Midlands" title="The Midlands – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="The Midlands" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Midlands" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Midlands" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierras_Medias_(Inglaterra)" title="Tierras Medias (Inglaterra) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tierras Medias (Inglaterra)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Midlands" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Midlands" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B2_(%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="میدلندز (انگلستان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میدلندز (انگلستان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Midlands" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1r_na_T%C3%ADre_(Sasana)" title="Lár na Tíre (Sasana) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lár na Tíre (Sasana)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EB%93%A4%EB%9E%9C%EC%A6%88" title="미들랜즈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미들랜즈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%BD_(%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6)" title="Միդլենդս (տարածաշրջան) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միդլենդս (տարածաշրջան)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands,_Inggris" title="Midlands, Inggris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Midlands, Inggris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B0h%C3%A9ru%C3%B0_Englands" title="Miðhéruð Englands – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Miðhéruð Englands" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Midlands" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98)" title="მიდლენდსი (რეგიონი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიდლენდსი (რეგიონი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81" title="Мидлендс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мидлендс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Midlands" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_(Engeland)" title="Midlands (Engeland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Midlands (Engeland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9)" title="ミッドランズ (イギリス) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミッドランズ (イギリス)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Midlands" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_(Anglia)" title="Midlands (Anglia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Midlands (Anglia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Midlands" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Midlands" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Мидлендс (регион) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мидлендс (регион)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Midlands" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81" title="Мидландс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мидландс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Midlands" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Midlands" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Midlands" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="இங்கிலாந்தின் நடுநிலங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இங்கிலாந்தின் நடுநிலங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_(b%C3%B6lge)" title="Midlands (bölge) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Midlands (bölge)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Мідлендз (регіон) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мідлендз (регіон)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Midlands" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="英格蘭中部地區 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英格蘭中部地區" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q850235#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Midlands_of_England&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Midlands of England">Midlands of England</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Midlands_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Midlands (disambiguation)">Midlands (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">The Midlands</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Midlands.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Midlands.png/220px-Midlands.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Midlands.png/330px-Midlands.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Midlands.png/440px-Midlands.png 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><br />The Midlands region shown in England</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent country</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Principal settlements</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>A <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">'Metro' cities</span><br /> B <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">Other 'cities'</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><br /> A1. <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="West Midlands Urban Area">W Midlands Urban Area</a> (<a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolv'n</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">A2. <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Urban_Area" title="Nottingham Urban Area">Nottingham Urban Area</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">A3. <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Leicester Urban Area">Leicester Urban Area</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">A4. <a href="/wiki/The_Potteries_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="The Potteries Urban Area">Stoke/Trent Urban Area</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">A5. <a href="/wiki/Coventry_and_Bedworth_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Coventry and Bedworth Urban Area">Coventry Urban Area</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><br /> B1. <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">B2. <a href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">B3. <a href="/wiki/Telford" title="Telford">Telford</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">B4. <a href="/wiki/Chesterfield,_Derbyshire" title="Chesterfield, Derbyshire">Chesterfield</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">B5. <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">B6. <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">B7. <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">B8. <a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">B9. <a href="/wiki/Stafford" title="Stafford">Stafford</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">B10. <a href="/wiki/Warwick" title="Warwick">Warwick</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">B11. <a href="/wiki/Oakham" title="Oakham">Oakham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">28,627 km<sup>2</sup> (11,053 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Black_Mountain_(hill)" title="Black Mountain (hill)">703.6</a> m (2,308 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2021 census)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,831,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">380/km<sup>2</sup> (980/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Midlander, Mercian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">UTC+0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">Greenwich Mean Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">British Summer Time</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Midlands</b> is the central part of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, bordered by <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_England" title="Southern England">Southern England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. The Midlands correspond broadly to the early-medieval kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>, and later became important in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> of the 18th and 19th centuries. They are now split into two official regions, the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a>. The Midlands' biggest city, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, is the second-largest in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. Other important cities include <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midlands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">saltire</a> (diagonal cross) may have been used as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> as early as the reign of <a href="/wiki/Offa" class="mw-redirect" title="Offa">Offa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="A caption on an image which doesn't even say "may have" (it uncavitated says "come's from Offa's time"). Seeing as the use of heraldry and flags marking realms didn't develop till after this (see Fox-Davies and others), that seems dubious (June 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By the 13th century, the saltire had become the <a href="/wiki/Attributed_arms" title="Attributed arms">attributed arms</a> of the Kingdom of Mercia.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">arms</a> are <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">blazoned</a> <i>Azure, a saltire Or</i>, meaning a gold (or yellow) saltire on a blue field. The saltire is used as both a flag and a coat of arms. As a flag, it is flown from <a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Castle" title="Tamworth Castle">Tamworth Castle</a>, the ancient seat of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Mercia" title="List of monarchs of Mercia">Mercian kings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mercia_(2014).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Mercia_%282014%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Mercia_%282014%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Mercia_%282014%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Mercia_%282014%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Mercia_%282014%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Mercia_%282014%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The officially recognised version of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Alban%27s_Cross" title="Saint Alban's Cross">St Alban's Cross</a> attributed to <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The flag also appears on street signs welcoming people to <a href="/wiki/Tamworth,_Staffordshire" title="Tamworth, Staffordshire">Tamworth</a>, the "ancient capital of Mercia". It was also flown outside <a href="/wiki/Council_House,_Birmingham" title="Council House, Birmingham">Birmingham Council House</a> during 2009 while the <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_Hoard" title="Staffordshire Hoard">Staffordshire Hoard</a> was on display in the city before being taken to the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in London. The cross has been incorporated into a number of <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coats of arms</a> of Midlands towns, including <a href="/wiki/Tamworth,_Staffordshire" title="Tamworth, Staffordshire">Tamworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leek,_Staffordshire" title="Leek, Staffordshire">Leek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blaby" title="Blaby">Blaby</a>. It was recognised as the Mercian flag by the <a href="/wiki/Flag_Institute" title="Flag Institute">Flag Institute</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extent">Extent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midlands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no single definition for the Midlands. If defined as being made up of the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">statistical regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it includes the <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a> (with the exception of <a href="/wiki/North_Lincolnshire" title="North Lincolnshire">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire" title="North East Lincolnshire">North East Lincolnshire</a>), <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a> and the West Midlands metropolitan boroughs. </p><p>Other definitions include a slightly larger area and the 1911 <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> describes <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a> as "West Midland", <a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a> as "South Midland", and <a href="/wiki/Huntingdonshire" title="Huntingdonshire">Huntingdonshire</a> as "East Midland" counties respectively. <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> is also occasionally recognised as being in the Midlands, while a lot of what was historically part of southern Mercia (<a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huntingdonshire" title="Huntingdonshire">Huntingdonshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a>) is often labelled as "Central England", typically used interchangeably with "the Midlands". </p><p>Additionally, there are two informal regions known as the <a href="/wiki/South_Midlands" title="South Midlands">South Midlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Midlands" title="North Midlands">North Midlands</a>, which are not <a href="/wiki/International_Territorial_Level#NUTS_2018_codes" title="International Territorial Level">NUTS statistical regions of the United Kingdom</a> and their definition varies by using organisation. The former includes the southern parts of the East Midlands and northern parts of <a href="/wiki/Southern_England" title="Southern England">Southern England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter covers the northern parts of the West and East Midlands, along with some southern parts of <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions">Divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midlands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a> regions are <a href="/wiki/NUTS_1_statistical_regions_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="NUTS 1 statistical regions of England">NUTS 1 statistical regions</a> and were formerly <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency" title="European Parliament constituency">constituencies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>. Local government in the Midlands is as follows: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Midlands_councils.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/Midlands_councils.png/300px-Midlands_councils.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/Midlands_councils.png/450px-Midlands_councils.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/Midlands_councils.png/600px-Midlands_councils.png 2x" data-file-width="3358" data-file-height="2776" /></a><figcaption>The Midlands</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Boroughs (Metropolitan or Unitary): <ul><li><small>(1)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></b> (<i>Metropolitan borough</i>).</li> <li><small>(2)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a></b> (<i>Metropolitan borough</i>).</li> <li><small>(3)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></b> (<i>Unitary authority</i>).</li> <li><small>(4)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Dudley" title="Metropolitan Borough of Dudley">Dudley</a></b> (<i>Metropolitan borough</i>).</li> <li><small>(5)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></b> (<i>Unitary authority</i>).</li> <li><small>(6)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></b> (<i>Unitary authority</i>).</li> <li><small>(7)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/Sandwell" title="Sandwell">Sandwell</a></b> (<i>Metropolitan borough</i>).</li> <li><small>(8)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a></b> (<i>Unitary authority</i>).