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link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" > <span id="pageif" value="en"></span><span id="pageremap" value=""></span><span id="nomotd"></span><div id="menubar"> <div id="language" style="zoom: 1;"> <a href="#" onclick="if(getActiveStyleSheet()=='Compact') setActiveStyleSheet(''); else setActiveStyleSheet('Compact'); return false;"><img id="mobimg" src="static/mobile.png" border="0" width="9" height="16" style="vertical-align: bottom;" alt="Switch to compact display" title="Switch to compact display" /><img id="deskimg" src="static/mobile.png" width="9" height="16" border="0" style="vertical-align: bottom;" alt="Switch to full desktop display" title="Switch to full desktop display" /></a> <span style="float: right"><a href="faq/ens" rel="nofollow">简体</a></span><a href="faq/zh" rel="nofollow"><b>中文版</b></a></div><div id="home"><a href="https://ctext.org"><img id="homeimg" src="static/home.png" width="12" height="14" style="vertical-align: bottom;" border="0" alt="Home" title="Home" 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style="font-weight: bold;" id="m59420" href="faq" >Frequently Asked Questions</a><br /> <span class="subcontents">　　<a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m81870" href="faq/privacy-policy" >Privacy policy</a><br /> 　　<a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m81879" href="faq/forum-rules" >Forum rules</a><br /> 　　<a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m92189" href="faq/indexing-rationale" >Indexing rationale</a><br /> 　　<a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m92197" href="faq/normalization" >Normalization</a><br /> 　　<a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m107492" href="faq/sponsors" >List of donors</a><br /> 　　<a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m107522" href="faq/cite" >Citation</a><br /> 　　<a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m361544" href="faq/word-clouds" >Word clouds</a><br /> </span></span> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="instructions" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div 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1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x47084" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m47084" href="confucianism" >Confucianism</a><br /> <span class="subcontents"><span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=11448&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="analects" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="analects" >The Analects</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=11449&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="mengzi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="mengzi" >Mengzi</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=11450&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="liji" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="liji" >Liji</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="xunzi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="xunzi" >Xunzi</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=47364&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="xiao-jing" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="xiao-jing" >Xiao Jing</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="shuo-yuan" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="shuo-yuan" >Shuo Yuan</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="chun-qiu-fan-lu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="chun-qiu-fan-lu" >Chun Qiu Fan Lu</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="han-shi-wai-zhuan" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="han-shi-wai-zhuan" >Han Shi Wai Zhuan</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="da-dai-li-ji" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="da-dai-li-ji" >Da Dai Li Ji</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="bai-hu-tong" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="bai-hu-tong" >Bai Hu Tong</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="xin-shu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="xin-shu" >Xin Shu</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="xin-xu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="xin-xu" >Xin Xu</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show 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Jiayu</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="qian-fu-lun" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="qian-fu-lun" >Qian Fu Lun</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="lunheng" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="lunheng" >Lunheng</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="taixuanjing" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="taixuanjing" >Tai Xuan Jing</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="fengsutongyi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="fengsutongyi" >Fengsu Tongyi</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="kongcongzi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="kongcongzi" >Kongcongzi</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="shenjian" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="shenjian" >Shen Jian</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="zhong-jing" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="zhong-jing" >Zhong Jing</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="su-shu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="su-shu" >Su Shu</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="xinyu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="xinyu" >Xin Yu</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="duduan" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="duduan" >Du Duan</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="caizhong-langji" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="caizhong-langji" >Cai Zhong Lang Ji</a><br /> </span></span> <span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x47085" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m47085" href="mohism" >Mohism</a><br /> <span class="subcontents"><span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=11446&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="mozi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="mozi" >Mozi</a><br /> 　<a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m37562" href="mo-bian-zhu-xu" >Mo Bian Zhu Xu</a><br /> </span></span> <span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x47086" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m47086" href="daoism" >Daoism</a><br /> <span class="subcontents"><span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=11451&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="zhuangzi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="zhuangzi" >Zhuangzi</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=47367&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m11591" href="dao-de-jing" >Dao De Jing</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=278824&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="liezi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="liezi" >Liezi</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="he-guan-zi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="he-guan-zi" >He Guan Zi</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="wenzi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="wenzi" >Wenzi</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="wenshi-zhenjing" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="wenshi-zhenjing" >Wen Shi Zhen Jing</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="lie-xian-zhuan" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="lie-xian-zhuan" >Lie Xian Zhuan</a><br /> 　<div 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onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=47382&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="hanfeizi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="hanfeizi" >Hanfeizi</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=58972&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="shang-jun-shu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" 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href="shenzi" >Shenzi</a><br /> 　<a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m47384" href="jian-zhu-ke-shu" >Jian Zhu Ke Shu</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="guanzi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="guanzi" >Guanzi</a><br /> </span></span> <span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x47088" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m47088" href="school-of-names" >School of Names</a><br /> <span class="subcontents"><span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=81868&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="gongsunlongzi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="gongsunlongzi" >Gongsunlongzi</a><br /> </span></span> <span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x47089" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m47089" href="school-of-the-military" >School of the Military</a><br /> <span class="subcontents"><span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source 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class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="wu-zi" >Wu Zi</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=41901&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="liu-tao" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="liu-tao" >Liu Tao</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="si-ma-fa" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="si-ma-fa" >Si Ma Fa</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="wei-liao-zi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="wei-liao-zi" >Wei Liao Zi</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="three-strategies" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="three-strategies" >Three Strategies</a><br /> </span></span> <span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x47090" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m47090" href="mathematics" >Mathematics</a><br /> <span class="subcontents">　<a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m45173" href="hai-dao-suan-jing" >Hai Dao Suan Jing</a><br /> 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inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="shiji" >Shiji</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="chun-qiu-zuo-zhuan" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="chun-qiu-zuo-zhuan" >Chun Qiu Zuo Zhuan</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="lost-book-of-zhou" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="lost-book-of-zhou" >Lost Book of Zhou</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="guo-yu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="guo-yu" >Guo Yu</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="yanzi-chun-qiu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="yanzi-chun-qiu" >Yanzi Chun Qiu</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="wu-yue-chun-qiu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="wu-yue-chun-qiu" >Wu Yue Chun Qiu</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=80223&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="yue-jue-shu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="yue-jue-shu" >Yue Jue Shu</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="zhan-guo-ce" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="zhan-guo-ce" >Zhan Guo Ce</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="yan-tie-lun" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="yan-tie-lun" >Yan Tie Lun</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="lie-nv-zhuan" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="lie-nv-zhuan" >Lie Nü Zhuan</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="guliang-zhuan" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="guliang-zhuan" >Guliang Zhuan</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="gongyang-zhuan" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="gongyang-zhuan" >Gongyang Zhuan</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="han-shu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="han-shu" >Han Shu</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="qian-han-ji" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="qian-han-ji" >Qian Han Ji</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="dong-guan-han-ji" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="dong-guan-han-ji" >Dong Guan Han Ji</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="hou-han-shu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="hou-han-shu" >Hou Han Shu</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="zhushu-jinian" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="zhushu-jinian" >Zhushu