CINXE.COM

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https://www.nobelprize.org/images/53528-hero-tablet-2x.jpg [(min-width: 900px)] | https://www.nobelprize.org/images/53528-hero-desktop-2x.jpg [(min-width: 1400px)]" data-sizes="auto"> </div> <noscript> <div class="bg hero" style="background: url(https://www.nobelprize.org/images/53528-content-landscape-desktop.jpg)" > </div> </noscript> <div class="blurb"> <h1 class="title text-uppercase"> The Nobel Prize in Physics </h1> </div> <div class="figcaption"> <p class="figcaption__caption"> Awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics, Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-radiation. This X-ray tube became a frequently used instrument in medicine after this discovery. </p> <p class="figcaption__attribution"> © Nobel Media. Photo: Alexander Mahmoud </p> </div> </section> <section class="nomination-intro"> <article class="content"> <header class="sub-section-header border-top"> <h4> About the prize </h4> </header> <div class="text"> <p><em>“The said interest shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be apportioned as follows: /- – -/ one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics …”</em> (Excerpt from the will of Alfred Nobel)</p> <p>Physics was the prize area which Alfred Nobel mentioned first in his will from 1895. At the end of the nineteenth century, many people considered physics as the foremost of the sciences, and perhaps Nobel saw it this way as well. His own research was also closely tied to physics.</p> <p>The Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded by <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/about/royal-swedish-academy-of-sciences-physics/">the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>, Stockholm, Sweden.</p> <p>See <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/uncategorized/all-nobel-prizes-in-physics/">all physics laureates</a> or learn more about <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/nomination-and-selection-of-physics-laureates/">the nomination process</a>.</p> </div> </article> <aside class="quick-facts"> <header class="sub-section-header border-top"> <h4> Quick facts </h4> </header> <ul class="factlist wp-block-list"> <li>Physics prizes: 118</li> <li>Physics laureates: 227</li> <li>Awarded women: 5</li> <li>Youngest laureate: 25</li> <li>Oldest laureate: 96</li> </ul> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-prize-in-physics-2/">More facts and figures</a></p> </aside> </section> <section class="article-grid featured-content featured-content__color--default var-half-width-a "> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3 class="section-header-h3">The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024</h3> </header> <article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" class="article -halfwidth-a "> <div class="content-wrapper"> <header class="content"> <div class="title title--small"> <h2 class="headline" itemprop="headline"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2024/press-release/"> <p>They used physics to find patterns in information</p> </a> </h2> </div> </header> <div class="text"> <p>This year’s laureates used tools from physics to construct methods that helped lay the foundation for today’s powerful machine learning. John Hopfield created a structure that can store and reconstruct information. Geoffrey Hinton invented a method that can independently discover properties in data and which has become important for the large artificial neural networks now in use.</p> </div> <div class="related"> <h3 class="related-title h5"> Related articles </h3> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2024/press-release/" title="Press release"> Press release </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2024/popular-information/" title="Popular information: They used physics to find patterns in information"> Popular information: They used physics to find patterns in information </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2024/advanced-information/" title="Scientific background: “for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks”"> Scientific background: “for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks” </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <figure class="featuredimage"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2024/press-release/"><picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/fig_fy_24_4x3-992x656.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/fig_fy_24_4x3-1520x1008.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/fig_fy_24_4x3-2000x1352.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/fig_fy_24_4x3-1024x676.jpg" alt="Illustration" /></noscript></picture></a><figcaption class="figcaption"><p class="figcaption__attribution">© Johan Jarnestad/The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</p></figcaption> </figure> </article> </section> <section class="article-grid featured-content featured-content__color--primary var-half-width-a featured-content__colored"> <article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" class="article -halfwidth-a "> <div class="content-wrapper"> <header class="content"> <div class="title"> <h2 class="headline" itemprop="headline"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2024/summary/"> <p>The 2024 physics laureates</p> </a> </h2> </div> </header> <div class="text"> <p>The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024 was awarded to <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2024/hopfield/facts/">John J. Hopfield</a> and <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2024/hinton/facts/">Geoffrey Hinton</a> “for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks.”