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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ruttmann" title="Walter Ruttmann – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Walter Ruttmann" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ruttmann" title="Walter Ruttmann – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Walter Ruttmann" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ruttmann" title="Walter Ruttmann – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Walter Ruttmann" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ruttmann" title="Walter Ruttmann – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Walter Ruttmann" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="والتر روتمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="والتر روتمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ruttmann" title="Walter Ruttmann – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Walter Ruttmann" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ruttmann" title="Walter Ruttmann – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Walter Ruttmann" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ruttmann" title="Walter Ruttmann – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Walter Ruttmann" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ruttmann" title="Walter Ruttmann – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Walter Ruttmann" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ruttmann" title="Walter Ruttmann – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Walter Ruttmann" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Валтер Рутман – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Валтер Рутман" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ruttmann" title="Walter Ruttmann – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Walter Ruttmann" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="والتر روتمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="والتر روتمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ruttmann" title="Walter Ruttmann – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Walter Ruttmann" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ヴァルター・ルットマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァルター・ルットマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ruttmann" title="Walter Ruttmann – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Walter Ruttmann" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ruttmann" title="Walter Ruttmann – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Walter Ruttmann" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Руттман, Вальтер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Руттман, Вальтер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ruttman" title="Walter Ruttman – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Walter Ruttman" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ruttmann" title="Walter Ruttmann – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Walter Ruttmann" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ruttmann" title="Walter Ruttmann – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Walter Ruttmann" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q77365#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ruttmann" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German film director and cinematographer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Walter Ruttmann</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Ruttmann_bij_opname_der_Berlijn-Film,_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Walter_Ruttmann_bij_opname_der_Berlijn-Film%2C_1927.jpg/220px-Walter_Ruttmann_bij_opname_der_Berlijn-Film%2C_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Walter_Ruttmann_bij_opname_der_Berlijn-Film%2C_1927.jpg/330px-Walter_Ruttmann_bij_opname_der_Berlijn-Film%2C_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Walter_Ruttmann_bij_opname_der_Berlijn-Film%2C_1927.jpg/440px-Walter_Ruttmann_bij_opname_der_Berlijn-Film%2C_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Walter Ruttman at recording Berlin-Movie, 1928</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1887-12-28</span>)</span>28 December 1887<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, Germany</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">15 July 1941<span style="display:none">(1941-07-15)</span> (aged 53)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Film director</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1921–1941</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Berlin:_Symphony_of_a_Great_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin: Symphony of a Great City">Berlin: Die Sinfonie der Großstadt</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Walter Ruttmann</b> (28 December 1887 – 15 July 1941)<sup id="cite_ref-catalogue.bnf.fr_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catalogue.bnf.fr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a German <a href="/wiki/Cinematographer" title="Cinematographer">cinematographer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">film director</a>, an important German <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract</a> <a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">experimental film</a> <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">maker</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Hans_Richter_(artist)" title="Hans Richter (artist)">Hans Richter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viking_Eggeling" title="Viking Eggeling">Viking Eggeling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Fischinger" title="Oskar Fischinger">Oskar Fischinger</a>. He is best known for directing the semi-<a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary</a> '<a href="/wiki/Documentary_film#The_city_symphony" title="Documentary film">city symphony</a>' <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a>, with orchestral score by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Meisel" title="Edmund Meisel">Edmund Meisel</a>, in 1927, <i><a href="/wiki/Berlin:_Symphony_of_a_Metropolis" title="Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis">Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis</a></i>. His audio montage <i>Wochenende (Weekend)</i> (1930) is considered a major contribution in the development of <a href="/wiki/Sound_collage" title="Sound collage">sound collages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio play">audio plays</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Ruttmann&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ruttmann was born in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, the son of a wealthy mercantilist.