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href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_plurals" title="English plurals">Plurals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">Prefixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_prefix" title="English prefix">in English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">Suffixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequentative" title="Frequentative">frequentative</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">Word types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_adjectives" title="English adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_adverbs" title="English adverbs">Adverbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_adverb" title="Flat adverb">flat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_articles" title="English articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_coordinators" title="English coordinators">Coordinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_compound" title="English compound">Compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_determiners" title="English determiners">Determiners</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_determiners" title="List of English determiners">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expletive_attributive" title="Expletive attributive">Expletives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensifier" title="Intensifier">Intensifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_interjections" title="English interjections">Interjections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nouns" title="English nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">Portmanteaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_possessive" title="English possessive">Possessives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_prepositions" title="English prepositions">Prepositions</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_prepositions" title="List of English prepositions">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_pronouns" title="English pronouns">Pronouns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_subordinators" title="English subordinators">Subordinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_verbs" title="English verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/English_verbs" title="English verbs">Verbs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_auxiliary_verbs" title="English auxiliary verbs">Auxiliary verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">Mood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">subjunctive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">Aspect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_and_progressive_aspects" title="Continuous and progressive aspects">continuous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitual_aspect" title="Habitual aspect">habitual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/-ing" title="-ing">-ing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_irregular_verbs" title="English irregular verbs">Irregular verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_modal_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="English modal verbs">Modal verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_passive_voice" title="English passive voice">Passive voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrasal_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verb">Phrasal verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms" title="Uses of English verb forms">Verb usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammar)" title="Transitivity (grammar)">Transitivity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">Syntax</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">Clauses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_clause_syntax" title="English clause syntax">in English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_conditional_sentences" title="English conditional sentences">Conditional sentences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-support" title="Do-support">Do-support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93auxiliary_inversion" title="Subject–auxiliary inversion">Inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periphrasis" title="Periphrasis">Periphrasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-marking_in_English" title="Zero-marking in English">Zero-marking</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">Orthography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalization_in_English" title="Capitalization in English">Capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">Comma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">Hyphen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Variance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_grammatical_differences" title="American and British English grammatical differences">AmE and BrE grammatical differences</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_negative" title="Double negative">Double negatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_usage_controversies" title="English usage controversies">Grammar disputes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thou" title="Thou">Thou</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_grammar" title="Template:English grammar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_grammar" title="Template talk:English grammar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_grammar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English grammar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> While the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> lacks distinct <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflections</a> for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, an <b>English subjunctive</b> is recognized in most <a href="/wiki/History_of_English_grammars" title="History of English grammars">grammars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aarts_1–20_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aarts_1–20-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Definition and scope of the concept vary widely across the literature, but it is generally associated with the description of something other than apparent reality.