Jinian</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="mutianzi-zhuan" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="mutianzi-zhuan" >Mutianzi Zhuan</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="gu-san-fen" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="gu-san-fen" >Gu San Fen</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="yandanzi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="yandanzi" >Yandanzi</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="xijing-zaji" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="xijing-zaji" >Xijing Zaji</a><br /> </span></span> <span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x47093" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m47093" href="ancient-classics" >Ancient Classics</a><br /> <span 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return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="shang-shu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="shang-shu" >Shang Shu</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=47374&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="book-of-changes" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="book-of-changes" >Book of Changes</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="rites-of-zhou" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="rites-of-zhou" >The Rites of Zhou</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="chu-ci" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="chu-ci" >Chu Ci</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="yili" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="yili" >Yili</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="shan-hai-jing" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="shan-hai-jing" >Shan Hai Jing</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="jiaoshi-yilin" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="jiaoshi-yilin" >Jiaoshi Yilin</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="jingshi-yizhuan" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="jingshi-yizhuan" >Jingshi Yizhuan</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="shishuo" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="shishuo" >Shi Shuo</a><br /> </span></span> <span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x47104" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m47104" href="etymology" >Etymology</a><br /> <span class="subcontents">　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="shuo-wen-jie-zi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="shuo-wen-jie-zi" >Shuo Wen Jie Zi</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="er-ya" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="er-ya" >Er Ya</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=41630&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="shi-ming" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="shi-ming" >Shi Ming</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=108158&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="fang-yan" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="fang-yan" >Fang Yan</a><br /> 　<a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m279526" href="jijiupian" >Ji Jiu Pian</a><br /> </span></span> <span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x80226" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m80226" href="chinese-medicine" >Chinese Medicine</a><br /> <span class="subcontents">　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="huangdi-neijing" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="huangdi-neijing" >Huangdi Neijing</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="nan-jing" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="nan-jing" >Nan Jing</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="shang-han-lun" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="shang-han-lun" >Shang Han Lun</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="jinkui-yaolue" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="jinkui-yaolue" >Jinkui Yaolue</a><br /> </span></span> <span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x82944" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m82944" href="excavated-texts" >Excavated texts</a><br /> <span class="subcontents">　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="guodian" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="guodian" >Guodian</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="mawangdui" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="mawangdui" >Mawangdui</a><br /> </span></span> <br /> <div class="menuitem listhead"><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m89488" href="post-han" >Post-Han</a><br /> </div><span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x90478" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m90478" href="wei-jin-and-north-south" >Wei, Jin, and North-South</a><br /> <span class="subcontents"><span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=90561&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<a class="menuitem" id="m90479" href="dao-de-zhen-jing-zhu" >道德真經註</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="shi-shuo-xin-yu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="shi-shuo-xin-yu" >世說新語</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="yan-shi-jia-xun" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="yan-shi-jia-xun" >顏氏家訓</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="wenxin-diaolong" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="wenxin-diaolong" >文心雕龍</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="baopuzi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="baopuzi" >抱朴子</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="renwuzhi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="renwuzhi" >人物志</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="jinlouzi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="jinlouzi" >金樓子</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="shui-jing-zhu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="shui-jing-zhu" >水經注</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="shen-xian-zhuan" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="shen-xian-zhuan" >神仙傳</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="sanguozhi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="sanguozhi" >三國志</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="gaoshizhuan" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="gaoshizhuan" >高士傳</a><br /> 　<a