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While liberals did not address the so- called National Question directly, they did consider the issues that that question concerned," /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/399640/3290278/3871823/s200_chris_saunders.saunders.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/116768859/South_African_liberal_thinking_on_questions_of_nationalism_reconsidered" /> <meta property="og:title" content="South African liberal thinking on questions of nationalism reconsidered" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Liberals have often been criticised for not confronting key questions relating to South Africa’s present and future. While liberals did not address the so- called National Question directly, they did consider the issues that that question concerned," /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://uct.academia.edu/ChrisSaundersSAUNDERS" /> <meta name="description" content="Liberals have often been criticised for not confronting key questions relating to South Africa’s present and future. While liberals did not address the so- called National Question directly, they did consider the issues that that question concerned," /> <title>(PDF) South African liberal thinking on questions of nationalism reconsidered</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/116768859/South_African_liberal_thinking_on_questions_of_nationalism_reconsidered" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '47fa9440a1820f35bd91e2e26cae80e465c5214b'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1733342687000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1733342687000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Liberals have often been criticised for not confronting key questions relating to South Africa’s present and future. While liberals did not address the so- called National Question directly, they did consider the issues that that question concerned, but recent writing on liberalism has often misrepresented their thinking. This article seeks to illustrate a variety of liberal views about the nature of the South African “nation”, to explore what liberals have, over time, thought and done in relation to nationalism and racism, and to consider some of their thinking on what a non-racial South African might look like.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Chris Saunders SAUNDERS"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2024-03-27","headline":"South African liberal thinking on questions of nationalism reconsidered","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112806479/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Political Science","Liberalism","Nationalism","Racism"],"publication":"New Contree","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"AOSIS"},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"uct"}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112806479/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/116768859/South_African_liberal_thinking_on_questions_of_nationalism_reconsidered"}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":116768859,"created_at":"2024-03-27T10:12:51.312-07:00","from_world_paper_id":252048925,"updated_at":"2024-03-30T00:40:01.258-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"Liberals have often been criticised for not confronting key questions relating to South Africa’s present and future. While liberals did not address the so- called National Question directly, they did consider the issues that that question concerned, but recent writing on liberalism has often misrepresented their thinking. This article seeks to illustrate a variety of liberal views about the nature of the South African “nation”, to explore what liberals have, over time, thought and done in relation to nationalism and racism, and to consider some of their thinking on what a non-racial South African might look like.","publisher":"AOSIS","publication_name":"New Contree"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"South African liberal thinking on questions of nationalism reconsidered","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [399640]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":112806479,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “South African liberal thinking on questions of nationalism reconsidered”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/112806479/mini_magick20240803-1-q3598m.png?1722646091" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">South African liberal thinking on questions of nationalism reconsidered</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="399640" href="https://uct.academia.edu/ChrisSaundersSAUNDERS"><img alt="Profile image of Chris Saunders SAUNDERS" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/399640/3290278/3871823/s65_chris_saunders.saunders.jpg" />Chris Saunders SAUNDERS</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">New Contree</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">13 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 116768859; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=116768859"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { const viewCountNumber = Number(viewCount); if (!viewCountNumber) { throw new Error('Failed to parse view count'); } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (viewCountBody) { viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } else { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Liberals have often been criticised for not confronting key questions relating to South Africa’s present and future. While liberals did not address the so- called National Question directly, they did consider the issues that that question concerned, but recent writing on liberalism has often misrepresented their thinking. This article seeks to illustrate a variety of liberal views about the nature of the South African “nation”, to explore what liberals have, over time, thought and done in relation to nationalism and racism, and to consider some of their thinking on what a non-racial South African might look like.