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data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the constituent college of the University of Cambridge, founded in 1441. For other and similar uses, see <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="King's College (disambiguation)">King's College</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>King's College, formally The King's College of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas in Cambridge, is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colleges of the University of Cambridge">constituent college</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> This college lies beside the <a href="/wiki/River_Cam" title="River Cam">River Cam</a> and faces out onto <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Parade" title="King's Parade">King's Parade</a> in the centre of the city. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">King's College</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Rear_of_the_King%27s_College_and_the_Gibbs%27_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rear_of_the_King%27s_College_and_the_Gibbs%27_Building.jpg/220px-Rear_of_the_King%27s_College_and_the_Gibbs%27_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rear_of_the_King%27s_College_and_the_Gibbs%27_Building.jpg/330px-Rear_of_the_King%27s_College_and_the_Gibbs%27_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rear_of_the_King%27s_College_and_the_Gibbs%27_Building.jpg/440px-Rear_of_the_King%27s_College_and_the_Gibbs%27_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></a><div class="infobox-caption">King's College Chapel and the Gibbs' Building</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingscollegearms_sodacan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kingscollegearms_sodacan.svg/140px-Kingscollegearms_sodacan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kingscollegearms_sodacan.svg/210px-Kingscollegearms_sodacan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kingscollegearms_sodacan.svg/280px-Kingscollegearms_sodacan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="153"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Arms of King's College Arms: Sable, three roses argent,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> a chief per pale azure and gules charged on the dexter side with a fleur-de-lis and on the sinister with a lion passant gardant or</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style>Scarf colours: royal purple, with two equally-spaced narrow white stripes <table title="Scarf colours: royal purple, with two equally-spaced narrow white stripes" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" style="width:100%; border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 5px; font-size: 95%;height:1.75em"> <td style="background: #426 ; width:27.8%;"></td> <td style="background: white; width:8.3%;"></td> <td style="background: #426 ; width:27.8%;"></td> <td style="background: white; width:8.3%;"></td> <td style="background: #426 ; width:27.8%;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Parade" title="King's Parade">King's Parade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> CB2 1ST (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://map.cam.ac.uk/King%27s+College">map</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&params=52.2043_N_0.1162_E_type:landmark_region:GB&title=King%27s+College">52°12′15″N 0°06′58″E / 52.2043°N 0.1162°E / 52.2043; 0.1162 (King's College)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full name</th><td class="infobox-data">The King's College of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas in Cambridge</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latin name</th><td class="infobox-data">Collegium Regale beate Marie et sancti Nicholai Cantebrigie</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">K<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1441; 583 years ago (1441)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Named after</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic)">Our Lady</a>, patron saint of Eton College <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Nicholas</a>, natal saint of Henry VI</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sister_college" title="Sister college">Sister colleges</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Master_(college)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master (college)">Provost</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Tett" title="Gillian Tett">Gillian Tett</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Undergraduates</th><td class="infobox-data">463 (2022–23)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postgraduates</th><td class="infobox-data">326 (2022–23)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>300m (2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Visitor" title="Visitor">Visitor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Conway" title="Stephen Conway">Stephen Conway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bishops_of_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops of Lincoln">Bishops of Lincoln</a> <a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a>)<a href="#cite_note-kings-cam-statutes-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk">www.kings.cam.ac.uk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Junior_common_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior common room">Student union</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcsu.org.uk">www.kcsu.org.uk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Middle_common_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle common room">Graduate society</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcgs.org.uk">www.kcgs.org.uk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Boat club</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kingsboatclub.com">www.kingsboatclub.com</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Map</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_centre_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="King's College, Cambridge is located in Central Cambridge"><img alt="King's College, Cambridge is located in Central Cambridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cambridge_centre_map.png/240px-Cambridge_centre_map.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cambridge_centre_map.png/360px-Cambridge_centre_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cambridge_centre_map.png/480px-Cambridge_centre_map.png 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="749"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.535%;left:30.716%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="King's College, Cambridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Central Cambridge</div>Show map of Central Cambridge</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_Cambridge.png" class="mw-file-description" title="King's College, Cambridge is located in Cambridge"><img alt="King's College, Cambridge is located in Cambridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Location_map_Cambridge.png/240px-Location_map_Cambridge.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Location_map_Cambridge.png/360px-Location_map_Cambridge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Location_map_Cambridge.png/480px-Location_map_Cambridge.png 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="709"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.685%;left:33.262%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="King's College, Cambridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Cambridge</div>Show map of Cambridge</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> King's was founded in 1441 by King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> soon after founding its sister institution, <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a>. Initially, King's accepted only students from Eton College. However, the king's plans for King's College were disrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> and the resultant scarcity of funds, and then his eventual deposition. Little progress was made on the project until 1508, when King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> began to take an interest in the college, probably as a political move to legitimise his new position. The building of the college's chapel began in 1446, and was finished in 1544 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>. <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel</a> is regarded as one of the finest examples of late <a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">English Gothic architecture</a>. It has the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Fan_vault" title="Fan vault">fan vault</a>, while its stained-glass windows and wooden chancel screen are considered some of the finest from their era. The building is seen as emblematic of Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> It houses the <a href="/wiki/Choir_of_King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Choir of King's College, Cambridge">Choir of King's College, Cambridge</a>. Every year on Christmas Eve, the <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Nine_Lessons_and_Carols" class="mw-redirect" title="Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols">Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols</a> (a service originally devised for Truro Cathedral by <a href="/wiki/Edward_White_Benson" title="Edward White Benson">Edward White Benson</a> in 1880, adapted by the college dean <a href="/wiki/Eric_Milner-White" title="Eric Milner-White">Eric Milner-White</a> in 1918) is broadcast from the chapel to millions of listeners worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-kings-9lessons-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-carols-7">[7]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Foundation">1.1 Foundation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Henry_VI,_Henry_VII_and_Henry_VIII">1.2 Henry VI, Henry VII and Henry VIII</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Front_Court_completed">1.3 Front Court completed</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Victorian_reforms_and_expansion">1.4 Victorian reforms and expansion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#20th_century">1.5 20th century</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Buildings_and_grounds">2 Buildings and grounds</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Chapel">2.1 Chapel</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Front_Court">2.2 Front Court</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Academic_profile">3 Academic profile</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Intake_and_access_profile">4 Intake and access profile</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Student_life">5 Student life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Sports">5.1 Sports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Music">6 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Entrepreneurship_and_business_at_King's">7 Entrepreneurship and business at King's</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#People_associated_with_King's">8 People associated with King's</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Nobel_laureates">8.1 Nobel laureates</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Provosts">8.2 Provosts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Visitor">8.3 Visitor</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Arms">9 Arms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References">11 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Footnotes">11.1 Footnotes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Printed_sources">11.2 Printed sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Henry_VI_from_NPG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/King_Henry_VI_from_NPG.jpg/170px-King_Henry_VI_from_NPG.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2896"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 205px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/King_Henry_VI_from_NPG.jpg/170px-King_Henry_VI_from_NPG.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/King_Henry_VI_from_NPG.jpg/255px-King_Henry_VI_from_NPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/King_Henry_VI_from_NPG.jpg/340px-King_Henry_VI_from_NPG.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a>, the college's founder</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On 12 February 1441, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">King Henry VI</a> issued <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> founding a college at Cambridge for a rector and 12 poor scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaltmarsh1959-8">[8]</a> This college was to be named after <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> upon whose feast day Henry had been born.