</li> <li><small>(9)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Solihull" title="Metropolitan Borough of Solihull">Solihull</a></b> (<i>Metropolitan borough</i>).</li> <li><small>(10)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/Telford_and_Wrekin" title="Telford and Wrekin">Telford and Wrekin</a></b> (<i>Unitary authority</i>).</li> <li><small>(11)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Walsall" title="Metropolitan Borough of Walsall">Walsall</a></b> (<i>Metropolitan borough</i>).</li> <li><small>(12)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></b> (<i>Metropolitan borough</i>).</li></ul></li> <li>Counties (Non-metropolitan or Unitary): <ul><li><small>(13)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></b> (<i>Districts: <small>(a)</small> <a href="/wiki/Amber_Valley" title="Amber Valley">Amber Valley</a>, <small>(b)</small> <a href="/wiki/Bolsover_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolsover (district)">Bolsover</a>, <small>(c)</small> <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Chesterfield" title="Borough of Chesterfield">Chesterfield</a>, <small>(d)</small> <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire_Dales" title="Derbyshire Dales">Derbyshire Dales</a>, <small>(e)</small> <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Erewash" title="Borough of Erewash">Erewash</a>, <small>(f)</small> <a href="/wiki/High_Peak,_Derbyshire" title="High Peak, Derbyshire">High Peak</a>, <small>(g)</small> <a href="/wiki/North_East_Derbyshire" title="North East Derbyshire">North East Derbyshire</a> and <small>(h)</small> <a href="/wiki/South_Derbyshire" title="South Derbyshire">South Derbyshire</a></i>).</li> <li><small>(14)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a></b> (<i>Unitary authority</i>).</li> <li><small>(15)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a></b> (<i>Districts: <small>(a)</small> <a href="/wiki/Blaby_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blaby (district)">Blaby</a>, <small>(b)</small> <a href="/wiki/Charnwood_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charnwood (borough)">Charnwood</a>, <small>(c)</small> <a href="/wiki/Harborough_District" title="Harborough District">Harborough</a>, <small>(d)</small> <a href="/wiki/Hinckley_and_Bosworth" title="Hinckley and Bosworth">Hinckley and Bosworth</a>, <small>(e)</small> <a href="/wiki/Melton_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melton (borough)">Melton</a>, <small>(f)</small> <a href="/wiki/North_West_Leicestershire" title="North West Leicestershire">North West Leicestershire</a> and <small>(g)</small> <a href="/wiki/Oadby_and_Wigston" title="Oadby and Wigston">Oadby and Wigston</a></i>).</li> <li><small>(16)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a></b> (<i>Districts: <small>(a)</small> <a href="/wiki/Boston_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston (borough)">Boston</a>, <small>(b)</small> <a href="/wiki/East_Lindsey" title="East Lindsey">East Lindsey</a>, <small>(c)</small> <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Lincolnshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln, Lincolnshire">Lincoln</a>, <small>(d)</small> <a href="/wiki/North_Kesteven" title="North Kesteven">North Kesteven</a>, <small>(e)</small> <a href="/wiki/South_Holland,_Lincolnshire" class="mw-redirect" title="South Holland, Lincolnshire">South Holland</a>, <small>(f)</small> <a href="/wiki/South_Kesteven" title="South Kesteven">South Kesteven</a> and <small>(g)</small> <a href="/wiki/West_Lindsey" title="West Lindsey">West Lindsey</a></i>).</li> <li><small>(17)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/North_Northamptonshire" title="North Northamptonshire">North Northamptonshire</a></b> (<i>Unitary authority</i>).</li> <li><small>(18)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a></b> (<i>Districts: <small>(a)</small> <a href="/wiki/Ashfield,_Nottinghamshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashfield, Nottinghamshire">Ashfield</a>, <small>(b)</small> <a href="/wiki/Bassetlaw_District" title="Bassetlaw District">Bassetlaw</a>, <small>(c)</small> <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Broxtowe" title="Borough of Broxtowe">Broxtowe</a>, <small>(d)</small> <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Gedling" title="Borough of Gedling">Gedling</a>, <small>(e)</small> <a href="/wiki/Mansfield_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansfield (district)">Mansfield</a>, <small>(f)</small> <a href="/wiki/Newark_and_Sherwood" title="Newark and Sherwood">Newark and Sherwood</a> and <small>(g)</small> <a href="/wiki/Rushcliffe" title="Rushcliffe">Rushcliffe</a></i>).</li> <li><small>(19)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</a></b> (<i>Unitary authority</i>).</li> <li><small>(20)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a></b> (<i>Unitary authority</i>).</li> <li><small>(21)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a></b> (<i>Districts: <small>(a)</small> <a href="/wiki/Cannock_Chase_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannock Chase (district)">Cannock Chase</a>, <small>(b)</small> <a href="/wiki/East_Staffordshire" title="East Staffordshire">East Staffordshire</a>, <small>(c)</small> <a href="/wiki/Lichfield_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichfield (district)">Lichfield</a>, <small>(d)</small> <a href="/wiki/Newcastle-under-Lyme_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle-under-Lyme (borough)">Newcastle-under-Lyme</a>, <small>(e)</small> <a href="/wiki/South_Staffordshire" title="South Staffordshire">South Staffordshire</a>, <small>(f)</small> <a href="/wiki/Stafford_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stafford (borough)">Stafford</a>, <small>(g)</small> <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_Moorlands" title="Staffordshire Moorlands">Staffordshire Moorlands</a> and <small>(h)</small> <a href="/wiki/Tamworth_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamworth (borough)">Tamworth</a></i>).</li> <li><small>(22)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a></b> (<i>Districts: <small>(a)</small> <a href="/wiki/North_Warwickshire" title="North Warwickshire">North Warwickshire</a>, <small>(b)</small> <a href="/wiki/Nuneaton_and_Bedworth" title="Nuneaton and Bedworth">Nuneaton and Bedworth</a>, <small>(c)</small> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby (borough)">Rugby</a>, <small>(d)</small> <a href="/wiki/Stratford-on-Avon_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratford-on-Avon (district)">Stratford-on-Avon</a> and <small>(e)</small> <a href="/wiki/Warwick_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warwick (district)">Warwick</a></i>).</li> <li><small>(23)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/West_Northamptonshire" title="West Northamptonshire">West Northamptonshire</a></b> (<i>Unitary authority</i>).</li> <li><small>(24)</small> <b><a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a></b> (<i>Districts: <small>(a)</small> <a href="/wiki/Bromsgrove_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromsgrove (district)">Bromsgrove</a>, <small>(b)</small> <a href="/wiki/Malvern_Hills_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvern Hills (district)">Malvern Hills</a>, <small>(c)</small> <a href="/wiki/Redditch" title="Redditch">Redditch</a>, <small>(d)</small> <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a>, <small>(e)</small> <a href="/wiki/Wychavon" title="Wychavon">Wychavon</a> and <small>(f)</small> <a href="/wiki/Wyre_Forest_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyre Forest (district)">Wyre Forest</a></i>).