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, the term is applied loosely to cases in which one might expect a <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjunctive">subjunctive</a> form in related languages, especially <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aarts_1–20_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aarts_1–20-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes conditional clauses, wishes, and reported speech. Modern descriptive grammars limit the term to cases in which some grammatical marking can be observed, nevertheless coming to varying definitions. </p><p>In particular, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language" title="The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language">The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</a></i> narrows the definition further so that the usage of <i>were</i>, as in "I wish she <i>were</i> here", traditionally known as the "past subjunctive", is instead called <a href="/wiki/Irrealis_mood" title="Irrealis mood">irrealis</a>. According to this narrow definition, the subjunctive is a grammatical construction recognizable by its use of the <i>bare form</i> of a verb in a finite clause that describes a non-actual scenario. For instance, "It's essential <u>that he be here</u>" uses the subjunctive mood while "It's essential <u>that he is here</u>" does not. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammatical_composition">Grammatical composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_subjunctive&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Grammatical composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English subjunctive is realized as a <a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">finite</a> but tenseless <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a>. Subjunctive clauses use a <i>bare</i> or <i>plain</i> verb form, which lacks any <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>. For instance, a subjunctive clause would use the verb form "be" rather than "am/is/are" and "arrive" rather than "arrives", regardless of the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical subject">subject</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pullumhuddleston_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pullumhuddleston-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>(1) Subjunctive clauses: <dl><dd>a. It's crucial <u>that he <i>be</i> here by noon</u></dd> <dd>b. It's vital <u>that he <i>arrive</i> on time</u></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>English does not have a distinct subjunctive verb form, since the bare verb form is not exclusively subjunctive. It is also used in other constructions, such as <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infinitival" class="mw-redirect" title="Infinitival">infinitivals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pullumhuddleston7783_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pullumhuddleston7783-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>(2) Imperative: <dl><dd>a. <u>Be</u> here by noon!</dd> <dd>b. <u>Arrive</u> on time!</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>For almost all verbs, the bare form is <a href="/wiki/Syncretism_(linguistics)" title="Syncretism (linguistics)">syncretic</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a> form used in all persons except the third person singular.<sup id="cite_ref-pullumhuddleston8485_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pullumhuddleston8485-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>(3) Present Indicative: I always <u>arrive</u> on time.</dd></dl> <p>One exception to this generalization is the <a href="/wiki/Defective_verb" title="Defective verb">defective verb</a> <i>beware</i>, which has no indicative form.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another is <i>be</i>, whose bare form is not syncretic with any of its indicative forms:<sup id="cite_ref-pullumhuddleston77_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pullumhuddleston77-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>(4) Present Indicative: <dl><dd>a. I <u>am</u>…</dd> <dd>b. She <u>is</u>…</dd> <dd>c. You/we/they <u>are</u>…</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finiteness">Finiteness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_subjunctive&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Finiteness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subjunctive clauses are considered finite since they have obligatory subjects, alternate with tensed forms, and are often introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Complementizer" title="Complementizer">complementizer</a> <i>that</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Triggering_contexts">Triggering contexts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_subjunctive&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Triggering contexts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subjunctive clauses most commonly appear as clausal complements of <a href="/wiki/Veridicality" title="Veridicality">non-veridical operators</a>. The most common use of the English subjunctive is the <i>mandative</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Jussive" class="mw-redirect" title="Jussive">jussive</a> subjunctive</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is optionally used in the clausal complements of some predicates whose meanings involve obligation.<sup id="cite_ref-pullumhuddleston995996_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pullumhuddleston995996-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>(5) Mandative subjunctive: <dl><dd>a. I insist <u>that he <b>leave</b> us alone.</u> (instead of "leaves us")</dd> <dd>b. I would rather <u>someone else <b>do</b> it.</u> ("does it")</dd> <dd>c. We demand <u>that it <b>be</b> done tomorrow.</u> ("is done")</dd> <dd>d. My recommendation is <u>that they not <b>be</b> punished.</u> ("are not punished"; note that the parallel word order "that they <i>be not</i> punished" was formerly standard but is now archaic, as in "Their hands shall be weakened from the work, <i>that it be not done</i>" from the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Bible</a>.)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The following pair illustrates the semantic contribution of the subjunctive mandative. The subjunctive example unambiguously expresses a desire for a future situation, whereas the non-subjunctive (indicative) example is potentially ambiguous, either (i) expressing a desire to change the addressee's <i>beliefs</i> about the current situation, or (ii) as a "covert mandative", having the same meaning as the subjunctive mandative.