class="menuitem" id="m649377" href="shenyijing" >神異經</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="dongmingji" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="dongmingji" >洞冥記</a><br /> </span></span> <span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x278826" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m278826" href="sui-tang" >Sui-Tang</a><br /> <span class="subcontents">　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="qunshu-zhiyao" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="qunshu-zhiyao" >群書治要</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="yiwen-leiju" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="yiwen-leiju" >藝文類聚</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="tongdian" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="tongdian" >通典</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="yilin" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="yilin" >意林</a><br /> 　<a class="menuitem" id="m649043" href="yinfujing" >黃帝陰符經</a><br /> </span></span> <span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x90471" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m90471" href="song-ming" >Song-Ming</a><br /> <span class="subcontents"><span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=90476&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="si-shu-zhang-ju-ji-zhu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="si-shu-zhang-ju-ji-zhu" >四書章句集注</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=90742&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m90563" href="three-character-classic" >Three Character Classic</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="lunyu-zhushu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="lunyu-zhushu" >論語注疏</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="xiyouji" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: 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style="font-weight: bold;" href="quantangshi" >Quan Tang Shi</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="kangxi-zidian" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="kangxi-zidian" >Kangxi Zidian</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="rulin-waishi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="rulin-waishi" >The Scholars</a><br /> </span></span> <span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x90473" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m90473" href="republican-era" >Republican era</a><br /> <span class="subcontents"><span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=52382&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="mo-jing-jiao-shi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="mo-jing-jiao-shi" >墨經校釋</a><br /> </span></span> <div class="menuitem listhead opt"><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="notes">Notes</a></div><div class="menuitem listhead"><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="resource.pl?node=3925&if=en">Resources</a></div><div class="menuitem listhead"><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="dictionary.pl?if=en">Dictionary</a></div><div class="menuitem listhead"><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="discuss.pl?if=en">Discussion</a></div><div class="menuitem listhead"><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="library.pl?if=en">Library</a></div><div class="menuitem listhead"><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="wiki.pl?if=en">Wiki</a></div><div class="menuitem listhead"><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="datawiki.pl?if=en">Data Wiki</a></div></div> <div id="search"> <form id="searchform" method="get" action="text.pl"> Search <select name="node" class="booklistbox"><option value="3925" >Pre-Qin and Han</option> <option value="47084" >Confucianism</option> <option value="1081" > The Analects</option> <option value="1602" > Mengzi</option> <option value="9479" > Liji</option> <option value="12245" > Xunzi</option> <option value="20992" > Xiao Jing</option> <option value="21511" > Shuo Yuan</option> <option value="22853" > Chun Qiu Fan Lu</option> <option value="39642" > Han Shi Wai Zhuan</option> <option value="44430" > Da Dai Li Ji</option> <option value="52839" > Bai Hu Tong</option> <option value="53345" > Xin Shu</option> <option value="53728" > Xin Xu</option> <option value="60991" > Yangzi Fayan</option> <option value="83378" > Zhong Lun</option> <option value="84338" > Kongzi Jiayu</option> <option value="84867" > Qian Fu Lun</option> <option value="280221" > Lunheng</option> <option value="283871" > Tai Xuan Jing</option> <option value="284846" > Fengsu Tongyi</option> <option value="285366" > Kongcongzi</option> <option value="601774" > Shen Jian</option> <option value="646727" > Zhong Jing</option> <option value="646765" > Su Shu</option> <option value="646861" > Xin Yu</option> <option value="646956" > Du Duan</option> <option value="648405" > Cai Zhong Lang Ji</option> <option value="47085" >Mohism</option> <option value="101" > Mozi</option> <option value="37562" > Mo Bian Zhu Xu</option> <option value="47086" >Daoism</option> <option value="2712" > Zhuangzi</option> <option value="11591" > Dao De Jing</option> <option value="37397" > Liezi</option> <option value="50769" > He Guan Zi</option> <option value="58487" > Wenzi</option> <option value="279897" > Wen Shi Zhen Jing</option> <option value="285604" > Lie Xian Zhuan</option> <option value="647075" > Yuzi</option> <option value="648877" > Heshanggong Laozi</option> <option value="47087" >Legalism</option> <option value="1879" > Hanfeizi</option> <option value="47107" > Shang Jun Shu</option> <option value="47108" > Shen Bu Hai</option> <option value="47109" > Shenzi</option> <option value="47384" > Jian Zhu Ke Shu</option> <option value="48150" > Guanzi</option> <option value="47088" >School of Names</option> <option value="11553" > Gongsunlongzi</option> <option value="47089" >School of the Military</option> <option value="20908" > The Art of War</option> <option value="41678" > Wu Zi</option> <option value="41730" > Liu Tao</option> <option value="43273" > Si Ma Fa</option> <option value="43348" > Wei Liao Zi</option> <option value="50828" > Three Strategies</option> <option value="47090" >Mathematics</option> <option value="45173" > Hai Dao Suan Jing</option> <option value="51058" > The Nine Chapters</option> <option value="52053" > Sunzi Suan Jing</option> <option value="59424" > Zhou Bi Suan Jing</option> <option value="47091" >Miscellaneous Schools</option> <option value="3022" > Huainanzi</option> <option value="23107" > Lü