</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The unitary authorities of <a href="/wiki/North_Lincolnshire" title="North Lincolnshire">North Lincolnshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire" title="North East Lincolnshire">North East Lincolnshire</a> (not shown), while classed as part of the ceremonial county of Lincolnshire, actually come under the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a> region and are therefore not in the officially recognised East Midlands region. </p><p>The two regions of the Midlands have a combined population of 10,350,697 (2014 mid-year estimate),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an area of 11,053 sq mi (28,630 km<sup>2</sup>). </p><p>The largest Midlands <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a>, which includes the cities of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a>, is roughly covered by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">metropolitan county</a> of the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a> (which also includes the city of <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>); with the related <a href="/wiki/City_region_(United_Kingdom)" title="City region (United Kingdom)">City Region</a> extending into neighbouring areas of <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a>. </p><p>Various parts of the Midlands, particularly Warwickshire and Leicestershire, are on occasion referred to as the Heart of England, especially in tourist literature given that the geographic centre of England is generally considered to lie within this arc. </p><p>Different areas of the Midlands have their own distinctive character, giving rise to many local history and industrial heritage groups. <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a> played a notable part in the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, which is commemorated in a number of place names (Parliament Terrace, Parliament Street, Standard Hill). Areas such as Derbyshire's <a href="/wiki/Amber_Valley" title="Amber Valley">Amber Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Erewash" title="Borough of Erewash">Erewash</a> combine attractive countryside with industrial heritage and are home to historic canals and sites associated with the mining industry. The <a href="/wiki/Black_Country" title="Black Country">Black Country</a>, broadly the boroughs of <a href="/wiki/County_Borough_of_Dudley" title="County Borough of Dudley">Dudley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandwell" title="Sandwell">Sandwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Borough_of_Wolverhampton" class="mw-redirect" title="County Borough of Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Borough_of_Walsall" class="mw-redirect" title="County Borough of Walsall">Walsall</a>, played an important part in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="no source given (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_counties">Historic counties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midlands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historic counties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Historic counties of England</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Midlands_counties.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Midlands_counties.png/300px-Midlands_counties.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Midlands_counties.png/450px-Midlands_counties.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Midlands_counties.png/600px-Midlands_counties.png 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Midlands historic counties</figcaption></figure> <p>The historic counties ceased to be used for any administrative purpose in 1899 but remain important to some people, notably for <a href="/wiki/County_cricket" title="County cricket">county cricket</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Derbyshire_flag.svg/23px-Derbyshire_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Derbyshire_flag.svg/35px-Derbyshire_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Derbyshire_flag.svg/45px-Derbyshire_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/County_Flag_Of_Herefordshire.svg/23px-County_Flag_Of_Herefordshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/County_Flag_Of_Herefordshire.svg/35px-County_Flag_Of_Herefordshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/County_Flag_Of_Herefordshire.svg/46px-County_Flag_Of_Herefordshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="567" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Leicestershire.svg/23px-Flag_of_Leicestershire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Leicestershire.svg/35px-Flag_of_Leicestershire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Leicestershire.svg/46px-Flag_of_Leicestershire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="210" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lincolnshire_flag.svg/23px-Lincolnshire_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lincolnshire_flag.svg/35px-Lincolnshire_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lincolnshire_flag.svg/46px-Lincolnshire_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Northamptonshire.svg/23px-Flag_of_Northamptonshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Northamptonshire.svg/35px-Flag_of_Northamptonshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Northamptonshire.svg/46px-Flag_of_Northamptonshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/County_Flag_of_Nottinghamshire.svg/23px-County_Flag_of_Nottinghamshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/County_Flag_of_Nottinghamshire.svg/35px-County_Flag_of_Nottinghamshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/County_Flag_of_Nottinghamshire.svg/46px-County_Flag_of_Nottinghamshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="555" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Rutland_County_Flag.svg/23px-Rutland_County_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Rutland_County_Flag.svg/35px-Rutland_County_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Rutland_County_Flag.svg/46px-Rutland_County_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Shropshire.svg/23px-Flag_of_Shropshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Shropshire.svg/35px-Flag_of_Shropshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Shropshire.svg/46px-Flag_of_Shropshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="144" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Staffordshire_Flag.svg/23px-Staffordshire_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Staffordshire_Flag.svg/35px-Staffordshire_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Staffordshire_Flag.svg/46px-Staffordshire_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="319" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Warwickshire.svg/23px-Flag_of_Warwickshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Warwickshire.svg/35px-Flag_of_Warwickshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Warwickshire.svg/46px-Flag_of_Warwickshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Worcestershire_flag.svg/23px-Worcestershire_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Worcestershire_flag.svg/35px-Worcestershire_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Worcestershire_flag.svg/46px-Worcestershire_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midlands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area is predominantly low-lying and flat apart from isolated hills such as <a href="/wiki/Turners_Hill,_West_Midlands" title="Turners Hill, West Midlands">Turners Hill</a> within the Black Country conurbation at 271 m (889 ft) and the <a href="/wiki/Wrekin" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrekin">Wrekin</a> just south of <a href="/wiki/Wellington,_Shropshire" title="Wellington, Shropshire">Wellington</a> in Telford at 407 m (1,335 ft). Upland areas lie in the west and north of the region with the <a href="/wiki/Shropshire_Hills" title="Shropshire Hills">Shropshire Hills</a> to the west, close to the <a href="/wiki/England%E2%80%93Wales_border" title="England–Wales border">England–Wales border</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peak_District" title="Peak District">Peak District</a> area of the southern <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a> in the north of the region. The Shropshire Hills reach a height of 540 m (1,771 ft) at <a href="/wiki/Brown_Clee_Hill" title="Brown Clee Hill">Brown Clee Hill</a> and includes the <a href="/wiki/Long_Mynd" title="Long Mynd">Long Mynd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clee_Hills" title="Clee Hills">Clee Hills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stiperstones" title="Stiperstones">Stiperstones</a> ridge. <a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Edge" title="Wenlock Edge">Wenlock Edge</a>, running through the middle of the Shropshire Hills <a href="/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" title="Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a> (AONB), is a long, low ridge, which extends for over 15 miles (24 km).