<sup id="cite_ref-pullumhuddleston995999_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pullumhuddleston995999-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>(6) Subjunctive mandative compared: <dl><dd>a. Subjunctive mandative: I insist that Andrea <u>be</u> here.</dd> <dd>b. Indicative (whether non-mandative or covert mandative): I insist that Andrea <u>is</u> here.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The subjunctive is thus not the only means of marking an embedded clause as mandative: examples can be ambiguous between mandative and non-mandative interpretations, and dialects vary in their use of the subjunctive. In particular, the subjunctive is more widely used in American English than in British English.<sup id="cite_ref-pullumhuddleston995999_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pullumhuddleston995999-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The covert mandative is very unusual in American English.<sup id="cite_ref-pullumhuddleston995_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pullumhuddleston995-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Use of the subjunctive mandative increased during the 20th century in American, British, and Australian English.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subjunctive is occasionally found in clauses expressing a probable condition, such as <i>If I <b>be</b> found guilty…</i> (more common is <i>am</i> or <i>should be</i>; for more information see <a href="/wiki/English_conditional_sentences" title="English conditional sentences">English conditional sentences</a>). This usage is mostly old-fashioned or formal,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it is found in some common fixed expressions such as <i>if need be</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Somewhat more common is the use after <i>whether</i> in the exhaustive conditional construction: "He must be tended with the same care, whether he <b>be</b> friend or foe."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both of these uses, it is possible to invert subject and verb and omit the subordinator. Analogous uses are occasionally found after other words, such as <i>unless</i>, <i>until</i>, <i>whoever</i>, <i>wherever</i>: </p> <dl><dd>(7) <dl><dd>a. Your purpose, then, plainly stated, is that you will destroy the Government, unless you <b>be</b> allowed to construe and enforce the Constitution as you please, on all points in dispute between you and us.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>b. Whoever he <b>be</b>, he shall not go unpunished.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>In most of the above examples a construction with <i>should</i> can be used as an alternative: "I insist that he should leave now" etc. This "<i>should</i> mandative" was the most common kind of mandative at the start of the 20th century, not only in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> but also in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>. However, in American English its use decreased rapidly in the early 20th century and it had become very unusual by the 21st; in British English its use also decreased, but later and not so drastically.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subjunctive is not generally used after verbs such as <i>hope</i> and <i>expect</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The subjunctive can also be used in clauses with the <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">conjunction</a> <i>lest</i>, which generally expresses a potential adverse event:<sup id="cite_ref-pullumhuddleston1000_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pullumhuddleston1000-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>(8) <dl><dd>a. I am running faster lest she catch me (i.e., "in order that she not catch me")</dd> <dd>b. I was worried lest she catch me (i.e., "that she might catch me")</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Subjunctive clauses can occasionally occur unembedded, with the force of a wish or a third person <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> (and such forms can alternatively be analyzed as imperatives). This is most common nowadays in formulaic remnants of archaic optative constructions, such as "(God) bless you", "God save the King", "heaven forbid", "peace be with you" (any of which can instead start with <i>may</i>: "May God bless you", etc.);<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "long live…"; "truth be told", "so be it", "suffice it to say", "woe betide…", and more.<sup id="cite_ref-pullumhuddleston944_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pullumhuddleston944-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variant_terminology_and_misconceptions">Variant terminology and misconceptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_subjunctive&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Variant terminology and misconceptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "subjunctive" has been extended to other grammatical phenomena in English which do not comprise a <a href="/wiki/Natural_class" title="Natural class">natural class</a>. <a href="/wiki/Traditional_grammar" title="Traditional grammar">Traditional grammars</a> of English sometimes apply the term to verb forms used in subjunctive clauses, regardless of their other uses.<sup id="cite_ref-pullumhuddleston83_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pullumhuddleston83-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some traditional grammars refer to non-factual instances of <a href="/wiki/Irrealis" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrealis">irrealis</a> "were" as "past subjunctives".<sup id="cite_ref-pullumhuddleston8788_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pullumhuddleston8788-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-being_a_subjunctive_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-being_a_subjunctive-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So do modern descriptive grammars, while noting that the "past" is misleading as it does not correspond to tense, using the traditionalist term only to differentiate it from the "present subjunctive" discussed in this article.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "subjunctive" is sometimes extended further to describe any grammatical reflection of modal remoteness or counterfactuality. For instance, conditionals with a counterfactual or modally remote meaning are sometimes referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_conditionals" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjunctive conditionals">subjunctive conditionals</a>", even by those who acknowledge it as a misnomer.