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAusten-Leigh18993%E2%80%934-9">[9]</a> The first stone of the college's Old Court was laid by the King on <a href="/wiki/Passion_Sunday" title="Passion Sunday">Passion Sunday</a>, 2 April 1441 on a site which lies directly north of the modern college and which was formerly a garden belonging to <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Hall,_Cambridge" title="Trinity Hall, Cambridge">Trinity Hall</a>. William Millington, a fellow of <a href="/wiki/Clare_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Clare College">Clare College</a> (then called Clare Hall) was installed as the rector.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay19075,_8,_49-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_College,_Cambridge_by_Loggan_1690_-_sanders_6177.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge_by_Loggan_1690_-_sanders_6177.jpg/220px-King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge_by_Loggan_1690_-_sanders_6177.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="591"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge_by_Loggan_1690_-_sanders_6177.jpg/220px-King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge_by_Loggan_1690_-_sanders_6177.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge_by_Loggan_1690_-_sanders_6177.jpg/330px-King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge_by_Loggan_1690_-_sanders_6177.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge_by_Loggan_1690_-_sanders_6177.jpg/440px-King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge_by_Loggan_1690_-_sanders_6177.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Old Court</figcaption></figure> Henry directed the publication of the college's first governing statutes in 1443. His original modest plan for the college was abandoned, and provision was instead made for a community of 70 fellows and scholars headed by a provost. Henry had belatedly learned of <a href="/wiki/William_of_Wykeham" title="William of Wykeham">William of Wykeham</a>'s 1379 twin foundations of <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College, Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winchester_College" title="Winchester College">Winchester College</a>, and wanted his own achievements to surpass those of Wykeham.<a href="#cite_note-infobrit-11">[11]</a> The King had founded <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> on 11 October 1440 but, up until 1443, King's and Eton had been unconnected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay190749-12">[12]</a> However, that year the relationship between the two was remodelled upon Wykeham's successful institutions and the original sizes of the colleges scaled up to surpass Wykeham's. A second royal charter which re-founded the now much larger King's College was issued on 12 July 1443. On 1 September 1444, the Provosts of King's and Eton and the Wardens of Winchester and New College formally signed the Amicabilis Concordia ("friendly agreement") in which they bound their colleges to support one another legally and financially.<a href="#cite_note-eton-history-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAusten-Leigh189915-14">[14]</a> Members of King's were to be recruited entirely from Eton. Each year, the provost and two fellows travelled to Eton to impartially select the worthiest boys to fill any vacancies at the college, always maintaining the total number of scholars and fellows at exactly 70.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay190752-15">[15]</a> Membership of King's was a vocation for life. Scholars were eligible for election to the fellowship after three years of probation, irrespective of whether they had achieved a degree or not. Undergraduates at King's – unlike those from other colleges – did not have to pass university examinations to achieve their BA degree and instead had only to satisfy the college. Every fellow was to study theology, save for two who were to study astronomy, two civil law, four canon law, and two medicine; all fellows save those studying secular subjects were obliged to take <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders">Holy Orders</a> and become priests, on pain of expulsion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAusten-Leigh189911-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay190754-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaltmarsh1959-8">[8]</a> In 1445, a <a href="/wiki/Papal_Bull" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Bull">Papal Bull</a> from <a href="/wiki/Eugenius_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenius IV">Eugenius IV</a> exempted college members from parish duties, and in 1457, an agreement between the provost and <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">chancellor</a> of the university limited the chancellor's authority and gave the college full jurisdiction over internal matters. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_plan_of_King%27s_College,_Cambridge_-_unbuilt_1440s_scheme_(1897)_-_cambridgedescri00atkiuoft_0449.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Historical_plan_of_King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge_-_unbuilt_1440s_scheme_%281897%29_-_cambridgedescri00atkiuoft_0449.png/220px-Historical_plan_of_King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge_-_unbuilt_1440s_scheme_%281897%29_-_cambridgedescri00atkiuoft_0449.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1942"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 185px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Historical_plan_of_King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge_-_unbuilt_1440s_scheme_%281897%29_-_cambridgedescri00atkiuoft_0449.png/220px-Historical_plan_of_King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge_-_unbuilt_1440s_scheme_%281897%29_-_cambridgedescri00atkiuoft_0449.png" data-width="220" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Historical_plan_of_King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge_-_unbuilt_1440s_scheme_%281897%29_-_cambridgedescri00atkiuoft_0449.png/330px-Historical_plan_of_King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge_-_unbuilt_1440s_scheme_%281897%29_-_cambridgedescri00atkiuoft_0449.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Historical_plan_of_King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge_-_unbuilt_1440s_scheme_%281897%29_-_cambridgedescri00atkiuoft_0449.png/440px-Historical_plan_of_King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge_-_unbuilt_1440s_scheme_%281897%29_-_cambridgedescri00atkiuoft_0449.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Henry VI's revised plan for the college</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Henry_VI,_Henry_VII_and_Henry_VIII">Henry VI, Henry VII and Henry VIII</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Henry VI, Henry VII and Henry VIII" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The original plans for Old Court were too small comfortably to accommodate the larger college community of the second foundation, and so in 1443 Henry VI began to purchase the land upon which the modern college now stands. The gateway and south range of Old Court had already been built, but the rest was completed in a temporary fashion to serve until the new court was ready. The new college site was itself left unfinished and the "temporary" Old Court buildings, arranged to accommodate 70, served as the permanent residential fabric of the college until the beginning of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay19078%E2%80%939-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAusten-Leigh18996-19">[19]</a> Henry's grand design for the new college buildings survives in the 1448 Founder's Will, which describes his vision in detail. The new college site was to be centred on a great courtyard, bordered on all sides by adjoining buildings: a chapel to the north; accommodation and the entrance gate to the east; further accommodation and the provost's lodge to the south; and a library, hall and buttery to the west. Behind the hall and buttery was to be another courtyard, and behind the library a cloistered cemetery including a magnificent bell tower. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20130808_Kings_College_Chapel_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/20130808_Kings_College_Chapel_01.jpg/220px-20130808_Kings_College_Chapel_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3785" data-file-height="1785"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 104px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/20130808_Kings_College_Chapel_01.jpg/220px-20130808_Kings_College_Chapel_01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="104" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/20130808_Kings_College_Chapel_01.jpg/330px-20130808_Kings_College_Chapel_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/20130808_Kings_College_Chapel_01.jpg/440px-20130808_Kings_College_Chapel_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The College Chapel, as first planned by Henry VI. The building line between light and dark stone can be seen on the chapel's side.</figcaption></figure> The first stone of the chapel was laid by the King on St James's Day, 25 July 1446. The King encouraged support for the college. In 1448, John Conches, former prior of <a href="/wiki/Wootton_Wawen" title="Wootton Wawen">Wootton Wawen</a> gave the priory's lands to "John Chedworth provost of the king's college of St. Mary and St. Nicholas Cantebrigge and the scholars thereof, and to their successors."<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Within a decade Henry's engagement in the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> meant that funds began to dry up. By the time of Henry's deposition in 1461, the chapel walls had been raised 60 ft high at the east end but only 8 ft at the west; a building line which can still be seen today as the boundary between the lighter stone below and the darker above. Work proceeded sporadically until a generation later in 1508 when the Founder's nephew <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> was prevailed upon to finish the shell of the building. The interior had to wait a further generation until completion by 1544 with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>. The chapel was the only part of Henry VI's Founder's Will to be realised. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_College_Chapel_-_stonework_detail_-_Cambridge_-_UK_-_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/King%27s_College_Chapel_-_stonework_detail_-_Cambridge_-_UK_-_2007.jpg/220px-King%27s_College_Chapel_-_stonework_detail_-_Cambridge_-_UK_-_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1496"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/King%27s_College_Chapel_-_stonework_detail_-_Cambridge_-_UK_-_2007.jpg/220px-King%27s_College_Chapel_-_stonework_detail_-_Cambridge_-_UK_-_2007.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/King%27s_College_Chapel_-_stonework_detail_-_Cambridge_-_UK_-_2007.jpg/330px-King%27s_College_Chapel_-_stonework_detail_-_Cambridge_-_UK_-_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/King%27s_College_Chapel_-_stonework_detail_-_Cambridge_-_UK_-_2007.jpg/440px-King%27s_College_Chapel_-_stonework_detail_-_Cambridge_-_UK_-_2007.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal arms of England">Coat of arms of King Henry VII</a>, interior stonework of the chapel's west end</figcaption></figure> It has been speculated that the choice of the college as a beneficiary by the two later Henrys was a political one, with Henry VII in particular concerned to legitimate a new, post-civil war Tudor regime by demonstrating patronage of what was by definition the King's College. Later building work on the chapel is marked by an uninhibited branding with the Tudor rose and other symbols of the new establishment, quite against the precise instructions of the Founder's Will. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_College_-_Gibbs%27_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/King%27s_College_-_Gibbs%27_Building.jpg/220px-King%27s_College_-_Gibbs%27_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/King%27s_College_-_Gibbs%27_Building.jpg/220px-King%27s_College_-_Gibbs%27_Building.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/King%27s_College_-_Gibbs%27_Building.jpg/330px-King%27s_College_-_Gibbs%27_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/King%27s_College_-_Gibbs%27_Building.jpg/440px-King%27s_College_-_Gibbs%27_Building.