Shi Chun Qiu</option> <option value="39963" > Gui Gu Zi</option> <option value="41543" > Yin Wen Zi</option> <option value="41632" > Deng Xi Zi</option> <option value="47092" >Histories</option> <option value="4474" > Shiji</option> <option value="16949" > Chun Qiu Zuo Zhuan</option> <option value="24161" > Lost Book of Zhou</option> <option value="24449" > Guo Yu</option> <option value="43540" > Yanzi Chun Qiu</option> <option value="47648" > Wu Yue Chun Qiu</option> <option value="49118" > Yue Jue Shu</option> <option value="49462" > Zhan Guo Ce</option> <option value="52405" > Yan Tie Lun</option> <option value="53989" > Lie Nü Zhuan</option> <option value="55039" > Guliang Zhuan</option> <option value="56444" > Gongyang Zhuan</option> <option value="61664" > Han Shu</option> <option value="68780" > Qian Han Ji</option> <option value="69121" > Dong Guan Han Ji</option> <option value="71480" > Hou Han Shu</option> <option value="282742" > Zhushu Jinian</option> <option value="283502" > Mutianzi Zhuan</option> <option value="646779" > Gu San Fen</option> <option value="647105" > Yandanzi</option> <option value="647120" > Xijing Zaji</option> <option value="47093" >Ancient Classics</option> <option value="13985" > Book of Poetry</option> <option value="21030" > Shang Shu</option> <option value="25002" > Book of Changes</option> <option value="36554" > The Rites of Zhou</option> <option value="51791" > Chu Ci</option> <option value="54566" > Yili</option> <option value="83479" > Shan Hai Jing</option> <option value="85326" > Jiaoshi Yilin</option> <option value="280082" > Jingshi Yizhuan</option> <option value="283542" > Shi Shuo</option> <option value="47104" >Etymology</option> <option value="26160" > Shuo Wen Jie Zi</option> <option value="37567" > Er Ya</option> <option value="40087" > Shi Ming</option> <option value="45207" > Fang Yan</option> <option value="279526" > Ji Jiu Pian</option> <option value="80226" >Chinese Medicine</option> <option value="80228" > Huangdi Neijing</option> <option value="81934" > Nan Jing</option> <option value="281911" > Shang Han Lun</option> <option value="647268" > Jinkui Yaolue</option> <option value="82944" >Excavated texts</option> <option value="82945" > Guodian</option> <option value="82987" > Mawangdui</option> <option value="89488" >Post-Han</option> <option value="90478" >Wei, Jin, and North-South</option> <option value="90479" > 道德真經註</option> <option value="90746" > 世說新語</option> <option value="91913" > 顏氏家訓</option> <option value="108160" > 文心雕龍</option> <option value="277835" > 抱朴子</option> <option value="279273" > 人物志</option> <option value="287513" > 金樓子</option> <option value="568082" > 水經注</option> <option value="585926" > 神仙傳</option> <option value="601873" > 三國志</option> <option value="604745" > 高士傳</option> <option value="649377" > 神異經</option> <option value="649426" > 洞冥記</option> <option value="278826" >Sui-Tang</option> <option value="278827" > 群書治要</option> <option value="539864" > 藝文類聚</option> <option value="552245" > 通典</option> <option value="566532" > 意林</option> <option value="649043" > 黃帝陰符經</option> <option value="90471" >Song-Ming</option> <option value="89489" > 四書章句集注</option> <option value="90563" > Three Character Classic</option> <option value="92202" > 論語注疏</option> <option value="93274" > 西遊記</option> <option value="97135" > Romance of the Three Kingdoms</option> <option value="100830" > 金瓶梅</option> <option value="285817" > 封神演義</option> <option value="288029" > 廣韻</option> <option value="361551" > 孝經注疏</option> <option value="361857" > 太平御覽</option> <option value="570777" > 太平廣記</option> <option value="586142" > 朱子語類</option> <option value="649226" > 宋景文公筆記</option> <option value="649494" > 棋經</option> <option value="649521" > 郁離子</option> <option value="90472" >Qing</option> <option value="10473" > Mozi Jiangu</option> <option value="103345" > Hong Lou Meng</option> <option value="108540" > Quan Tang Shi</option> <option value="317453" > Kangxi Zidian</option> <option value="565462" > The Scholars</option> <option value="90473" >Republican era</option> <option value="52326" > 墨經校釋</option> </select> for:<br /> <input type="hidden" name="if" id="if" value="en" /> <input type="text" name="searchu" size="20" value="" class="searchbox" /><br /> <input type="submit" value="Search" /> <span class="etext"><a href="search.pl?if=en">Advanced</a></span></form> </div> <div id="searchbooks"> <a href="searchbooks.pl?if=en">Title search</a><span class="opt">:<br /> <form id="searchform" method="get" action="searchbooks.pl"> <input type="hidden" name="if" value="en" /> <input type="text" name="searchu" size="20" value="" class="searchbox" /><br /> <input type="submit" value="Search" /> </form> </span></div> <script type="text/javascript"> function applyfilter(topicid) { var x=document.getElementById("categoriesform"); var y=document.getElementById("filtervalue"); y.value = topicid; x.submit(); } </script> <div id="logininfo"> <a href="account.pl?if=en&return=%2Ffaq" rel="nofollow">Log in</a></div> </div> <div id="content"><div class="noprint opt" style="height: 47px; margin: 5px; float: right; text-align: right;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Chinese-Text-Project/112118272147647" rel="nofollow"><img src="icons/facebook.gif" border="0" width="44" height="44" alt="Follow us on Facebook to receive important updates" title="Follow us on Facebook to receive important updates" /></a> <a href="https://www.twitter.com/chinesetextproj" rel="nofollow"><img src="icons/twitter.gif" width="45" height="44" border="0" alt="Follow us on Twitter to receive important updates" title="Follow us on Twitter to receive important updates" /></a> <a href="http://weibo.com/ctext" rel="nofollow"><img src="icons/xinlang.gif" border="0" width="44" height="44" alt="Follow us on sina.com's microblogging site to receive important updates" title="Follow us on sina.com's microblogging site to receive important updates" /></a> <a href="https://site.douban.com/137325/" rel="nofollow"><img src="icons/douban.png" border="0" width="44" height="44" alt="Follow us on Douban to receive important updates" title="Follow us on Douban to receive important updates" /></a></div> <table id="titleline" border="0"> <tr><td valign="top"><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="http://ctext.org/zhs" class="sprite-logo" title="Chinese Text Project" >Chinese Text Project<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></td> <td valign="middle"><font size="+3">Chinese Text Project</font></td> </tr> </table> <div id="ad2"> <table border="0" width="100%"><tr><td></td><td align="right"></td></tr></table></div> <script type="text/javascript"> var tids=document.getElementById('m59420'); if(tids) { tids.className = 'menuselected'; } var tids2=document.getElementById('x59420'); if(tids2) { tids2.setAttribute('class','sprite-unexpand'); tids2.setAttribute('className','sprite-unexpand'); tids2.parentNode.