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English subjunctive is the subject of many common misconceptions, such as that it is a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, that its use is decreasing when it is in fact increasing, and that it is necessary or sufficient for <a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_conditional#The_grammar_of_counterfactuality" title="Counterfactual conditional">counterfactuality</a> in conditionals.<sup id="cite_ref-pullumhuddleston_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pullumhuddleston-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pullumhuddleston9991000_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pullumhuddleston9991000-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-being_a_subjunctive_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-being_a_subjunctive-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-prolegomena_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prolegomena-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ingredients_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ingredients-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicle of Higher Education">Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Pullum" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoff Pullum">Geoff Pullum</a> argued that mention of the subjunctive is often used as a status symbol: </p> <blockquote><p>Virtually none of the things people believe about the subjunctive or its status in English are true. Most purists who witter on about it couldn’t actually pass a test on distinguishing subjunctive from nonsubjunctive clauses to save their sorry asterisks. But then they don’t have to: Merely mentioning the subjunctive approvingly and urging that it be taught is enough to establish one’s credentials as a better class of person.<sup id="cite_ref-being_a_subjunctive_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-being_a_subjunctive-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_change">Historical change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_subjunctive&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historical change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Old_English_subjunctive" title="Old English subjunctive">Old English subjunctive</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> had a morphological subjunctive, which was lost by the time of <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pullumhuddleston83_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pullumhuddleston83-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The syntactic subjunctive of Modern English was more widely used in the past than it is today.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of subjunctive uses in archaic modern English: </p> <ul><li><i>I will not let thee go, except </i>[=unless]<i> thou <b>bless</b> me.</i> (<a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a>, Genesis 32:26)</li> <li><i>Murder, though it <b>have</b> no tongue, will speak.</i> (Shakespeare, <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamlet (play)">Hamlet</a></i>)</li></ul> <p>Older forms of modern English also make greater use of <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93auxiliary_inversion" title="Subject–auxiliary inversion">subject–auxiliary inversion</a> in subjunctive clauses: </p> <ul><li><i>Should you feel hungry, …</i> (equivalent to <i>If you (should) feel hungry</i>)</li> <li><i>Be he called on by God, …</i> (equivalent to "If he be (<i>i.e.</i> If he is) called on by God, …")</li> <li><i>Be they friend or foe, …</i> (equivalent to "(No matter) whether they be friend or foe, …")</li> <li><i>Be it ever so humble, there's no place like home</i> (from "<a href="/wiki/Home!_Sweet_Home!" title="Home! Sweet Home!">Home! Sweet Home!</a>"; meaning "even though")</li></ul> <p>Some examples of this sort survive in common usage as set expressions: </p> <ul><li>"come what may"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2002_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2002-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"God forbid"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2015_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2015-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"so be it"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2002_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2002-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2015_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2015-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"so help me God"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2015_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2015-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"be that as it may"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2002_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2002-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2015_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2015-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_subjunctive&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habitual_be" title="Habitual be">Habitual be</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_subjunctive&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more on the increasing use of the mandative subjunctive in British English as influenced by American English, see §3.59 in Quirk, Randolph; Greenbaum, Sidney; Leech, Geoffrey; Svartik, Jan (1985). <i>A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language</i>. Longman. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-51734-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-51734-6">0-582-51734-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An example is <i>America, America, God <b>shed</b> His grace on thee, and <b>crown</b> thy good with brotherhood</i> (from "<a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful" title="America the Beautiful">America the Beautiful</a>"). Similarly, the traditional English text of the <a href="/wiki/Aaronic_blessing" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaronic blessing">Aaronic blessing</a> is cast entirely in the subjunctive, with jussive force: <i>The Lord <b>bless</b> thee and <b>keep</b> thee. The Lord <b>make</b> His face to shine upon thee. The Lord <b>lift up</b> His countenance upon thee and <b>give</b> thee peace.