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Gibbs' Building</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Front_Court_completed">Front Court completed</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Front Court completed" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The college remained as the Old Court, chapel and a few small surrounding buildings for nearly two-hundred years until in 1724 the architect <a href="/wiki/James_Gibbs" title="James Gibbs">James Gibbs</a> provided a new plan to complete the courtyard of which the chapel formed the north side. Although his design was for the courtyard to be closed by three similar detached <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> buildings, due to lack of funds only the western of these was constructed. The first stone of what became known as the Gibbs' Building was laid by Provost <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Snape" title="Andrew Snape">Andrew Snape</a>, at the time also <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)#Vice-chancellor" title="Chancellor (education)">vice-chancellor</a> of the university, on 25 March 1723 and the building completed six years later. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_College,_Cambridge2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge2.jpg/220px-King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge2.jpg/220px-King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge2.jpg/330px-King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge2.jpg/440px-King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The east and south sides of Front Court, designed by William Wilkins</figcaption></figure> Front Court was finally completed in 1828 under plans drawn up by <a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(architect)" title="William Wilkins (architect)">William Wilkins</a>. The courtyard was closed by a screen and gatehouse to the east; and residential staircases either side of a hall to the south. The southern buildings continued towards the river with a library and Provost's lodge. All these buildings were, at the college's insistence, built in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a> style rather than Wilkins's preferred Neoclassical.<a href="#cite_note-kings-history-21">[21]</a> With the courtyard to the south of the chapel now able to accommodate the college, the land to the north was sold to the university in 1828. This was the site of the world's first bonsai tree, cultivated in King's College in the mid 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The university demolished most of the original Old Court buildings in order to make room for an extension to the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Library" title="Cambridge University Library">University Library</a>; only the gateway arch opposite Clare College survives. The library subsequently moved away from this site, known as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Schools" title="Old Schools">Old Schools</a>, and the buildings are currently used for the main administrative offices of the university.<a href="#cite_note-kings-history-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay190710-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victorian_reforms_and_expansion">Victorian reforms and expansion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Victorian reforms and expansion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scott%27s_Building,_King%27s_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_818428.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Scott%27s_Building%2C_King%27s_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_818428.jpg/170px-Scott%27s_Building%2C_King%27s_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_818428.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Scott%27s_Building%2C_King%27s_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_818428.jpg/170px-Scott%27s_Building%2C_King%27s_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_818428.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Scott%27s_Building%2C_King%27s_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_818428.jpg/255px-Scott%27s_Building%2C_King%27s_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_818428.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Scott%27s_Building%2C_King%27s_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_818428.jpg/340px-Scott%27s_Building%2C_King%27s_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_818428.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Scott's Building</figcaption></figure> Under the provostship of Richard Okes, from 1850 until his death in 1888, the college began a period of reform. On 1 May 1851 it was agreed to abolish the privilege of King's members to be granted a degree without passing the university examinations. In 1861 the college statutes were amended so as to expand the college and, more radically, to allow for the election of non-Etonian King's members: the new statutes provided for 46 Fellows, 24 scholarships reserved for boys from Eton, and 24 "open" scholarships for boys from any school. At the same time all formal obligation to take Holy Orders – unenforced since the 17th century – was removed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAusten-Leigh1899150,_221,_279-25">[25]</a> The statutes were again amended in 1882, this time ensuring fellowships were not always for life and were awarded on merit after submissions of original research. In his 1930 memoir As We Were, A Victorian Peep Show,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/E._F._Benson" title="E. F. Benson">E. F. Benson</a>, an alumnus of King's,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> recollected the peculiar behaviour of some of the surviving Life Fellows from his undergraduate years of 1887–1890 and before. Of one he wrote, "He then shuffled out on to the big lawn, with a stick in his hand, and he prodded with it at the worms in the grass, muttering to himself, 'Ah, damn ye: ye haven't got me yet.'" The first non-Etonian students were admitted to study at King's in 1865, and the first non-Etonian scholars and the first non-Etonian fellow were elected in 1873. These reforms continued over subsequent decades and there are now no special privileges for Etonians at King's. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodley%27s_Court,_Kings_College,_Cambridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_849323.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bodley%27s_Court%2C_Kings_College%2C_Cambridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_849323.jpg/220px-Bodley%27s_Court%2C_Kings_College%2C_Cambridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_849323.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="483"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bodley%27s_Court%2C_Kings_College%2C_Cambridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_849323.jpg/220px-Bodley%27s_Court%2C_Kings_College%2C_Cambridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_849323.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bodley%27s_Court%2C_Kings_College%2C_Cambridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_849323.jpg/330px-Bodley%27s_Court%2C_Kings_College%2C_Cambridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_849323.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bodley%27s_Court%2C_Kings_College%2C_Cambridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_849323.jpg/440px-Bodley%27s_Court%2C_Kings_College%2C_Cambridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_849323.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bodley's Court</figcaption></figure> Expansion of the college through the 1861 statutes necessitated more building work to accommodate the larger community. In 1869, the area along <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Parade" title="King's Parade">King's Parade</a> between the Wilkins' Buildings and King's Lane was built upon after a design by <a href="/wiki/George_Gilbert_Scott" title="George Gilbert Scott">George Gilbert Scott</a>. When completed a year later, the new courtyard formed was named after Walter Chetwynd, a fellow of the college.<a href="#cite_note-kings-history-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay190740%E2%80%9341-28">[28]</a> However, after subsequent plans to expand college accommodation fell through, King's opened negotiations to amalgamate with <a href="/wiki/St_Catharine%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St Catharine's College, Cambridge">St Catharine's College</a>. Although St Catharine's had been founded by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodlark" title="Robert Woodlark">Robert Woodlark</a> (sometimes spelled Wodelarke), a Provost of King's, the college declined the invitation to combine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay190742-29">[29]</a> Eventually, in 1893, the east and south wings of another new courtyard within King's – designed by <a href="/wiki/George_Frederick_Bodley" title="George Frederick Bodley">George Frederick Bodley</a> and overlooking the river – were completed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay190742%E2%80%9343-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1909, the south range of a third new courtyard – named after its architect <a href="/wiki/Aston_Webb" title="Aston Webb">Aston Webb</a> – was built to the south of the library. In 1927, designs by G. L. Kennedy completed Bodley's Court with a new northern range, and Webb's Court with a new Provost's Lodge on its western side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaltmarsh1959-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-kings-history-21">[21]</a> In 1930, a <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire_Constabulary" title="Cambridgeshire Constabulary">Cambridge Borough Police</a> officer was shot by a student who also shot his tutor in the same incident.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> On 1 September 1939, the day of the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">German invasion of Poland</a> and the cause of the UK's entrance into <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, permission was sought from the College Council to remove the stained glass from the east window of the chapel. By the end of 1941, all the ancient glass had been removed to various cellars in Cambridge for safekeeping. Despite most of the windows of the chapel being covered over by sheets of tar-paper, which rattled loudly in the wind, the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols continued to be broadcast from the chapel every Christmas Eve throughout the war – even though the name of the college could not be broadcast for security reasons. King's took the opportunity of these years to clean, repair and photograph the glass. By 1949, all the windows had been restored.<a href="#cite_note-kings-9lessons-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-kings-saveglass-32">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge,_altare.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge%2C_altare.JPG/220px-King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge%2C_altare.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge%2C_altare.JPG/220px-King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge%2C_altare.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge%2C_altare.JPG/330px-King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge%2C_altare.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge%2C_altare.JPG/440px-King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge%2C_altare.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Rubens's Adoration of the Magi behind the chapel altar</figcaption></figure> In 1961, the property millionaire <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ernest_Allnatt" title="Alfred Ernest Allnatt">Alfred Ernest Allnatt</a> offered King's the <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Rubens,_Cambridge)" title="Adoration of the Magi (Rubens, Cambridge)">Adoration of the Magi</a> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, which he had purchased in 1959 for a world-record price. The college accepted "this munificent gift" with the intention of displaying the painting in the chapel, possibly as an altarpiece. The painting was initially displayed in the antechapel but a significant faction of the fellowship – including <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jaff%C3%A9" title="Michael Jaffé">Michael Jaffé</a> and the Provost <a href="/wiki/Noel_Annan,_Baron_Annan" title="Noel Annan, Baron Annan">Noel Annan</a> – were determined for the painting to become the focal point of an entirely redesigned east end planned by the architect Sir Martyn Beckett, who was "philosophical about the furore this inevitably occasioned – which quickly became acceptance of a solution to a difficult problem."