</p> <p>John Hopfield created an associative memory that can store and reconstruct images and other types of patterns in data. Geoffrey Hinton invented a method that can autonomously find properties in data, and so perform tasks such as identifying specific elements in pictures.</p> </div> </div> <figure class="featuredimage"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2024/summary/"><picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/1_2-3_2-6704d52105c43-992x656.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/1_2-3_2-6704d52105c43-1520x1008.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/1_2-3_2-6704d52105c43-2048x1352.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="John J. Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/1_2-3_2-6704d52105c43-1024x676.jpg" alt="John J. Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton" /></noscript></picture></a><figcaption class="figcaption"><p class="figcaption__caption">John J. Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton. </p> <p class="figcaption__attribution">Ill. Niklas Elmehed © Nobel Prize Outreach</p></figcaption> </figure> </article> </section> <section class="opinion-stage"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3 class="section-header-h3">Did you know? </h3> </header> <script type="text/javascript"> (function(d,s,id,u){ if (d.getElementById(id)) return; var js, sjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], t = Math.floor(new Date().getTime() / 1000000); js=d.createElement(s); js.id=id; js.async=1; js.src=u+'?'+t; sjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, sjs); }(document, 'script', 'os-widget-jssdk', 'https://www.opinionstage.com/assets/loader.js')); </script> <div id="os-widget-1285945" class="os_poll" data-path="/polls/2946841" data-of="nobel" data-opinionstage-widget="a2bf4250-8ac5-4b8f-a02f-78622294991f"></div> </section> <section class="explore-laureates page-section"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3> Explore prizes and laureates </h3> </header> <form class="exploreform" id="6741d201d27e9" method='GET' action=''> <div class="dropdown"> <label for="mobile-dropdown" class="screen-reader-text"> Select the category or categories you would like to filter by </label> <select id="mobile-dropdown" name="filtermobile"> <option value="physics" selected='selected' > Physics </option> <option value="chemistry" > Chemistry </option> <option value="medicine" > Medicine </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="peace" > Peace </option> <option value="economic-sciences" > Economic Sciences </option> </select> </div> <div class="selector"> <label class="screen-reader-text">Select the category or categories you would like to filter by</label> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="physics"> <input id="physics" name="filter" type="radio" checked='checked' value="physics" hidden> <span> Physics </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="chemistry"> <input id="chemistry" name="filter" type="radio" value="chemistry" hidden> <span> Chemistry </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="medicine"> <input id="medicine" name="filter" type="radio" value="medicine" hidden> <span> Medicine </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="literature"> <input id="literature" name="filter" type="radio" value="literature" hidden> <span> Literature </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="peace"> <input id="peace" name="filter" type="radio" value="peace" hidden> <span> Peace </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="economic-sciences"> <input id="economic-sciences" name="filter" type="radio" value="economic-sciences" hidden> <span> Economic Sciences </span> </label> </div> </div> <div class="incrementor"> <label for="increment-down" class="screen-reader-text"> Decrease the year by one </label> <button id="increment-down" class="increment-down" type="button"> – </button> <label for="increment-input" class="screen-reader-text"> Choose a year you would like to search in </label> <input id="increment-input" name="prize_year" type="text" maxlength="4" class="increment-input" placeholder="2023" value="2024"> <label for="increment-up" class="screen-reader-text"> Increase the year by one </label> <button id="increment-up" class="increment-up" type="button"> + </button> </div> <div class="submit"> <button type="submit"> Explore </button> </div> </form> </section> <div class="long-scroll-preloader prize-explorer-preloader" style="text-align: center; display: none" data-target="6741d201d27e9"> <img style="display: inline-block" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/images/spinner.gif"> </div> <div class="prize-explorer-content container search-results" data-target="6741d201d27e9"> </div> <section class="article-grid featured-content featured-content__color--tertiary var-half-width-a featured-content__colored"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3 class="section-header-h3">Who did what?</h3> </header> <article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" class="article -halfwidth-a "> <div class="content-wrapper"> <header class="content"> <div class="title"> <h2 class="headline" itemprop="headline"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/image-pairing-physics/"> <p>How many physics laureates can you match?</p> </a> </h2> </div> </header> <div class="text"> <p>Can you match the right physics laureate with the right discovery? Have a try!</p> </div> </div> <figure class="featuredimage"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/image-pairing-physics/"><picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2021/09/physics-matching.