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class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Octopus" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology:_RNA_editing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology:_RNA_editing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Physiology: RNA editing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiology:_RNA_editing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Anatomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anatomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Eyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Colours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Behaviour</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Defences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reproduction and death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reproduction_and_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reproduction and death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reproduction_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deep-sea_octopod_broods_eggs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deep-sea_octopod_broods_eggs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Deep-sea octopod broods eggs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deep-sea_octopod_broods_eggs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Octopus</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7_(%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3)" title="أخطبوط (جنس) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أخطبوط (جنس)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Octopus" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Octopus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabugok" title="Tabugok – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tabugok" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktopusse" title="Oktopusse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oktopusse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3%C3%B3%CA%BC_bigaan_tseeb%C3%AD%C3%AD_%C3%ADiyis%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Łóóʼ bigaan tseebíí íiyisígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Łóóʼ bigaan tseebíí íiyisígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus_(genus)" title="Octopus (genus) – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Octopus (genus)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Octopus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polpo" title="Polpo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Polpo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Octopus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%99%EC%A7%80%EC%86%8D" title="낙지속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="낙지속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus_(genus)" title="Octopus (genus) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Octopus (genus)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Octopus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asto%C5%86k%C4%81ju_%C4%A3ints" title="Astoņkāju ģints – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Astoņkāju ģints" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horita_(biby)" title="Horita (biby) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Horita (biby)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7_(%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="اخطبوط (جنس من الرخويات) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اخطبوط (جنس من الرخويات)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuita" title="Kuita – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kuita" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus_(geslacht)" title="Octopus (geslacht) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Octopus (geslacht)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%80%E3%82%B3%E5%B1%9E" title="マダコ属 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マダコ属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraken_an_sik" title="Kraken an sik – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kraken an sik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Octopus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Настоящие осьминоги – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Настоящие осьминоги" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus_(djur)" title="Octopus (djur) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Octopus (djur)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3" title="Восьминіг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Восьминіг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Octopus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Octopus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%A0%E9%B1%BC%E5%B1%9E" title="章鱼属 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="章鱼属" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofirikosok_gb%E1%BB%8Dgb%E1%BB%8D-otu" title="Ofirikosok gbọgbọ-otu – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ofirikosok gbọgbọ-otu" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q611843#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Octopus</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Octopus2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Octopus2.jpg/250px-Octopus2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Octopus2.jpg/375px-Octopus2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Octopus2.jpg/500px-Octopus2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2704" data-file-height="2058" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i>Octopus vulgaris</i>, the common octopus </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="kingdom"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="phylum"><a href="/wiki/Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">Mollusca</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="class"><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopoda</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subclass: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="subclass"><a href="/wiki/Coleoidea" title="Coleoidea">Coleoidea</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superorder: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="superorder"><a href="/wiki/Octopodiformes" title="Octopodiformes">Octopodiformes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="order"><a href="/wiki/Octopoda" title="Octopoda">Octopoda</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="suborder">Incirrina</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="family">Octopodidae</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="genus"><i><b>Octopus</b></i></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Octopus_greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Octopus_greece.jpg/250px-Octopus_greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Octopus_greece.jpg/375px-Octopus_greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Octopus_greece.jpg/500px-Octopus_greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Octopus in <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Moving_Octopus_Vulgaris_2005-01-14.ogv/250px--Moving_Octopus_Vulgaris_2005-01-14.