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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bronchioles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronchioles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Bronchioles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronchioles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminal_bronchioles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminal_bronchioles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Terminal bronchioles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminal_bronchioles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiratory_bronchioles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiratory_bronchioles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Respiratory bronchioles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiratory_bronchioles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inflammation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflammation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Inflammation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflammation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قصيبة رئيسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قصيبة رئيسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronxiollar" title="Bronxiollar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bronxiollar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Бронхиола – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бронхиола" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronhiole" title="Bronhiole – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bronhiole" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronqu%C3%ADol" title="Bronquíol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bronquíol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C5%AFdu%C5%A1inky" title="Průdušinky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Průdušinky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Βρογχίδια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βρογχίδια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronquiolo" title="Bronquiolo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bronquiolo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronkiolo" title="Bronkiolo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bronkiolo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%98%DA%A9" title="نایژک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نایژک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiole" title="Bronchiole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bronchiole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronqu%C3%ADolo" title="Bronquíolo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bronquíolo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80%EC%A7%80" title="세기관지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세기관지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronkiolus" title="Bronkiolus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bronkiolus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiolo" title="Bronchiolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bronchiolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ауатамыршалар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ауатамыршалар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bron%C5%9Fik" title="Bronşik – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bronşik" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiol%C4%97" title="Bronchiolė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bronchiolė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Бронхиола – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бронхиола" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiolus" title="Bronchiolus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bronchiolus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskrzeliki" title="Oskrzeliki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oskrzeliki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronqu%C3%ADolo" title="Bronquíolo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bronquíolo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Бронхиола – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бронхиола" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiole" title="Bronchiole – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bronchiole" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priedu%C5%A1ni%C4%8Dka" title="Priedušnička – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Priedušnička" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronhiol" title="Bronhiol – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bronhiol" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7" title="بۆریچەی ھەوا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆریچەی ھەوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronkiol" title="Bronkiol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bronkiol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2" title="หลอดลมฝอย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หลอดลมฝอย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Бронхіола – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бронхіола" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Bronchiole</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alveoli_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png/250px-Alveoli_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png/375px-Alveoli_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png/500px-Alveoli_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="477" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Diagram of the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveoli</a> with both cross-section and external view.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D055745">D055745</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/06.5.02.026%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A06.5.02.026</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=3282">3282</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Histologica" title="Terminologia Histologica">TH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/PDF/TH%20Chapter%20H3.05.pdf">H3.05.02.0.00005 </a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma7410">7410</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502704" class="extiw" title="d:Q502704">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>bronchioles</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BRONG</span>-kee-ohls</i></a>) are the smaller branches of the <a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">bronchial airways</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower respiratory tract">lower respiratory tract</a>. They include the terminal bronchioles, and finally the respiratory bronchioles that mark the start of the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory zone">respiratory zone</a> delivering air to the <a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">gas exchanging units</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveoli</a>. The bronchioles no longer contain the cartilage that is found in the bronchi, or glands in their <a href="/wiki/Submucosa" title="Submucosa">submucosa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TortDerr_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TortDerr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronchiole&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secondary-pulmonary-lobule-illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Secondary-pulmonary-lobule-illustration.jpg/220px-Secondary-pulmonary-lobule-illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Secondary-pulmonary-lobule-illustration.jpg/330px-Secondary-pulmonary-lobule-illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Secondary-pulmonary-lobule-illustration.jpg/440px-Secondary-pulmonary-lobule-illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A lobule of the lung enclosed in septa and supplied by a terminal bronchiole that branches into the respiratory bronchioles. Each respiratory bronchiole supplies the alveoli held in each acinus accompanied by a pulmonary artery branch.