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2021/09/physics-matching.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2021/09/physics-matching.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Matching pairs physics" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2021/09/physics-matching.jpg" alt="Matching pairs physics" /></noscript></picture></a> </figure> </article> </section> <section class="article-grid featured-content featured-content__color--primary var-half-width-a featured-content__colored"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3 class="section-header-h3">Questions and answers</h3> </header> <article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" class="article -halfwidth-a "> <div class="content-wrapper"> <header class="content"> <div class="title"> <h2 class="headline" itemprop="headline"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/frequently-asked-questions/#categories"> <p>What are the Nobel Prize categories?</p> </a> </h2> </div> </header> <div class="text"> <p>The Nobel Prize categories are physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace and were laid out in the will of Alfred Nobel. Find out more in the FAQ.</p> </div> </div> <figure class="featuredimage"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/frequently-asked-questions/#categories"><picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/123776-landscape-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/123776-landscape-large-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/123776-landscape-x-large-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="The Nobel Prize medal." /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/123776-landscape-x-large.jpg" alt="The Nobel Prize medal." /></noscript></picture></a><figcaption class="figcaption"><p class="figcaption__caption">The Nobel Prize medal.</p> <p class="figcaption__attribution">© Nobel Prize Outreach. Photo: Clément Morin.</p></figcaption> </figure> </article> </section> <section class="page-hero -exposed page-hero__variation--d context-component -color-option-default"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3 class="section-header-h3">Nobel Prizes and laureates</h3> </header> <div class="bg hero lazyload" data-bgset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/52958-hero-tablet-2x.jpg [(min-width: 220px)] | https://www.nobelprize.org/images/52958-hero-tablet-2x.jpg [(min-width: 900px)] | https://www.nobelprize.org/images/52958-hero-desktop-2x.jpg [(min-width: 1400px)]" data-sizes="auto"> </div> <noscript> <div class="bg hero" style="background: url(https://www.nobelprize.org/images//52958-content-landscape-desktop.jpg)" > </div> </noscript> <div class="figcaption"> <p class="figcaption__caption"> A slide rule that physics laureate Toshihide Maskawa used as a high school student. </p> <p class="figcaption__attribution"> © Nobel Media. Photo: Alexander Mahmoud </p> </div> <div class="blurb"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-physics/" class="hero-link"> <h1 class="title "> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-physics/">All Nobel Prizes in Physics</a> </h1> </a> <div class="hero-btn-wrapper"> <a class="hero-btn" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-physics/"> See the full list of physics prizes and laureates </a> </div> </div> </section> <section class="links"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3 class="section-header-h3">Articles in physics</h3> </header> <ul class="linkset"> <li itemprop="name" class="border-top"> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/marie-and-pierre-curie-and-the-discovery-of-polonium-and-radium">Marie and Pierre Curie and the discovery of polonium and radium</a> </p> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" class="border-top"> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/lippmanns-and-gabors-revolutionary-approach-to-imaging">Lippmann’s and Gabor’s revolutionary approach to imaging</a> </p> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" class="border-top"> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/solving-the-mystery-of-the-missing-neutrinos">Solving the mystery of the missing neutrinos</a> </p> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" class="border-top"> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/accelerators-and-nobel-laureates">On accelerators and Nobel Laureates</a> </p> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" class="border-top"> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/how-the-sun-shines/">How the sun shines</a> </p> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" class="border-top"> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/forces">Forces</a> </p> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" class="border-top"> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/high-energy-neutrinos-from-the-cosmos">High energy neutrinos from the cosmos</a> </p> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" class="border-top"> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/the-nobel-prize-in-physics-1901-2000">The Nobel Prize in Physics, 1901-2000</a> </p> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" class="border-top"> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/the-dual-nature-of-light-as-reflected-in-the-nobel-archives">The dual nature of light as reflected in the Nobel archives</a> </p> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" class="border-top"> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/physics-in-denmark-the-first-four-hundred-years">Physics in Denmark: The first four hundred