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Kremlinul din Moscova - Wikipedia

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href="#Istorie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istorie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istorie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Istorie subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istorie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scaunul_marilor_duci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scaunul_marilor_duci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Scaunul marilor duci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scaunul_marilor_duci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reședința_țarilor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reședința_țarilor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Reședința țarilor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reședința_țarilor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perioada_imperială" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perioada_imperială"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Perioada imperială</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perioada_imperială-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perioada_sovietică_și_postsovietică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perioada_sovietică_și_postsovietică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Perioada sovietică și postsovietică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perioada_sovietică_și_postsovietică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clădirile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clădirile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Clădirile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clădirile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personalități_politice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personalități_politice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personalități politice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personalități_politice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kremlinul din Moscova</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 87 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskouse_Kremlin" title="Moskouse Kremlin – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Moskouse Kremlin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="كرملين – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كرملين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="كريملين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كريملين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_de_Mosc%C3%BA" title="Kremlin de Moscú – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kremlin de Moscú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreml" title="Kreml – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kreml" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="موسکو کرملینی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موسکو کرملینی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%99%D2%AF_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Мәскәү Кремле – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәскәү Кремле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kremlin" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Маскоўскі Крэмль – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маскоўскі Крэмль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Маскоўскі крэмль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Маскоўскі крэмль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Московски кремъл – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Московски кремъл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="মস্কো ক্রেমলিন – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মস্কো ক্রেমলিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_de_Moscou" title="Kremlin de Moscou – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kremlin de Moscou" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Москохан Кремль – cecenă" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Москохан Кремль" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="cecenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskevsk%C3%BD_Kreml" title="Moskevský Kreml – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Moskevský Kreml" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%C4%95" title="Мускав Кремлĕ – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мускав Кремлĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Cremlin" title="Y Cremlin – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Cremlin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreml_(Moskva)" title="Kreml (Moskva) – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kreml (Moskva)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskauer_Kreml" title="Moskauer Kreml – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Moskauer Kreml" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κρεμλίνο της Μόσχας – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρεμλίνο της Μόσχας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Kremlin" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva_Kremlo" title="Moskva Kremlo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Moskva Kremlo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_de_Mosc%C3%BA" title="Kremlin de Moscú – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kremlin de Moscú" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva_Kreml" title="Moskva Kreml – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Moskva Kreml" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskuko_Kremlina" title="Moskuko Kremlina – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Moskuko Kremlina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="کرملین