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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_use_for_cleaning_water_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_use_for_cleaning_water_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Potential use for cleaning water pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_use_for_cleaning_water_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cancer research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salvinia_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salvinia_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Mechanical control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Chemical control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Mapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Salvinia molesta</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > 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href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvinia_molesta" title="Salvinia molesta – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Salvinia molesta" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepukalka_obt%C3%AD%C5%BEn%C3%A1" title="Nepukalka obtížná – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nepukalka obtížná" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvinia_molesta" title="Salvinia molesta – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Salvinia molesta" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvinia_molesta" title="Salvinia molesta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Salvinia molesta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvinia_molesta" title="Salvinia molesta – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Salvinia molesta" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvinia_molesta" title="Salvinia molesta – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Salvinia molesta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BA" title="Ծովոսպ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծովոսպ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvinia_molesta" title="Salvinia molesta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Salvinia molesta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_vlotvaren" title="Grote vlotvaren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grote vlotvaren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A2" title="オオサンショウモ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オオサンショウモ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvinia_molesta" title="Salvinia molesta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Salvinia molesta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvinia_adnata" title="Salvinia adnata – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Salvinia adnata" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poimukellussaniainen" title="Poimukellussaniainen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Poimukellussaniainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4ttesimbr%C3%A4ken" title="Jättesimbräken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jättesimbräken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvinia_molesta" title="Salvinia molesta – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Salvinia molesta" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of aquatic plant</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Giant salvinia </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Salvinia_molesta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Salvinia_molesta.jpg/220px-Salvinia_molesta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Salvinia_molesta.jpg/330px-Salvinia_molesta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Salvinia_molesta.jpg/440px-Salvinia_molesta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">The fern <i>Salvinia molesta</i> floating on a pond surface </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Salvinia" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Division: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Polypodiophyta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Polypodiopsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salviniales" title="Salviniales">Salviniales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salviniaceae" title="Salviniaceae">Salviniaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salvinia" title="Salvinia"><i>Salvinia</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>S. molesta</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Salvinia molesta</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">D.Mitch.</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salvinia_molesta_covering_lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Salvinia_molesta_covering_lake.jpg/250px-Salvinia_molesta_covering_lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Salvinia_molesta_covering_lake.jpg/375px-Salvinia_molesta_covering_lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Salvinia_molesta_covering_lake.jpg/500px-Salvinia_molesta_covering_lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Giant salvinia completely cover <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Wilson_(Hawaii)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Wilson (Hawaii) (page does not exist)">Lake Wilson</a> in Hawaii</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Salvinia molesta</b></i>, commonly known as <b>giant salvinia</b>, or as <b>kariba weed</b> after it infested a large portion of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kariba" title="Lake Kariba">Lake Kariba</a> between <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, is an <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic fern">aquatic fern</a>, native to south-eastern <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a free-floating plant that does not attach to the soil, but instead remains buoyant on the surface of a body of water. The fronds are 0.5–4 cm long and broad, with a bristly surface caused by the hair-like strands that join at the end to form eggbeater shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2002_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are used to provide a waterproof covering. These fronds are produced in pairs also with a third modified root-like frond that hangs in the water. It has been accidentally introduced or escaped to countless lakes throughout the United States, including <a href="/wiki/Caddo_Lake" title="Caddo Lake">Caddo Lake</a> in Texas, where the invasive species has done extensive damage, killing off other life. </p><p>In Europe, <i>Salvinia molesta</i> has been included since 2019 in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_invasive_alien_species_of_Union_concern" title="List of invasive alien species of Union concern">list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern</a> (the Union list).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This implies that this species cannot be imported, cultivated, transported, commercialized, planted, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvinia_molesta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Salvinia molesta</i> is a complex of closely related floating ferns; they can be difficult to distinguish from each other. This <a href="/wiki/Water_fern" title="Water fern">water fern</a> is often grown as an ornamental plant but has escaped and become a noxious pest in many regions worldwide. There are a few different growth forms for <i>S. molesta</i>. The primary growth form is an invading form with small flat leaves to the tertiary or mat form with large, crowded, folded leaves. Under the best conditions plants can form a two-foot-thick mat. These mats can put a halt to recreational activities on lakes and waterways. <i>S. molesta</i> has been used to extract nutrients and pollutants from the water. When this plant is dried out, it is used as satisfactory mulch.