<sup id="cite_ref-cinegraphic_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cinegraphic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated high school in 1905 and began architectural studies in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> in 1907. In 1909 Ruttmann began painting in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, where he befriended <a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Paul Klee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyonel_Feininger" title="Lyonel Feininger">Lyonel Feininger</a>, and he would later paint in <a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ruttmann was conscripted into the army in 1913, first serving in Darmstadt, and shortly after the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> he was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a>, where he served as an artillery lieutenant and a gas defense officer. After spending 1917 in a hospital for <a href="/wiki/Post_traumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Post traumatic stress disorder">post traumatic stress disorder</a>, he began making films.<sup id="cite_ref-cinegraphic_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cinegraphic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruttmann had the financial means to work independently of the major German studios of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-cinegraphic_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cinegraphic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He founded Ruttmann-Film S.R.O. in Munich and patented an animation table, in June 1920. </p><p>His first productions were the first fully animated German cartoons and abstract animated films.<sup id="cite_ref-cinegraphic_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cinegraphic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Lichtspiel: Opus I</i>, produced between 1919 and 1921, premiered on 27 April 1921 at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> <a href="/wiki/Marmorhaus" title="Marmorhaus">Marmorhaus</a>, and released for German theatrical distribution in 1922, is the "oldest fully abstract motion picture known to survive, using only animated geometric forms, arranged and shown without reference to any representational imagery".<sup id="cite_ref-cinegraphic_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cinegraphic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Lichtspiel_Opus_I_%281921%29.webm/220px--Lichtspiel_Opus_I_%281921%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="704" data-mwtitle="Lichtspiel_Opus_I_(1921).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Lichtspiel_Opus_I_(1921).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/Lichtspiel_Opus_I_%281921%29.webm/Lichtspiel_Opus_I_%281921%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Lichtspiel_Opus_I_%281921%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/Lichtspiel_Opus_I_%281921%29.webm/Lichtspiel_Opus_I_%281921%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/Lichtspiel_Opus_I_%281921%29.webm/Lichtspiel_Opus_I_%281921%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/Lichtspiel_Opus_I_%281921%29.webm/Lichtspiel_Opus_I_%281921%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Lichtspiel Opus I (1921)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lichtspiel_Opus_II_%281922%29.webm/220px--Lichtspiel_Opus_II_%281922%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="225" data-mwtitle="Lichtspiel_Opus_II_(1922).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Lichtspiel_Opus_II_(1922).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Lichtspiel_Opus_II_%281922%29.webm/Lichtspiel_Opus_II_%281922%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Lichtspiel_Opus_II_%281922%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Lichtspiel_Opus_II_%281922%29.webm/Lichtspiel_Opus_II_%281922%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Lichtspiel_Opus_II_%281922%29.webm/Lichtspiel_Opus_II_%281922%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Lichtspiel_Opus_II_%281922%29.webm/Lichtspiel_Opus_II_%281922%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption><i>Lichtspiel Opus II</i> (1922)</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Opus I</i> and <i>Opus II</i>, were experiments with new forms of film expression, and the influence of these early abstract films can be seen in some of the early work of Oskar Fischinger. Ruttmann and his colleagues of the avant garde movement enriched the language of film as a medium with new formal techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-filmportal.de_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filmportal.de-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1926 he worked with <a href="/wiki/Julius_Pinschewer" title="Julius Pinschewer">Julius Pinschewer</a> on <i>Der Aufsteig</i>, an experimental film advertising the <a href="/wiki/GeSoLei" title="GeSoLei">GeSoLei</a> <a href="/wiki/Trade_fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade fair">trade fair</a> in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1926, Ruttmann licensed a Wax Slicing machine from <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Fischinger" title="Oskar Fischinger">Oskar Fischinger</a> to create special effects for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed" title="The Adventures of Prince Achmed">The Adventures of Prince Achmed</a></i>, an animated fairy tale film, for <a href="/wiki/Lotte_Reiniger" title="Lotte Reiniger">Lotte Reiniger</a>, making the moving backgrounds and magic scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-Reiniger2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reiniger2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LR_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LR-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ruttmann was a prominent exponent of both avant-garde art and music. His early abstractions played at the 1929 Baden-Baden Festival to international acclaim despite their being almost eight years old. Together with <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Erwin Piscator</a>, he worked on the film <i><a href="/wiki/Melody_of_the_World" title="Melody of the World">Melody of the World</a></i> (1929), though he is best remembered for <i><a href="/wiki/Berlin:_Symphony_of_a_Great_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin: Symphony of a Great City">Berlin: Die Sinfonie der Großstadt</a></i> (<i>Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis</i>, 1927). </p><p><i>Weekend</i> (Wochenende), commissioned in 1928 by Berlin Radio Hour, and presented on 13 June 1930, is a pioneering work of <a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">musique concrète</a>, a montage of sound clips, recorded using film optical sound track from the <a href="/wiki/Tri-Ergon" title="Tri-Ergon">Tri-Ergon</a> process.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruttmann recorded the streets sounds of Berlin with a camera, but without images, this was before <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Richter_(artist)" title="Hans Richter (artist)">Hans Richter</a> called it “a symphony of sound, speech-fragments, and silence woven into a poem.”<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A pacifist, he traveled to Moscow in 1928 and 1929. During the Nazi period he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a> as director of the documentary which eventually became <i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></i> (1935), supposedly because Ruttmann's editing style was considered too "Marxist" and Soviet influenced. He died in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> 15 July 1941 due to an embolism after leg amputation.<sup id="cite_ref-catalogue.bnf.fr_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catalogue.bnf.fr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_Media">Culture and Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Ruttmann&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Culture and Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Segments from Ruttmann's experimental films <i>Lichtspiel: Opus II</i> (1923) and <i>Lichtspiel: Opus IV</i> (1925) are used in the credits of the German <a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">neo-noir</a> television series <i><a href="/wiki/Babylon_Berlin" title="Babylon Berlin">Babylon Berlin</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vallen_Truth_Babylon_Berlin_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vallen_Truth_Babylon_Berlin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Select_filmography">Select filmography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Ruttmann&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Select filmography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lichtspiel_opus_III_%281924%29.webm/220px--Lichtspiel_opus_III_%281924%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="234" data-mwtitle="Lichtspiel_opus_III_(1924).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Lichtspiel_opus_III_(1924).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Lichtspiel_opus_III_%281924%29.webm/Lichtspiel_opus_III_%281924%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Lichtspiel_opus_III_%281924%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Lichtspiel_opus_III_%281924%29.webm/Lichtspiel_opus_III_%281924%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Lichtspiel_opus_III_%281924%29.webm/Lichtspiel_opus_III_%281924%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Lichtspiel_opus_III_%281924%29.webm/Lichtspiel_opus_III_%281924%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption><i>Lichtspiel Opus III</i> (1924)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lichsspiel_opus_IV_%281925%29.webm/220px--Lichsspiel_opus_IV_%281925%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="172" data-durationhint="259" data-mwtitle="Lichsspiel_opus_IV_(1925).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Lichsspiel_opus_IV_(1925).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Lichsspiel_opus_IV_%281925%29.webm/Lichsspiel_opus_IV_%281925%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="460" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Lichsspiel_opus_IV_%281925%29.webm/Lichsspiel_opus_IV_%281925%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="460" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Lichsspiel_opus_IV_%281925%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="460" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Lichsspiel_opus_IV_%281925%29.webm/Lichsspiel_opus_IV_%281925%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="184" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Lichsspiel_opus_IV_%281925%29.webm/Lichsspiel_opus_IV_%281925%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="306" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption><i>Lichtspiel Opus IV</i> (1925)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>Lichtspiel: Opus I</i> (1920)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-centrepompidou-1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centrepompidou-1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-researchrepository-1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-researchrepository-1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-edition-filmmuseum_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edition-filmmuseum-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Der Sieger</i> (1922)</li> <li><i>Das Wunder</i> (1922)</li> <li><i>Lichtspiel: Opus II</i> (1922)<sup id="cite_ref-researchrepository-2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-researchrepository-2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-filmportal.de_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filmportal.de-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Lichtspiel: Opus III</i> (1924, with Lore Leudesdorff)<sup id="cite_ref-Steike_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steike-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-researchrepository-3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-researchrepository-3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-edition-filmmuseum_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edition-filmmuseum-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Lichtspiel: <a href="/wiki/Opus_IV_(film)" title="Opus IV (film)">Opus IV</a></i> (1925, with Lore Leudesdorff)<sup id="cite_ref-Steike_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steike-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-edition-filmmuseum_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edition-filmmuseum-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Das wiedergefundene Paradies</i> (1925)</li> <li><i>Der Aufstieg</i> (1926)</li> <li><i>Spiel der Wellen</i> (1926)</li> <li><i>Dort wo der Rhein...</i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berlin:_Symphony_of_a_Great_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin: Symphony of a Great City">Berlin: Die Sinfonie der Großstadt</a></i> (1927)<sup id="cite_ref-edition-filmmuseum_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edition-filmmuseum-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melody_of_the_World" title="Melody of the World">Melody of the World</a></i> (<i>Melodie der Welt</i>) (1929)<sup id="cite_ref-edition-filmmuseum_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edition-filmmuseum-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wochenende&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wochenende (page does not exist)">Wochenende</a></i> (1930) [an experimental film with sound only, no image]</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feind_im_Blut" title="Feind im Blut">Feind im Blut</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_der_Nacht" class="mw-redirect" title="In der Nacht">In der Nacht</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Steel_(1933_film)" title="Steel (1933 film)">Steel</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blut_und_Boden_-_Grundlagen_zum_neuen_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Blut und Boden - Grundlagen zum neuen Reich">Blut und Boden - Grundlagen zum neuen Reich</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altgermanische_Bauernkultur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altgermanische Bauernkultur (page does not exist)">Altgermanische Bauernkultur</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metall_des_Himmels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metall des Himmels (page does not exist)">Metall des Himmels</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schiff_in_Not" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiff in Not">Schiff in Not</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mannesmann" title="Mannesmann">Mannesmann</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henkel,_ein_deutsches_Werk_in_seiner_Arbeit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henkel, ein deutsches Werk in seiner Arbeit (page does not exist)">Henkel, ein deutsches Werk in seiner Arbeit</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waffenkammern_Deutschlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waffenkammern Deutschlands (page does not exist)">Waffenkammern Deutschlands</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_Panzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutsche Panzer (page does not exist)">Deutsche Panzer</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i>Krebs</i> (1941)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Ruttmann&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cowan, Michael. <i>Walter Ruttmann and the Cinema of Multiplicity: Avant-garde-Advertising-Modernity</i>. Amsterdam, NL: Amsterdam University Press, 2014. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789089645852" title="Special:BookSources/9789089645852">9789089645852</a></li> <li>Dombrug, Adrianus van. <i>Walter Ruttmann in het beginsel</i>. Purmerend, NL: J. Muusses, 1956.</li> <li>Goergen, Jeanpaul. <i>Walter Ruttmann: Eine Dokumentation</i>. Berlin: Freunde der deutschen Kinemathek, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783927876002" title="Special:BookSources/9783927876002">9783927876002</a></li> <li>Rogers, Holly and Jeremy Barham <i>The Music and Sound of Experimental Film</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190469900" title="Special:BookSources/9780190469900">9780190469900</a></li> <li>Quaresima, Leonard, editor. <i>Walter Ruttmann: Cinema, pittura, ars acustica</i>. Calliano (Trento), Italy: Manfrini, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788870245035" title="Special:BookSources/9788870245035">9788870245035</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Ruttmann&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-catalogue.bnf.fr-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-catalogue.bnf.fr_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-catalogue.bnf.fr_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12466357m"><i>Ruttmann</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruttmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fcb12466357m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Ruttmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cinegraphic-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cinegraphic_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cinegraphic_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cinegraphic_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cinegraphic_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cinegraphic_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetancourt" class="citation web cs1">Betancourt, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cinegraphic.net/article.php/20110220082757118">"Walther Ruttmann's Lichtspiel Films"</a>. <i>Cinegraphic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>. <q>from: An Excerpt from 'The History of Motion