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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration_to_Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_to_Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Migration to Albania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_to_Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ottoman Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_independence_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_independence_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Early independence era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_independence_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>During World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Under Communism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>After Communism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socioeconomics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_in_Albani%C3%AB" title="Roma in Albanië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roma in Albanië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Цыгане в Албании – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цыгане в Албании" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%ABt_n%C3%AB_Shqip%C3%ABri" title="Romët në Shqipëri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Romani people in Albania</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">≈ 90,000-100,000<sup id="cite_ref-minorityrights.org_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minorityrights.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">Fier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarand%C3%AB" title="Sarandë">Sarandë</a>, <a href="/wiki/La%C3%A7" title="Laç">Laç</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="Korça">Korça</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlax_Romani_language" title="Vlax Romani language">Vlax Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Romani" title="Category:Romani">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Romani people"><img alt="Flag of the Romani people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Romani_people" title="Names of the Romani people">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romani_people" title="List of Romani people">People</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Romani people by sub-group</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Romani" title="Afro-Romani">Afro-Romani</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Arlije" title="Arlije">Arlije</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bergitka_Roma" title="Bergitka Roma">Bergitka Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Roma" title="Burgenland Roma">Burgenland Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Boyash" title="Boyash">Boyash</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cascarots" title="Cascarots">Cascarots</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimean Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Doma_(caste)" title="Doma (caste)">Doma (caste)</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gurbeti" title="Gurbeti">Gurbeti</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Romani_relations#Romani_Jews" title="Jewish–Romani relations"> Judeo-Romani</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kalderash" title="Kalderash">Kalderash</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Calé</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kaale_(Finnish_Romani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaale (Finnish Romani)">Kaale</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Romani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kale (Welsh Romani)">Kalé</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lovari" title="Lovari">Lovari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/L%C4%83utari" title="Lăutari">Lăutari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Machvaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Machvaya">Machvaya</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romanisael_(Swedish_and_Norwegian_Romani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanisael (Swedish and Norwegian Romani)">Romanisael</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Polska_Roma" title="Polska Roma">Polska Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">Romanichal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ruska_Roma" title="Ruska Roma">Ruska Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sevlengere" title="Sevlengere">Sevlengere</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Servitka_Roma" title="Servitka Roma">Servitka Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ursari" title="Ursari">Ursari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Zargari_tribe" title="Zargari tribe">Zargari</a> </li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Romani diaspora</a> by country</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Argentina" title="Romani people in Argentina">Argentina</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Australia" title="Romani people in Australia">Australia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Austria" title="Romani people in Austria">Austria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belarus" title="Romani people in Belarus">Belarus</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belgium" title="Romani people in Belgium">Belgium</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Romani people in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Brazil" title="Romani people in Brazil">Brazil</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Romani people in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Colombia" title="Romani people in Colombia">Colombia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Croatia" title="Romani people in Croatia">Croatia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Cyprus" title="Romani people in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Romani people in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Romani people in Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Denmark" title="Romani people in Denmark">Denmark</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Estonia" title="Romani people in Estonia">Estonia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Finland" title="Romani people in Finland">Finland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_France" title="Romani people in France">France</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Romani people in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Germany" title="Romani people in Germany">Germany</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Greece</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary" title="Romani people in Hungary">Hungary</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Ireland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Italy" title="Romani people in Italy">Italy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Kosovo" title="Romani people in Kosovo">Kosovo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Latvia" title="Romani people in Latvia">Latvia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Lithuania" title="Romani people in Lithuania">Lithuania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Mexico">Mexico</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Montenegro" title="Romani people in Montenegro">Montenegro</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_North_Macedonia" title="Romani people in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Moldova" title="Romani people in Moldova">Moldova</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Romani people in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Norway" title="Romani people in Norway">Norway</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Poland" title="Romani people in Poland">Poland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal" title="Romani people in Portugal">Portugal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Romania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Russia" title="Romani people in Russia">Russia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Serbia" title="Romani people in Serbia">Serbia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovakia" title="Romani people in Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovenia" title="Romani people in Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Spain</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Sweden" title="Romani people in Sweden">Sweden</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Switzerland" title="Romani