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Peak District reaches heights of between 300 m (1,000 ft) and 600 m (2,000 ft); <a href="/wiki/Kinder_Scout" title="Kinder Scout">Kinder Scout</a> is the highest point at 636 m (2,086 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further south, the Welsh border reaches over 700 m (2,000 ft) high, at <a href="/wiki/Black_Mountain_(hill)" title="Black Mountain (hill)">Twyn Llech</a> (Black Mountain), which at 703 m (2,306 ft) is thus the highest point in <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Malvern_Hills" title="Malvern Hills">Malverns</a> are formed of some of the oldest rock in England (dating from the <a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian</a> period, at around 680 million years old) and extend for 8 miles (13 km) through two <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a> counties (<a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a>) as well as northern <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">southwest</a>. The highest point of the hills is the <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire_Beacon" title="Worcestershire Beacon">Worcestershire Beacon</a> at 425 m (1,394 ft) above sea level (OS Grid reference SO768452).<sup id="cite_ref-AbberleyGeopark_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbberleyGeopark-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MalvernsComplex_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MalvernsComplex-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">Cotswolds</a> – designated an AONB in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – extend for over 90 miles (140 km) through <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a>. They reach a highest point of 330 m (1,082 ft) at <a href="/wiki/Cleeve_Hill,_Gloucestershire" title="Cleeve Hill, Gloucestershire">Cleeve Hill</a>. </p><p>Areas of lower hills, in the range 200 m (600 ft) - 300 m (1000 ft), include <a href="/wiki/Charnwood_Forest" title="Charnwood Forest">Charnwood Forest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannock_Chase" title="Cannock Chase">Cannock Chase</a> in <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire_Wolds" title="Lincolnshire Wolds">Lincolnshire Wolds</a> (100 m (300 ft) - 200 m (600 ft)); the latter having some prominence despite their modest altitude given their location in typically low-lying <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a> near to the east coast. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a> is the only coastal county in the Midlands as the region is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> to the west. It is also where the Midlands' lowest points can be found as some places fall below sea level, with the lowest points being near <a href="/wiki/Thorpe_Tilney" title="Thorpe Tilney">Thorpe Tilney</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Kesteven" title="North Kesteven">North Kesteven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stickford" title="Stickford">Stickford</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Lindsey" title="East Lindsey">East Lindsey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EastMidsExtremities_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EastMidsExtremities-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midlands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Midlands has a temperate <a href="/wiki/Maritime_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime climate">maritime climate</a>, with cold, cloudy, wet winters and comfortable, mostly dry, mostly sunny summers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temperature usually ranges from −0.4 °C (31.3 °F) during winter nights to 24.1 °C (75.4 °F) during summer days. Due to its geographical location, which is furthest away from the coast than anywhere else in England, it typically receives mostly light winds, with warm days and cold nights. Sometimes the Midlands can have very cold nights such as a minimum of −18.7 °C (−1.7 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Pershore" title="Pershore">Pershore</a> on 20 December 2010. The previous day had a maximum of only −8.2 °C (17.2 °F), also in Pershore. Hot days are also possible, such as a maximum of 34 °C (93 °F) in Pershore on 19 July 2006. There can also be very mild winters nights, such as in <a href="/wiki/Bidford-on-Avon" title="Bidford-on-Avon">Bidford-on-Avon</a> when the temperature at 6 pm was as high as 15.2 °C (59.4 °F) on 9 January 2015. At 8 am the following morning the temperature was still at 13 °C (55 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the highest and lowest temperature ever recorded in England were in the Midlands, the former on <a href="/wiki/2022_United_Kingdom_heat_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 United Kingdom heat wave">19 July 2022</a> around <a href="/wiki/Coningsby" title="Coningsby">Coningsby</a> in Lincolnshire where it reached a maximum temperature of 40.3 °C (104.5 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-Sky_news_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sky_news-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the latter on <a href="/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_United_Kingdom_cold_wave" title="1981–82 United Kingdom cold wave">10 January 1982</a> around <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Shropshire" title="Newport, Shropshire">Newport</a> in Shropshire where it dropped to a minimum of −26.1 °C (−15.0 °F). </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Midlands </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7<br />(45) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8<br />(69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(34) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3<br />(52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74<br />(2.9) </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54<br />(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.8<br />(2.31) </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.1<br />(2.33) </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.5<br />(2.30) </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.3<br />(2.45) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.8<br />(2.39) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.9<br />(2.63) </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.2<br />(2.61) </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82<br />(3.2) </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.1<br />(3.04) </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.7<br />(3.10) </td> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">798.4<br />(31.36) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.9 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #8B8BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.5 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">131.