مسکو – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کرملین مسکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskovan_Kreml" title="Moskovan Kreml – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Moskovan Kreml" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_de_Moscou" title="Kremlin de Moscou – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kremlin de Moscou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskau_Kreeml" title="Moskau Kreeml – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Moskau Kreeml" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlyn_fan_Moskou" title="Kremlyn fan Moskou – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kremlyn fan Moskou" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Chreimil" title="An Chreimil – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chreimil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_de_Moscova" title="Kremlin de Moscova – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kremlin de Moscova" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="הקרמלין – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקרמלין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskovski_kremlj" title="Moskovski kremlj – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Moskovski kremlj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreml_(Moszkva)" title="Kreml (Moszkva) – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kreml (Moszkva)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AC" title="Մոսկովյան Կրեմլ – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոսկովյան Կրեմլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_Moskow" title="Kremlin Moskow – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kremlin Moskow" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva-kremlin" title="Moskva-kremlin – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Moskva-kremlin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreml_(Moskva)" title="Kreml (Moskva) – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kreml (Moskva)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremlino" title="Cremlino – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cremlino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="クレムリン – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クレムリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მოსკოვის კრემლი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოსკოვის კრემლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%B0%94_%ED%81%AC%EB%A0%98%EB%A6%B0" title="모스크바 크렘린 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모스크바 크렘린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreml%C3%AEn" title="Kremlîn – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kremlîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Канкарса Кремль – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Канкарса Кремль" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Москва Кремли – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Москва Кремли" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremlinus_(Moscua)" title="Cremlinus (Moscua) – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cremlinus (Moscua)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskvos_kremlius" title="Maskvos kremlius – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maskvos kremlius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskavas_kremlis" title="Maskavas kremlis – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maskavas kremlis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%99" title="Московски кремљ – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Московски кремљ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="മോസ്കോ ക്രെംലിൻ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മോസ്കോ ക്രെംലിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Москвагийн кремль – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Москвагийн кремль" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_Moscow" title="Kremlin Moscow – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kremlin Moscow" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_ta%E2%80%99_Moska" title="Kremlin ta’ Moska – malteză" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kremlin ta’ Moska" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="کرملین کاخ – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کرملین کاخ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_van_Moskou" title="Kremlin van Moskou – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kremlin van Moskou" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreml_i_Moskva" title="Kreml i Moskva – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kreml i Moskva" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreml_(Moskva)" title="Kreml (Moskva) – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kreml (Moskva)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਾਸਕੋ ਕ੍ਰੈਮਲਿਨ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਸਕੋ ਕ੍ਰੈਮਲਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreml_moskiewski" title="Kreml moskiewski – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kreml moskiewski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کرملین – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کرملین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_de_Moscovo" title="Kremlin de Moscovo – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kremlin de Moscovo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Московский Кремль – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Московский Кремль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlinu_(Mosca)" title="Kremlinu (Mosca) – sardiniană" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Kremlinu (Mosca)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskovski_Kremlj" title="Moskovski Kremlj – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Moskovski Kremlj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" title="Moscow Kremlin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Moscow Kremlin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskovsk%C3%BD_kreme%C4%BE" title="Moskovský kremeľ – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Moskovský kremeľ" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskovski_kremelj" title="Moskovski kremelj – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Moskovski kremelj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlini" title="Kremlini – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kremlini" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%99" title="Московски кремљ – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Московски кремљ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreml,_Moskva" title="Kreml, Moskva – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kreml, Moskva" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கிரெம்லின் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிரெம்லின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кремли Москва – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кремли Москва" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="เครมลินแห่งมอสโก – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครมลินแห่งมอสโก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskova_Kremlini" title="Moskova Kremlini – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Moskova Kremlini" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%99%D2%AF_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Мәскәү кремле – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мәскәү кремле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%DB%90%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89" title="كرېمل سارىيى – uigură" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كرېمل سارىيى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigură" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Московський кремль – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Московський кремль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%84%D9%86" title="کریملن – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کریملن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreml_(qal%CA%BCa)" title="Kreml (qalʼa) – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kreml (qalʼa)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_Kremli" title="Điện Kremli – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện Kremli" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_ha_Moscow" title="Kremlin ha Moscow – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Iconic_view_of_Moscow_Kremlin,_Moscow,_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Iconic_view_of_Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/300px-Iconic_view_of_Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Iconic_view_of_Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/450px-Iconic_view_of_Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Iconic_view_of_Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/600px-Iconic_view_of_Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Kremlinul din Moscova</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kremlinul din Moscova</b> (în <a href="/wiki/Limba_rus%C4%83" title="Limba rusă">rusă</a> <i>Московский Кремль</i>) este cel mai cunoscut <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_(citadel%C4%83)" title="Kremlin (citadelă)">kremlin</a> („citadelă <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">rusească</a>”). Acest complex <a href="/wiki/Fortifica%C8%9Bie" title="Fortificație">fortificat</a>, care include palatele și catedralele Kremlinului, domină <a href="/wiki/Pia%C8%9Ba_Ro%C8%99ie" title="Piața Roșie">Piața Roșie</a>. Kremlinul din <a href="/wiki/Moscova" title="Moscova">Moscova</a> este reședința oficială a președintelui <a href="/wiki/Federa%C8%9Bia_Rus%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Federația Rusă">Federației Ruse</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorie">Istorie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kremlinul_din_Moscova&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istorie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kremlinul_din_Moscova&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Istorie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Kamenni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kamenni.jpg/220px-Kamenni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kamenni.jpg/330px-Kamenni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kamenni.jpg/440px-Kamenni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Vedere a Kremlinului din Moscova</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origine">Origine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kremlinul_din_Moscova&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Origine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kremlinul_din_Moscova&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Origine"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Locul a fost populat încă din al doilea mileniu înainte de Hristos. Originile sunt o structură fortificată Viatici pe Dealul Borrovițki unde râul Neglinnaia se revarsă în râul Moscova. <a href="/wiki/Slavi" title="Slavi">Slavii</a> au ocupat în <a href="/wiki/Secolul_al_XI-lea" title="Secolul al XI-lea">secolul al XI-lea</a> partea de sud-vest a dealului, fapt atestat de urmele ce datează din <a href="/wiki/1090" title="1090">1090</a> descoperite de arheologii sovietici. Până in <a href="/wiki/Secolul_al_XIV-lea" title="Secolul al XIV-lea">secolul al XIV-lea</a> locul era denumit <i>grad</i> (sau <i>gorod</i> „oraș”) al Moscovei. Orașul Kremlin a fost descoperit în <a href="/wiki/1331" title="1331">1331</a> și