people in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey" title="Romani people in Turkey">Turkey</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ukraine" title="Romani people in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimea</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">United States</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Uruguay" title="Romani people in Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Romani_people" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Romani people">WikiProject</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_people" title="Template:Romani people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romani_people" title="Template talk:Romani people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romani_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romani people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">Romët në Shqipëri</i>) are believed to constitute a large minority in Albania, though in the country's official census in 2011, only 8301 were counted in what was reported to be a deliberate undercounting by Albanian authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Concerns_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concerns-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ethnic Albanians have historically used various different names to refer to Romani people, most of them today being considered offensive, including: </p> <ul><li><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Gabel</i></span> ("stranger", the word coming from a <a href="/wiki/Kalbelia" title="Kalbelia">Kalbelia</a> tribe root), occasionally used to distinguish the traditionally nomadic and less assimilated Roma Albanian</li> <li><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Magjup</i></span> (related to the supposed origin in Egypt),</li> <li><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Evgjit/Jevg</i></span> (also related to a supposed origin in Egypt),</li> <li><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Arixhi</i></span> (bear tamer, previously an occupation also taken by Roma in Romania and Turkey) predominantly used in <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Southern dialects</a>,</li> <li><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Kurbat</i></span> (referring to <a href="/wiki/Gurbeti" title="Gurbeti">Gurbeti</a> emigration and used around <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="Korça">Korça</a>),</li> <li><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Qifto</i></span> (of Greek origin and typically used in Gjirokaster),</li> <li><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Cergetar/Cergar</i></span> (of Turkish origin and meaning "tent-dweller").<sup id="cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomaMinorityOverview-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Among the Romani, ethnic Albanians, in addition to being ‘’gadjo’’, may be referred to as “whites”.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "White hand" may also be used by them to refer to Albanians as well as non-Roma minorities such as Greeks, Aromanians and Slavs.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of the Romani">Origin of the Romani</a></div> <p>The Romani people originate from <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">Northern</a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IsabelMendizabal_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IsabelMendizabal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Comas_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comas-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> presumably from the northwestern Indian states <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a><sup id="cite_ref-google1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-google1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts and daily routines.<sup id="cite_ref-mluvnice_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mluvnice-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>. It shares many phonetic features with <a href="/wiki/Marwari_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marwari (language)">Marwari</a>, while its grammar is closest to <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hub1995_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hub1995-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group.<sup id="cite_ref-IsabelMendizabal_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IsabelMendizabal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Comas_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comas-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">northern</a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, traditionally referred to collectively as the <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8Coma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḍoma">Ḍoma</a>, are the likely ancestral populations of the modern European Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">Indian Minister of External Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a> stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-diaspora_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diaspora-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_to_Albania">Migration to Albania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Migration to Albania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Romani probably first settled in Albania around the late 14th century or early 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest attestation of Romani people in Albania is from 1635, and they may have been present since the 12th and 13th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-HemmingKera2012_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HemmingKera2012-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Era">Ottoman Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ottoman Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Albania" title="Ottoman Albania">Ottoman era</a> saw the conversion of most Roma populations in Albania as well as the surrounding territories to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Ottoman rule set up a <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> system by which the right of Christians to practice their religion was legally protected, but they were given second class citizenship with higher taxes, inability to bear witness against Muslims, inability to bear arms or have horses, restrictions on church building, forbidden from proselytizing, and various other restrictions, factors which ultimately induced conversions to Islam. Additionally, responding to seasonal rebellions, there were episodes where regional governors in Albanian territories coerced conversions,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite such compulsion being traditionally prohibited by Islamic and Ottoman law. For these reasons, the majority of Roma in Albania and most neighboring regions converted to Islam,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">as did much of the surrounding Albanian and Slavic populations with the exception of certain regions</a>. </p><p>Under certain Ottoman rulers, Muslim Roma were considered to not be proper Muslims because of certain ritual differences, and they were taxed and discriminated against in similar ways to Christians. Under Mehmed IV, a tax was placed on dead Roma that would continue to be paid until enough had been gathered from living Roma to replace their supposed dues, while other rulers made attempts to “reeducate” Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomaMinorityOverview-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also cases where the presence of Roma was forbidden in mosques or cemeteries.<sup id="cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomaMinorityOverview-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late Ottoman Empire, <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a>, Albanians and Roma shared an "oppressed" position of being socioeconomically disadvantaged minority populations inhabiting a crumbling state.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, the Ottoman era has been considered one of relative "equality" for the Roma and gadjo populations in Albania, with the two populations typically living peacefully in harmony, with Roma camps typically being located on the outskirts of Albanian cities.