<sup id="cite_ref-q-bank1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-q-bank1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Favored_environmental_conditions">Favored environmental conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvinia_molesta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Favored environmental conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Salvinia molesta</i> prefers to grow in slow-moving waters such as those found in lakes, ponds, billabongs (oxbows), streams, ditches, marshes, and rivers. It prefers nutrient-rich waters such as those found in eutrophic water or those polluted by waste water. It does not usually grow in brackish or salty waters, but has been reported in streams with a tidal flow in southeast Texas. It copes well with <a href="/wiki/Dewatering" title="Dewatering">dewatering</a>, and while it prefers to grow in moderate temperatures, it will tolerate low or very high temperatures. The United States Geological Service believes that it could grow in zones 7a, 8, 9, and 10 of the USDA <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">Plant Hardiness Map</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2002_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_of_environmental_conditions">Effects of environmental conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvinia_molesta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Effects of environmental conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Environmental conditions can have a strong effect on this plant. <i>S. molesta</i> can survive on a mud bank for a short period of time, but because of the dry conditions, it cannot live there permanently. It grows best at a pH of 6–7.7 and at a water temperature of 20–30 °C. Growth can be increased in high light intensities. <i>S. molesta</i> cannot grow in high salt concentrations; the increase in salt causes a decrease in chlorophyll.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_of_introduction">Methods of introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvinia_molesta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Methods of introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plant originated in southeast Brazil and was exported as part of the pet industry to be used in aquaria and garden ponds. From there, it escaped or was deliberately released into the wild. It may also have been brought in with fresh, iced fish. Once in a waterway, it can be spread by infested boats, which not only spread it to new areas, but also break up the plant, allowing it to propagate. It also is spread by waterfowl.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2002_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>S. molesta</i> has been spread by contaminated aquatic plant stocks, boats, and other watercraft. The movement of water spreads <i>S. molesta</i>, and the sale and exchange of <i>S. molesta</i> materials increases chances of release to the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-q-bank1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-q-bank1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_use_for_cleaning_water_pollution">Potential use for cleaning water pollution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvinia_molesta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Potential use for cleaning water pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research done in the Philippines suggested the effectiveness of <i>S. molesta</i> for the treatment of blackwater effluent for an eco-friendly sewage system that uses a constructed wetland to clean the water. The result of the study showed that it can remove 30.77% of total suspended solids, 74.70% dissolved oxygen and 48.95% fecal coliform from the water.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvinia_molesta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Brazilian floating fern known as <i>Salvinia molesta</i> is now widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. This floating fern is known for its capability to take over large bodies of slow-moving fresh water. <i>S. molesta</i> has been naturalized in Texas<sup id="cite_ref-Texas-Parks-Wildlife-Oct-30-2020_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Texas-Parks-Wildlife-Oct-30-2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Louisiana, but has now also been found and reported in Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, and Georgia. It can also be found where the lower Colorado River borders Arizona and California. "While <i>S. molesta</i> rapidly colonizes new states, current populations are too small to assess, but have been targeted for eradication". The naturalized regions of Texas have 14 drainage basins that contain infested water bodies; these are used as impoundments on tributaries that flow near federally protected wetlands.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2020 <a href="/wiki/Texas_Parks_and_Wildlife_Department" title="Texas Parks and Wildlife Department">Texas Parks and Wildlife</a> detected <i>S. molesta</i> on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lone_Star_Lake_(Texas)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lone Star Lake (Texas) (page does not exist)">Lone Star Lake</a> while <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_survey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife survey (page does not exist)">surveying fish populations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Texas-Parks-Wildlife-Oct-30-2020_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Texas-Parks-Wildlife-Oct-30-2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvinia_molesta&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It reproduces by asexual reproduction only, but it is capable of growing extremely quickly, starting from small fragments and doubling in dry weight every 2.2–2.5 days. It grows from fragments that have broken off or dormant buds that have been detached from the main plant. Each node has five buds, so potential for great and rapid spread is high. It also produces spores, but they are genetically defective and do not produce viable offspring. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect">Effect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvinia_molesta&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rapid growth rate of <i>Salvinia molesta</i> has resulted in its classification as an invasive weed in some parts of the world such as Australia, United Kingdom, New Zealand, and parts of the United States. Surfaces of ponds, <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoirs</a>, and lakes are covered by a floating mat 10–20 cm (in some rare cases up to 60 cm) thick. The plant's growth clogs waterways and blocks <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> needed by other aquatic plants and especially <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> to carry out photosynthesis, thereby deoxygenating the water. As it dies and decays, decomposers use up the oxygen in the water. It also prevents the natural exchange of gases between the air and the body of water the plant has invaded, causing the waterway to stagnate. This can kill any plants, insects, or fish trapped underneath its growth. </p><p>Its ability to grow and cover a vast area makes it a threat to biodiversity. Large infestations covering a wide area may also pose a problem to migratory birds, as they may not be able to recognise an infested waterway when flying overhead, so may not stop at it. <i>S. molesta</i> provides ideal conditions for the breeding of mosquitoes that carry disease. The growth habit of <i>Salvinia</i> is problematic to human activities including flood mitigation, conservation of endangered species and threatened environments, boating, and irrigation.