<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> As the first stage of this project, the Edwardian <a href="/wiki/Reredos" title="Reredos">reredos</a> and 17th-century wood panelling were removed and the Rubens installed in their stead behind the altar in April 1964. The painting was so big that the raised floor of the chapel's east end, required by the 1448 Founder's Will, would have to be levelled so as to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> artwork obscuring the bottom of the Tudor east window. However 20 fellows and the honorary fellow <a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">E. M. Forster</a> signed a letter urging the college to reverse its plan and "admit that it has made a mistake"; the levelling of the floor nevertheless went ahead. The newly refitted east end opened in 1968 and proved highly controversial, with the <a href="/wiki/Architects%27_Journal" title="Architects' Journal">Architects' Journal</a> criticising it as "motivated not by the demands of liturgical worship but by those of museum display."<a href="#cite_note-indy-rubens-34">[34]</a> The last main-site building to be erected by the college was the Keynes Building, finished in 1967 and named after the former college bursar <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>. This building enclosed Chetwynd Court along with the Wilkins' and Scott's buildings, and provided more than 70 en-suite accommodation rooms along with other facilities.<a href="#cite_note-kings-history-21">[21]</a> The first women students arrived at King's in 1972, one of the first three previously all-male colleges to admit women.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The college, along with most others at the university, had been all-male since its foundation. However, under the provost <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Leach" title="Edmund Leach">Edmund Leach</a>, King's together with <a href="/wiki/Churchill_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Churchill College">Churchill</a> and Clare became the first three previously all-male colleges to admit women. Henry VI is not completely forgotten at the college. The Saturday after the end of <a href="/wiki/Michaelmas_term" title="Michaelmas term">Michaelmas term</a> each year is Founder's Day, which begins with a Founder's Eucharist in the chapel, followed by a Founder's Breakfast with ale and culminating in a sumptuous dinner in his memory called "Founder's Feast" to which all members of college in their third year of studies are invited. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Buildings_and_grounds">Buildings and grounds</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Buildings and grounds" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge_15.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge_15.JPG/220px-King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge_15.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge_15.JPG/220px-King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge_15.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge_15.JPG/330px-King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge_15.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge_15.JPG/440px-King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge_15.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Interior of the chapel</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapel">Chapel</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chapel" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel, Cambridge</a></div>The College Chapel, an example of late <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>, was built over a period of a hundred years (1446–1531) in three stages. The Chapel features the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Fan_vault" title="Fan vault">fan vault</a> ceiling; 26 large stained-glass windows, 24 of which date from the 16th century; and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>'s painting the <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Rubens,_Cambridge)" title="Adoration of the Magi (Rubens, Cambridge)">Adoration of the Magi</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">altarpiece</a>. The chapel is actively used as a place of worship and also for some concerts and college events. The <a href="/wiki/Choir_of_King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Choir of King's College, Cambridge">Chapel choir</a> consists of organ scholars, choral scholars (male students from the college and other colleges) and choristers (boys educated at the nearby <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_School_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="King's College School Cambridge">King's College School</a>). The choir sings services on most days in term-time, and also performs concerts and makes recordings and broadcasts. In particular, it has broadcast its <a href="/wiki/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols" title="Nine Lessons and Carols">Nine Lessons and Carols</a> on the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> from the Chapel on <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a> for many decades. Additionally, there is a mixed-voice Chapel choir of male and female students, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Voices" title="King's Voices">King's Voices</a>, which sings <a href="/wiki/Evensong" title="Evensong">evensong</a> on Mondays during term-time. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Front_Court">Front Court</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Front Court" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:999px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_depicting_the_Front_Court_of_King%27s_College_Cambridge_v2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Panorama of King's College Front Court" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Panorama_depicting_the_Front_Court_of_King%27s_College_Cambridge_v2.jpg/991px-Panorama_depicting_the_Front_Court_of_King%27s_College_Cambridge_v2.jpg" decoding="async" width="991" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16362" data-file-height="3633"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 991px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Panorama_depicting_the_Front_Court_of_King%27s_College_Cambridge_v2.jpg/991px-Panorama_depicting_the_Front_Court_of_King%27s_College_Cambridge_v2.jpg" data-alt="Panorama of King's College Front Court" data-width="991" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Panorama_depicting_the_Front_Court_of_King%27s_College_Cambridge_v2.jpg/1487px-Panorama_depicting_the_Front_Court_of_King%27s_College_Cambridge_v2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Panorama_depicting_the_Front_Court_of_King%27s_College_Cambridge_v2.jpg/1982px-Panorama_depicting_the_Front_Court_of_King%27s_College_Cambridge_v2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Academic_profile">Academic profile</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Academic profile" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The unofficial <a href="/wiki/Tompkins_Table" title="Tompkins Table">Tompkins Table</a> comparing academic performance ranked King's 12th out of a total of 29 rated colleges at the University of Cambridge in 2019. In terms of first-class degrees, King's ranked 9th in the university with 31.3% of final year students achieving a first. King's offers all undergraduate courses available at the university, except for <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, land economy and <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary medicine</a>, although Directors of Studies for Anglo-Saxon Norse & Celtic and Management Studies visit from other colleges. With more than 100 fellows and some 420 undergraduate students, King's has one of the highest ratios of fellows to students of all the Cambridge colleges. Since its foundation, the college has housed a library, providing books for all students, covering all the subjects offered by King's. Around 130,000 books are held: some available for teaching and for reference, others being rare books and <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a>. The library operates a user-oriented purchasing policy: students and Directors of Studies recommend new purchases in their subject.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> There is both Wi-Fi and Ethernet internet access throughout the library as well as a library computer room.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Special collections include a separate Music Library, the Keynes Library, a Global Warming collection, and an Audio Visual Library.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Intake_and_access_profile">Intake and access profile</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Intake and access profile" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> The college has gradually broadened its intake to include many students from <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">state schools</a>, often having the highest proportion of maintained school acceptances of the undergraduate colleges. This has led to accusations of reactionary bias against <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (UK)">public school</a> pupils and of affirmative action (positive discrimination), although the relatively high proportion of state-school students reflects the far greater number of applications from pupils at maintained schools in comparison to other Cambridge colleges.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> King's has established a Schools Liaison Officer post in order to provide support to students, whatever their background, and schools and colleges of any type to find out more about the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> and the college.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> King's is the link Cambridge college for schools in North East England through Cambridge University Area Links Scheme.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Generally, the atmosphere at King's is considered to be easier than that of other colleges to integrate into for students from a working-class or minority background. However, a survey conducted by Varsity Newspaper in January 2009 revealed that the average parental income of students who participated in the survey at King's was higher than the university average.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In June 2018, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Priyamvada_Gopal" title="Priyamvada Gopal">Priyamvada Gopal</a> alleged racial profiling by college porters at the gate of King's College, Cambridge. Gopal said that she was subjected to racial profiling and aggression by the porters and gatekeepers of King's and said porters frequently hassled non-white staff and students at the gates. While several students and staff corroborated her accusations, a King's College spokeswoman denied wrongdoing by staff.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> As a result of the attention the issue received, Cambridge University students came forward describing similar experiences. Gopal said that she received hate mail following her announcement. Gopal announced that she would no longer supervise students at King's until there was a resolution to the long-standing problem.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Many students from Asian heritages have corrobated racial profiling by porters, who often mistake Asian students to be tourists. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Student_life">Student life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Student life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kings_dining_hall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kings_dining_hall.JPG/170px-Kings_dining_hall.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kings_dining_hall.JPG/170px-Kings_dining_hall.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kings_dining_hall.JPG/255px-Kings_dining_hall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kings_dining_hall.JPG/340px-Kings_dining_hall.