etimologia sa este disputată. <i>Grad</i>-ul a fost extins semnificativ de prințul Dolgoruki în <a href="/wiki/1156" title="1156">1156</a>, distrus de <a href="/wiki/Mongoli" title="Mongoli">mongoli</a> în <a href="/wiki/1237" title="1237">1237</a> și refăcut din temelii in <a href="/wiki/1339" title="1339">1339</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scaunul_marilor_duci">Scaunul marilor duci</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kremlinul_din_Moscova&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Scaunul marilor duci" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kremlinul_din_Moscova&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Scaunul marilor duci"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prima piatră de temelie a Kremlinului a fost pusă în numele lui Ivan Kalita la sfârșitul anilor 1320-1330, după ce Petru, mitropolitul Kievului a fost forțat să-și mute scaunul de la <a href="/wiki/Kiev" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> la <a href="/wiki/Moscova" title="Moscova">Moscova</a>. Noul sediu al mitropoliei avea nevoie de biserici. Printre bisericile construite se numără <a href="/wiki/Catedrala_Adormirea_Maicii_Domnului_din_Moscova" title="Catedrala Adormirea Maicii Domnului din Moscova">Catedrala Adormirii</a> (1327), cu Capela Sf. Petru (1329), Biserica Sf. Ioan Climacus (1329), Biserica Mănăstirii Schimbării la Față a Mântuitorului (1330) și Catedrala Arhanghelului (1333). Dintre aceste biserici, doar Catedrala Mântuitorului, reconstruită, a rămas până în secolul al XX-lea: a fost demolată în <a href="/wiki/1933" title="1933">1933</a> din ordinul lui <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reședința_țarilor"><span id="Re.C8.99edin.C8.9Ba_.C8.9Barilor"></span>Reședința țarilor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kremlinul_din_Moscova&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Reședința țarilor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kremlinul_din_Moscova&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Reședința țarilor"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Vasnetsov_Moskovsky_Kreml_pri_Ivane_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vasnetsov_Moskovsky_Kreml_pri_Ivane_III.jpg/220px-Vasnetsov_Moskovsky_Kreml_pri_Ivane_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vasnetsov_Moskovsky_Kreml_pri_Ivane_III.jpg/330px-Vasnetsov_Moskovsky_Kreml_pri_Ivane_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vasnetsov_Moskovsky_Kreml_pri_Ivane_III.jpg/440px-Vasnetsov_Moskovsky_Kreml_pri_Ivane_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="846" /></a><figcaption>Kremlinul sub Ivan al III-lea. Acuarela (1921) de Apollinari Wasnezow</figcaption></figure> <p>Reconstrucția Kremlinului a fost inițiativa marelui prinț Ivan al III-lea, care a invitat din <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> <a href="/wiki/Rena%C8%99tere" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaștere">renascentistă</a> un numar de arhitecți versați, între care <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Antonio_Solari&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pietro Antonio Solari — pagină inexistentă">Pietro Antonio Solari</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marco_Ruffo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Marco Ruffo — pagină inexistentă">Marco Ruffo</a>. În timpul domniei lui Ivan al III-lea au fost construite cele trei catedrale ale Kremlinului. Zidurile Kremlinului au fost construite între anii 1485 și 1495. </p><p>După terminarea noilor ziduri ale Kremlinului și a bisericilor, prințul a decretat ca nici o structură să nu fie construită în vecinătatea imediată a citadelei. Kremlinul era separat de orașul comercial (<i>Kitai-gorod</i>) de un șant cu fortificații de 30 metri lățime, peste care a fost construită Catedrala Fațetei în timpul lui <a href="/wiki/Ivan_cel_Groaznic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan cel Groaznic">Ivan cel Groaznic</a>. Același țar a renovat câteva din palatele bunicului său, a adăugat un palat nou și o catedrală nouă pentru fiii lui și a pus temelia Bisericii Sf. Treimi din incinta Kremlinului. </p><p>În perioada crizei dinastice rusești, Kremlinul a stat timp de doi ani sub ocupație <a href="/wiki/Lituania" title="Lituania">lituaniano</a>-<a href="/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia">polonă</a> (21 septembrie 1610 - 26 octombrie 1612) și a fost eliberat de o oaste de voluntari condusă de Kuzma Minin și Dmitri Pojarski. Această forță a susținut alegerea lui <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Romanov" class="mw-disambig" title="Mihail Romanov">Mihail Romanov</a> ca nou țar al Rusiei. În timpul domniei fiului sau, Alexei, au fost construite Catedrala Mântuitorului, Poarta armurilor, Palatul Terem, Parcul de amuzament și Palatul patriarhului Nifon. Dupa moartea lui Alexei, Kremlinul a fost martorul revoltei din Moscova din 1682, după care țarul Petru, abia a scăpat, a detestat Kremlinul. După trei decenii a abandonat reședința țarilor, hotărând ca noua capitală să fie la <a href="/wiki/Sankt_Petersburg" title="Sankt Petersburg">Sankt Petersburg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perioada_imperială"><span id="Perioada_imperial.C4.83"></span>Perioada imperială</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kremlinul_din_Moscova&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Perioada imperială" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kremlinul_din_Moscova&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Perioada imperială"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deși încă folosit pentru încoronări, Kremlinul a fost abandonat și neglijat până în 1773, când Ecaterina cea Mare l-a angajat pe <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Bajenov" title="Vasili