Graphics'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cinegraphic&rft.atitle=Walther+Ruttmann%27s+Lichtspiel+Films&rft.aulast=Betancourt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinegraphic.net%2Farticle.php%2F20110220082757118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Ruttmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-filmportal.de-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-filmportal.de_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-filmportal.de_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmportal.de/film/lichtspiel-opus-2_e9813dffb12a45969ae9e886b1a77759">"Opus 2 (1921/1922)"</a>. <i>filmportal.de</i>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Filminstitut" title="Deutsches Filminstitut">Deutsches Filminstitut</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=filmportal.de&rft.atitle=Opus+2+%281921%2F1922%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmportal.de%2Ffilm%2Flichtspiel-opus-2_e9813dffb12a45969ae9e886b1a77759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Ruttmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reiniger2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reiniger2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiniger1970" class="citation book cs1">Reiniger, Lotte (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shadowtheatressh0000rein"><i>Shadow Theatres, Shadow Films</i></a></span>. London: BT Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-2286-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-2286-3"><bdi>978-0-7134-2286-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadow+Theatres%2C+Shadow+Films&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BT+Batsford&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-7134-2286-3&rft.aulast=Reiniger&rft.aufirst=Lotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshadowtheatressh0000rein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Ruttmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LR-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LR_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091122140333/http://www.milestonefilms.com/pdf/AchmedPK.pdf">"Lotte Reiniger's Introduction to The Adventures of Prince Achmed"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Milestone Films</i>. 2001. pp. 9–11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milestonefilms.com/pdf/AchmedPK.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Milestone+Films&rft.atitle=Lotte+Reiniger%27s+Introduction+to+The+Adventures+of+Prince+Achmed&rft.pages=9-11&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milestonefilms.com%2Fpdf%2FAchmedPK.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Ruttmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sfsound.org/tape/ruttmann.html">"Weekend - Walter Ruttmann"</a>. <i>sfSound</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sfSound&rft.atitle=Weekend+-+Walter+Ruttmann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsfsound.org%2Ftape%2Fruttmann.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Ruttmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorn2015" class="citation web cs1">Born, Erik (30 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://erikborn.com/2015/01/30/walter-ruttmann-wochenende-1930/">"Walter Ruttmann, Wochenende (1930)"</a>. <i>Erik Born</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>. <q>Assistant Professor,... in the Department of German Studies at Cornell University</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Erik+Born&rft.atitle=Walter+Ruttmann%2C+Wochenende+%281930%29&rft.date=2015-01-30&rft.aulast=Born&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ferikborn.com%2F2015%2F01%2F30%2Fwalter-ruttmann-wochenende-1930%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Ruttmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/works/weekend/">"Media Art Net | Ruttmann, Walter: Weekend"</a>. 23 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Media+Art+Net+%26%23124%3B+Ruttmann%2C+Walter%3A+Weekend&rft.date=2021-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medienkunstnetz.de%2Fworks%2Fweekend%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Ruttmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemes2020" class="citation web cs1">Remes, Justin (5 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cupblog.org/2020/04/05/ten-masterpieces-of-experimental-cinema/">"Ten Masterpieces of Experimental Cinema"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a> Blog</i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+University+Press+Blog&rft.atitle=Ten+Masterpieces+of+Experimental+Cinema&rft.date=2020-04-05&rft.aulast=Remes&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cupblog.org%2F2020%2F04%2F05%2Ften-masterpieces-of-experimental-cinema%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Ruttmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vallen_Truth_Babylon_Berlin-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vallen_Truth_Babylon_Berlin_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallen2018" class="citation web cs1">Vallen, Mark (2018-04-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art-for-a-change.com/blog/2018/04/the-truth-about-babylon-berlin.html">"The Truth About Babylon Berlin"</a>. <i>Art For A Change</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Art+For+A+Change&rft.atitle=The+Truth+About+Babylon+Berlin&rft.date=2018-04-03&rft.aulast=Vallen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fart-for-a-change.com%2Fblog%2F2018%2F04%2Fthe-truth-about-babylon-berlin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Ruttmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuttmann" class="citation web cs1">Ruttmann, Walter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.puntoyrayafestival.com/en/tv/films/lichtspiel_opus-i/">"LICHTSPIEL: OPUS I, 11'43<i>, Colour, Drawing, 1921"</i></a><i>. </i><a href="/wiki/Punto_y_Raya_Festival" title="Punto y Raya Festival">Punto y Raya Festival</a><i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>.