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>King's College dining hall</figcaption></figure> King's has its own student unions, both for undergraduates (King's College Student Union or KCSU) and for graduates (King's College Graduate Society or KCGS). Students at King's have used both organisations to assist in the decision-making processes in the college itself and the university. The college students have a reputation for radical political activity going back to the late 1960s, and the college has not infrequently been the centre of demonstrations, rent strikes and so forth, sparked by political events. There are a number of rooms around college which students can book out to hold society events. Societies who commonly do this include King's Politics, The Turing Maths Society, The History Society, The Marxist Society, Keynes Economics Society and King's Feminist Society. The main bar at King's is the site of many social events, open mic nights, and informal meetings and debates between students, whilst a venue known as the Bunker (formerly the Cellar), a second bar in a basement of the college, acts occasionally as a music or dance-night venue and most recently the set for a King's Drama productions including Sartre's No Exit<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> and a series of monologue showcase events.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] Even more recently, the Bunker has been used by the King's Electronic Music Society, allowing students to learn how to DJ. Whereas many Cambridge colleges celebrate <a href="/wiki/May_Week" title="May Week">May Week</a> with a <a href="/wiki/May_Ball" class="mw-redirect" title="May Ball">May Ball</a> (which actually falls in June), since the early 1980s King's has instead held a <a href="/wiki/June_Event" title="June Event">June Event</a> (an informal version of a May Ball with fancy dress) known as The King's Affair. This takes place annually on the Wednesday night of May Week (usually around 20 June), and is attended by around 1,500 students, occupying the Front Court, bar, Hall and Chapel. Past performers have included <a href="/wiki/The_Stranglers" title="The Stranglers">The Stranglers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatboy_Slim" title="Fatboy Slim">Fatboy Slim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah_and_the_Whale" title="Noah and the Whale">Noah and the Whale</a> and, in 2009, <a href="/wiki/Clean_Bandit" title="Clean Bandit">Clean Bandit</a>. There are also large student-run college parties at the end of each term known as Mingles. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> King's has a number of competitive and casual sports clubs. <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Boat_Club" title="King's College Boat Club">King's College Boat Club</a> has the largest active membership of any club in King's. In 2013 the first men's boat qualified to race in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Challenge_Cup" title="Temple Challenge Cup">Temple Challenge Cup</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Henley_Royal_Regatta" title="Henley Royal Regatta">Henley Royal Regatta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> After several years of poor performances, the boat club has returned to success in the Lent and May Bumps, with blades being awarded four times in 2023, including twice to the first women's VIII. Another major club is the King's Mountaineering and Kayaking Association, which has a fleet of kayaks for use on the <a href="/wiki/River_Cam" title="River Cam">River Cam</a> (which runs through the college) and regularly runs climbing, walking and kayaking trips for students of the college during university vacations.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Its rugby team is joint with Corpus Christi and Clare colleges and consequently known as CCK. Its historic crest is the hallowed Elephant of Wisdom. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> King's College is home to the <a href="/wiki/Choir_of_King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Choir of King's College, Cambridge">Choir of King's College, Cambridge</a>, which was founded in the 15th century and is now one of today's most well-renowned representatives of the English choral tradition. In 2013, the choir launched its own label, King's College Recordings, allowing it to gain more artistic freedom over its releases. Its releases and worldwide fame have led to global tours and performances.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The Choir of King's College sings evensong and Eucharist services on all days of the week apart from Mondays, with two services on a Sunday. It is currently led by the incumbent Director of Music, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hyde_(organist)" title="Daniel Hyde (organist)">Daniel Hyde</a>. The other resident choir of the college is the mixed-voice choir <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Voices" title="King's Voices">King's Voices</a>, founded in October 1997 under Dr <a href="/wiki/John_Butt_(musician)" title="John Butt (musician)">John Butt</a>, with the intention of giving women in King's the opportunity to sing in the chapel and be eligible for choral awards within the college. Currently, the choir sings evensong every Monday in university term, as well as performing at King's College Music Society (KCMS) and college events throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> King's Voices has also appeared on albums alongside the Choir of King's College, most recently in the Te Deum and Magnificat of the Collegium Regale service by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Howells" title="Herbert Howells">Herbert Howells</a> on a double album of music by Howells.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Sopranos in King's Voices also featured in a live recording of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicolas_(Britten)" title="Saint Nicolas (Britten)">Saint Nicolas</a> alongside the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Singers" title="BBC Singers">BBC Singers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Britten_Sinfonia" title="Britten Sinfonia">Britten Sinfonia</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cleobury" title="Stephen Cleobury">Sir Stephen Cleobury</a>'s Farewell Concert, broadcast on BBC Radio 3 in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The choir's current director is <a href="/wiki/Ben_Parry_(musician)" title="Ben Parry (musician)">Ben Parry</a>, who is assistant director of Music at King's. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Entrepreneurship_and_business_at_King's">Entrepreneurship and business at King's</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Entrepreneurship and business at King's" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> In 2014, King's College established an Entrepreneurship Prize opened to King's College students<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> with alumni as judges, including <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hauser" title="Hermann Hauser">Hermann Hauser</a>, and Stuart Lyons, the former chairman of <a href="/wiki/Beales_(department_store)" title="Beales (department store)">Beales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In 2021, it launched the King's Entrepreneurship Lab to "support students with a future interest in innovation, entrepreneurship, and business"<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> co-directed by King's fellows <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamiar_Mohaddes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamiar Mohaddes (page does not exist)">Kamiar Mohaddes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Roulet" title="Thomas J. Roulet">Thomas Roulet</a>, who are faculty at the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Judge_Business_School" title="Cambridge Judge Business School">Cambridge Judge Business School</a>. In 2022, it received an additional donation from the <a href="/wiki/Gatsby_Charitable_Foundation" title="Gatsby Charitable Foundation">Gatsby Foundation</a> to enlarge its scope. The college has had a number of notable alumni in business, including <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Allen_Booth" title="Alfred Allen Booth">Alfred Allen Booth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phil_Vincent" title="Phil Vincent">Phil Vincent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zetian" title="Zhang Zetian">Nancy Zhang</a> and famous innovators such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend">Charles Townshend</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="People_associated_with_King's">People associated with King's</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: People associated with King's" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge">Alumni of King's College, Cambridge</a>; <a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Category:Fellows of King's College, Cambridge">Fellows of King's College, Cambridge</a>; and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Honorary_Fellows_of_King%27s_College,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Honorary Fellows of King's College, Cambridge">List of Honorary Fellows of King's College, Cambridge</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Robertwalpole_cropped_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Walpole, first Prime Minister of Great Britain"><noscript><img alt="Robert Walpole, first Prime Minister of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Robertwalpole_cropped_cropped.jpg/96px-Robertwalpole_cropped_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="163"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Robertwalpole_cropped_cropped.jpg/96px-Robertwalpole_cropped_cropped.jpg" data-alt="Robert Walpole, first Prime Minister of Great Britain" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Robertwalpole_cropped_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a>, first Prime Minister of Great Britain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MRJames1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="M. R. James, scholar and ghost-story writer"><noscript><img alt="M. R. James, scholar and ghost-story writer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/MRJames1900.jpg/103px-MRJames1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 103px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/MRJames1900.jpg/103px-MRJames1900.jpg" data-alt="M. R. James, scholar and ghost-story writer" data-width="103" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/MRJames1900.jpg/155px-MRJames1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/MRJames1900.jpg/207px-MRJames1900.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/M._R._James" title="M. R. James">M. R. James</a>, scholar and ghost-story writer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Santayana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="George Santayana, philosopher"><noscript><img alt="George Santayana, philosopher" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/George_Santayana.jpg/98px-George_Santayana.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="682"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 98px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/George_Santayana.jpg/98px-George_Santayana.jpg" data-alt="George Santayana, philosopher" data-width="98" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/George_Santayana.jpg/148px-George_Santayana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/George_Santayana.jpg/197px-George_Santayana.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a>, philosopher</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:E._M._Forster_von_Dora_Carrington,_1924-25.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="E. M. Forster, novelist"><noscript><img alt="E. M. Forster, novelist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/E._M._Forster_von_Dora_Carrington%2C_1924-25.jpg/96px-E._M._Forster_von_Dora_Carrington%2C_1924-25.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/E._M._Forster_von_Dora_Carrington%2C_1924-25.jpg/96px-E._M._Forster_von_Dora_Carrington%2C_1924-25.jpg" data-alt="E. M. Forster, novelist" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/E._M._Forster_von_Dora_Carrington%2C_1924-25.jpg/144px-E._M._Forster_von_Dora_Carrington%2C_1924-25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/E._M._Forster_von_Dora_Carrington%2C_1924-25.jpg/192px-E._M._Forster_von_Dora_Carrington%2C_1924-25.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">E. M. Forster</a>, novelist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Keynes_1933_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Maynard Keynes, economist"><noscript><img alt="John Maynard Keynes, economist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Keynes_1933_cropped.jpg/90px-Keynes_1933_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="243"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Keynes_1933_cropped.jpg/90px-Keynes_1933_cropped.jpg" data-alt="John Maynard Keynes, economist" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Keynes_1933_cropped.jpg/135px-Keynes_1933_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Keynes_1933_cropped.jpg/181px-Keynes_1933_cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>, economist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rupert_Brooke_Q_71073.