Bajenov">Vasili Bajenov</a> pentru a-i construi o nouă reședință. Arhitectura lui Bajenov era <a href="/wiki/Neoclasicism" title="Neoclasicism">neoclasică</a>, bombastică, la scară eroică, și a necesitat demolarea unor biserici și palate, precum și a unei părți din zidul Kremlinului. După încheierea fazei pregătitoare, lucrările de construcție au fost amânate din cauza lipsei de fonduri. Câțiva ani mai târziu, arhitectul Matvei Kazakov a condus reconstrucția secțiunilor demolate din zid și a unor părți ale Mănăstirii Ciudov și a construit spațiosul și luxosul birou al Senatului, care a devenit sediul principal al președinților Rusiei. </p><p>În timpul <a href="/wiki/Invazia_lui_Napoleon_%C3%AEn_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Invazia lui Napoleon în Rusia">invaziei lui Napoleon</a>, armata franceză a ținut Kremlinul sub ocupație între 2 Septembrie și 11 octombrie 1812. Când a ajuns în Rusia, Napoleon a ordonat distrugerea Kremlinului. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenalul_din_Kremlin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsenalul din Kremlin — pagină inexistentă">Clădirea Arsenalului</a> și alte câteva porțiuni din zid au fost distruse de explozii, iar focul a avariat Palatul Fațetei și câteva biserici. Exploziile au continuat încă trei zile. Din fericire, ploaia a deteriorat explozibilul și astfel distrugerile au fost de amploare redusă. Lucrările de restaurare au durat trei ani (1816 - 1819) și au fost coordonate de Osip Bove. În timpul domniei lui Alexandru I, câteva construcții vechi au fost renovate în stil neogotic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perioada_sovietică_și_postsovietică"><span id="Perioada_sovietic.C4.83_.C8.99i_postsovietic.C4.83"></span>Perioada sovietică și postsovietică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kremlinul_din_Moscova&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Perioada sovietică și postsovietică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kremlinul_din_Moscova&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Perioada sovietică și postsovietică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guvernul sovietic s-a mutat la 12 martie 1918 de la <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> (cum se numea atunci St. Petersburg) la Moscova. <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a> a ales drept reședință clădirea Senatului din Kremlin, iar camera sa continuă să fie menținută în stare muzeală. Și Stalin a avut în clădire camere pentru uz personal. Șoimii argintii de pe turnuri au fost inlocuiți cu steaua roșie, în timp ce zidul din apropierea <a href="/wiki/Mausoleul_lui_Lenin" title="Mausoleul lui Lenin">mausoleului lui Lenin</a> a fost transformat în zidul necropolei Kremlinului. </p><p>Mănăstirea Ciudov și Mănăstirea Înălțării Domnului, cu minunatele catedrale ale secolul al XVI-lea au fost dezafectate pentru a face loc Școlii Militare și Palatului Congresului. Palatul Micului Nicolae și Catedrala Mântuitorului au fost demolate. Accesul publicului în reședința guvernului sovietic a fost barat până în 1955. Muzeele Kremlinului au fost înființate în 1961, iar complexul a fost printre primele părți de patrimoniu sovietic incluse în patrimoniul mondial (1990). </p><p>Directoarea Muzeelor Kremlinului, Elena Gagarina (fiica lui <a href="/wiki/Iuri_Gagarin" title="Iuri Gagarin">Iuri Gagarin</a>) coordonează lucrări de restaurare de mare amploare, între care interioarele originale ale Marelui Palat Kremlin, distruse în timpul regimului lui <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>, însă, din cauza mijloacelor precare de finanțare, progresul este lent. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:The_Spasskaya_Tower,_Moscow,_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Spasskaya_Tower%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/220px-The_Spasskaya_Tower%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Spasskaya_Tower%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/330px-The_Spasskaya_Tower%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Spasskaya_Tower%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/440px-The_Spasskaya_Tower%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turnurile_Kremlinului&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Turnurile Kremlinului — pagină inexistentă">Turnul Spasskaia</a>, Kremlin</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clădirile"><span id="Cl.C4.83dirile"></span>Clădirile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kremlinul_din_Moscova&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Clădirile" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kremlinul_din_Moscova&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Clădirile"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Triunghiul neregulat al zidurilor Kremlinului cuprinde o suprafață de 27,5 hectare, iar piața catedralelor ocupă poziția centrală a Kremlinului. Este înconjurată de șase clădiri, dintre care trei <a href="/wiki/Catedral%C4%83" title="Catedrală">catedrale</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catedrala_Adormirea_Maicii_Domnului_din_Moscova" title="Catedrala Adormirea Maicii Domnului din Moscova">Catedrala Adormirii</a> este cea mai veche, terminată în <a href="/wiki/1479" title="1479">1479</a>, fiind cea mai mare catedrală din acele timpuri și totodată biserica de <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Encoronare" title="Încoronare">încoronare</a> a țarilor Rusiei. Construcția cu fațadă masivă din calcar, cu cinci turle cu <a href="/wiki/Cupol%C4%83" title="Cupolă">cupole</a> <a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aurite</a> a fost proiectată de Fioravanti. <a href="/wiki/Catedrala_Bunavestire_din_Moscova" title="Catedrala Bunavestire din Moscova">Catedrala Bunei Vestiri</a>, cu nouă cupole aurite, a fost terminată în <a href="/wiki/1489" title="1489">1489</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catedrala_Sf%C3%A2ntul_Mihail_din_Moscova&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Catedrala Sfântul Mihail din Moscova — pagină inexistentă">Catedrala Arhanghelului Mihail</a> (<a href="/wiki/1508" title="1508">1508</a>) se află în partea de sud-est al pieței și este necropola a peste cincizeci de membri ai familiilor imperiale rusești. O altă construcție importantă este <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turnul_cu_clopot_al_lui_Ivan_cel_Mare&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Turnul cu clopot al lui Ivan cel Mare — pagină inexistentă">Turnul cu clopot al lui Ivan cel Mare</a>, aflat în partea de nord-est al pieței. Are 81 de metri înălțime și se spune că marchează centrul Moscovei. Cele 21 de clopote sunau alarma în caz de primejdie. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Tsar_Cannon,_Tsar_Pushka,_Kremlin,_Moscow,_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tsar_Cannon%2C_Tsar_Pushka%2C_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/200px-Tsar_Cannon%2C_Tsar_Pushka%2C_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tsar_Cannon%2C_Tsar_Pushka%2C_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/300px-Tsar_Cannon%2C_Tsar_Pushka%2C_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tsar_Cannon%2C_Tsar_Pushka%2C_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/400px-Tsar_Cannon%2C_Tsar_Pushka%2C_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tunul_%C8%9Aarului" title="Tunul Țarului">Tunul Țarului</a>, Tunul Imperial, Kremlin</figcaption></figure> <p>Cea mai veche construcție civilă este <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palatul_Fa%C8%9Betelor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Palatul Fațetelor — pagină inexistentă">Palatul Fațetelor</a> (<a href="/wiki/1491" title="1491">1491</a>), unde se află tronurile imperiale, și a fost ctitorită de <a href="/wiki/Ivan_al_IV-lea_al_Rusiei" title="Ivan al IV-lea al Rusiei">Ivan cel Groaznic</a>. Următoarea clădire ca vechime este casa familiei țariste, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palatul_Terem&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Palatul Terem — pagină inexistentă">palatul Terem</a>. Primul palat Terem a fost construit de <a href="/wiki/Ivan_al_III-lea_al_Rusiei" title="Ivan al III-lea al Rusiei">Ivan al III-lea al Rusiei</a>, dar cea mai mare parte a construcției de astăzi a fost finalizată ulterior, în <a href="/wiki/Secolul_al_XVII-lea" title="Secolul al XVII-lea">secolul al XVII-lea</a>. Primele două palate sunt unite de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marele_Palat_al_Kremlinului&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Marele Palat al Kremlinului — pagină inexistentă">Marele Palat al Kremlinului</a>. Acesta a fost inaugurat de <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_I_al_Rusiei" title="Nicolae I al Rusiei">Nicolae I</a> în <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a>. A fost cea mai mare construcție din Kremlin și a costat 11 milioane de <a href="/wiki/Rubl%C4%83" class="mw-disambig" title="Rublă">ruble</a>. Are săli de recepție, trepte monumentale de culoare roșie și apartamente private. </p><p>Partea de nord a Kremlinului este ocupată de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenal_(Kremlin)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsenal (Kremlin) — pagină inexistentă">Arsenal</a>. Primul Arsenal a fost construit de <a href="/wiki/Petru_cel_Mare" class="mw-redirect" title="Petru cel Mare">Petru cel Mare</a> în <a href="/wiki/1701" title="1701">1701</a>. Arsenalul existent în prezent a fost construit în <a href="/wiki/1817" title="1817">1817</a>, după ce trupele lui <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> au distrus vechea clădire în timpul invaziei franceze din <a href="/wiki/1812" title="1812">1812</a>. </p><p>Zona de nord-vest a Kremlinului este ocupată de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armureria_(Kremlin)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Armureria (Kremlin) — pagină inexistentă">clădirea Armureriei</a>. A fost construită în <a href="/wiki/1851" title="1851">1851</a> și în prezent este muzeu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personalități_politice"><span id="Personalit.C4.83.C8.9Bi_politice"></span>Personalități politice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kremlinul_din_Moscova&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Personalități politice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kremlinul_din_Moscova&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Personalități politice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numele <i>Kremlin</i> a devenit o <a href="/wiki/Metonimie" title="Metonimie">metonimie</a> folosită pentru a denumi conducerea de partid și stat a <a href="/wiki/Uniunea_Sovietic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniunea Sovietică">Uniunii Sovietice</a>, regimul sovietic (1922 – 1991), fiind subînțeleși membrii săi de frunte: secretarul general al PCUS, prim-ministrul, președintele, miniștrii și comisarii poporului. Mai este folosit, dar nu tot atât de intens ca în epoca regimului postsovietic, pentru a desemna guvernul <a href="/wiki/Federa%C8%9Bia_Rus%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Federația Rusă">Federației Ruse</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kremlinul_din_Moscova&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kremlinul_din_Moscova&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kreml.ru/main_en.asp">Kremlinul din Moscova</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100628152430/http://www.kreml.ru/main_en.asp">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2010-06-28">28 iunie 