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #5F5F5F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52.1 </td> <td style="background: #8F8F8F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.4 </td> <td style="background: #AFAF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">104.8 </td> <td style="background: #C4C408; color:#000000;" class="notheme">147 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">183.2 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">174.7 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.6 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">177.6 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD32; color:#000000;" class="notheme">132.2 </td> <td style="background: #ACAC98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.4 </td> <td style="background: #737373; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61.2 </td> <td style="background: #525252; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #B7B75A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,438.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Met Office<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midlands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midlands&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Due to being neither <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a> or <a href="/wiki/Southern_England" title="Southern England">Southern England</a>, the Midlands have had cultural elements from both sides in the <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="North–South divide in the United Kingdom">North–South divide</a>, such as dialect<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see also <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands English</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands English</a>). A study has shown that some Midlands areas have traditionally had a dialect closer to <a href="/wiki/Northern_English_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern English (England)">"northern"</a> but now more influenced by "southern".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a binary choice, the <a href="/wiki/Watford_Gap" title="Watford Gap">Watford Gap</a> is often considered the dividing point between the north and south of England, with most of the Midlands population sitting above this point. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Midlands_named_concepts">Midlands named concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midlands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Midlands named concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "midland" name has been used for: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_Bank" title="Midland Bank">Midland Bank</a>, founded in Birmingham and now part of <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a></li> <li>Midland Metro, now called <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Metro" title="West Midlands Metro">West Midlands Metro</a></li> <li>Midlands Engine, a regeneration programme of the UK government</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_Main_Line" title="Midland Main Line">Midland Main Line</a>, a railway from London through the East Midlands to Sheffield</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midlands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_England" title="Subdivisions of England">Subdivisions of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Midlands" title="Category:East Midlands">East Midlands category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Midlands_(region)" title="Category:West Midlands (region)">West Midlands category</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midlands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507133530/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-stoke-staffordshire-12991778">"Photo-gallery: Saxon trail across Mercian Staffordshire"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 7 April 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-stoke-staffordshire-12991778">the original</a> on 7 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Photo-gallery%3A+Saxon+trail+across+Mercian+Staffordshire&rft.date=2011-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-stoke-staffordshire-12991778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">College of Arms Ms. L.14, dating from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flaginstitute.org/wp/flags/mercia/">Flag Institute: Mercia, St Alban's Cross</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flaginstitute.org/wp/flags/mercia/">Flag Institute: Mercia, St Alban's Cross</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/east-midlands-west-midlands-must-11974315">"Why the East Midlands and West Midlands must join forces"</a>. <i>Birmingham Mail</i>. 4 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Birmingham+Mail&rft.atitle=Why+the+East+Midlands+and+West+Midlands+must+join+forces&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.birminghammail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmidlands-news%2Feast-midlands-west-midlands-must-11974315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cba-southmidlands.org.uk/">"South Midlands Region"</a>. <i>Council for British Archaeology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+for+British+Archaeology&rft.atitle=South+Midlands+Region&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cba-southmidlands.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHLRAAAAMAAJ&q=north+midlands+staffordshire"><i>North Midland Country: A Survey of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire and Staffordshire</i></a>. Harold Ingram. 1948. pp. 0–116<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Midland+Country%3A+A+Survey+of+Cheshire%2C+Derbyshire%2C+Leicestershire%2C+Nottinghamshire+and+Staffordshire&rft.pages=0-116&rft.pub=Harold+Ingram&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHLRAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dnorth%2Bmidlands%2Bstaffordshire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qd1-AgAAQBAJ&q=north+midlands+lincolnshire&pg=PA173"><i>The Rise of the English Regions?</i></a>. Irene Hardill, Paul Benneworth, Mark Baker, Leslie Budd. 3 October 2006. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134306084" title="Special:BookSources/9781134306084"><bdi>9781134306084</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+English+Regions%3F&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Irene+Hardill%2C+Paul+Benneworth%2C+Mark+Baker%2C+Leslie+Budd&rft.date=2006-10-03&rft.isbn=9781134306084&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQd1-AgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnorth%2Bmidlands%2Blincolnshire%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graham Turner, <i>The North Country</i>, p.15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ons.gov.uk/ons/data/dataset-finder/-/q/datasetView/Social/MYEDE?p_auth=2WUCcc0I&p_p_auth=Jl5p9OQS&p_p_lifecycle=1&_FOFlow1_WAR_FOFlow1portlet_geoTypeId=2011STATH&_FOFlow1_WAR_FOFlow1portlet_UUID=0">"Office for National Statistics – Dataset finder – MYEDE Population Estimates for High Level Areas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">ONS</a>. 30 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>East Midlands 4,637,413 West Midlands 5,713,284</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+for+National+Statistics+%E2%80%93+Dataset+finder+%E2%80%93+MYEDE+Population+Estimates+for+High+Level+Areas&rft.pub=ONS&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Fdata%2Fdataset-finder%2F-%2Fq%2FdatasetView%2FSocial%2FMYEDE%3Fp_auth%3D2WUCcc0I%26p_p_auth%3DJl5p9OQS%26p_p_lifecycle%3D1%26_FOFlow1_WAR_FOFlow1portlet_geoTypeId%3D2011STATH%26_FOFlow1_WAR_FOFlow1portlet_UUID%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shropshirehillsaonb.co.uk/enjoying-the-shropshire-hills/places-to-visit/some-shropshire-hills/">"Some Shropshire Hills…"</a>. Shropshire Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+Shropshire+Hills%E2%80%A6&rft.pub=Shropshire+Hills+Area+of+Outstanding+Natural+Beauty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shropshirehillsaonb.co.uk%2Fenjoying-the-shropshire-hills%2Fplaces-to-visit%2Fsome-shropshire-hills%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wheeldontreesfarm.co.uk/peak-district-national-park-facts-figures-c206.html">"Peak District National Park Facts & Figures"</a>. Wheeldon trees Farm<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peak+District+National+Park+Facts+%26+Figures&rft.pub=Wheeldon+trees+Farm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wheeldontreesfarm.co.uk%2Fpeak-district-national-park-facts-figures-c206.