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_lobule" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary lobule">pulmonary lobule</a> is the portion of the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a> ventilated by one bronchiole. Bronchioles are approximately 1 mm or less in diameter and their walls consist of <a href="/wiki/Ciliated" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliated">ciliated</a> cuboidal <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a> and a layer of <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a>. Bronchioles divide into even smaller bronchioles, called <i>terminal</i>, which are 0.5 mm or less in diameter. Terminal bronchioles in turn divide into smaller respiratory bronchioles which divide into <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ducts">alveolar ducts</a>. Terminal bronchioles mark the end of the conducting division of air flow in the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a> while respiratory bronchioles are the beginning of the respiratory division where <a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">gas exchange</a> takes place. </p><p>The diameter of the bronchioles plays an important role in air flow. The bronchioles change diameter to either increase or reduce air flow. An increase in diameter is called <a href="/wiki/Bronchodilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchodilation">bronchodilation</a> and is stimulated by either <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathetic nerves">sympathetic nerves</a> to increase air flow. A decrease in diameter is called <a href="/wiki/Bronchoconstriction" title="Bronchoconstriction">bronchoconstriction</a>, which is the tightening of the smooth muscle surrounding the bronchi and bronchioles due to and stimulated by <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system" title="Parasympathetic nervous system">parasympathetic nerves</a>, cold air, chemical irritants, excess mucus production, viral infections, and other factors to decrease air flow. Bronchoconstriction can result in clinical symptoms such as wheezing, chest tightness, and dyspnea, which are common features of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and chronic bronchitis. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronchioles">Bronchioles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronchiole&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bronchioles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illu_bronchi_lungs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Illu_bronchi_lungs.jpg/340px-Illu_bronchi_lungs.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Illu_bronchi_lungs.jpg/510px-Illu_bronchi_lungs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Illu_bronchi_lungs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Lungs showing bronchi and bronchioles</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a> divides into the left main <a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">bronchus</a> which supplies the left lung, and the right main bronchus which supplies the right lung. As they enter the lungs these primary bronchi branch into secondary bronchi known as <a href="/wiki/Lobar_bronchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobar bronchi">lobar bronchi</a> which supply each lobe of the lung. These in turn give rise to tertiary bronchi (<i>tertiary</i> meaning "third"), known as <a href="/wiki/Segmental_bronchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Segmental bronchi">segmental bronchi</a> which supply each <a href="/wiki/Bronchopulmonary_segment" title="Bronchopulmonary segment">bronchopulmonary segment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TortDerr_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TortDerr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The segmentary bronchi subdivide into fourth order, fifth order and sixth order segmental bronchi before dividing into the bronchioles. The bronchioles are histologically distinct from the bronchi in that their walls do not have <a href="/wiki/Hyaline_cartilage" title="Hyaline cartilage">hyaline cartilage</a> and they have <a href="/wiki/Club_cell" title="Club cell">club cells</a> in their epithelial lining. The <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a> of the bronchioles starts as a <a href="/wiki/Simple_columnar_epithelium" title="Simple columnar epithelium">simple ciliated columnar epithelium</a> and changes to <a href="/wiki/Simple_cuboidal_epithelium" title="Simple cuboidal epithelium">simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium</a> as the bronchioles decreases in size. The diameter of the bronchioles is often said to be less than 1 mm, though this value can range from 5 mm to 0.3 mm. As stated, these bronchioles do not have hyaline cartilage to maintain their patency. Instead, they rely on <a href="/wiki/Elastic_fiber" title="Elastic fiber">elastic fibers</a> attached to the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Human_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Human lung">lung</a> tissue for support. The inner lining (<a href="/wiki/Lamina_propria" title="Lamina propria">lamina propria</a>) of these bronchioles is thin with no glands present, and is surrounded by a layer of <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a>. As the bronchioles get smaller they divide into terminal bronchioles. Each bronchiole divides into between 50 and 80 terminal bronchioles.<sup id="cite_ref-KS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These bronchioles mark the end of the <a href="/wiki/Conducting_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Conducting zone">conducting zone</a>, which covers the first division through the sixteenth division of the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">respiratory tract</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">Alveoli</a> only become present when the conducting zone changes to the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory zone">respiratory zone</a>, from the sixteenth through the twenty-third division of the tract. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminal_bronchioles">Terminal bronchioles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronchiole&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Terminal bronchioles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terminal bronchioles are the most distal segment of the conducting zone. They branch off the lesser bronchioles. Each of the terminal bronchioles divides to form respiratory bronchioles which contain a small number of alveoli. Terminal bronchioles are lined with <a href="/wiki/Simple_cuboidal_epithelium" title="Simple cuboidal epithelium">simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Club_cell" title="Club cell">club cells</a>. Club cells are non-ciliated, rounded protein-secreting cells. Their secretions are a non-sticky, proteinaceous compound to maintain the airway in the smallest bronchioles. The secretion, called <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_surfactant" title="Pulmonary surfactant">pulmonary surfactant</a>, reduces <a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a>, allowing for bronchioles to expand during inspiration and keeping the bronchioles from collapsing during expiration. Club cells are a <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cell</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a>, and also produce <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> that detoxify substances dissolved in the respiratory fluid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respiratory_bronchioles">Respiratory bronchioles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronchiole&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Respiratory bronchioles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The respiratory bronchioles are the narrowest airways of the lungs, 0.5 mm across.