</i></cite><i><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Punto+y+Raya+Festival&rft.atitle=LICHTSPIEL%3A+OPUS+I%2C+11%2743%2C+Colour%2C+Drawing%2C+1921&rft.aulast=Ruttmann&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.puntoyrayafestival.com%2Fen%2Ftv%2Ffilms%2Flichtspiel_opus-i%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Ruttmann" class="Z3988"></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-centrepompidou-1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-centrepompidou-1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centrepompidou.fr/fr/ressources/oeuvre/cdLrro">"Lichtspiel Opus I"</a>. <i>Centre Pompidou</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centre+Pompidou&rft.atitle=Lichtspiel+Opus+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centrepompidou.fr%2Ffr%2Fressources%2Foeuvre%2FcdLrro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Ruttmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-researchrepository-1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-researchrepository-1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoser1921" class="citation journal cs1">Moser, Jeffrey (1 January 1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchrepository.wvu.edu/structuralist_db/1207">"Lichtspiel Opus I (1921)"</a>. <i>Fixation Database of Film and Animation</i>. <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_University" title="West Virginia University">West Virginia University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fixation+Database+of+Film+and+Animation&rft.atitle=Lichtspiel+Opus+I+%281921%29&rft.date=1921-01-01&rft.aulast=Moser&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.wvu.edu%2Fstructuralist_db%2F1207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Ruttmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edition-filmmuseum-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edition-filmmuseum_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edition-filmmuseum_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edition-filmmuseum_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edition-filmmuseum_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edition-filmmuseum_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edition-filmmuseum.com/product_info.php/language/en/info/p70_Berlin--die-Sinfonie-der-Gro-stadt---Melodie-der-Welt.html">"Berlin, die Sinfonie der Großstadt & Melodie der Welt Edition Filmmuseum 39"</a>. <i>Edition Filmmuseum Shop</i>. <a href="/wiki/Munich_Film_Archive" title="Munich Film Archive">Munich Film Archive</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Federal_Archives" title="German Federal Archives">German Federal Archives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goethe-Institut" title="Goethe-Institut">Goethe-Institut</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>. <q>Lichtspiel Opus 1 1920, 11'; Opus 2 1922, 3'; Opus 3 1924, 3'; Opus 4 1925, 4'; Berlin, die Sinfonie der Großstadt 1927, 65'; Melodie der Welt 1929, 48' (EDITION FILMMUSEUM is a joint project of film archives and cultural institutions in the german-speaking part of Europe. Its ambition is to publish film works of artistic, cultural and historical value in DVD editions that both utilise the possibilities of digital media and meet the quality demands of the archival profession.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edition+Filmmuseum+Shop&rft.atitle=Berlin%2C+die+Sinfonie+der+Gro%C3%9Fstadt+%26+Melodie+der+Welt+Edition+Filmmuseum+39&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edition-filmmuseum.com%2Fproduct_info.php%2Flanguage%2Fen%2Finfo%2Fp70_Berlin--die-Sinfonie-der-Gro-stadt---Melodie-der-Welt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Ruttmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.closeupfilmcentre.com/library/films/lichtspiel-opus-i-walter-ruttmann/13121">"Lichtspiel Opus 1"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Close-Up_Film_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Close-Up Film Centre (page does not exist)">Close-Up Film Centre</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Close-Up+Film+Centre&rft.atitle=Lichtspiel+Opus+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.closeupfilmcentre.com%2Flibrary%2Ffilms%2Flichtspiel-opus-i-walter-ruttmann%2F13121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Ruttmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-researchrepository-2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-researchrepository-2_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoser1921" class="citation journal cs1">Moser, Jeffrey (1 January 1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/structuralist_db/1208/">"Lichtspiel Opus II (1921)"</a>. <i>Fixation Database of Film and Animation</i>. <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_University" title="West Virginia University">West Virginia University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fixation+Database+of+Film+and+Animation&rft.atitle=Lichtspiel+Opus+II+%281921%29&rft.date=1921-01-01&rft.aulast=Moser&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.wvu.edu%2Fstructuralist_db%2F1208%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Ruttmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.closeupfilmcentre.com/library/films/opus-ii-walter-ruttmann/13122">"Opus 2"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Close-Up_Film_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Close-Up Film Centre (page does not exist)">Close-Up Film Centre</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Close-Up+Film+Centre&rft.atitle=Opus+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.closeupfilmcentre.com%2Flibrary%2Ffilms%2Fopus-ii-walter-ruttmann%2F13122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Ruttmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steike-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steike_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steike_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinz Steike in <i>Film als Film 1910 bis Heute</i>, Kölnischer Kunstverein, 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-researchrepository-3-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-researchrepository-3_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoser1924" class="citation journal cs1">Moser, Jeffrey (1 January 