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_independence_era">Early independence era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early independence era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 19th and early 20th century, many Roma, mostly Muslims, fled areas that were newly independent from the Ottomans, where as Muslims they were identified as "Ottoman collaborators". Roma came to Albania especially from Macedonia, Kosovo and Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomaMinorityOverview-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roma also fled to Albania from Romania where they had recently been enslaved, to settle in Albania and other territories still under Ottoman control.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even after Albania itself achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire, the Roma had a better situation than in Yugoslavia,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they were still treated with contempt,<sup id="cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomaMinorityOverview-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with large socioeconomic gaps between Roma and Albanians, segregated neighborhoods, and "practically no intermarriages between Roma and non-Roma"<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_World_War_II">During World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: During World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike in many Eastern European countries, and similarly to <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Albania">Jews in Albania</a>, Roma were not harshly persecuted and/or sent to death camps in Albania during the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomaMinorityOverview-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For most of the duration of the war, Albania was under the control of an Italian puppet regime. Roma did participate in the war, with many fighting in the Albanian military, and Roma in Albania, Macedonia and Kosovo were typically supportive of the Italians and the Albanian authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, although left mostly untouched by both the Italians and by Albanian nationalists, the Roma were persecuted during the brief <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">German occupation of Albania</a> in 1943, although the shortness of the German presence limited the damage they were able to wreak upon the Roma population.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Communism">Under Communism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Under Communism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> imposed a harsh <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> regime upon Albania, attempting to homogenize the population by repressing religious and cultural differences.<sup id="cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomaMinorityOverview-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although as a minority the Roma were supposedly accorded benefits and protections, in reality this was not always the case, and in 1960, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Shehu" title="Mehmet Shehu">Mehmet Shehu</a> tried to ban Roma from entering Albanian towns.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Communism">After Communism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: After Communism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite inequalities and suppression during the communist era, the collapse of communism brought more misfortune to Roma, as they were the first to be heavily unemployed and rapidly fell to the bottom of society; as a result many Roma today are nostalgic for the days of communism.<sup id="cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomaMinorityOverview-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1990s, Roma began temporarily migrating to Greece where they found more employment opportunities, beginning a recurrent pattern of seasonal Roma migration to Greece from Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsie" title="Robert Elsie">Robert Elsie</a>, the Romani number between 60,000 and 100,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsie-388_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsie-388-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1994 estimation put the number at 95,000 Roma in Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-OECD2003_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD2003-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Roma_Rights_Centre" title="European Roma Rights Centre">ERRC</a> estimates 120,000 Roma in Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent 2011 census counted 8301 Romani in Albania <sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it has been accused of drastically undercounting the number of Romani in the country,<sup id="cite_ref-Concerns_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concerns-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> drawing criticism from the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roma people live all over the country, but some of the biggest communities can be found around the capital, <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, the villages of <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">Fier</a>, as well as the cities of <a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gjirokaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjirokaster">Gjirokaster</a>, and around the town of <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="Korça">Korça</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Socioeconomics">Socioeconomics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Socioeconomics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The poverty rate among Roma in Albania is particularly high (78%) when compared to the Albanian poverty rate (22%).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrary to the expectations of many foreigners, investigations have found that discrimination against Roma in Albania is typically subtle rather than overt, and Roma typically do not face any open discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, relations between Roma on one hand and the Albanian majority and other "gadjo" groups on the other are often quite cordial in the rural, traditional and "non-profit life" <sup id="cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomaMinorityOverview-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and both the majority of the Albanian intelligentsia and the working class are said to typically have positive views of Roma, who rarely if ever are cast as an "ethnic enemy". On the other hand, "gadjos" may be reluctant to accept Roma as equals in the urban and "profit-making life".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomaMinorityOverview-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Roma may suffer from the refusal to recognize the distinctness of their identity and traditions <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Roma complain that although Albanians do not openly express derision, they may view Roma as poor, dirty, stupid, noisy and involved in theft, and as a result they are widely but tacitly discriminated against in the job market.<sup id="cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomaMinorityOverview-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the communist period, Roma of Gjirokastra, Korça, Tirana and Berati worked in handcraft enterprises. However, eventually demand for their products declined, and the enterprises were mostly shut down as Albania transitioned away from communism.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, it was written by a Roma organization that about 90% of Roma are unemployed, 40% of Roma have bad living conditions, 20% don't have the resources necessary to buy medicine, 40% of Roma families ask their kids to work rather than complete education to fulfill primary familial needs, and that the literacy rate of Roma has fallen since the end of communism, and is now 47.6%, with more women illiterate than men, with all these problems being attributed to a "bustle for racism".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the other hand, currently there is no schooling for Roma in their native language.