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":112806479,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/116768859/South_African_liberal_thinking_on_questions_of_nationalism_reconsidered"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":112806479,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/116768859/South_African_liberal_thinking_on_questions_of_nationalism_reconsidered"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="112806479" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/116768859/South_African_liberal_thinking_on_questions_of_nationalism_reconsidered" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="274183" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/274183/Matthews_Mbeki_and_the_University_of_Fort_Hare_in_South_African_Political_Thought_Cambridge_2010_">Matthews, Mbeki, and the University of Fort Hare in South African Political Thought (Cambridge 2010)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="77628" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/VerlanLewis">Verlan Lewis</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Matthews, Mbeki, and the University of Fort Hare in South African Political Thought (Cambridge 2010)","attachmentId":31788145,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/274183/Matthews_Mbeki_and_the_University_of_Fort_Hare_in_South_African_Political_Thought_Cambridge_2010_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/274183/Matthews_Mbeki_and_the_University_of_Fort_Hare_in_South_African_Political_Thought_Cambridge_2010_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="109928347" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109928347/Challenges_to_Political_Cosmopolitanism_The_Impact_of_Racialised_Discourses_in_Post_Apartheid_South_Africa">Challenges to Political Cosmopolitanism: The Impact of Racialised Discourses in Post-Apartheid South Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="67700693" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HanaHorakova">Hana Horakova</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Modern Africa: Politics, History and Society, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">One of the key challenges of post-apartheid South Africa has been the need to create a South African “nation.” The efforts of the leading African National Congress started with Nelson Mandela’s reconciliatory discourse of a “rainbow nation,” via Thabo Mbeki’s concept of the African Renaissance, to the current stream of racial nationalism articulated as “Africanisation.” The present article attempts to examine the dilemma which the ANC as the major custodian of nation-building has been facing since the 1990s: how to reach a balance between a civic nationalism based on cosmopolitan values and the need to redress the legacy of apartheid and persisting racial inequalities. 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data-entity-id="64282074" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64282074/The_Dangers_of_Liberalism_A_Short_Reflection_on_the_African_National_Congress_in_South_Africa">The Dangers of Liberalism: A Short Reflection on the African National Congress in South Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="19714625" href="https://uwc.academia.edu/WanelisaXaba">Dr. Wanelisa Xaba</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Yale Human Rights and Development Journal, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">People of colour all over the world exist and have to rebuild their humanity deep within the ruins of colonial imperialism and white supremacist heteropatriarchal neoliberal capitalism. For many of us, our sense of orientation is lost between essentialist longing for “pre-colonial Africa” and the violent colonial interpretation of our histories. Can you imagine? Trying to build your humanity amongst the ruins of an allencompassing, unrelenting, and continuously re-inventing system? It is a big task. This is what any requests to engage with the oppressor must be measured against. Do we have time to engage the oppressor? When we take into consideration the energy and resilience required for us to survive the system (which seeks to kill us at every turn) and reimagine a decolonial antisystem humanity, the answer is clear. It is unequivocally no. Moreover, asking freedom defenders to engage the oppressors, especially within the context of human rights, makes dangerous assumptions about ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Dangers of Liberalism: A Short Reflection on the African National Congress in South Africa","attachmentId":76388049,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64282074/The_Dangers_of_Liberalism_A_Short_Reflection_on_the_African_National_Congress_in_South_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/64282074/The_Dangers_of_Liberalism_A_Short_Reflection_on_the_African_National_Congress_in_South_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="25360508" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25360508/South_Africa_for_South_Africans_only_Rising_xenophobia_and_nationalism_in_the_post_apartheid_state">South Africa for South Africans only. Rising xenophobia and nationalism in the post-apartheid state</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26454016" href="https://uni-oldenburg.academia.edu/ZubiaConZeta">Zubia