</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_subjunctive&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Aarts_1–20-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aarts_1–20_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aarts_1–20_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAarts2012" class="citation journal cs1">Aarts, Bas (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin.2012.1">"The subjunctive conundrum in English"</a>. <i>Folia Linguistica</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fflin.2012.1">10.1515/flin.2012.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1614-7308">1614-7308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folia+Linguistica&rft.atitle=The+subjunctive+conundrum+in+English&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fflin.2012.1&rft.issn=1614-7308&rft.aulast=Aarts&rft.aufirst=Bas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2Fflin.2012.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+subjunctive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddleston2002" class="citation book cs1">Huddleston, Rodney D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46641801"><i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i></a>. Geoffrey K. Pullum. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8"><bdi>0-521-43146-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46641801">46641801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46641801&rft.isbn=0-521-43146-8&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=Rodney+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F46641801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+subjunctive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovács2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kovács, Éva (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglisztika.ektf.hu/new/english/content/tudomany/ejes/ejesdokumentumok/2009/Kovacs_2009.pdf">"On the Development of the Subjunctive from Early Modern English to Present-Day English"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Eger Journal of English Studies</i> (9): 79–90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eger+Journal+of+English+Studies&rft.atitle=On+the+Development+of+the+Subjunctive+from+Early+Modern+English+to+Present-Day+English&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=79-90&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Kov%C3%A1cs&rft.aufirst=%C3%89va&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanglisztika.ektf.hu%2Fnew%2Fenglish%2Fcontent%2Ftudomany%2Fejes%2Fejesdokumentumok%2F2009%2FKovacs_2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+subjunctive" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pullumhuddleston-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pullumhuddleston_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pullumhuddleston_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodney Huddleston. "The verb." Pp. 77–78, 83, 87–88. Chapter 3 of (<a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pullumhuddleston7783-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pullumhuddleston7783_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodney Huddleston. "The verb." Pp. 77, 83. Chapter 3 of (<a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pullumhuddleston8485-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pullumhuddleston8485_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodney Huddleston. "The verb." Pp. 84–85. Chapter 3 of (<a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sylvia Chalker, Edmund Weiner, <i>The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861242-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861242-1">978-0-19-861242-1</a>), p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pullumhuddleston77-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pullumhuddleston77_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodney Huddleston. "The verb." P. 77. Chapter 3 of (<a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodney Huddleston. "The verb." P. 90. Chapter 3 of (<a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quirk, Randolph; Greenbaum, Sidney; Leech, Geoffrey; Svartik, Jan (1985). <i>A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language.</i> Longman. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-51734-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-51734-6">0-582-51734-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pullumhuddleston995996-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pullumhuddleston995996_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodney Huddleston. "Content clauses and reported speech." Pp. 995–996. Chapter 11 of (<a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pullumhuddleston995999-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pullumhuddleston995999_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pullumhuddleston995999_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodney Huddleston. "Content clauses and reported speech." Pp. 995–999. Chapter 11 of (<a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pullumhuddleston995-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pullumhuddleston995_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodney Huddleston. "Content clauses and reported speech." P. 995. Chapter 11 of (<a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Göran Kjellmer, "The revived subjunctive", p. 250; chap. 13 of (<a href="#CITEREFRohdenburgSchlüter2009">Rohdenburg & Schlüter 2009</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Göran Kjellmer, "The revived subjunctive", p. 246–256; chap. 13 of (<a href="#CITEREFRohdenburgSchlüter2009">Rohdenburg & Schlüter 2009</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William J. Crawford, "The mandative subjunctive", p. 257–276; chap. 14 of (<a href="#CITEREFRohdenburgSchlüter2009">Rohdenburg & Schlüter 2009</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pam Peters, "The survival of the subjunctive: Evidence of its use in Australia and elsewhere," <i>English World-Wide</i> 19 (1998): 87–103. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Feww.19.1.06pet">10.1075/eww.19.1.06pet</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anita Mittwoch, Rodney Huddleston and Peter Collins. "The clause: Adjuncts." Pp. 745. Chapter 8 of (<a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Renaat Declerck, Susan Reed. <i>Conditionals: A Comprehensive Empirical Analysis.</i> Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110171440" title="Special:BookSources/9783110171440">9783110171440</a>). P. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention">Geneva Convention</a> no. I of August 12, 1949, for the amelioration of the condition of the wounded and sick in armed forces in the field</i>, chapter 2. In <i>The Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949: Analysis for the use of National Red Cross Societies</i> (Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross, 1950), vol. 1, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union_speech" title="Cooper Union speech">Cooper Union speech</a>, 1860.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George M. Jones, L. E. Horning, and John D. Morrow. <i>A High School English Grammar.</i> Toronto and London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1922. P. 133 (exercise 86, item 11).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Göran Kjellmer, "The revived subjunctive", p. 247; chap. 13 of (<a href="#CITEREFRohdenburgSchlüter2009">Rohdenburg & Schlüter 2009</a>). Kjellmer cites Gerd Övergaard, <i>The Mandative Subjunctive in American and British English in the 20th Century</i> Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Studia Anglistica Upsaliensia, 94 (Uppsala: Academiae Upsaliensis, 1995; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789155436766" title="Special:BookSources/9789155436766">9789155436766</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pullumhuddleston1000-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pullumhuddleston1000_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodney Huddleston. "Content clauses and reported speech." P. 1000. Chapter 11 of (<a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pullumhuddleston944-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pullumhuddleston944_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodney Huddleston. "Clause type and illocutionary force." P. 944. Chapter 10 of (<a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pullumhuddleston83-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pullumhuddleston83_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pullumhuddleston83_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodney Huddleston. "The verb." P. 83. Chapter 3 of (<a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pullumhuddleston8788-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pullumhuddleston8788_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodney Huddleston. "The verb." Pp. 87–88. Chapter 3 of (<a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-being_a_subjunctive-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-being_a_subjunctive_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-being_a_subjunctive_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-being_a_subjunctive_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPullum2016" class="citation news cs1">Pullum, Geoff (9 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306083144/http://cola.calpoly.edu/~bkennell/Subjunctive.pdf">"Being a Subjunctive"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Chronicle of Higher Education</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cola.calpoly.edu/~bkennell/Subjunctive.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Being+a+Subjunctive&rft.date=2016-03-09&rft.aulast=Pullum&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcola.calpoly.edu%2F~bkennell%2FSubjunctive.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+subjunctive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeclerck2006" class="citation book cs1">Declerck, Renaat (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/226376796"><i>The grammar of the English tense system : a comprehensive analysis</i></a>. Susan Reed, Bert Cappelle. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-018589-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-018589-X"><bdi>3-11-018589-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/226376796">226376796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+grammar+of+the+English+tense+system+%3A+a+comprehensive+analysis&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F226376796&rft.isbn=3-11-018589-X&rft.aulast=Declerck&rft.aufirst=Renaat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F226376796&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+subjunctive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for instance: <ul><li>"Because <i>subjunctive</i> and <i>indicative</i> are the terms used in the philosophical literature on conditionals and because we will refer to that literature in the course of this paper, I have decided to keep these terms in the present discussion ... however, it would be wrong to believe that mood choice is a necessary component of the semantic contrast between indicative and subjunctive conditionals." Michela Ippolito. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e68d/612d7a93c98956e7314e0d131d90244c31f2.pdf">On the Semantic Composition of Subjunctive Conditionals</a>" (PDF). 2002.</li> <li>"The terminology is of course linguistically inept ([since] the morphological marking is one of tense and aspect, not of indicative vs. subjunctive mood), but it is so deeply entrenched that it would be foolish not to use it." Kai von Fintel, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/fintel/fintel-2011-hsk-conditionals.pdf">Conditionals</a>" (PDF); chapter 59 of Klaus von Heusinger, Claudia Maienborn and Paul Portner (eds.), <i>Semantics: An international handbook of meaning</i>, vol. 2 (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 33.2), pp. 1515–1538. Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter Mouton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110255072.1515">10.1515/9783110255072.1515</a>.</li> <li>"the use of past tense to indicate unreality, as is done in English, is common crosslinguistically, and it is a mistake to confuse this correlation of form and function with the subjunctive mood." Paul Portner. <i>Modality.</i> Oxford Surveys in Semantics and Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199292431" title="Special:BookSources/9780199292431">9780199292431</a>.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiberman2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Liberman" title="Mark Liberman">Liberman, Mark</a> (July 1, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001148.html">"Prescriptivism and Ignorance: Together Again"</a>. <i>Language Log</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Language+Log&rft.atitle=Prescriptivism+and+Ignorance%3A+Together+Again&rft.date=2004-07-01&rft.aulast=Liberman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitre.cis.upenn.edu%2F~myl%2Flanguagelog%2Farchives%2F001148.