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Çengies"><span id=".C3.87engies"></span>Çengies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Çengies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term “Çengies” refers to Romani women in Albania known for dancing for wealthy Albanian beys during the Ottoman Empire and under King Zog’s reign. They were recognized for their entertainment skills, often performing at elite social events. During the Ottoman Empire, the Çengies found a niche in performance arts despite facing marginalization. Under King Zog (1928-1939), they continued to perform, adapting to societal changes while maintaining their cultural heritage. Relationships between Çengies and Albanian men led to children with mixed Romani and Albanian identities. These offspring navigated complex cultural dynamics, sometimes integrating into Albanian society while retaining elements of their Romani background. Today, the legacy of the Çengies is part of Albania’s cultural history, highlighting both contributions to dance and ongoing issues of discrimination faced by Romani communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Majko_2022_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majko_2022-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roma culture is distinguishable from the culture of the ethnic Albanian majority, as well as those of other minorities such as Aromanians and Greeks, in a number of ways. </p><p>An important distinction is made between the Roma individual and the <i>gadjo</i>, a non-Roma, with a Roma necessarily being someone of Roma blood and/or someone who consistently demonstrates membership in and solidarity with the Roma people—in this way, although in the Carpathian Mountains the definition of Roma is strictly based on blood, in Albania and surrounding Balkan areas, a child of gadjo blood who was raised in a Roma family and in Roma culture and demonstrates consistent solidarity with the Roma is viewed as a proper Rom individual, whereas a Roma who has abandoned their roots is not, while the identification of "half-breed Roma" as either <i>Roma</i> or <i>gadjo</i> is done solely based on their adherence to Roma values.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gender relations are patriarchal, as is also true among Albanians, but patriarchal values have been described as much stricter among the Roma than among ethnic Albanians, although this could be because of recent cultural change among the ethnic Albanian population. Sexual mores among the Roma have similarly been described as much more "puritan" than among Albanians.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roma public life has been described as very communal, with most things considered to be belonging to the community rather than the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Fis">The <i>Fis</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Fis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roma social order revolves around the ‘’fis’’, a borrowed Albanian word that in the Roma context refers to a “tribe” based on close familial kinship.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has long been taboo for Roma to marry non-Roma, and indeed the large majority of Roma prefer to marry their group rather than with the other major Roma people. Roma marriages were in fact typically done within the same <i>fis</i>, although some members of the youngest generation are now disregarding this custom.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The virginity of the female before marriage is considered to be of utmost importance, and a marriage may be called off if it is discovered that the female is not in fact a virgin. Partly for this reason, girls are typically married young, between the ages of 13 and 15, while males are married between the ages of 16 and 18. Although the desires of the teenage spouses are rarely taken into account, if a son says he is in love with a particular Roma girl, his feelings may be considered, although the same is rarely true for girls. An unmarried woman who has reached 20 is often thought to be doomed to be left at home unmarried. Matchmaking for marriages is typically carried out without the consent of the two spouses, and orchestrated by a matchmaker who is experienced in matchmaking. When wishing to make a proposal on behalf of his son, a father customarily goes to the house of the desired wife, and states “we have come to seek a piece of bread”. Weddings, meanwhile, typically consist of feasts, dancing and music, and take place on Saturday or Sunday. They are often not recognized because the spouses are typically below the Albanian legal age of marriage. Roma rarely if ever have religious leaders preside over weddings.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of Roma in Albania are <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslims" title="Cultural Muslims">cultural Muslims</a>, having converted during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Albania" title="Ottoman Albania">Ottoman era</a>. A minority of Roma are Christians belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albanian Orthodox Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomaMinorityOverview-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The feast of Saint George, celebrated on the sixth of May, is an occasion of paramount importance for Muslim and Christian Roma alike, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> is seen as the symbol of the Roma people.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditions">Traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional dress of Roma is starkly different from that of Albanians, and is perceived by Roma as a major symbol of their identity and their differentiation from ethnic Albanians. Roma women typically wearing blouses with printed flowers and embroidered gold threads. At weddings and other traditional events, women wear dressed decorated with gold threads and roses, older men wear dark red suits, and younger men wear flower-printed shirts.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Handcrafts have also long been an important part of the economic culture of Roma, with 15% of Roma being involved in their production as of 2005. Handcraft production used to be a major part of the Roma economy, but with the collapse of communism, many Roma handcraft enterprises also floundered, and conditions of dire poverty created situation where it was difficult for Roma to pass down their traditional handcraft making customs.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roma folkdances and music are considered an important part of Roma culture and another distinguishing factor. The majority of Roma neighborhoods have individuals who are professional musicians present. Roma musicians acknowledge in particular notable Turkish and Greek influences on their music, with Greek pop music more recently being very influential due to the regular immigration to Greece, so much so that it is accused of “eroding Roma culture” in some quarters.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although traditional Roma folktales had long been passed down through the generations, today this custom is eroding as only a minority of Roma remember the folktales. In attempt to stem this cultural loss, publications have been made of the local Roma folklore, but they are made in Albanian, not in the Romani language.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Romani_people_in_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Romani people in Albania">Romani people in Albania</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians" title="Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians">Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Kosovo" title="Romani people in Kosovo">Romani people in Kosovo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-minorityrights.org-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-minorityrights.org_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/old-site-downloads/download-127-RomaGypsies-A-European-Minority.pdf">Roma /Gypsies: A European Minority</a>, Minority Rights Group International</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035427/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/180932/1.1.13.xls">"Albanian census 2011"</a>. instat.gov.al. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instat.gov.al/media/180932/1.1.13.xls">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albanian+census+2011&rft.pub=instat.gov.al&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.instat.gov.al%2Fmedia%2F180932%2F1.1.13.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177354/main_results_population_and_housing_census_2011.pdf">"Albanian census 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albanian+census+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.instat.gov.al%2Fmedia%2F177354%2Fmain_results_population_and_housing_census_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Concerns-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Concerns_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Concerns_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121226154037/http://www.tiranatimes.com/news.php?id=14605&cat=1">"Final census findings lead to concerns over accuracy"</a>. Tirana Times. 