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('span')[0].style.display="inline"; } var tids2=document.getElementById('x4463'); if(tids2) { tids2.setAttribute('class','sprite-unexpand'); tids2.setAttribute('className','sprite-unexpand'); tids2.parentNode.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('span')[0].style.display="inline"; } </script> <div id="content3"><h2>Frequently Asked Questions</h2> <h3>Credits</h3> <p>This site is designed, edited, and maintained by <a href="https://dsturgeon.net/about/">Dr. Donald Sturgeon</a> [<a href="https://dsturgeon.net/category/digital-humanities/">Related work</a>]. </p> <p>Many thanks to all those who have offered <a href="instructions/corrections">corrections</a>, suggestions, <a href="help-us">donations</a>, and words of support.</p> <h3 id="cite">How should I cite this website?</h3> <p>When referring to this website in academic research, please cite the following paper: <ul><li><b>Donald Sturgeon, <a href="https://dsturgeon.net/papers/ctext_dsh_web.pdf">Chinese Text Project: a dynamic digital library of premodern Chinese</a>, <i>Digital Scholarship in the Humanities</i> 2019</b></li></ul> If making use of other related research results, please also consider citing the following as appropriate: <ul> <li>Donald Sturgeon, <a href="https://dsturgeon.net/text-reuse-early-chinese/">Digital Approaches to Text Reuse in the Early Chinese Corpus</a>, <i>Journal of Chinese Literature and Culture</i> 2018 5(2)</li> <li>Donald Sturgeon, <a href="https://dsturgeon.net/large-scale-ocr-chinese/">Large-scale Optical Character Recognition of Pre-modern Chinese Texts</a>, <i>International Journal of Buddhist Thought and Culture</i> 2018, 28(2)</li> <li>Donald Sturgeon, <a href="https://dsturgeon.net/text-reuse-chinese-literature/">Unsupervised Identification of Text Reuse in Early Chinese Literature</a>, <i>Digital Scholarship in the Humanities</i> 2018 33(3)</li> <li>Donald Sturgeon, <a href="https://aaai.org/ocs/index.php/FLAIRS/FLAIRS17/paper/view/15490/15011">Unsupervised Extraction of Training Data for Pre-Modern Chinese OCR</a>, <i>Proc. FLAIRS-30</i> 2017</li> </ul> </p> <p>When citing this website, the following basic information may be helpful: <ul> <li>Title: Chinese Text Project (Chinese: 中國哲學書電子化計劃)</li> <li>Editor: <a href="https://dsturgeon.net/about">Dr. Donald Sturgeon</a> (Chinese: 德龍)</li> <li>URL: https://ctext.org</li> </ul> If you are citing a translation of a text included on the site, please be sure to cite the name of the translator as the author of the translation.</p> <p>For more detailed suggestions on how to cite Chinese texts in Chinese, please see the page "<a href="faq/cite">Citing Chinese texts</a>".</p> <h3>Comments and corrections</h3> <p>If you have found an error in a text on the site that you are able to correct, please post a description on the <a href="discuss.pl?if=en&board=7">discussion forum</a>. Please review the <a href="instructions/corrections">relevant instructions</a> before posting corrections. Errors in texts in the <a href="wiki.pl?if=en">Wiki section</a> can be corrected by editing the text directly. </p> <h3 id="download">How can I download texts?</h3> <p>Once you have <a href="account.pl?if=en">created a free account</a> and logged in to the site, installing the <a href="tools/plugins">Plain text plugin</a> will allow you to copy or download any chapter as plain text. If you access the site from a <a href="tools/subscribe">subscribing institution</a>, this will also allow you to download entire texts with a single click.</p> <h3 id="verify">Why do I keep seeing verification images?</h3> <p>This site receives extremely large numbers of requests from automated computer programs which if left unchecked can destabilize the site and make it unavailable to everyone else. One important way to combat these is to identify which requests come from automated programs, and for this purpose the system will sometimes ask you to <a href="account.pl?if=en">create a free account and log in</a>, or enter the text in a verification image before continuing.</p> <p>You can greatly reduce the frequency with which you will be asked for verification by taking the following steps: <ul> <li><a href="account.pl?if=en">Create a free account and log in</a>. If you are based at an academic institution, you may wish to use your institutional e-mail address for this, as accounts created using addresses from institutional domains such as .edu or .ac.uk are assigned higher initial levels of trust than those using addresses from free public e-mail services such as gmail.com, yahoo.com.tw etc.</li> <li>Make <a href="instructions/ocr#corrections">constructive edits</a> to texts in the wiki section of the site (e.g. by correcting OCR errors). Over time, this will greatly increase the trust assigned to your account. Please note that edits are manually reviewed.</li> <li>If you are based at an academic institution, ask your library to <a href="tools/subscribe">subscribe</a>. Your library will provide a list of institutional IP addresses, which will be assigned greater trust than unknown locations, in addition to providing access to many other functions.</li> </ul> </p> <h3 id="china">How can I access the site from mainland China?</h3> <p>The site should normally be accessible from mainland China using the usual URL (<a href="https://ctext.org">ctext.org</a>). Some users have reported occasional problems resolving the domain name in their web browser; if you encounter this type of error, please try accessing the site using our alternative web address "<a href="https://ctext.cn" rel="nofollow">ctext.cn</a>". Unless you are encountering this type of problem, we recommend you continue to use the ctext.org domain as this will normally provide faster and more reliable service.</p> <h3 id="social">Is the Chinese Text Project on Twitter/Facebook/...?