years</a> </p> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" class="border-top"> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/history-of-caltech">History of Caltech</a> </p> </a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="page-hero -right -flipped -contained -color-option-"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3 class="section-header-h3">Explore and learn</h3> </header> <div class="bg hero lazyload" data-bgset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/60397-hero-contained-tablet-left-2x.jpg [(min-width: 220px)] | https://www.nobelprize.org/images/60397-hero-contained-tablet-left-2x.jpg [(min-width: 900px)] | https://www.nobelprize.org/images/60397-hero-contained-desktop-left-2x.jpg [(min-width: 1400px)]" data-sizes="auto"> </div> <noscript> <div class="bg hero" style="background: url(https://www.nobelprize.org/images/60397-content-landscape-desktop.jpg)" > </div> </noscript> <div class="blurb"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/womenwhochangedscience/stories" class="hero-link"> <h1 class="title "> 19 remarkable scientists and their stories </h1> <div class="lead"> <p>Explore a storytelling experience that celebrates and explores the contributions, careers and lives of 19 women who have been awarded Nobel Prizes for their scientific achievements.</p> </div> </a> <div class="hero-btn-wrapper"> <a class="hero-btn" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/womenwhochangedscience/stories"> Explore 'Women who changed science' </a> </div> </div> </section> <section class="most-popular-laureates"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3> Featured laureates </h3> </header> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1921/einstein/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/einstein-12923-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/einstein-12923-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/einstein-12923-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Albert Einstein" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/einstein-12923-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Albert Einstein" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1921/einstein/" title="Albert Einstein" itemprop="url"> Albert Einstein </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/physics/1921/einstein/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1903/marie-curie/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/marie-curie-12879-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/marie-curie-12879-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/marie-curie-12879-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Marie Curie, née Sklodowska" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/marie-curie-12879-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Marie Curie, née Sklodowska" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1903/marie-curie/" title="Marie Curie, née Skłodowska" itemprop="url"> Marie Curie, née Skłodowska </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1911/marie-curie/"> The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.</q> <br /> <br /> <span> <a href="/prizes/physics/1903/marie-curie/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1922/bohr/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/bohr-12929-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/bohr-12929-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/bohr-12929-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Niels Henrik David Bohr" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/bohr-12929-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Niels Henrik David Bohr" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1922/bohr/" title="Niels Henrik David Bohr" itemprop="url"> Niels Henrik David Bohr </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/physics/1922/bohr/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1935/chadwick/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/chadwick-12999-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/chadwick-12999-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/chadwick-12999-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="James Chadwick" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/chadwick-12999-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="James Chadwick" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1935/chadwick/" title="James Chadwick" itemprop="url"> James Chadwick </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/physics/1935/chadwick/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for the discovery of the neutron.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1906/thomson/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/thomson-12853-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/thomson-12853-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/thomson-12853-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Joseph John Thomson" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/thomson-12853-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Joseph John Thomson" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1906/thomson/" title="Joseph John Thomson" itemprop="url"> Joseph John Thomson </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/physics/1906/thomson/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1901/rontgen/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/rontgen-13540-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/rontgen-13540-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/rontgen-13540-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/rontgen-13540-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1901/rontgen/" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" itemprop="url"> Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/physics/1901/rontgen/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him.