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rupert Brooke, poet"><noscript><img alt="Rupert Brooke, poet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Rupert_Brooke_Q_71073.jpg/96px-Rupert_Brooke_Q_71073.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Rupert_Brooke_Q_71073.jpg/96px-Rupert_Brooke_Q_71073.jpg" data-alt="Rupert Brooke, poet" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Rupert_Brooke_Q_71073.jpg/144px-Rupert_Brooke_Q_71073.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Rupert_Brooke_Q_71073.jpg/192px-Rupert_Brooke_Q_71073.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Brooke" title="Rupert Brooke">Rupert Brooke</a>, poet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_Noel-Baker_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Philip Noel-Baker, Olympic medallist and Nobel laureate in peace"><noscript><img alt="Philip Noel-Baker, Olympic medallist and Nobel laureate in peace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Philip_Noel-Baker_1942.jpg/100px-Philip_Noel-Baker_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="548"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Philip_Noel-Baker_1942.jpg/100px-Philip_Noel-Baker_1942.jpg" data-alt="Philip Noel-Baker, Olympic medallist and Nobel laureate in peace" data-width="100" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Philip_Noel-Baker_1942.jpg/149px-Philip_Noel-Baker_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Philip_Noel-Baker_1942.jpg/199px-Philip_Noel-Baker_1942.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a>, Olympic medallist and Nobel laureate in peace</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Xu_Zhimo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Xu Zhimo, poet"><noscript><img alt="Xu Zhimo, poet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Xu_Zhimo.jpg/88px-Xu_Zhimo.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="425"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 88px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Xu_Zhimo.jpg/88px-Xu_Zhimo.jpg" data-alt="Xu Zhimo, poet" data-width="88" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Xu_Zhimo.jpg/132px-Xu_Zhimo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Xu_Zhimo.jpg/177px-Xu_Zhimo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Xu_Zhimo" title="Xu Zhimo">Xu Zhimo</a>, poet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackett-large.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Patrick Blackett, Nobel laureate in physics"><noscript><img alt="Patrick Blackett, Nobel laureate in physics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Blackett-large.jpg/82px-Blackett-large.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="194"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 82px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Blackett-large.jpg/82px-Blackett-large.jpg" data-alt="Patrick Blackett, Nobel laureate in physics" data-width="82" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Blackett-large.jpg/123px-Blackett-large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Blackett-large.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett,_Baron_Blackett" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a>, Nobel laureate in physics</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_Turing_portr%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alan Turing, mathematician and computer scientist"><noscript><img alt="Alan Turing, mathematician and computer scientist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alan_Turing_portr%C3%A9.jpg/101px-Alan_Turing_portr%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 101px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alan_Turing_portr%C3%A9.jpg/101px-Alan_Turing_portr%C3%A9.jpg" data-alt="Alan Turing, mathematician and computer scientist" data-width="101" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alan_Turing_portr%C3%A9.jpg/151px-Alan_Turing_portr%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alan_Turing_portr%C3%A9.jpg/202px-Alan_Turing_portr%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>, mathematician and computer scientist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Sanger2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frederick Sanger, double Nobel laureate in Chemistry"><noscript><img alt="Frederick Sanger, double Nobel laureate in Chemistry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frederick_Sanger2.jpg/90px-Frederick_Sanger2.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="1196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frederick_Sanger2.jpg/90px-Frederick_Sanger2.jpg" data-alt="Frederick Sanger, double Nobel laureate in Chemistry" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frederick_Sanger2.jpg/135px-Frederick_Sanger2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frederick_Sanger2.jpg/180px-Frederick_Sanger2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a>, double Nobel laureate in Chemistry</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Salman_Rushdie_2012_Shankbone-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salman Rushdie, novelist"><noscript><img alt="Salman Rushdie, novelist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Salman_Rushdie_2012_Shankbone-2.jpg/96px-Salman_Rushdie_2012_Shankbone-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1289" data-file-height="1611"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Salman_Rushdie_2012_Shankbone-2.jpg/96px-Salman_Rushdie_2012_Shankbone-2.jpg" data-alt="Salman Rushdie, novelist" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Salman_Rushdie_2012_Shankbone-2.jpg/144px-Salman_Rushdie_2012_Shankbone-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Salman_Rushdie_2012_Shankbone-2.jpg/192px-Salman_Rushdie_2012_Shankbone-2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>, novelist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Poliakoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stephen Poliakoff, playwright and director"><noscript><img alt="Stephen Poliakoff, playwright and director" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Stephen_Poliakoff.jpg/90px-Stephen_Poliakoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Stephen_Poliakoff.jpg/90px-Stephen_Poliakoff.jpg" data-alt="Stephen Poliakoff, playwright and director" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Stephen_Poliakoff.jpg/135px-Stephen_Poliakoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Stephen_Poliakoff.jpg/180px-Stephen_Poliakoff.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Poliakoff" title="Stephen Poliakoff">Stephen Poliakoff</a>, playwright and director</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mervyn_King.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mervyn King, former Governor of the Bank of England"><noscript><img alt="Mervyn King, former Governor of the Bank of England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mervyn_King.jpg/77px-Mervyn_King.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="99" data-file-height="154"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 77px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mervyn_King.jpg/77px-Mervyn_King.jpg" data-alt="Mervyn King, former Governor of the Bank of England" data-width="77" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Mervyn_King.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mervyn_King,_Baron_King_of_Lothbury" title="Mervyn King, Baron King of Lothbury">Mervyn King</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Governor of the Bank of England">Governor of the Bank of England</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; 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height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zadie_Smith_NBCC_2011_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zadie Smith, novelist"><noscript><img alt="Zadie Smith, novelist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Zadie_Smith_NBCC_2011_Shankbone.jpg/96px-Zadie_Smith_NBCC_2011_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1822" data-file-height="2278"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Zadie_Smith_NBCC_2011_Shankbone.jpg/96px-Zadie_Smith_NBCC_2011_Shankbone.jpg" data-alt="Zadie Smith, novelist" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Zadie_Smith_NBCC_2011_Shankbone.jpg/144px-Zadie_Smith_NBCC_2011_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Zadie_Smith_NBCC_2011_Shankbone.jpg/192px-Zadie_Smith_NBCC_2011_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Zadie_Smith" title="Zadie Smith">Zadie Smith</a>, novelist</div> </li> </ul> Once someone has been admitted to the college, they become a member for life. Alumni of the college includes prime ministers, archbishops, presidents and academics. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> published in 1999 a list of what it considered the most "influential and important" people of the 20th century. In a list of one hundred names, King's claimed two: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> who had been both students and fellows at the college.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Heads of State and Government educated at King's include the first Prime Minister of Great Britain, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a>. Also in the 18th century, alumni include the Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend,_2nd_Viscount_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend">Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend</a> (Turnip Townshend), who was also known for his interest in agriculture and his role in the <a href="/wiki/British_agricultural_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="British agricultural revolution">British agricultural revolution</a>, the judge and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pratt,_1st_Earl_Camden" title="Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden">Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden</a>. Historical figures include <a href="/wiki/Francis_Walsingham" title="Francis Walsingham">Francis Walsingham</a>, spymaster to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth</a>. Politicians educated at King's include the former British Home Secretary <a href="/wiki/Charles_Clarke" title="Charles Clarke">Charles Clarke</a>, the peer and <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of the University of Cambridge">Chancellor of the University of Cambridge</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Sainsbury,_Baron_Sainsbury_of_Turville" title="David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville">David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bell" title="Martin Bell">Martin Bell</a>. In law, alumni include the barrister and vice-chancellor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Alexander,_Baron_Alexander_of_Weedon" title="Robert Alexander, Baron Alexander of Weedon">Robert Alexander, Baron Alexander of Weedon</a>, and the former President of the British Supreme Court <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Phillips,_Baron_Phillips_of_Worth_Matravers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Phillips, Baron Phillips of Worth Matravers">Nicholas Phillips, Baron Phillips of Worth Matravers</a>. Alumni in religion include <a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_(Archdeacon_of_Northumberland)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomas (Archdeacon of Northumberland)">William Thomas</a>, the 16th-century Protestant martyr <a href="/wiki/John_Frith_(martyr)" title="John Frith (martyr)">John Frith</a>, the 16th Century Russian Orthodox Priest Rex Phillips-Dibb, the Chassidic Rabbi George O'Rourke, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Sumner_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sumner (bishop)">John Sumner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cox_(bishop)" title="Richard Cox (bishop)">Richard Cox</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chancellors of the University of Oxford">Chancellor of Oxford</a> before appointment as <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Westminster" title="Dean of Westminster">Dean of Westminster</a> and eventually <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Ely" title="Bishop of Ely">Bishop of Ely</a>. Notable alumni in literature and poetry include the authors <a href="/wiki/Zadie_Smith" title="Zadie Smith">Zadie Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Jacques" title="Martin Jacques">Martin Jacques</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._G._Ballard" title="J. G. Ballard">J. G. Ballard</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">E. M. Forster</a>, the