</h3> <p>Below is a complete list of social media pages associated with this site:</p> <table class="restable"> <tr class="resrow"><td>Facebook: Chinese Text Project</td><td><a href="https://www.facebook.com/chinesetextproject" rel="nofollow">https://www.facebook.com/chinesetextproject</a></td></tr> <tr class="resrowalt"><td>Facebook: Wenyanwen Roulette</td><td><a href="https://www.facebook.com/chineseroulette" rel="nofollow">https://www.facebook.com/chineseroulette</a></td></tr> <tr class="resrow"><td>Twitter: Chinese Text Project</td><td><a href="https://www.twitter.com/chinesetextproj" rel="nofollow">https://www.twitter.com/chinesetextproj</a></td></tr> <tr class="resrowalt"><td>Twitter: Wenyanwen Roulette</td><td><a href="https://www.twitter.com/chineseroulette" rel="nofollow">https://www.twitter.com/chineseroulette</a></td></tr> <tr class="resrow"><td>人人網：中國哲學書電子化計劃</td><td><a href="http://page.renren.com/601119699" rel="nofollow">http://page.renren.com/601119699</a></td></tr> <tr class="resrowalt"><td>人人網：古文亂選</td><td><a href="http://page.renren.com/601177924" rel="nofollow">http://page.renren.com/601177924</a></td></tr> <tr class="resrow"><td>新浪微博：中國哲學書電子化計劃網站</td><td><a href="http://weibo.com/ctext" rel="nofollow">http://weibo.com/ctext</a></td></tr> <tr class="resrowalt"><td>新浪微博：古文亂選</td><td><a href="http://weibo.com/chineseroulette" rel="nofollow">http://weibo.com/chineseroulette</a></td></tr> <tr class="resrow"><td>豆瓣：中國哲學書電子化計劃</td><td><a href="http://site.douban.com/137325/" rel="nofollow">http://site.douban.com/137325/</a></td></tr> </table> <p>Any social media or other website not on the above list claiming to represent the Chinese Text Project is an unauthorized site and has no connection to this website; please ignore such sites and avoid interacting with them, as they may attempt to propagate malicious or misleading content.</p> <h3>How are the texts prepared?</h3> <p>In order to offer as wide a range of texts as possible with the lowest amount of manual effort, the texts on the CTP are usually based on existing public domain editions. Texts are separated into paragraphs of managable size, and corrected against printed editions.<p> <h3 id="translations">Where are the translations from?</h3> <p>The translations used on the site are based either upon copyright-expired translations, by authors including James Legge and J.J.L. Duyvendak, or more recent translations where the author has agreed for his or her work to appear on the site. Detailed source information can be displayed by clicking on the <img src="info.gif" /> icon beside a text title in the contents pane, and is also displayed at the bottom of the contents page for a text. Please note that no attempt is made to provide complete verbatim copies of these publications themelves, which usually included significantly more material than merely the translation per se.</p> <h3>Why do only some texts have translations?</h3> <p>There can be several reasons for this. Firstly, in order to comply with copyright law, the site can only use translations for which the copyright has expired, or the copyright holder grants permission for use of the translation. Secondly, because this site provides bilingual versions of the texts (i.e. text and translation are matched paragraph by paragraph), adding a translation to an existing text requires a significant amount of work in reading through the entire text and matching up each corresponding paragraph. Since written classical Chinese typically did not explicitly record paragraph or even sentence breaks, different commentators and translators almost never agree on the location of every paragraph break; but these must be unified for a bilingual version to be made.</p> <h3>What software does the site use?</h3> <p>The site uses a custom designed system which uses the Perl programming language and a MySQL database server.</p> <h3>What standards does the site adhere to?</h3> <p>The site tries to adhere to relevant standards wherever practical. Currently used standards (and their relevance to the project) include:</p> <ul> <li><b>XHTML and CSS</b> - Widely accepted standards for web page content and layout. By adhering closely to the specifications for these standards, the site ensures interoperability with all current and future standards-compliant web browsers. </li> <li><b>Pinyin</b> - presently the most widespread system in use for the Romanization of Chinese characters. By using pinyin throughout the site and standardizing Romanization across translations written by different authors, a level of consistency can be maintained for proper names and other Romanized terms. </li> <li><b>Traditional Chinese</b> - standard Chinese characters (as used before the simplification of Chinese characters in mainland China in the 20th century). There are two main reasons for using traditional rather than simplified characters on the site: firstly, all the texts under consideration were originally written and passed down through the ages in this form; hence possible transcription errors may only be understandable in the context of traditional characters. Secondly, only one simplified character corresponds to any given traditional character, but the reverse is not the case; hence traditional characters can be converted automatically by computer into simplified characters, but once simplified cannot reliably be converted back. Therefore, all data is stored in traditional Chinese, but a simplified Chinese version of the site is also available; to switch between the two, simply click on the link labeled "简体" or "繁体" shown at the top-left of every page of the site. </li> <li><b>Unicode</b> - a standard for the representation of characters in software. As well as being supported by Microsoft, Unicode is also a widely supported standard with virtually no serious direct competition, hence software support for it can be expected to improve with time. </li> </ul> <h3>How can I help improve the site?</h3> <p>Thanks for your support! Please see the "<a href="help-us">Help us</a>" page. </p> <h3>Can you tell me what text ____ says about word/concept ____?</h3> <p>Probably not - but you are welcome to ask questions like this on the <a href="discuss.pl?if=en">discussion forum</a>, where hopefully someone with relevant interests will read your question and be able to help you with it. </p> <h3 id="phone">How can I use the site on my iPhone / Android /...?</h3> <p>A smartphone-friendly version of the site is available which includes almost all of the content of the normal site, but aims to make it more usable on mobile phones equipped with web browsers. Click on the "Mobile" icon (<img src="static/mobile.png" alt="Mobile" />) at the very top-left of the screen to switch between the standard desktop layout and the mobile layout. </p> <h3>How can I make the site load faster?