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AbberleyGeopark-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AbberleyGeopark_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721231353/http://www.geopark.org.uk/blog/Geology/AreaGeology/_archives/2009/7/12/4252612.html">"The Malvern Hills"</a>. Abberley and Malvern Hills Geopark. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geopark.org.uk/blog/Geology/AreaGeology/_archives/2009/7/12/4252612.html">the original</a> on 21 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Malvern+Hills&rft.pub=Abberley+and+Malvern+Hills+Geopark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geopark.org.uk%2Fblog%2FGeology%2FAreaGeology%2F_archives%2F2009%2F7%2F12%2F4252612.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MalvernsComplex-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MalvernsComplex_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthheritagetrust.org/pub/learning-discovery/aggregates/lithology-profiles/malverns-complex/">"Malverns Complex"</a>. Herefordshire and Worcestershire Earth Heritage Trust<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malverns+Complex&rft.pub=Herefordshire+and+Worcestershire+Earth+Heritage+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earthheritagetrust.org%2Fpub%2Flearning-discovery%2Faggregates%2Flithology-profiles%2Fmalverns-complex%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-cotswolds.org/top/english/intro.php">"The Cotswolds"</a>. The Cotswolds<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cotswolds&rft.pub=The+Cotswolds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-cotswolds.org%2Ftop%2Fenglish%2Fintro.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EastMidsExtremities-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EastMidsExtremities_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/3827507.stm">"Experiencing the highs and lows"</a>. BBC News. 25 June 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Experiencing+the+highs+and+lows&rft.date=2004-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2F3827507.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:England_koeppen.png" title="File:England koeppen.png">Calculated using data from WorldClim.org</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHijmansCameronParraJones2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hijmans, R.J.; Cameron, S.E.; Parra, J.L.; Jones, P.G.; Jarvis, A. (2005). "Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas". <i>International Journal of Climatology</i>. <b>25</b>: 1965–1978.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Climatology&rft.atitle=Very+high+resolution+interpolated+climate+surfaces+for+global+land+areas.&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=1965-1978&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hijmans&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft.au=Cameron%2C+S.E.&rft.au=Parra%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Jones%2C+P.G.&rft.au=Jarvis%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snow and low temps 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/interesting/dec2010">http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/interesting/dec2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">December 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/summaries/2010/december">http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/summaries/2010/december</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Record heat July 2006 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/interesting/july2006/">http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/interesting/july2006/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sky_news-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sky_news_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/uk-heatwave-temperature-hits-39-1c-in-surrey-a-new-record-12654770">"UK heatwave: New UK record as temperature hits 39.1C - with 41C expected this afternoon"</a>. <i>Sky News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=UK+heatwave%3A+New+UK+record+as+temperature+hits+39.1C+-+with+41C+expected+this+afternoon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fuk-heatwave-temperature-hits-39-1c-in-surrey-a-new-record-12654770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice" class="citation web cs1">Office, Met. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcq8uy4x6">"Ragley Hall climate"</a>. <i>www.metoffice.gov.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metoffice.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Ragley+Hall+climate&rft.aulast=Office&rft.aufirst=Met&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fpublic%2Fweather%2Fclimate%2Fgcq8uy4x6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraber2014" class="citation journal cs1">Braber, Natalie (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/english-today/article/abs/concept-of-identity-in-the-east-midlands-of-england/41C6E05AC4C8B232D594866614CAC8BB">"The concept of identity in the East Midlands of England: Investigating feelings of identity in East Midlands adolescents"</a>. <i>English Today</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 3–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0266078414000054">10.1017/S0266078414000054</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-0784">0266-0784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Today&rft.atitle=The+concept+of+identity+in+the+East+Midlands+of+England%3A+Investigating+feelings+of+identity+in+East+Midlands+adolescents&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3-10&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0266078414000054&rft.issn=0266-0784&rft.aulast=Braber&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fenglish-today%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fconcept-of-identity-in-the-east-midlands-of-england%2F41C6E05AC4C8B232D594866614CAC8BB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2022" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Mark (31 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/jul/31/north-south-english-dialects-language-pronunciation-study">"North holding its own against spread of southern English dialects, study finds"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=North+holding+its+own+against+spread+of+southern+English+dialects%2C+study+finds&rft.date=2022-07-31&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2022%2Fjul%2F31%2Fnorth-south-english-dialects-language-pronunciation-study&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midlands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allen, R.C. <i>Enclosure and the Yeoman: the Agricultural Development of the South Midlands 1450-1850</i> (Oxford UP, 1992)</li> <li>Beckett, John V. <i>The East Midlands from AD 1000</i> (Addison-Wesley Longman, 1988).</li> <li>Bennett, Michael J. "Sir Gawain and the green knight and the literary achievement of the north-west Midlands: the historical background." <i>Journal of Medieval History</i> 5.1 (1979): 63–88.</li> <li>Betteridge, Alan. <i>Deep Roots, Living Branches: A History of Baptists in the English Western Midlands</i> (Troubador Publishing Ltd, 2010).</li> <li>Dewindt, Edwin Brezett, and Edwin Brezette DeWindt. <i>Land and people in Holywell-cum-Needingworth: structures of tenure and patterns of social organization in an East Midlands village, 1252-1457</i> (PIMS, 1972).