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+subjunctive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pullumhuddleston9991000-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pullumhuddleston9991000_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodney Huddleston. "Content clauses and reported speech." Pp. 999–1000. Chapter 11 of (<a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prolegomena-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prolegomena_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">von Fintel, Kai; Iatridou, Sabine (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticsarchive.net/Archive/zdjYTJjY/fintel-iatridou-2020-x.pdf">Prolegomena to a Theory of X-Marking</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715025503/https://semanticsarchive.net/Archive/zdjYTJjY/fintel-iatridou-2020-x.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-07-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Manuscript</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ingredients-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ingredients_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIatridou2000" class="citation journal cs1">Iatridou, Sabine (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lingphil.mit.edu/papers/iatridou/counterfactuality.pdf">"The grammatical ingredients of counterfactuality"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Linguistic Inquiry</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 231–270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F002438900554352">10.1162/002438900554352</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57570935">57570935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistic+Inquiry&rft.atitle=The+grammatical+ingredients+of+counterfactuality&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=231-270&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F002438900554352&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57570935%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Iatridou&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flingphil.mit.edu%2Fpapers%2Fiatridou%2Fcounterfactuality.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+subjunctive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Cambridge history of the English language</i>. Richard M. Hogg, Roger Lass, Norman Francis Blake, Suzanne Romaine, R. W. Burchfield, John Algeo. (2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stein, Dieter. "The expression of deontic and epistemic modality and the subjunctive: ". Studies in Early Modern English, edited by Dieter Kastovsky, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2011, pp. 403-412. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110879599.403">https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110879599.403</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2002-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2002_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2002_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2002_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerriam-Webster2002">Merriam-Webster 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2015-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2015_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2015_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2015_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2015_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler2015">Fowler 2015</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_subjunctive&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2015" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, H.W. (2015). Butterfield, Jeremy (ed.). <i>Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966135-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966135-0"><bdi>978-0-19-966135-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fowler%27s+Dictionary+of+Modern+English+Usage&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966135-0&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+subjunctive" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Huddleston" title="Rodney Huddleston">Huddleston, Rodney</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Pullum" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Pullum">Pullum, Geoffrey K.</a> (2002). <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8"><bdi>0-521-43146-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-43146-8&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft.au=Pullum%2C+Geoffrey+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+subjunctive" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohdenburgSchlüter2009" class="citation book cs1">Rohdenburg, Günter; Schlüter, Julia, eds. (2009). <i>One Language, Two Grammars? Differences between British and American English</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87219-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87219-5"><bdi>978-0-521-87219-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Language%2C+Two+Grammars%3F+Differences+between+British+and+American+English&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87219-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+subjunctive" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriam-Webster2002" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877796336"><i>Merriam-Webster's Concise Dictionary of English Usage</i></a>. Penguin. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877796336" title="Special:BookSources/9780877796336"><bdi>9780877796336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Concise+Dictionary+of+English+Usage&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780877796336&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877796336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+subjunctive" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_subjunctive&oldid=1227259726">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_subjunctive&oldid=1227259726</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grammatical_moods" title="Category:Grammatical moods">Grammatical moods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_grammar" title="Category:English grammar">English grammar</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2024">Articles with dead external links from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 June 2024, at 18:05<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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