</q> </div> </article> </section> <section class="article-grid featured-content featured-content__color--default var-one-third "> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3 class="section-header-h3">Discover more</h3> </header> <article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" class="article -one-third"> <div class="content-wrapper"> <header class="content"> <div class="title"> <h2 class="headline h3" itemprop="headline"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2016/kosterlitz/auto-biography/"> Read about Michael Kosterlitz’ battle with MS </a> </h2> </div> </header> <div class="text"> <p>“I want to take this space to tell any budding scientist that, however bleak the future may seem due to illness or other problems, one cannot say you will not be successful.” Kosterlitz was diagnosed with MS in 1978.</p> </div> </div> <figure class="featuredimage"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2016/kosterlitz/auto-biography/"><picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/kosterlitz-15202-landscape-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/kosterlitz-15202-landscape-large-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/kosterlitz-15202-landscape-x-large-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="J. Michael Kosterlitz" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/kosterlitz-15202-landscape-x-large.jpg" alt="J. Michael Kosterlitz" /></noscript></picture></a><figcaption class="figcaption"><p class="figcaption__caption">J. Michael Kosterlitz, Nobel Prize in Physics 2016</p> <p class="figcaption__attribution">© Nobel Media. Photo: Alexander Mahmoud</p></figcaption> </figure> </article> <article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" class="article -one-third"> <div class="content-wrapper"> <header class="content"> <div class="title"> <h2 class="headline h3" itemprop="headline"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/popular-physicsprize2014-1.pdf"> They filled the world with new light </a> </h2> </div> </header> <div class="text"> <p>Discover how the 2014 physics laureates tamed the unruly semiconductor gallium nitride, paving the way for blue LEDs. This efficient, versatile light source has been a boon to areas without electricity grids.</p> </div> </div> <figure class="featuredimage"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/popular-physicsprize2014-1.pdf"><picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/53513-landscape-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/53513-landscape-large-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/53513-landscape-x-large-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Blue LED and Reflection" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/53513-landscape-x-large.jpg" alt="Blue LED and Reflection" /></noscript></picture></a><figcaption class="figcaption"><p class="figcaption__caption">The blue LED: an energy- efficient, environmentally-friendly light source</p> <p class="figcaption__attribution">Photo: Public domain</p></figcaption> </figure> </article> <article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" class="article -one-third"> <div class="content-wrapper"> <header class="content"> <div class="title"> <h2 class="headline h3" itemprop="headline"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/popular-physicsprize2013-1.pdf"> The much-anticipated arrival of the Higgs boson </a> </h2> </div> </header> <div class="text"> <p>Read what caused the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to exclaim, “Here, at last!” The Higgs particle completed the Standard Model of particle physics which describes building blocks of the universe.</p> </div> </div> <figure class="featuredimage"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/popular-physicsprize2013-1.pdf"><picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/higgs-631-landscape-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/higgs-631-landscape-large-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/higgs-631-landscape-x-large-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Portrait of Peter Higgs" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/higgs-631-landscape-x-large.jpg" alt="Portrait of Peter Higgs" /></noscript></picture></a><figcaption class="figcaption"><p class="figcaption__caption">Portrait of Peter Higgs, during a visit to CERN in 2008</p> <p class="figcaption__attribution">© CERN 2008. Photo: Claudia Marcelloni</p></figcaption> </figure> </article> </section> <section class="newsletter-signup"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="blurb"> <h3>Sign up for the “Monthly” newsletter</h3> <p><p>Join thousands of global subscribers enjoying the free monthly Nobel Prize highlights, trivia and up-to-date information.</p> </p> </div> <form action="https://app.rule.io/widget/subscriber" method="POST"> <label for="newsletteremail" class="screen-reader-text"> Your e-mail address </label> <input name="rule_email" id="newsletteremail" placeholder="Your e-mail address" required type="email"> <input type="hidden" name="tags[]" value="25327"> <input type="hidden" name="token" value="0b7e81c2-36b72d5-bb09466-94f58a6-a5535bb-c51"> <input type="hidden" name="language" value="en"> <label for="email_field" class="newsletter-email-field"> Check this box if you are a robot. </label> <input type="checkbox" id="email_field" name="email_field" value="1" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="off" 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