<sup id="cite_ref-csiro1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csiro1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cancer_research">Cancer research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvinia_molesta&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cancer research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers at <a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin_State_University" title="Stephen F. Austin State University">Stephen F. Austin State University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nacogdoches,_Texas" title="Nacogdoches, Texas">Nacogdoches, Texas</a> discovered that extracts of giant salvinia have shown promising signs of inhibiting growth of human cancer cells without destroying nearby healthy ones.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Salvinia_effect">Salvinia effect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvinia_molesta&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Salvinia effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Salvinia_effect" title="Salvinia effect">salvinia effect</a> describes the stabilization of an air layer upon a submerged <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobe" title="Hydrophobe">hydrophobic</a> (water repellent) surface by <a href="/wiki/Hydrophile" title="Hydrophile">hydrophilic</a> (water-loving) pins. This physicochemical phenomenon was discovered on the floating fern <i>Salvinia molesta</i> by the botanist <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Barthlott" title="Wilhelm Barthlott">Wilhelm Barthlott</a> (<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn" class="mw-redirect" title="Universität Bonn">Universität Bonn</a>) while working on the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_effect" title="Lotus effect">lotus effect</a> and was described in cooperation with the physicist Thomas Schimmel (<a href="/wiki/Karlsruher_Institut_f%C3%BCr_Technologie" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlsruher Institut für Technologie">Karlsruher Institut für Technologie</a>), fluid mechanist Alfred Leder (<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Rostock" class="mw-redirect" title="Universität Rostock">Universität Rostock</a>) and their colleagues in 2010. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control">Control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvinia_molesta&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_control">Biological control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvinia_molesta&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Biological control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A tiny <a href="/wiki/Weevil" title="Weevil">weevil</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cyrtobagous_salviniae" title="Cyrtobagous salviniae">Cyrtobagous salviniae</a></i>, found in the native distribution of <i>S. molesta</i>, is being studied as a <a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">biocontrol</a>. <i>C. salvinae</i> was first used as a biological control in Australia at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Moondarra" title="Lake Moondarra">Lake Moondarra</a>, a recreational lake in Mount Isa, Queensland in 1980. By mid-1981, the weevil had reduced the population to a few small patches. It ate the leaves of the weed, but preferred the buds. Its larvae ate the roots, rhizomes, and the buds. As the plant died, it turned brown and sank to the bottom of the waterway and decomposed. This weevil was used with success in other parts of the world (13 tropical countries) such as the <a href="/wiki/Sepik_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepik River">Sepik River</a> in Papua, Sri Lanka, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ossa" title="Lake Ossa">Lake Ossa</a> in Cameroon as part of an AMMCO project<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to restore <a href="/wiki/African_manatee" title="African manatee">African manatee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wappa_Dam" title="Wappa Dam">Wappa Dam</a> in Queensland, and lagoons (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Kakadu_National_Park" title="Kakadu National Park">Kakadu National Park</a>) in the Northern Territory, Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-csiro1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csiro1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, the moth, <i><a href="/wiki/Samea_multiplicalis" title="Samea multiplicalis">Samea multiplicalis</a></i> was also released in the hopes that it would reduce the size of the weed population. While this moth did become established in Australia and spread, it was not effective as a biological control. A third species, the grasshopper <i><a href="/wiki/Paulinia_acuminata" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulinia acuminata">Paulinia acuminata</a></i>, was considered, but not released in Australia. However, this grasshopper has been deliberately released for control of <i>Salvinia molesta</i> in parts of Africa, Sri Lanka and India, and accidentally in Puerto Rico.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Giant_gourami" title="Giant gourami">giant gourami</a> has long been known to prefer <i>S. molesta</i> and feed on it voraciously. It has been successfully used to control <i>S. molesta</i> in reservoirs of Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-dinalankara_etal_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dinalankara_etal-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_control">Mechanical control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvinia_molesta&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mechanical control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plants are removed by machine or harvesting equipment and by hand; the latter is suitable only for small infestations. Harvesting equipment also can encounter difficulties, as it cannot remove all of the infestation, it cannot access shallow areas, and equipment can be inhibited by large masses of the plant. Once removed, the plant must be dried, burnt, or disposed of in a manner that ensures it will not re-enter the waterway. Other methods to control the aquatic weed are dredging and chaining. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_control">Chemical control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvinia_molesta&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chemical control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chemical control on <i>S. molesta</i> is difficult as it does have some resistance to <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicides</a>. The chemical <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluridon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluridon (page does not exist)">fluridon</a> has been successfully used, but it requires prolonged contact and is not effective if it is suddenly diluted by rainwater or any other influx of water. Other chemicals, such as <a href="/wiki/Hexazinone" title="Hexazinone">hexazinone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diquat" title="Diquat">diquat</a> and double-chelated copper are used together to kill <i>S. molesta</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2002_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvinia_molesta&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bans on the spreading, selling, relocation, and transportation of <i>S. molesta</i> may help in the prevention of further spreading.