</h3> <p>The best way to ensure the site works as quickly as possible from your location is to make sure that you are using the most recent version of your web browser. Although the site works with Internet Explorer version 6 and later, more <a href="http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx" rel="nofollow">recent versions of Internet Explorer</a> and other web browsers such as <a href="http://www.mozilla.com/" rel="nofollow">Firefox</a> work much more efficiently, and should be able to open pages on this site (as well as many other websites) much more quickly on the same hardware, as well as offering additional features and improved security.</p> <h3 id="basetexts">What are digital base texts?</h3> <p>A digital base text is a scanned copy of the text which forms the basis of the CTP edition. A contemporary edition of a transmitted text, whether online or in print, is generally based upon some earlier extant edition of the text. Changes to the original text upon which the new copy is based can be made accidentally as well as intentionally (for example to correct what the editor of the new edition judges is an error in the original source before him). In this way, multiple editors and copyists can introduce changes to texts which should be examined critically before being accepted as genuinely necessary. For this reason, the Chinese Text Project aims to provide editions based on early transmitted copies of texts (e.g. Song dynasty copies) where possible, which should incorporate fewer such editorial emendations than later editions. Subsequent changes to the texts, if necessary to make the text intelligible, can then be clearly marked as such so that the reader can decide whether or not to accept them.</p> <p><u><b>Please note that the site specifying a digital base text for a particular work does not guarantee that the digital edition does indeed always follow it.</b></u> Rather, it is a statement of intention: the digital edition <i>should</i> follow it, and where it does not currently follow it, should be corrected so that it does; the digital base text is the primary standard against which the digital edition should be checked for accuracy. Please check the Chinese text against the base text before quoting it, and post a description of any discrepancies you find so that they can be corrected.</p> <h3 id="copyright">Copyright</h3> <p>This website and its content are protected under international copyright law and may not be republished without express written permission. However, reasonable use of the material is encouraged, specifically: <table class="info"> <tr><td><img src="yes.gif" /></td><td> You may download, save, and print any pages of the site you wish for your own private use.<sup>*</sup> </td></tr> <tr><td><img src="yes.gif" /></td><td> You may print, photocopy, and distribute any number of copies of any pages of the site you wish for non-profit academic use only. Please include the copyright notice and URL with all copies.<sup>*</sup> </td></tr> <tr><td><img src="yes.gif" /></td><td> You may quote reasonable amounts of text from the site (for example a few paragraphs of a text) for illustrative purposes. </td></tr> </table> <sup>*</sup> Please note that you must not use automated download software to download large numbers of pages automatically. </p> <p>Additionally: <ul> <li>Calendar conversion data is based on open data published by the <a href="https://authority.dila.edu.tw/docs/open_content/download.php">DDBC Time Authority Database</a>.</li> <li>Fonts used in the dictionary display are under copyright of the <a href="http://cdp.sinica.edu.tw">Chinese Document Processing Lab</a> of Academia Sinica.</li> <li>Character data from the Unihan database used in the dictionary display is under copyright of the <a href="http://unicode.org">Unicode Consortium</a>.</li> <li>Translations of texts included in the Chinese Text Project remain under the copyright of their original authors; please respect their legal and moral rights and do not copy without permission. </li> <li>Some site content is in the public domain and may legally be reproduced without requiring permission. Please note that it is your responsibility to correctly determine the copyright status of any material from this site which you wish to reproduce. </li> </ul> </p> <h3 id="librarycopyright">Library and Wiki copyright and terms of use</h3> <p>By uploading data to the "<a href="library.pl?if=en">Library</a>" section of the site: <ul><li>You affirm that one of the following is the case: <ol><li>The resource you are uploading is in the public domain and is not subject to copyright restrictions, or:</li> <li>You are the copyright holder of the resource, or:</li> <li>You are acting on behalf of and with the approval of the copyright holder of the resource.</li> </ol> <li>You grant the Chinese Text Project a perpetual and irrevocable licence to publish the resource in any medium, and to make and publish derivative works using the resource in any medium as it sees fit.</li> <li>You accept that no express or implied guarantee is made that the Chinese Text Project will accept your submission, and that once accepted, the resource may be deleted or modified at any time for any reason.</li> </ul> </p> <p>By uploading data to the "<a href="wiki.pl?if=en">Wiki</a>" section of the site or modifying existing data in the "Wiki" section: <ul><li>You affirm that one of the following is the case: <ol><li>Your contribution is in the public domain and is not subject to copyright restrictions, or:</li> <li>Your contribution contains original work of which you are the sole author, and you agree to irrevocably transfer to the Chinese Text Project any and all copyright associated with your contribution without restriction or compensation.</li> </ol> <li>You accept that no express or implied guarantee is made that the Chinese Text Project will accept your submission, and that once accepted, the resource may be deleted or modified at any time for any reason.</li> </ul> </p> <p>Additionally: <ul><li>The Chinese Text Project does not editorially review user-submitted resources. Content of these resources is the responsibility of the submitting user.</li> <li>The Chinese Text Project takes reasonable measures to prevent the transmission of viruses or malware via library resources, specifically by only allowing certain types of file to be uploaded. However, no guarantee is made as to the accuracy, quality, or soundness in any respect of these resources, and use of them is entirely at the users own risk.</li> <li>The Chinese Text Project respects the rights of authors and copyright holders. 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