19 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tiranatimes.com/news.php?id=14605&cat=1">the original</a> on 26 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Final+census+findings+lead+to+concerns+over+accuracy&rft.date=2012-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiranatimes.com%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D14605%26cat%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RomaMinorityOverview-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RomaMinorityOverview_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoinova,_Maria2000" class="citation news cs1">Koinova, Maria (August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/46231/Koinova_RomaofAlbania.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Minorities of Southeast Europe: Roma f Albania"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Page 16 : “A Roma woman explained: “the Roma woman’s style of dress is completely different from the ‘white hands’ style’”, a term which Roma use to describe ‘white’ Albanians.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koinova, Maria (2000). "Roma of Albania". CEDIME-SE. Page 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurtiade, Marcel. "A Social and Historical Profile of the Roma in Albania, Part III". Page 30-31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancock2005" class="citation book cs1">Hancock, Ian F. (2005) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PA70"><i>We are the Romani People</i></a>. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8"><bdi>978-1-902806-19-8</bdi></a>: ‘While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European’</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+are+the+Romani+People&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Univ+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-902806-19-8&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Ian+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMG0ahVw-kdwC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IsabelMendizabal-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IsabelMendizabal_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IsabelMendizabal_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendizabal2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mendizabal, Isabel (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.10.039">"Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>22</b> (24): <span class="nowrap">2342–</span>2349. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.10.039">10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10230%2F25348">10230/25348</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23219723">23219723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+Population+History+of+European+Romani+from+Genome-wide+Data&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2342-%3C%2Fspan%3E2349&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10230%2F25348&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23219723&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.10.039&rft.aulast=Mendizabal&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2012.10.039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comas-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Comas_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comas_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSindya_N._Bhanoo2012" class="citation news cs1">Sindya N. Bhanoo (11 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html?_r=0">"Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Genomic+Study+Traces+Roma+to+Northern+India&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft.au=Sindya+N.+Bhanoo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F12%2F11%2Fscience%2Fgenomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Current Biology</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google1_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Meira_GoldbergNinotchka_Devorah_BennahumMichelle_Heffner_Hayes2015" class="citation book cs1">K. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2016</span>. <q>Roma Rajastan Penjab.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Music%3A+Africa%2C+Europe+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781858286358&rft.au=Simon+Broughton&rft.au=Mark+Ellingham&rft.au=Richard+Trillo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froughguidetoworl00simo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mluvnice-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mluvnice_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠebkováŽlnayová1998" class="citation cs2">Šebková, Hana; Žlnayová, Edita (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024041/http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf"><i>Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Ústí nad Labem: Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem, p. 4, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-7044-205-0" title="Special:BookSources/80-7044-205-0"><bdi>80-7044-205-0</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=N%C3%A1stin+mluvnice+slovensk%C3%A9+rom%C5%A1tiny+%28pro+pedagogick%C3%A9+%C3%BA%C4%8Dely%29&rft.place=%C3%9Ast%C3%AD+nad+Labem&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Pedagogick%C3%A1+fakulta+Univerzity+J.+E.+Purkyn%C4%9B+v+%C3%9Ast%C3%AD+nad+Labem&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=80-7044-205-0&rft.aulast=%C5%A0ebkov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Hana&rft.au=%C5%BDlnayov%C3%A1%2C+Edita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frss.archives.ceu.hu%2Farchive%2F00001112%2F01%2F118.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hub1995-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hub1995_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHübschmannová1995" class="citation journal cs1">Hübschmannová, Milena (1995). "Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku". <i>Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury</i> (4/1995). Brno: Muzeum romské kultury. <q>Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+Muzea+Romsk%C3%A9+Kultury&rft.atitle=Roma%C5%88i+%C4%8Dhib+%E2%80%93+rom%C5%A1tina%3A+N%C4%9Bkolik+z%C3%A1kladn%C3%ADch+informac%C3%AD+o+romsk%C3%A9m+jazyku&rft.issue=4%2F1995&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=H%C3%BCbschmannov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Milena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html">"5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma"</a>. <i>Live Science</i>. 23 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=5+Intriguing+Facts+About+the+Roma&rft.date=2013-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaiChaubeyTamangPathak2012" class="citation cs2">Rai, N; Chaubey, G; Tamang, R; Pathak, AK; Singh, VK (2012), "The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations", <i>PLOS ONE</i>, <b>7</b> (11): e48477, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...748477R">2012PLoSO...748477R</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048477">10.1371/journal.pone.0048477</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3509117">3509117</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23209554">23209554</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+Phylogeography+of+Y-Chromosome+Haplogroup+H1a1a-M82+Reveals+the+Likely+Indian+Origin+of+the+European+Romani+Populations&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e48477&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3509117%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23209554&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048477&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...748477R&rft.aulast=Rai&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Chaubey%2C+G&rft.au=Tamang%2C+R&rft.au=Pathak%2C+AK&rft.au=Singh%2C+VK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diaspora-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diaspora_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/can-romas-be-part-of-indian-diaspora">"Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora?"