<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bronchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchi">bronchi</a> divide many times before evolving into the bronchioles. The respiratory bronchioles deliver air to the exchange surfaces of the lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are interrupted by <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveoli</a> which are thin walled <a href="/wiki/Evagination" class="mw-redirect" title="Evagination">evaginations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ducts">Alveolar ducts</a> are side branches of the respiratory bronchioles. The respiratory bronchioles are lined by ciliated cuboidal epithelium along with some non-ciliated cells called <a href="/wiki/Club_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Club cells">club cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronchiole&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bronchospasm" title="Bronchospasm">Bronchospasm</a>, a potentially life-threatening situation, occurs when the smooth muscular tissue of the bronchioles constricts, severely narrowing their diameter. The most common cause of this is asthma. Bronchospasm is commonly treated by <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">oxygen therapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronchodilator" title="Bronchodilator">bronchodilators</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Albuterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Albuterol">albuterol</a>. </p><p>Diseases of the bronchioles include <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis_obliterans" title="Bronchiolitis obliterans">bronchiolitis obliterans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus" title="Respiratory syncytial virus">respiratory syncytial virus</a> infections, and <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflammation">Inflammation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronchiole&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Inflammation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The medical condition of inflammation of the bronchioles is termed <a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis" title="Bronchiolitis">bronchiolitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fri2014_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fri2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronchiole&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tertiary_bronchus.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross sectional cut of primary bronchiole"><img alt="Cross sectional cut of primary bronchiole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tertiary_bronchus.JPG/120px-Tertiary_bronchus.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tertiary_bronchus.JPG/180px-Tertiary_bronchus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tertiary_bronchus.JPG/240px-Tertiary_bronchus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross sectional cut of primary bronchiole</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trachea Primary bronchus Lobar bronchus Segmental bronchus Bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveolus"><img alt="Trachea Primary bronchus Lobar bronchus Segmental bronchus Bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveolus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg/92px-Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg/139px-Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg/185px-Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate trachea">Trachea</a></li><li>Primary <a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">bronchus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_bronchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary bronchus">Lobar bronchus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_bronchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary bronchus">Segmental bronchus</a></li><li>Bronchiole</li><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar duct">Alveolar duct</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">Alveolus</a></li></ol></div></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronchiole&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-TortDerr-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TortDerr_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TortDerr_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTortora2010" class="citation book cs1">Tortora GJ (2010). <i>Principles of anatomy and physiology</i> (12th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">883–</span>888. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470233474" title="Special:BookSources/9780470233474"><bdi>9780470233474</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+anatomy+and+physiology&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E883-%3C%2Fspan%3E888&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780470233474&rft.aulast=Tortora&rft.aufirst=GJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronchiole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBacsiPanBaBoldogh2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bacsi A, Pan L, Ba X, Boldogh I (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4940044">"Pathophysiology of bronchoconstriction: role of oxidatively damaged DNA repair"</a>. <i>Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology</i>. <b>16</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">59–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FACI.0000000000000232">10.1097/ACI.0000000000000232</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4940044">4940044</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26694039">26694039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Allergy+and+Clinical+Immunology&rft.atitle=Pathophysiology+of+bronchoconstriction%3A+role+of+oxidatively+damaged+DNA+repair&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4940044%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26694039&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FACI.0000000000000232&rft.aulast=Bacsi&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Pan%2C+L&rft.au=Ba%2C+X&rft.au=Boldogh%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4940044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronchiole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KS-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KS_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaladin2011" class="citation book cs1">Saladin K (2011). <i>Human anatomy</i> (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. <span class="nowrap">640–</span>641. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071222075" title="Special:BookSources/9780071222075"><bdi>9780071222075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+anatomy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E640-%3C%2Fspan%3E641&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780071222075&rft.aulast=Saladin&rft.aufirst=K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronchiole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merck-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merck_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Merck Manual of Medical Information</i> (Home ed.). Whitehouse Station, N.J.: Merck Research Laboratories. 1997. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911910-87-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911910-87-2"><bdi>978-0-911910-87-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merck+Manual+of+Medical+Information&rft.place=Whitehouse+Station%2C+N.J.&rft.edition=Home&rft.pub=Merck+Research+Laboratories&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-911910-87-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronchiole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartiniTimmonsTallitsch" class="citation book cs1">Martini FH, Timmons MJ, Tallitsch RB. <i>Human Anatomy</i> (6th ed.). Benjamin Cummings. p. 643. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-49804-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-49804-5"><bdi>978-0-321-49804-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Anatomy&rft.pages=643&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings&rft.isbn=978-0-321-49804-5&rft.aulast=Martini&rft.aufirst=FH&rft.au=Timmons%2C+MJ&rft.au=Tallitsch%2C+RB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronchiole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaxtonPeckhamKnibbs2003" class="citation web cs1">Paxton, Steve; Peckham, Michelle; Knibbs, Adele (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/respiratory/conducting.php">"Respiratory: Trachea, bronchioles and bronchi"</a>. University of Leeds.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Respiratory%3A+Trachea%2C+bronchioles+and+bronchi&rft.pub=University+of+Leeds&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Paxton&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Peckham%2C+Michelle&rft.au=Knibbs%2C+Adele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.histology.leeds.ac.uk%2Frespiratory%2Fconducting.