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Caddo_Lake" title="Caddo Lake">Caddo Lake</a>, efforts to eradicate <i>S. molesta</i> have included the farming and introduction of <a href="/wiki/Cyrtobagous_salviniae" title="Cyrtobagous salviniae">salvinia weevils</a> which eat the plant. They are used as a method of <a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">biological pest control</a> which from anecdotal evidence show a positive yet slow success rate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mapping">Mapping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvinia_molesta&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Satellite images are used to identify <i>S. molesta</i> in reservoirs in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvinia_molesta&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phenolic compounds <a href="/w/index.php?title=6%27-O-(3,4-dihydroxy_benzoyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl_ester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6'-O-(3,4-dihydroxy benzoyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester (page does not exist)">6'-O-(3,4-dihydroxy benzoyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=4-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside-3-hydroxy_methyl_benzoate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside-3-hydroxy methyl benzoate (page does not exist)">4-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside-3-hydroxy methyl benzoate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyl_benzoate" title="Methyl benzoate">methyl benzoate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypogallic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypogallic acid">hypogallic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caffeic_acid" title="Caffeic acid">caffeic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paeoniflorin" title="Paeoniflorin">paeoniflorin</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pikuroside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pikuroside (page does not exist)">pikuroside</a> can be isolated from <i>Salvinia molesta</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvinia_molesta&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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(2007). <i>Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico</i>. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weeds+in+South+Texas+and+Northern+Mexico&rft.place=Lubbock&rft.pub=Texas+Tech+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Everitt&rft.aufirst=J.H.&rft.au=Lonard%2C+R.L.&rft.au=Little%2C+C.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvinia+molesta" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89672-614-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89672-614-2">0-89672-614-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvinia_molesta&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Salvinia_molesta" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Salvinia molesta">Salvinia molesta</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?102979">GRIN-Global Web v 1.9.7.1: Taxonomy profile of <i>Salvinia molesta</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SAMO5">USDA Plants Profile for <i>Salvinia molesta</i> (kariba-weed)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hear.org/species/salvinia_molesta/"><i>Salvinia molesta</i> information</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hear.org/">Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050817230930/http://salvinia.er.usgs.gov/">US Geological Survey: Giant Salvinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> campaign to prevent spread: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121224184846/http://archive.tpwd.state.tx.us/newsmedia/releases/?req=20100401b">Hello Giant Salvinia, Goodbye Texas Lakes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/giant-salvinia">United States National Agricultural Library, National Invasive Species Information Center" Species profile for Giant Salvinia (<i>Salvinia molesta</i>)</a> – <i>general information and control resources.</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Salvinia molesta</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2716094" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q2716094">Q2716094</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Salvinia_molesta" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Salvinia molesta">Salvinia molesta</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">AoFP: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1872">1872</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=181">181</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/221949">221949</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/60722">60722</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Calflora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=8734">8734</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Cal-IPC: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/salvinia-molesta-profile/">salvinia-molesta</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/596872">596872</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/SAVMO">SAVMO</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/194562">194562</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/79">79</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242414276">242414276</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Salvinia%20molesta">Salvinia molesta</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242414276">242414276</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5274863">5274863</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Invasive_Species_Database" title="Global Invasive Species Database">GISD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=569">569</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=102979">102979</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/78976">78976</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">IPA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=2785">2785</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/17453700-1">17453700-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10194643">10194643</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/48447">48447</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=181823">181823</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NAS: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=298">298</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.144289/">2.144289</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0020744923">NHMSYS0020744923</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=167732">167732</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraNT" title="FloraNT">NTFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eflora.nt.gov.au/factsheet?id=5315">5315</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/7ac550d1-f5b8-436e-9812-b646d5fea874">7ac550d1-f5b8-436e-9812-b646d5fea874</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=2664">2664</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/7403/">7403</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=364724">364724</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=143">143</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-26604303">tro-26604303</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/SAMO5">SAMO5</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A17453700-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17453700-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Biodiversity_Institute" title="South African National Biodiversity Institute">SANBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=3769-2">3769-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/26604303">26604303</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/299f9111-ba21-4937-aae7-e7ee8bc5651c">299f9111-ba21-4937-aae7-e7ee8bc5651c</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001110772">wfo-0001110772</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" 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