Nobel Prize winner <a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a>, the poets <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Brooke" title="Rupert Brooke">Rupert Brooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh_(professor)" title="Walter Raleigh (professor)">Walter Raleigh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xu_Zhimo" title="Xu Zhimo">Xu Zhimo</a>, and the playwright <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Poliakoff" title="Stephen Poliakoff">Stephen Poliakoff</a>. The ghost story writer and medievalist <a href="/wiki/M._R._James" title="M. R. James">M. R. James</a> spent much of his life at King's as a student, fellow and Provost. The author and translator of Aristotle <a href="/wiki/John_Harington_(writer)" title="John Harington (writer)">Sir John Harington</a> is also an alumnus, and a benefactor of mankind for having invented the <a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">flush toilet</a>. In the arts, alumni include the philosopher <a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a>; the historians <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Anderson" title="Benedict Anderson">Benedict Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a>; composers <a href="/wiki/George_Benjamin_(composer)" title="George Benjamin (composer)">George Benjamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judith_Weir" title="Judith Weir">Judith Weir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Queen%27s_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of the Queen's Music">Master of the Queen's Music</a>), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ades" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Ades">Thomas Ades</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Julian_Anderson" title="Julian Anderson">Julian Anderson</a>; the original members of the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a>-winning <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> group <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Singers" class="mw-redirect" title="King's Singers">King's Singers</a>; the folk musician <a href="/wiki/Spiers_and_Boden" title="Spiers and Boden">John Spiers</a>; the comedian <a href="/wiki/David_Baddiel" title="David Baddiel">David Baddiel</a>; the model <a href="/wiki/Lily_Cole" title="Lily Cole">Lily Cole</a>; the tenor <a href="/wiki/James_Gilchrist_(tenor)" title="James Gilchrist (tenor)">James Gilchrist</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">countertenor</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Whitworth_(musician)" title="John Whitworth (musician)">John Whitworth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciences">sciences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>, King's alumni include the British sociologist <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens,_Baron_Giddens" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Giddens, Baron Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a>, the physicist <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett,_Baron_Blackett" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a>, the chemist <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a>, The psychologist <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Anstey_(psychologist)" title="Edgar Anstey (psychologist)">Edgar Anstey</a>, the palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Fortey" title="Richard Fortey">Richard Fortey</a>, the economist <a href="/wiki/John_Craven_(economist)" title="John Craven (economist)">John Craven</a>, the political theorist <a href="/wiki/John_Dunn_(political_theorist)" title="John Dunn (political theorist)">John Dunn</a>, the engineer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Inglis_(engineer)" title="Charles Inglis (engineer)">Charles Inglis</a>, and the mathematician and eugenicist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearson</a>. The Governor of the Bank of England <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_King,_Baron_King_of_Lothbury" title="Mervyn King, Baron King of Lothbury">Mervyn King</a> was also educated at King's. The technology entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hauser" title="Hermann Hauser">Hermann Hauser</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Acorn_Computers" title="Acorn Computers">Acorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/ARM_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM Holdings">ARM</a>, studied postgraduate physics there. Of the current fellows of King's prominent fellows include Whitehead and Adams' Prize Winner <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Mouhot" title="Clément Mouhot">Clément Mouhot</a> and the Fellow of the Royal Society and Clay Research award winner <a href="/wiki/Mark_Gross_(mathematician)" title="Mark Gross (mathematician)">Mark Gross (mathematician)</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_laureates">Nobel laureates</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nobel laureates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are eight Nobel laureates who were either students or fellows of King's: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Charles Glover Barkla</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> 1917 "for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements".<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a>, fellow of King's, was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> 1948 "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation".<a href="#cite_note-nobel-blackett-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-cam-nobel-63">[63]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a>, fellow of King's, was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> 1958 "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin".<a href="#cite_note-nobel-sanger1-64">[64]</a> Sanger was awarded his second Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980 jointly with <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert" title="Walter Gilbert">Walter Gilbert</a> for "their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids".<a href="#cite_note-nobel-sanger2-65">[65]</a> Sanger is one of only five people to have won a Nobel Prize twice, and the only affiliate of the University of Cambridge to have done so.<a href="#cite_note-cam-nobel-63">[63]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> 1959 for work towards global disarmament.<a href="#cite_note-cam-nobel-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-baker-66">[66]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> 1973 "for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature".<a href="#cite_note-cam-nobel-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-white-67">[67]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stone" title="Richard Stone">Richard Stone</a>, fellow of King's, was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> 1984 "for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis".<a href="#cite_note-cam-nobel-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-stone-68">[68]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a>, fellow of King's, was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> 2002 jointly with <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_E._Sulston" class="mw-redirect" title="John E. Sulston">John E. Sulston</a> "for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death".<a href="#cite_note-cam-nobel-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-brenner-69">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hart_(economist)" title="Oliver Hart (economist)">Oliver Hart</a> was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 2016 jointly with <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Holmstr%C3%B6m" title="Bengt Holmström">Bengt Holmström</a> "for their contributions to contract theory".<a href="#cite_note-cam-nobel-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-hart-70">[70]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provosts">Provosts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Provosts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Provosts_of_King%27s_College,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Provosts of King's College, Cambridge">List of Provosts of King's College, Cambridge</a></div> The head of King's College is called the <a href="/wiki/Provost_(education)" title="Provost (education)">Provost</a>. The current Provost, as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit">[update]</a>, is Dr <a href="/wiki/Gillian_Tett" title="Gillian Tett">Gillian Tett</a>, a British author and journalist.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visitor">Visitor</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Visitor" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Visitor" title="Visitor">visitor</a> of the college is the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lincoln" title="Bishop of Lincoln">Bishop of Lincoln</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Arms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of King's College, Cambridge </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 175px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingscollegearms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kingscollegearms.svg/175px-Kingscollegearms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="588"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 201px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kingscollegearms.svg/175px-Kingscollegearms.svg.png" data-width="175" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kingscollegearms.svg/263px-Kingscollegearms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kingscollegearms.svg/350px-Kingscollegearms.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd>King's was granted its arms on the same day as its sister foundation <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a>. The two shields are identical, save that King's has three white roses, and Eton three white lilies.</dd></dl> A version of the arms with the roses argent, barbed and seeded proper (i.e. white or silver, with green barbs and yellow seeds) is often used, though the blazon simply describes the roses as argent. The embellished shield can be seen in the box at the top-right of this page. <dl><dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Sable, three roses argent, a chief per pale azure and gules charged on the dexter side with a fleur-de-lis and on the sinister with a lion passant gardant Or.</dd> <dt>Symbolism</dt> <dd>In the grant of arms, the black field is described as symbolising the stability of the college; the roses are described as symbolising the bringing forth of the flowers of knowledge; and the fleur-de-lis and lion represent the royalty of King's foundation by Henry VI, referring to the Kingdoms of France and England respectively. Furthermore, white roses are traditionally a symbol of the Virgin Mary, one of the patron saints of King's.</dd> <dt>Previous versions</dt> <dd>Before the granting of the current arms, King's used a very similar design. The previous shield had two white lilies instead of the outer roses, and a pastoral staff encircled by a mitre instead of the bottom rose. The two lilies represented St Mary, and the bishop's regalia represented St Nicholas.</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Footnotes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> The roses are frequently represented as barbed and seeded proper as above. See pp. 54–57, The Cambridge Armorial (1985), London: Orbis. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Cambridge2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> (6 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2018-19/special/05/section1.shtml">"Notice by the Editor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Reporter" title="Cambridge University Reporter">Cambridge University Reporter</a>. 149 (Special No 5): 1. Retrieved 20 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+University+Reporter&rft.atitle=Notice+by+the+Editor&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=Special+No+5&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2019-03-06&rft.au=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.admin.cam.ac.uk%2Freporter%2F2018-19%2Fspecial%2F05%2Fsection1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKing%27s+College%2C+Cambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kings-cam-statutes-3"><a href="#cite_ref-kings-cam-statutes_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing's_College,_Cambridge2007" class="citation web cs1">King's College, Cambridge (25 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127002147/https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/documents/about/statutes-and-ordinances-2007-updated-27th-august-2021.pdf">"Statutes"</a> (PDF). kings.cam.