2010</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xn--e1ajeds9e.ru/eng/articles/history_00.shtml">Istoria Kremlinului</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051026053922/http://xn--e1ajeds9e.ru/eng/articles/history_00.shtml">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2005-10-26">26 octombrie 2005</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (http://кремль.ru/eng/articles/history_00.shtml)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/secretele-de-sub-kremlin-980103.html">Secretele de sub Kremlin</a>, 7 mai 2012, Roxana Roseti, <i>Evenimentul zilei</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ziarullumina.ro/documentar/kremlin-patima-si-credinta">Kremlin - patimă și credință</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214030037/http://ziarullumina.ro/documentar/kremlin-patima-si-credinta">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2013-12-14">14 decembrie 2013</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., 12 august 2007, Narcisa Elena Balaban, <i>Ziarul Lumina</i></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:PatrimoniuRusia" title="Format:PatrimoniuRusia"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:PatrimoniuRusia" title="Discuție Format:PatrimoniuRusia"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:PatrimoniuRusia&amp;action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;">Patrimoniul mondial <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> în <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Partea europeană </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Sankt_Petersburg" title="Sankt Petersburg">Centrul istoric din Sankt Petersburg</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiji&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiji — pagină inexistentă">Biserici din Kiji Pogost pe insula Kiji, Lacul Onega</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kremlinul</a> și <a href="/wiki/Pia%C8%9Ba_Ro%C8%99ie" title="Piața Roșie">Piața Roșie</a> din Moscova&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Velikii_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Velikii Novgorod">Monumente din Novgorod și regiune</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Solove%C8%9Bk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mănăstirea Solovețk — pagină inexistentă">Monumente pe insula Solovețk, Marea albă</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_(Rusia)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir (Rusia) — pagină inexistentă">Catedrala din Vladimir</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Susdal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Susdal — pagină inexistentă">Mănăstiri și Biserici din Susdal</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Trinit%C4%83%C8%9Bii_din_Serghiev_Posad&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mănăstirea Trinității din Serghiev Posad — pagină inexistentă">Mănăstirea Trinității din Serghiev Posad</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolomenskoie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolomenskoie — pagină inexistentă">Biserica Învierii din Kolomenskoe</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Republica_Komi" class="mw-redirect" title="Republica Komi">Păduri virgine din Komi</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Mun%C8%9Bii_Caucaz" title="Munții Caucaz">Caucazul de vest</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Kremlinul_din_Kazan" title="Kremlinul din Kazan">Kremlinul din Kazan</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Ferapontov&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mănăstirea Ferapontov — pagină inexistentă">Mănăstirea Ferapontov</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Cordonul_litoral_al_Curlandei" title="Cordonul litoral al Curlandei">Cordonul litoral al Curlandei</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent"> Citadela, orașul vechi și fortăreața din Derbent</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Novodevicii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mănăstirea Novodevicii — pagină inexistentă">Mănăstirea Novodevicii</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Iaroslav" class="mw-disambig" title="Iaroslav">Orașul vechi din Iaroslav</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Arcul_Geodezic_Struve" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcul Geodezic Struve">Arcul Geodezic Struve</a></div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flag_of_UNESCO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/50px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/75px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/100px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/50px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/75px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/100px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Partea asiatică </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Lacul_Baikal" title="Lacul Baikal">Lacul Baikal</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Regiunea_Kamceatka" title="Regiunea Kamceatka">Regiunea Kamceatka cu rezervația Kliucevskoi</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Mun%C8%9Bii_Altai" title="Munții Altai"> Altaiul rusesc din Siberia de Sud</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Sihote-Alin" title="Sihote-Alin">Rezervația naturală Sihote-Alin</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uvs_Nuur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Uvs Nuur — pagină inexistentă">Bazinul Uvs-Nuur</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Insula_Vranghel" title="Insula Vranghel">insula Vranghel</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16513826">.mw-parser-output .navbox{margin:0 auto 0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid 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