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronchiole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fri2014-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fri2014_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedmanRiederWalton2014" class="citation journal cs1">Friedman JN, Rieder MJ, Walton JM (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235450">"Bronchiolitis: Recommendations for diagnosis, monitoring and management of children one to 24 months of age"</a>. <i>Paediatrics & Child Health</i>. <b>19</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">485–</span>498. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpch%2F19.9.485">10.1093/pch/19.9.485</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235450">4235450</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25414585">25414585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paediatrics+%26+Child+Health&rft.atitle=Bronchiolitis%3A+Recommendations+for+diagnosis%2C+monitoring+and+management+of+children+one+to+24+months+of+age&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E485-%3C%2Fspan%3E498&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4235450%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25414585&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpch%2F19.9.485&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=JN&rft.au=Rieder%2C+MJ&rft.au=Walton%2C+JM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4235450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronchiole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronchiole&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology: the Unity of Form and Function. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2007.</li> <li>Dudek, Ronald W. <i>High-Yield Histology</i>, 3rd ed. (2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7817-4763-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7817-4763-5">0-7817-4763-5</a></li> <li>Gartner, Leslie P. and James L. Hiatt. <i>Color Atlas of Histology</i>, 3rd ed. (2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7817-3509-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7817-3509-2">0-7817-3509-2</a></li> <li>Gartner, Leslie P. and James L. Hiatt. <i>Color Textbook of Histology</i> (2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7216-8806-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7216-8806-3">0-7216-8806-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronchiole&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bu.edu/phpbin/medlib/histology/p/13606loa.htm">Histology image: 13606loa</a> – Histology Learning System at Boston University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bu.edu/phpbin/medlib/histology/p/13607loa.htm">Histology image: 13607loa</a> – Histology Learning System at Boston University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160523193246/http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/midorcas/animalphysiology/Human%20Physiology%20Manual/chapter4/exper10/back_chap4_exp10.htm">Diagram at davidson.edu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307173126/http://www3.umdnj.edu/histsweb/lab10/lab10lung.html">Histology at umdnj.edu</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lower_respiratory_system_anatomy" title="Template talk:Lower respiratory system anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lower_respiratory_system_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lower respiratory system anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_lower_respiratory_tract135" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">lower respiratory tract</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Respiratory_tree" title="Respiratory tract">Respiratory tree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">Trachea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tracheal_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheal rings">Tracheal rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">Annular ligaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carina_of_trachea" title="Carina of trachea">Carina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Main <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus#Structure" title="Bronchus">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Secondary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eparterial_bronchus" title="Eparterial bronchus">eparterial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus#Structure" title="Bronchus">Tertiary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Human lung">Lungs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Landmarks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_of_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Base of lung">Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apex_of_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Apex of lung">Apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_of_the_lung" title="Root of the lung">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilum_of_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilum of lung">Hilum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fissures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_fissure_of_right_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal fissure of right lung">Horizontal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_fissure" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblique fissure">Oblique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_lobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior lobe">Superior lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingula_of_left_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingula of left lung">Lingula of left lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_lobe_of_right_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle lobe of right lung">Middle lobe of right lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_lung#Lobes" class="mw-redirect" title="Left lung">Inferior lobe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronchopulmonary_segment" title="Bronchopulmonary segment">BP segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bronchiole</a>: <a href="/wiki/Conducting_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Conducting zone">Conducting zone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terminal_bronchiole" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal bronchiole">Terminal bronchiole</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory zone">Respiratory zone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Respiratory_bronchiole" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory bronchiole">Respiratory bronchiole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar duct">Alveolar duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">Alveolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood-air_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood-air barrier">Blood-air barrier</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar cells">Alveolar cells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar cells">Type I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar cells">Type II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_cell" title="Club cell">Club cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblet_cell" title="Goblet cell">Goblet cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502704#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1411" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502704#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1411" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502704#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bronchioles"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh93006340">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bronchioles"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12492151n">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bronchioles"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12492151n">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007537048705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A06.5.02.026">Terminologia Anatomica</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronchiole&oldid=1253490172">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronchiole&oldid=1253490172</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a 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