</a>. khaleejtimes.com. 29 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+Romas+be+part+of+Indian+diaspora%3F&rft.pub=khaleejtimes.com&rft.date=2016-02-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khaleejtimes.com%2Finternational%2Findia%2Fcan-romas-be-part-of-indian-diaspora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowe2000" class="citation journal cs1">Crowe, David M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0090599200008321/type/journal_article">"Muslim Roma in the Balkans"</a>. <i>Nationalities Papers</i>. <b>28</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">93–</span>128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905990050002470">10.1080/00905990050002470</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-5992">0090-5992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=Muslim+Roma+in+the+Balkans&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00905990050002470&rft.issn=0090-5992&rft.aulast=Crowe&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0090599200008321%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HemmingKera2012-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HemmingKera2012_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreas_HemmingGentiana_KeraEnriketa_Pandelejmoni2012" class="citation book cs1">Andreas Hemming; Gentiana Kera; Enriketa Pandelejmoni (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HfpTqhlsCtMC&pg=PA132"><i>Albania: Family, Society and Culture in the 20th Century</i></a>. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 132–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-50144-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-50144-8"><bdi>978-3-643-50144-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania%3A+Family%2C+Society+and+Culture+in+the+20th+Century&rft.pages=132-&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-643-50144-8&rft.au=Andreas+Hemming&rft.au=Gentiana+Kera&rft.au=Enriketa+Pandelejmoni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHfpTqhlsCtMC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet1998" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TrcnAAAAYAAJ"><i>Nihil obstat: religion, politics, and social change in East-Central Europe and Russia</i></a>. Durham: Duke University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">203–</span>204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822320708" title="Special:BookSources/9780822320708"><bdi>9780822320708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nihil+obstat%3A+religion%2C+politics%2C+and+social+change+in+East-Central+Europe+and+Russia&rft.place=Durham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780822320708&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTrcnAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkendi1956" class="citation journal cs1">Skendi, Stavro (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/69374b2aeb4f4380ae1364da4d940882/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1817218">"Religion in Albania during the Ottoman rule"</a>. <i>Südost Forschungen</i>. <b>15</b>: <span class="nowrap">321–</span>323.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCdost+Forschungen&rft.atitle=Religion+in+Albania+during+the+Ottoman+rule&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E323&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Skendi&rft.aufirst=Stavro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2F69374b2aeb4f4380ae1364da4d940882%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D1817218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koinova, Maria (2000). "Minorities of Southeast Europe: Romani of Albania". CEDIME-SE. Page 4: "In the Ottoman time, many Roma had converted to Islam for safety reasons, as many ethnic Albanians did or were forced to do so."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, Angus (1992). ‘’The Gypsies’’. Pages 174-175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kolsti, John. "Albanian Gypsies: the Silent Survivors", in <i>The Gypsies of Eastern Europe</i>. Page 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kolsti. "Silent Survivors". Pages 51-52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kovacs, Petra. "The Invisible Minority: Roma in Albania". Page 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kolsti, John. "Albanian Gypsies: the Silent Survivors". Page 51-52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kolsti, "Silent Survivors", page 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kolsti, John. "Silent Survivors". Pages 53-54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kolsti. "Silent Survivors". Pages 53-54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kovacs, Petra. "Invisible Minority". Page 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurtiade, Marcel. 1995 "Between Conviviality and Antagonism: The Ambiguous Position of Romanies in Albania". Page 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Soto, Beddies and Gedeshi (2005). ‘’Roma and Egyptians in Albania: From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusion’’. Page 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie-388-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elsie-388_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Elsie2010" class="citation book cs1">Robert Elsie (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6inIiCF_930C&pg=PA388"><i>Historical Dictionary of Albania</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 388–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6188-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6188-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-6188-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Albania&rft.pages=388-&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6188-6&rft.au=Robert+Elsie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6inIiCF_930C%26pg%3DPA388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD2003-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OECD2003_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOECD2003" class="citation book cs1">OECD (2 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X1jWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75"><i>Reviews of National Policies for Education Reviews of National Policies for Education: South Eastern Europe 2003 Volume 1: Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo: Volume 1: Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo</i></a>. OECD Publishing. pp. 75–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-10072-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-10072-5"><bdi>978-92-64-10072-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reviews+of+National+Policies+for+Education+Reviews+of+National+Policies+for+Education%3A+South+Eastern+Europe+2003+Volume+1%3A+Albania%2C+Bosnia-Herzegovina%2C+Bulgaria%2C+Croatia%2C+Kosovo%3A+Volume+1%3A+Albania%2C+Bosnia-Herzegovina%2C+Bulgaria%2C+Croatia%2C+Kosovo&rft.pages=75-&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2003-12-02&rft.isbn=978-92-64-10072-5&rft.au=OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX1jWAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iQ4XAQAAMAAJ"><i>Balkan Neighbours</i></a>. ACCESS Association. 2000. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Neighbours&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=ACCESS+Association&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiQ4XAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Third Opinion on Albania, adopted on 23 November 2011. Published Strasbourg 4 June 2012. Available here: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/minorities/3_fcnmdocs/PDF_3rd_OP_Albania_en.pdf">http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/minorities/3_fcnmdocs/PDF_3rd_OP_Albania_en.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/46231/Koinova_RomaofAlbania.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Center for Documentation and Information on Minorities in Europe - Southeast Europe (CEDIME-SE)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Center+for+Documentation+and+Information+on+Minorities+in+Europe+-+Southeast+Europe+%28CEDIME-SE%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcadmus.eui.eu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1814%2F46231%2FKoinova_RomaofAlbania.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vi0xAQAAIAAJ"><i>At Risk: Roma and the Displaced in Southeast Europe</i></a>. United Nations Development Programme, Regional Bureau for Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. 1 January 2006. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-95042-53-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-95042-53-7"><bdi>978-92-95042-53-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+Risk%3A+Roma+and+the+Displaced+in+Southeast+Europe&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme%2C+Regional+Bureau+for+Europe+and+the+Commonwealth+of+Independent+States&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.isbn=978-92-95042-53-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvi0xAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Courthiades, Marcel. 