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="188" data-durationhint="31" data-mwtitle="Moving_Octopus_Vulgaris_2005-01-14.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Moving_Octopus_Vulgaris_2005-01-14.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Moving_Octopus_Vulgaris_2005-01-14.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Moving_Octopus_Vulgaris_2005-01-14.ogv/Moving_Octopus_Vulgaris_2005-01-14.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Moving_Octopus_Vulgaris_2005-01-14.ogv/Moving_Octopus_Vulgaris_2005-01-14.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Moving_Octopus_Vulgaris_2005-01-14.ogv/Moving_Octopus_Vulgaris_2005-01-14.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Moving_Octopus_Vulgaris_2005-01-14.ogv/Moving_Octopus_Vulgaris_2005-01-14.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Moving_Octopus_Vulgaris_2005-01-14.ogv/Moving_Octopus_Vulgaris_2005-01-14.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Moving <i>Octopus vulgaris</i></figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Octopus</b></i> <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopod</a> <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" title="Mollusc">mollusc</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Octopoda" title="Octopoda">Octopoda</a>. The genus is quite typical of most octopods. They have two, large eyes and eight limbs with suckers. They have a hard beak, with the mouth at the center point of the arms. </p><p>Octopods have no internal or external skeleton, allowing them to squeeze through tight places and hide. Many stays in cracks between rocks or corals when they are not hunting. They are <a href="/wiki/Intelligent" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent">intelligent</a> <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> with a taste for <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>. Octopuses have three hearts. Two pump blood to the gills, while the third pumps it to the rest of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Octopods inhabit many regions of the ocean, especially <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>. For defense against predators, they hide, flee quickly, expel ink, or use colour-changing <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>. They live rather short lives. </p><p>An octopus trails its eight arms behind it as it swims. All octopods are <a href="/wiki/Venom_(poison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venom (poison)">venomous</a>, but only the small blue-ringed octopus is known to be deadly to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are about 300 octopod <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, of which more than 100 are in the genus <i>Octopus</i>. Octopods make up over one-third of the total number of living cephalopods. The term 'octopus' may be used to refer to those in the genus <i>Octopus</i>. The term 'octopod' is correct for members of the order Octopoda in general. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology:_RNA_editing">Physiology: RNA editing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octopus&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Physiology: RNA editing" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octopus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Physiology: RNA editing"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Octopods, like other advanced cephalopods, can edit their <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a>. They can adapt the nucleic acid sequence of the primary transcript of <a href="/wiki/RNA_splicing" title="RNA splicing">RNA</a> molecules, more so than any other organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 60% of RNA transcripts for <a href="/wiki/Coleoidea" title="Coleoidea">coleoid</a> brains are recoded by editing, compared to less than 1% for a human or <a href="/wiki/Drosophila" title="Drosophila">fruit fly</a>. This has come at the cost of slower genome evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECourage201346–49_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECourage201346–49-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octopus&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Anatomy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octopus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Anatomy"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike most other <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a>, most octopods have only soft body with no internal <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeleton</a>. They have no protective outer shell like the <a href="/wiki/Nautilus" title="Nautilus">nautilus</a>, which is another type of <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopod</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">beak</a>, similar in shape to a <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrot</a>'s beak, is their only hard part. </p><p>Because of this, it is very easy for an octopus to squeeze through very narrow openings between rocks, for example squeezing through a hole as big as its eye. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eyes">Eyes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octopus&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Eyes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octopus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Eyes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Octopod eyes are complex. In fact, they do not have a blind spot.<sup id="cite_ref-JZ_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JZ-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>blind spot</i> is a special place in the eyes that is not able to sense light. So, when we look somewhere, part of what is there is not actually perceived (the brain 'fills in' so we do not notice). However, an octopus does not have this problem. </p><p>The lens in octopod are movable. It moves back and forth to focus. This is the way a <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a> focuses. When a camera focuses on an object to take a picture, the lens moves back and forth until the image that the camera sees is in the right focus.<sup id="cite_ref-JZ_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JZ-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colours">Colours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octopus&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Colours" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octopus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Colours"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some octopuses can use their <a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">chromatophores</a> for more than <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>. If they are not blending in with their surroundings, they can signal their feelings using colour. When they are relaxed, for example, they are a dull, grayish brown or orange-tinged colour. When they become angry, they can become red. If they feel scared, they may turn white. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octopus&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Behaviour" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octopus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Behaviour"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence">Intelligence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octopus&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Intelligence" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octopus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Intelligence"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oktopus_opening_a_container_with_screw_cap_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Oktopus_opening_a_container_with_screw_cap_01.jpg/200px-Oktopus_opening_a_container_with_screw_cap_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Oktopus_opening_a_container_with_screw_cap_01.jpg/300px-Oktopus_opening_a_container_with_screw_cap_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Oktopus_opening_a_container_with_screw_cap_01.jpg/400px-Oktopus_opening_a_container_with_screw_cap_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3601" /></a><figcaption>An octopus opening a container with a screw cap</figcaption></figure> <p>Octopods are highly <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligent</a>, probably more so than any other <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a>. The exact extent of their intelligence and learning capability is much debated among biologists.<sup id="cite_ref-doug_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doug-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-denizen_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denizen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maze" title="Maze">Maze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Problem">problem</a>-solving experiments have shown that they do have both short and long-term <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>. Their short lifespans limit the amount they can learn. </p><p>Some octopods, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mimic_octopus" title="Mimic octopus">mimic octopus</a>, can move their arms in ways which copy the movements of other <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">sea creatures</a>. </p><p>In laboratory experiments, octopuses can be readily trained to distinguish between different shapes and patterns. They have been seen in what some have described as <a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">play</a>: repeatedly releasing bottles or toys into a circular current in their aquariums and then catching them.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Octopuses often break out of their aquaria and sometimes into others in search of food. </p><p>The largest of the 300+ species of octopods, the <a href="/wiki/Giant_octopus" title="Giant octopus">giant octopus</a> <i>Enteroctopus</i>, is large indeed. Mature males average about 50 pounds and females about 33 pounds. Their arm spans are about eight feet. They have even boarded fishing <a href="/wiki/Boat" title="Boat">boats</a> and opened holds to get in and eat crabs.<sup id="cite_ref-denizen_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denizen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the UK, cephalopods such as octopuses are regarded as <i>honorary vertebrates</i> under the <i>Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986</i>. This gives them protection not normally given to invertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Octopods are the only invertebrate which have been definitely shown to use <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tools</a>. At least four specimens of the veined octopus (<i>Amphioctopus marginatus</i>) have been seen picking up discarded <a href="/wiki/Coconut" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut">coconut</a> shells, and then reassembling them to use as <a href="/wiki/Shelter" title="Shelter">shelter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Octopods are active and intelligent <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a>, with good eyesight and brains. They eat mostly <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defences">Defences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octopus&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Defences" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octopus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Defences"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Octopods have a variety of defences. They use active <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimicry</a>, controlled by their <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>. Most can eject black ink clouds to help escape, and some can shed an arm in extreme danger. It wriggles, and attracts the attacker. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction_and_death">Reproduction and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octopus&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Reproduction and death" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octopus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Reproduction and death"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To reproduce, males use a specialized arm to put packets of sperm into the female's <a href="/wiki/Mantle_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantle cavity">mantle cavity</a>. Males die in a few months after mating. In some species, the female octopus can keep the sperm alive inside her for weeks until her eggs mature. </p><p>After they have been fertilized, the female lays about 200,000 eggs (this figure varies dramatically between species). The female cares for the eggs, guarding them against predators, and gently blows currents of water over them so they get enough oxygen. The female does not hunt during the one-month period spent taking care of the unhatched eggs, and may ingest some of her own arms for sustenance. </p><p>At around the time the eggs hatch, the mother leaves the lair and is too weak to defend herself from predators like <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a>, often succumbing to their attacks. The young larval octopuses spend time drifting in clouds of <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>, where they feed until they are ready to descend to the ocean bottom, where the cycle repeats. </p><p>All octopods for which we have data have a relatively short <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>. Some species live for as little as six months. Larger species, such as the <a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_giant_octopus" title="North Pacific giant octopus">North Pacific giant octopus</a>, may live for up to five years under suitable circumstances. </p><p><i>Reproduction is a <a href="/wiki/Cause_of_death" title="Cause of death">cause of death</a></i>: males can only live for a few months after <a href="/wiki/Mating_system" title="Mating system">mating</a>, and females die shortly after their eggs hatch. They neglect to eat during the (roughly) one-month period spent taking care of their unhatched eggs, but apparently they do not die of starvation. A biological explanation of these short lifespans (or rapid ageing) is not agreed at present. One idea is that the lifespan is limited by the number of safe niches in their environment. If adults lived longer, they would use up all the safe niches. In that case, the baby octopus would scarcely survive. It is known that the same niches are used by generations of octopods. They are usually in the <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reefs</a> which were formed in tropical waters. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9496804/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:438px;max-width:438px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mycenaean_palace_amphora,_found_in_the_Argolid,_in_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_in_Athens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mycenaean_palace_amphora%2C_found_in_the_Argolid%2C_in_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_in_Athens.jpg/180px-Mycenaean_palace_amphora%2C_found_in_the_Argolid%2C_in_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_in_Athens.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mycenaean_palace_amphora%2C_found_in_the_Argolid%2C_in_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_in_Athens.jpg/270px-Mycenaean_palace_amphora%2C_found_in_the_Argolid%2C_in_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_in_Athens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mycenaean_palace_amphora%2C_found_in_the_Argolid%2C_in_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_in_Athens.jpg/360px-Mycenaean_palace_amphora%2C_found_in_the_Argolid%2C_in_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_in_Athens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Departure_warrior_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1484_side_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Departure_warrior_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1484_side_A.jpg/250px-Departure_warrior_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1484_side_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Departure_warrior_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1484_side_A.jpg/375px-Departure_warrior_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1484_side_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Departure_warrior_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1484_side_A.jpg/500px-Departure_warrior_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1484_side_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2523" data-file-height="1989" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><b>Left:</b> Vase from a <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greek</a> cemetery at Prosymna, <a href="/wiki/Argos" title="Argos">Argos</a>, about 1500 BC<br /><b>Right:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> black-figure <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphora</a> (vase), 530–520 BC. On the left, a <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplite</a> with an octopus image on his shield. Staatliche Antikensammlungen, Munich, Germany</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deep-sea_octopod_broods_eggs">Deep-sea octopod broods eggs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octopus&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Deep-sea octopod broods eggs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octopus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Deep-sea octopod broods eggs"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Off the coast of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_biologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine biologist">marine biologists</a> have watched the same female octopus guarding her eggs for over four years. Their development took a long time because the water 1.4 kilometres down was very cold. They knew it was the same octopod because it had a characteristic <a href="/wiki/Scar" title="Scar">scar</a>. The research was done using a remote diving vehicle with cameras, lights and robotic arms.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octopus&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octopus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671870">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671876">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information on: <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Octopoda" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Octopoda">Octopoda</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671870"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671876"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Octopus" class="extiw" title="commons:Octopus">Octopus</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The plural of <i>Octopus</i> is usually <i>octopuses</i>. For members of the order Octopoda in general, 'octopods' is the term used. (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>: okto = eight; podes = feet).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/animals/why-do-octopuses-have-three-hearts.html">"Why Do Octopuses Have Three Hearts?"</a>. <i>ScienceABC</i>. 2020-02-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceABC&rft.atitle=Why+Do+Octopuses+Have+Three+Hearts%3F&rft.date=2020-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceabc.com%2Fnature%2Fanimals%2Fwhy-do-octopuses-have-three-hearts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AOctopus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uninews.unimelb.edu.au/view.php?articleID=5755">Unimelb.edu.au</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006000055/http://uninews.unimelb.edu.au/view.php?articleID=5755">Archived</a> 2011-10-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Tentacles of venom: new study reveals all octopuses are venomous, University of Melbourne, Media Release, Wednesday 15 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Liscovitch-Brauer N.; Alon S.; Porath H.T.; Elstein B.; Unger R.; Ziv T.; Admon A.; Levanon E.Y.; Rosenthal J. J.C.; Eisenberg E. 2017. Trade-off between transcriptome plasticity and genome evolution in cephalopods. <i>Cell</i>. <b>169</b> (2): 191–202. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.025. PMC 5499236. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28388405?dopt=Abstract">PMID 28388405</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECourage201346–49-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECourage201346–49_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCourage2013">Courage (2013)</a>, pp. 46–49.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFCourage2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLiscovitch-BrauerAlonPorathElstein2017" class="citation journal cs1">Liscovitch-Brauer, N.; Alon, S.; Porath, H.T.; Elstein, B.; Unger, R.; Ziv, T.; Admon, A.; Levanon, E. Y.; Rosenthal, J.J.C.; Eisenberg, E. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5499236">"Trade-off between transcriptome plasticity and genome evolution in cephalopods"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>169</b> (2): 191–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2017.03.025">10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5499236">5499236</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28388405">28388405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Trade-off+between+transcriptome+plasticity+and+genome+evolution+in+cephalopods&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-202&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5499236%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28388405&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2017.03.025&rft.aulast=Liscovitch-Brauer&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Alon%2C+S.&rft.au=Porath%2C+H.T.&rft.au=Elstein%2C+B.&rft.au=Unger%2C+R.&rft.au=Ziv%2C+T.&rft.au=Admon%2C+A.&rft.au=Levanon%2C+E.+Y.&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+J.J.C.&rft.au=Eisenberg%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5499236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AOctopus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Courage K.H. 2013. Octopus! The most mysterious creature in the sea. <i>Penguin Group</i>. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780698137677" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-698-13767-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JZ-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-JZ_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-JZ_8-1">8.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Marion Nixon & J.Z. Young 2003. <i>The brains and lives of cephalopods</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-852761-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-852761-6">0-19-852761-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doug-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-doug_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwf.org/nationalwildlife/article.cfm?articleId=604&issueId=53">NFW.org?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091215052315/http://www.nwf.org/nationalwildlife/article.cfm?articleId=604&issueId=53">Archived</a> 2009-12-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Is the octopus really the invertebrate intellect of the sea? Doug Stewart, in <i>National Wildlife</i> Feb/Mar 1997, <b>35</b>, #2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-denizen-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-denizen_10-0">10.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-denizen_10-1">10.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080102230427/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Support/AdoptSpecies/AnimalInfo/GiantOctopus/default.cfm">"Adopt a Giant Octopus - National Zoo- FONZ"</a>. 2 January 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Support/AdoptSpecies/AnimalInfo/GiantOctopus/default.cfm">the original</a> on 2008-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adopt+a+Giant+Octopus+-+National+Zoo-+FONZ&rft.date=2008-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalzoo.si.edu%2FSupport%2FAdoptSpecies%2FAnimalInfo%2FGiantOctopus%2Fdefault.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AOctopus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2192211/">Slate.com</a>, How smart is the Octopus?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecephalopodpage.org/behavior.php"><i>What behavior can we expect of octopuses?</i></a> by Jennifer Mather and Roland C. Anderson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090419225300/http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/hoc/321/321-xa.htm">"United Kingdom <i>Animals (Scientific Procedures)</i> act of 1986"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/hoc/321/321-xa.htm">the original</a> on 2009-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Kingdom+Animals+%28Scientific+Procedures%29+act+of+1986&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.official-documents.co.uk%2Fdocument%2Fhoc%2F321%2F321-xa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AOctopus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8408233.stm">"Octopus snatches coconut and runs"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2009-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Octopus+snatches+coconut+and+runs&rft.date=2009-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F8408233.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AOctopus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131024173037/http://edutube.org/video/coconut-shelter-evidence-tool-use-octopuses">"Coconut shelter: Evidence of tool use by octopuses | EduTube Educational Videos"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edutube.org/video/coconut-shelter-evidence-tool-use-octopuses">the original</a> on 2013-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coconut+shelter%3A+Evidence+of+tool+use+by+octopuses+%26%23124%3B+EduTube+Educational+Videos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edutube.org%2Fvideo%2Fcoconut-shelter-evidence-tool-use-octopuses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AOctopus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Caldwell, Roy L; Ross, Richard; Rodaniche, Arcadio & Huffard, Christine L. 2015. Behavior and body patterns of the Larger Pacific Striped Octopus. PLOS ONE. 10 (8): e0134152. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1034152C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134152. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4534201. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26266543?dopt=Abstract">PMID 26266543</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Webb, Jonathan 2014. Broody octopus keeps record-breaking four-year vigil. <i>BBC News</i> Science & Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-28545964">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson ; Seibel B & Drazen J. 2014. Deep-sea octopus (<i>Graneledone boreopapacifica</i>) conducts the longest egg-brooding period of any animal. <i>PLoS ONE</i> DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103437 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0103437">[2]</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Octopus&oldid=9705528">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Octopus&oldid=9705528</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cephalopods" title="Category:Cephalopods">Cephalopods</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_PMID_magic_links" title="Category:Pages using PMID magic links">Pages using PMID magic links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_ISBN_magic_links" title="Category:Pages using ISBN magic links">Pages using ISBN magic links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxobox_articles_missing_a_taxonbar" title="Category:Taxobox articles missing a taxonbar">Taxobox articles missing a taxonbar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link from Wikidata">Commons link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 16 August 2024, at 06:11.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. 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