Willmann Robleda</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"South Africa for South Africans only. Rising xenophobia and nationalism in the post-apartheid state","attachmentId":45661409,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25360508/South_Africa_for_South_Africans_only_Rising_xenophobia_and_nationalism_in_the_post_apartheid_state","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25360508/South_Africa_for_South_Africans_only_Rising_xenophobia_and_nationalism_in_the_post_apartheid_state"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="36936957" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36936957/RACIAL_LIBERALISM_AND_THE_SOUTH_AFRICAN_INSTITUTE_OF_RACE_RELATIONS_1929_1950_MA_Dissertation_">RACIAL LIBERALISM AND THE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF RACE RELATIONS, 1929-1950 (MA Dissertation)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3902404" href="https://emory.academia.edu/AnjuliWebster">Anjuli Webster</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this Masters project, I investigated the institutional and intellectual history of the South African Institute of Race Relations from 1929 to 1950. In particular, I analysed the praxis of the Institute during this period using the theoretical framework of Charles Mills’ concept of ‘racial liberalism’ to make sense of the ways in which it was interpolated into broader national and political processes in early twentieth century South Africa. The dissertation examines the South African Institute of Race Relations’ transnational connections with European and American empire-building projects in the early twentieth century, considers the Institute’s conception of race and race relations in South Africa during the same period, analyses the Institute’s production of social scientific discourse on race relations and the so-called ‘native question’, and interrogates the relationship between the Institute’s liberal praxis and its material and intellectual dependence on a racial contract. I suggest that the praxis and intellectual production of the Institute was an integral part of the consolidation of settler colonialism following the South African War of 1899-1902, and an intellectual predecessor to the segregationist paradigm of the apartheid period.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"RACIAL LIBERALISM AND THE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF RACE RELATIONS, 1929-1950 (MA Dissertation)","attachmentId":56887105,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36936957/RACIAL_LIBERALISM_AND_THE_SOUTH_AFRICAN_INSTITUTE_OF_RACE_RELATIONS_1929_1950_MA_Dissertation_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36936957/RACIAL_LIBERALISM_AND_THE_SOUTH_AFRICAN_INSTITUTE_OF_RACE_RELATIONS_1929_1950_MA_Dissertation_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="24391756" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24391756/NON_RACIALISM_NATION_BUILDING_AND_DEMOCRATIC_CONSOLIDATION_IN_SOUTH_AFRICA">NON-RACIALISM, NATION-BUILDING AND DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION IN SOUTH AFRICA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="384029" href="https://hsrc.academia.edu/joleensteynkotze">Joleen Steyn Kotze</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">South Africa is a country in which one can expect the unexpected. An inspiration for all. What made it possible was the determination of the people to work together…to transform bitter experiences into the binding glue of a rainbow nation (Kofi Annan, 2009) ABSTRACT A central tenet to successful democratic consolidation is the engineering of a national identity for social cohesion. in the case of South Africa, the doctrine of non-racialism underpinned by being African can serve as ideological 'glue' to create a sense of South African nationhood in a post-apartheid context. however, seventeen years into South Africa's democratic experiment, the country is still plagued by apartheid-constructed identities and divisions rooted in both socio-political and socioeconomic life. indeed, much political rhetoric emerging from civic and political organisation has re-racialised South African society, rendering a commitment to non-racialism somewhat ineffective. in this context, this paper has two central objectives. firstly, it traces the centrality of engineering citizenship as central to long-term democratic durability and sustainability in emerging democracies. in this sense, democratic consolidation is dependent upon the successful creation of citizenship, and more specifically, South African citizenship. Secondly, the paper assesses non-racialism as an ideological driver to nation formation and building in South Africa. essentially, it is argued that deracialising South African society is dependent upon a normative commitment of the citizenry and political elites to the principles of non-racialism in a pluralist polity characterised by diversity and multiculturalism.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"NON-RACIALISM, NATION-BUILDING AND DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION IN SOUTH AFRICA","attachmentId":44725027,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24391756/NON_RACIALISM_NATION_BUILDING_AND_DEMOCRATIC_CONSOLIDATION_IN_SOUTH_AFRICA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24391756/NON_RACIALISM_NATION_BUILDING_AND_DEMOCRATIC_CONSOLIDATION_IN_SOUTH_AFRICA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":112806479,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":112806479,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_112806479" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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