2000. No Record On Case: Roma in Albania, Report. European Roma Rights Center (ERRC).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Courthiades, Marcel. 1990s. “A Social and Historical Profile of the Roma in Albania, Part III.” Conference Papers: page 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Courthiades. 2000. No Record On Case: Roma in Albania, Report. European Roma Rights Center (ERRC)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kovacs, Petra. 1996. "The Invisible Minority: Roma in Albania"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Soto, Beddies and Gedeshi (2005). ‘’Roma and Egyptians in Albania: From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusion’’. Page 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mile, Ramazan and Lleshi, Alma. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politeia.net/Newsletter/politeia_newsletter_45_may_2007/quarterly_theme_roma_in_europe/the_situation_of_the_roma_minority_in_albania/">"The situation of the Roma minority in Albania"</a>. Albanian Roma Union "Amaro-Drom".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koinova, Maria. “Minorities of Southeast Europe: Roma of Albania”. Center for Documentation and Information of Minorities in Europe – Southeast Europe (CEDIME-SE). Page 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Majko_2022-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Majko_2022_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajko2022" class="citation web cs1">Majko, Irena (18 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalhistorydialogues.org/projects/the-lives-of-albanian-cengies/">"The Lives of Albanian "Çengies"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Global History Dialogues</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+History+Dialogues&rft.atitle=The+Lives+of+Albanian+%E2%80%9C%C3%87engies%E2%80%9D&rft.date=2022-08-18&rft.aulast=Majko&rft.aufirst=Irena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalhistorydialogues.org%2Fprojects%2Fthe-lives-of-albanian-cengies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koinova, Maria. "Roma of Albania". CEDIME-SE. Page 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fonseca, Isabel (1995). "Bury Me Standing". Page 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koinova, Maria (2000). "Roma of Albania". CEDIME-SE. Page 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koinova, Maria (2000). "Roma of Albania". CEDIME-SE. Page 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fonseca, Isabel (1995). "Bury Me Standing". Page 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Soto, Beddies and Gedeshi (2005). ‘’Roma and Egyptians in Albania: From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusion’’. Pages 21-24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Soto, Beddies and Gedeshi. <i>Roma and Egyptians in Albania</i>. Quoted on page 18-19: “’Many marriages today happen between members of different Roma <i>fise</i>, whereas before they didn’t. Everybody wanted from his own <i>fis</i>… Today however, the youth don’t care about this tradition, and they’ve even started marrying whites, Egyptians or Roma from other <i>fise</i>.’”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Soto, Beddies and Gedeshi. ‘’Roma and Egyptians in Albania’’. Pages 19-20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Soto et al. ‘’Roma and Egyptians in Albania’’. Page 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Soto, Beddies and Gedeshi (2005). ‘’Roma and Egyptians in Albania: From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusion. Pages 16-17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Soto, Beddies and Gedeshi(2005). ‘’Roma and Egyptians in Albania’’. Page 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Soto, Beddies and Gedeshi (2005). ‘’Roma and Egyptians in Albania’’, Page 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Soto, Beddies and Gedeshi (2005) . ‘’Roma and Egyptians in Albania’’. Page 18</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8h7XAAAAMAAJ"><i>Anthropological Journal on European Cultures</i></a>. European Centre for Traditional and Regional Cultures. 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropological+Journal+on+European+Cultures&rft.pub=European+Centre+for+Traditional+and+Regional+Cultures&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8h7XAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermine_G._De_SotoSabine_BeddiesIlir_Gedeshi2005" class="citation book cs1">Hermine G. De Soto; Sabine Beddies; Ilir Gedeshi (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eLDiHsezD8EC&pg=PA16"><i>Roma and Egyptians in Albania: From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusion</i></a>. World Bank Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-6171-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-6171-9"><bdi>978-0-8213-6171-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roma+and+Egyptians+in+Albania%3A+From+Social+Exclusion+to+Social+Inclusion&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8213-6171-9&rft.au=Hermine+G.+De+Soto&rft.au=Sabine+Beddies&rft.au=Ilir+Gedeshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeLDiHsezD8EC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romani_diaspora80" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_diaspora" title="Template:Romani diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romani_diaspora" title="Template talk:Romani diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romani_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romani diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romani_diaspora80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Romani diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romani_settlements" title="List of Romani settlements">Settlements</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Uncontested</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arlije" title="Arlije">Arlije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergitka_Roma" title="Bergitka Roma">Bergitka Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyash" title="Boyash">Boyash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Roma" title="Burgenland Roma">Burgenland Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascarots" title="Cascarots">Cascarots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">English Romanichal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela" class="mw-redirect" title="Erromintxela">Erromintxela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kale" title="Finnish Kale">Finnish Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalderash" title="Kalderash">Kalderash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovari" title="Lovari">Lovari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machvaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Machvaya">Machvaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manouche" title="Manouche">Manouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Roma">Muslim Roma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zargari_tribe" title="Zargari tribe">Zargari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polska_Roma" title="Polska Roma">Polska Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruska_Roma" title="Ruska Roma">Ruska Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers" title="Norwegian and Swedish Travellers">Scandinavian Travellers (Tavinger, Romanisæl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Romani_and_Itinerant_people_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Romani and Itinerant people groups">Scottish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepe%C4%8Dides_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepečides Romani">Sepečides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servitka_Roma" title="Servitka Roma">Servitka Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursari" title="Ursari">Ursari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Romanies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kale (Welsh Romanies)">Welsh Kale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Contested</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians" title="Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians">Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garachi" title="Garachi">Garachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doms_in_Iraq" title="Doms in Iraq">Kawliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawar_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawar people">Nawar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Bosha/Lom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_people" title="Lori people">Lori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuli" title="Lyuli">Lyuli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Algeria" title="Romani people in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Argentina" title="Romani people in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Australia" title="Romani people in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Austria" title="Romani people in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belarus" title="Romani people in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belgium" title="Romani people in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Romani people in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Brazil" title="Romani people in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Romani people in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Canada" title="Romani people in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Colombia" title="Romani people in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Croatia" title="Romani people in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Cyprus" title="Romani people in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Romani people in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Romani people in Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Denmark" title="Romani people in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Estonia" title="Romani people in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_France" title="Romani people in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Romani people in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Germany" title="Romani people in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary" title="Romani people in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doms_in_Israel" title="Doms in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Italy" title="Romani people in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Kosovo" title="Romani people in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Latvia" title="Romani people in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Lithuania" title="Romani people in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Moldova" title="Romani people in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Montenegro" title="Romani people in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_North_Macedonia" title="Romani people in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Norway" title="Romani people in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Romani people in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Poland" title="Romani people in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal" title="Romani people in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Russia" title="Romani people in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Serbia" title="Romani people in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovakia" title="Romani people in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovenia" title="Romani people in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Basque_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijitoak_Euskal_Herrian" class="extiw" title="eu:Ijitoak Euskal Herrian">eu</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Sweden" title="Romani people in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Switzerland" title="Romani people in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey" title="Romani people in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ukraine" title="Romani people in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Uruguay" title="Romani people in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Albania28" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Albania" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Albania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Albania" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Albania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Albania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Albania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Albania28" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Albania">Ethnic groups in Albania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Albania" title="Aromanians in Albania">Aromanians</a> (Vlachs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkali_and_Egyptians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkali and Egyptians">Ashkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Albania" title="Bosniaks in Albania">Bosniaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Albania" title="Bulgarians in Albania">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Albania" title="Greeks in Albania">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_colonists_in_Albania" title="Italian colonists in Albania">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Albania#Present_Jews_in_Albania" title="History of the Jews in Albania">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_in_Albania" title="Macedonians in Albania">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_and_Montenegrins_in_Albania" title="Serbs and Montenegrins in Albania">Serbs and Montenegrins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romani_people_in_Europe123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romani_people_in_Europe123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Romani people in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Austria" title="Romani people in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belarus" title="Romani people in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belgium" title="Romani people in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Romani people in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Romani people in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Croatia" title="Romani people in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Cyprus" title="Romani people in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Romani people in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Denmark" title="Romani people in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Estonia" title="Romani people in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Finland" title="Romani people in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_France" title="Romani people in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Romani people in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Germany" title="Romani people in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary" title="Romani people in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Italy" title="Romani people in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Latvia" title="Romani people in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Lithuania" title="Romani people in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Moldova" title="Romani people in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Montenegro" title="Romani people in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Romani people in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_North_Macedonia" title="Romani people in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Norway" title="Romani people in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Poland" title="Romani people in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal" title="Romani people in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Russia" title="Romani people in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Serbia" title="Romani people in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovakia" title="Romani people in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovenia" title="Romani people in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Sweden" title="Romani people in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Switzerland" title="Romani people in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey" title="Romani people in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ukraine" title="Romani people in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Kosovo" title="Romani people in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&oldid=1274859461">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Albania&oldid=1274859461</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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