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/documents/about/statutes-and-ordinances-2007-updated-27th-august-2021.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kings.cam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Statutes&rft.date=2007-07-25&rft.au=King%27s+College%2C+Cambridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kings.cam.ac.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fabout%2Fstatutes-and-ordinances-2007-updated-27th-august-2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKing%27s+College%2C+Cambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2022" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Timea (2 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/colleges/kings-college">"King's College"</a>. www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=King%27s+College&rft.date=2022-02-02&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Timea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk%2Fcolleges%2Fkings-college&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKing%27s+College%2C+Cambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> see e.g. the logo of the city council, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.gov.uk/">"Cambridge City Council"</a>. Retrieved 19 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cambridge+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.gov.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKing%27s+College%2C+Cambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kings-9lessons-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kings-9lessons_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kings-9lessons_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/events/chapel-services/nine-lessons/history.html">"History of A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols"</a>. King's College, Cambridge. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/8224675/Hundreds-queue-overnight-to-watch-Kings-College-Choir-in-Christmas-concert.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. 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Retrieved 20 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2002&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKing%27s+College%2C+Cambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-hart-70"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-hart_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2016/">"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2016"</a>. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sveriges+Riksbank+Prize+in+Economic+Sciences+in+Memory+of+Alfred+Nobel+2016&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Feconomic-sciences%2Flaureates%2F2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKing%27s+College%2C+Cambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoush2023" class="citation web cs1">Roush, Chris (9 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://talkingbiznews.com/media-news/fts-tett-named-provost-of-kings-college/">"FT's Tett named provost of King's College"</a>. Talking Biz News. Retrieved 10 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Talking+Biz+News&rft.atitle=FT%27s+Tett+named+provost+of+King%27s+College&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft.aulast=Roush&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftalkingbiznews.com%2Fmedia-news%2Ffts-tett-named-provost-of-kings-college%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKing%27s+College%2C+Cambridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> King's College Statutes 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/intranet/1_statutes_and_ordinances_2007_updated_22_march_2018.pdf#page=18">s. P(1).</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printed_sources">Printed sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Printed sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAusten-Leigh1899" class="citation book cs1">Austen-Leigh, Augustus (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingscollege00austuoft">King's College</a>. University of Cambridge: College Histories. London: F. E. Robinson & Co. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7238809M">7238809M</a>. Retrieved 19 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King%27s+College&rft.place=London&rft.series=University+of+Cambridge%3A+College+Histories&rft.pub=F.+E.+Robinson+%26+Co&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7238809M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Austen-Leigh&rft.aufirst=Augustus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingscollege00austuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKing%27s+College%2C+Cambridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFay1907" class="citation book cs1">Fay, C. R. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingscollegecamb00fayciala">King's College, Cambridge</a>. The College Monographs. London: J. M. Dent & Co. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7080428M">7080428M</a>. Retrieved 18 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King%27s+College%2C+Cambridge&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+College+Monographs&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26+Co&rft.date=1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7080428M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Fay&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingscollegecamb00fayciala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKing%27s+College%2C+Cambridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaltmarsh1959" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/John_Saltmarsh_(historian)" title="John Saltmarsh (historian)">Saltmarsh, John</a> (1959). "The colleges and halls: King's". In Roach, J. P. C. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66649">A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely</a>. Vol. III: The City and University of Cambridge. Victoria County History (via the Institute of Historical Research). <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL11245527M">11245527M</a>. Retrieved 19 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+colleges+and+halls%3A+King%27s&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Cambridge+and+the+Isle+of+Ely&rft.pub=Victoria+County+History+%28via+the+Institute+of+Historical+Research%29&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL11245527M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Saltmarsh&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D66649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKing%27s+College%2C+Cambridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wilkinson_(scholar)" title="Patrick Wilkinson (scholar)">Patrick Wilkinson</a>, Kingsmen of a Century: 1873–1972 (Cambridge: King's College, 1980)</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&oldid=1258965512">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&oldid=1258965512</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 22 November 2024, at 16:38 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%AC" title="كلية الملك في كامبريدج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلية الملك في كامبريدج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6_(%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6)" title="Кингс Колидж (Кеймбридж) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кингс Колидж (Кеймбридж)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="King's College, Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleg_y_Brenin,_Caergrawnt" title="Coleg y Brenin, Caergrawnt – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Coleg y Brenin, Caergrawnt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%99s_College_(Cambridge)" title="King’s College (Cambridge) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="King’s College (Cambridge)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_(Cambridge)" title="King's College (Cambridge) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="King's College (Cambridge)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_(Kembri%C4%9Do)" title="King's College (Kembriĝo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="King's College (Kembriĝo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AC" title="کالج کینگ، کمبریج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کالج کینگ، کمبریج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_(Cambridge)" title="King's College (Cambridge) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="King's College (Cambridge)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%B9%EC%8A%A4_%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80_(%EC%BC%80%EC%9E%84%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90)" title="킹스 칼리지 (케임브리지 대학교) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="킹스 칼리지 (케임브리지 대학교)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BB_(%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BB)" title="Արքայական քոլեջ (Քեմբրիջ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արքայական քոլեջ (Քեմբրիջ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="King's College, Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_(Cambridge)" title="King's College (Cambridge) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="King's College (Cambridge)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%92%27_(%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%92%27)" title="קינגס קולג' (קיימברידג') – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קינגס קולג' (קיימברידג')" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_Regale_(Cantabrigia)" title="Collegium Regale (Cantabrigia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Collegium Regale (Cantabrigia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B2_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%DA%86_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%AC" title="كينجز كوليدچ كامبريدج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كينجز كوليدچ كامبريدج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA%E1%80%BB" title="ဘုရင့်ကောလိပ်၊ ကိန်းဘရစ်ခ်ျ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘုရင့်ကောလိပ်၊ ကိန်းဘရစ်ခ်ျ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_(Cambridge)" title="King's College (Cambridge) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="King's College (Cambridge)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%82%B8_(%E3%82%B1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%B8%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6)" title="キングス・カレッジ (ケンブリッジ大学) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キングス・カレッジ (ケンブリッジ大学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%99s_College_(Cambridge)" title="King’s College (Cambridge) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="King’s College (Cambridge)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="کنگز کالج، کیمبرج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کنگز کالج، کیمبرج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%99s_College_(Cambridge)" title="King’s College (Cambridge) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="King’s College (Cambridge)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_(Cambridge)" title="King's College (Cambridge) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="King's College (Cambridge)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6_(%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6)" title="Королевский колледж (Кембридж) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевский колледж (Кембридж)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="King's College, Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_(Cambridge)" title="King's College (Cambridge) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="King's College (Cambridge)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%99s_College_(Cambridge)" title="King’s College (Cambridge) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="King’s College (Cambridge)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="King's College, Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="King's College, Cambridge" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Королівський коледж Кембриджа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Королівський коледж Кембриджа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="کنگز کالج، کیمبرج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کنگز کالج، کیمبرج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="剑桥大学国王学院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="剑桥大学国王学院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img 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