1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchrepository.wvu.edu/structuralist_db/1212">"Lichtspiel Opus III (1924)"</a>. <i>Fixation Database of Film and Animation</i>. <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_University" title="West Virginia University">West Virginia University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fixation+Database+of+Film+and+Animation&rft.atitle=Lichtspiel+Opus+III+%281924%29&rft.date=1924-01-01&rft.aulast=Moser&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.wvu.edu%2Fstructuralist_db%2F1212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Ruttmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.closeupfilmcentre.com/library/films/opus-iii-walter-ruttmann/13125">"Opus 3"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Close-Up_Film_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Close-Up Film Centre (page does not exist)">Close-Up Film Centre</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Close-Up+Film+Centre&rft.atitle=Opus+3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.closeupfilmcentre.com%2Flibrary%2Ffilms%2Fopus-iii-walter-ruttmann%2F13125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Ruttmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.closeupfilmcentre.com/library/films/opus-iv-walter-ruttmann/13126">"Opus 4"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Close-Up_Film_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Close-Up Film Centre (page does not exist)">Close-Up Film Centre</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Close-Up+Film+Centre&rft.atitle=Opus+4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.closeupfilmcentre.com%2Flibrary%2Ffilms%2Fopus-iv-walter-ruttmann%2F13126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Ruttmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Ruttmann&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0752193/">Walter Ruttmann</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/movies?sin=&and%5b%5d=Walther+Ruttmann&and%5b%5d=creator%3A%22walther%20ruttmann%22&and%5b%5d=creator%3A%22walther%20ruttman%22&and%5b%5d=creator%3A%22walther%20ruthmann%22&and%5b%5d=creator%3A%22waltter%20ruttmann%22">"Walther Ruttmann"</a>. <i>Download & Streaming : Moving Image Archive</i>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Download+%26+Streaming+%3A+Moving+Image+Archive&rft.atitle=Walther+Ruttmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmovies%3Fsin%3D%26and%5B%5D%3DWalther%2BRuttmann%26and%5B%5D%3Dcreator%253A%2522walther%2520ruttmann%2522%26and%5B%5D%3Dcreator%253A%2522walther%2520ruttman%2522%26and%5B%5D%3Dcreator%253A%2522walther%2520ruthmann%2522%26and%5B%5D%3Dcreator%253A%2522waltter%2520ruttmann%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Ruttmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmportal.de/person/walther-ruttmann_073d7d0d1c4b4c538b0b3db7ec60e44e">"Walther Ruttmann"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Filmportal.de" title="Filmportal.de">filmportal.de</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=filmportal.de&rft.atitle=Walther+Ruttmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmportal.de%2Fperson%2Fwalther-ruttmann_073d7d0d1c4b4c538b0b3db7ec60e44e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Ruttmann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&prev_page=1&subjectid=500112601">Walter Ruttmann</a> <a href="/wiki/Union_List_of_Artist_Names" title="Union List of Artist Names">Union List of Artist Names</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Films_directed_by_Walter_Ruttmann" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Walter_Ruttmann" title="Template:Walter Ruttmann"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Walter_Ruttmann" title="Template talk:Walter Ruttmann"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Walter_Ruttmann" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Walter Ruttmann"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Films_directed_by_Walter_Ruttmann" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Films directed by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Walter Ruttmann</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Opus_IV_(film)" title="Opus IV (film)">Opus IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berlin:_Symphony_of_a_Metropolis" title="Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis">Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis</a></i></li> <li><i><a 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77365#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77365#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121335748">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/54246262">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/276419/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfH44QHwTCCpg88DXCqQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119053500">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no90021074">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12466357m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12466357m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ruttmann, Walter <1887-1941>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/DDSV072390">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=pna2010573571&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1649034">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p322047420">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810697338205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007509747505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058597571406706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500112601">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/86c81926-3b2e-4be7-ab9f-dec8f718e9ed">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/324438">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/7123">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/874722">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119053500.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119053500">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/073916420">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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