</li> <li>Donnelly, Tom, Jason Begley, and Clive Collis. "The West Midlands automotive industry: the road downhill." <i>Business History</i> 59.1 (2017): 56-74 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/files/11051412/Begley_The_West_Midlands_Automotive_Industry_2012_ver_3_3_SUBMISSION_2_.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Finberg, H.P.R. <i>The early charters of the West Midlands</i> (Leicester University Press, 1972).</li> <li>Gelling, Margaret. <i>The West Midlands in the Early Middle Ages</i> (Leicester UP, 1992).</li> <li>Hilton, R. H. <i>A Medieval Society: The West Midlands at the End of the Thirteenth Century</i> (1987) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2593073">online review</a></li> <li>Jones, Peter M. <i>Industrial Enlightenment: Science, technology and culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands, 1760–1820</i> (2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/9781526130310/9781526130310.xml">online</a>.</li> <li>Laughton, Jane, Evan Jones, and Christopher Dyer. "The urban hierarchy in the later Middle Ages: a study of the East Midlands." <i>Urban history</i> (2001): 331–357.</li> <li>McWhirr, A. L. A. N. <i>The Early Military History of the Roman East Midlands</i> (1970) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.le.ac.uk/lahs/downloads/RomanPagesfromvolumeXLV-2.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Money, John. "Birmingham and the West Midlands, 1760-1793: Politics and Regional Identity in the English Provinces in the Later Eighteenth Century." <i>Midland History</i> 1.1 (1971): 1–19.</li> <li>Money, John. <i>Experience and Identity: Birmingham and the West Midlands, 1760-1800</i> (Manchester University Press, 1977).</li> <li>Rowlands, Marie B. <i>The West Midlands from AD 1000</i> (3 vol, Longman, 1987).</li> <li>Somerset, Alan. "New Historicism: Old History Writ Large? Carnival, Festivity and Popular Culture in the West Midlands." <i>Medieval & Renaissance Drama in England</i> 5 (1991): 245–255. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24322099">online</a></li> <li>Stafford, Pauline. <i>The East Midlands in the Early Middle Ages</i> ( Leicester University, 1985).</li> <li>Stobart, Jon. "Regions, Localities, and Industrialisation: Evidence from the East Midlands Circa 1780–1840." <i>Environment and Planning A</i> 33.7 (2001): 1305–1325.</li> <li>Tompkins, Matthew. <i>Peasant society in a midlands manor, Great Horwood 1400-1600</i> (PhD Diss. U of Leicester, 2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/Peasant_society_in_a_midlands_manor_Great_Horwood_1400-1600/10079651/files/18175607.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Townsend, Claire. "County versus region? 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href="/wiki/Military_history_of_England" title="Military history of England">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">English society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloegyr" title="Lloegyr">Lloegyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anglo-Saxons">History of Anglo-Saxons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">Heptarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Settlement of Britain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union with Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern">Late Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">Postwar Britain (1945–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prior Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex" title="Kingdom of Essex">Kingdom of Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Northumbria">Kingdom of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">Kingdom of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mercia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mercia">Kingdom of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex" title="Kingdom of Sussex">Kingdom of Sussex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_England" title="List of gardens in England">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_England" title="List of civil parishes in England">Parishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_England" title="List of towns in England">Towns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_government" title="Elizabethan government">Elizabethan government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_independence" title="English independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Afternoon tea">Afternoon tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">Anglophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_art" title="English art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_England" title="List of castles in England">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_country_clothing" title="British country clothing">Country clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_England" title="Demographics of England">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folklore" title="English folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte" title="Fête">Fête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">Landscape garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_national_identity" title="English national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of English inventions and discoveries">Innovations and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English language in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_England" title="Middle England">Middle England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_England" title="List of museums in England">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_people" title="List of English people">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_education_in_England" title="Science education in England">Science education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_roast" title="Sunday roast">Sunday Roast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_England" title="Sport in England">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_England" title="Cricket in England">Cricket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England_cricket_team" title="England cricket team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_England" title="Football in England">Football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Football_Association" title="The Football Association">The Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_England" title="Rugby league in England">Rugby league</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_League" title="Rugby Football League">Rugby Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team" title="England national rugby league team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_England" title="Rugby union in England">Rugby union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">Rugby Football Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team" title="England national rugby union team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_England" title="National anthem of England">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal arms of England">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_flags" title="List of English flags">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_heraldry" title="English heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_England" title="Royal standards of England">Royal standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_supporters_of_England" title="Royal supporters of England">Royal supporters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day_in_England" title="Saint George's Day in England">Saint George's Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_England" title="Outline of England">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:England" title="Category:England">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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