CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-not-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>View source for Culture war - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-not-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":true,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5423a881-a9d9-4a8b-8da7-8206c022de53","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Culture_war","wgTitle":"Culture war","wgCurRevisionId":1276121906,"wgRevisionId":0,"wgArticleId":181322,"wgIsArticle":false,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"edit","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Culture_war","wgRelevantArticleId":181322,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{ "pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.charinsert.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.edit.collapsibleFooter","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.charinsert","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-buttons","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.charinsert.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="View source for Culture war - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_war"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_war"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Culture_war rootpage-Culture_war skin-vector-2022 action-edit"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Culture+war&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Culture+war&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Culture+war&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Culture+war&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">View source for Culture war</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Culture_war" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Culture_war"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit" title="Edit this page"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Culture_war"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Culture_war" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Culture_war" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DCulture_war%26action%3Dedit"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DCulture_war%26action%3Dedit"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3480226" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">← <a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> from <i>editing</i> Wikipedia.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:L235" title="User:L235">‪L235‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <div class="user-block colocation-webhost" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: #ffefd5; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0.7em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/40px-Server-multiple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/60px-Server-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/80px-Server-multiple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>The <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web host provider</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colocation_centre" title="Colocation centre">colocation provider</a>.</b> To prevent abuse, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked</a> from editing Wikipedia. <div style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; clear: both">You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">proxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a>. <p><b>We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit.</b> For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. <i>Place any further information here.</i> ~~~~}}</code>. <b>You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated.</b> Your IP address can be determined <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_my_IP_address?withJS=MediaWiki:Get-my-ip.js">here</a></b></span>. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System" title="Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System">unblock ticket request system</a>. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.</div></div> <p><span class="sysop-show" style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="border:#707070 solid 1px;background-color:#ffe0e0;padding:2px"><b>Administrators:</b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a> user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CheckUser" title="Wikipedia:CheckUser">CheckUser</a> needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPI#Quick_CheckUser_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPI">SPI Quick Checkuser Requests</a>. <b>Unblocking</b> an IP or IP range with this template <b>is highly discouraged</b> without at least contacting the blocking administrator.</span> </p> </div></div> </div> <p>This block will expire on 18:23, 24 August 2026. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">guide to appealing blocks</a> may also be helpful. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking policy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address range has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">globally blocked</a>.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Short description|Conflict between cultural values}} {{For|the "culture war" between the Catholic Church and the German state in the 1870s|Kulturkampf{{!}}''Kulturkampf''}} {{Redirect|Culture Wars|the book|Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America{{!}}''Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America''}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2016}} A '''culture war''' is a form of [[cultural conflict]] (metaphorical "[[war]]") between different [[Social group|social groups]] who struggle to politically impose their own ideology (moral beliefs, humane [[virtue]]s, and religious practices) upon [[mainstream society]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Diaz Ruiz |first1=Carlos |last2=Nilsson |first2=Tomas |date=2022-08-08 |title=Disinformation and Echo Chambers: How Disinformation Circulates on Social Media Through Identity-Driven Controversies |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/07439156221103852 |journal=Journal of Public Policy & Marketing |language=en |volume=42 |pages=18–35 |doi=10.1177/07439156221103852 |issn=0743-9156 |s2cid=248934562 |access-date=September 5, 2022 |archive-date=June 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620070343/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/07439156221103852 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Koleva |first1=Spassena P. |last2=Graham |first2=Jesse |last3=Iyer |first3=Ravi |last4=Ditto |first4=Peter H. |last5=Haidt |first5=Jonathan |date=2012-04-01 |title=Tracing the threads: How five moral concerns (especially Purity) help explain culture war attitudes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092656612000074 |journal=Journal of Research in Personality |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=184–194 |doi=10.1016/j.jrp.2012.01.006 |s2cid=6786293 |issn=0092-6566}}</ref> or upon the other. In political usage, ''culture war'' is a metaphor for "hot-button" politics about [[Value (ethics)|values]] and [[ideologies]], realized with intentionally adversarial social narratives meant to provoke [[political polarization]] among the mainstream of society over economic matters,<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Trust in Polarised Plural Societies: Intersections Across the Ideological Divides of Women's Groups in Malaysia |url=https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3172024 |publisher=University of Liverpool |date=2023-07-18 |degree=dphil |language=en |first=Saleena Begum |last=Saleem |access-date=October 23, 2023 |archive-date=November 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105180913/https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3172024/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Andrew Hartman 2015" /> such as those of [[public policy]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Culture Wars |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/legal-and-political-magazines/culture-wars |access-date=2019-10-21 |website=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111010307/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/legal-and-political-magazines/culture-wars |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as of [[Consumption (economics)|consumption]].<ref name=":1" /> As practical politics, a culture war is about social policy [[wedge issues]] that are based on abstract arguments about [[Value (ethics and social sciences)|values]], [[morality]], and [[Lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]] meant to provoke [[political cleavage]] in a [[multicultural]] society.<ref name=":2" /> ==Etymology== [[File:Kladderadatsch 1875 - Zwischen Berlin und Rom.png|thumb|upright=1.0|[[Otto Von Bismarck]] (left) and [[Pope Pius IX]] (right), from the German satirical magazine {{lang|de|[[Kladderadatsch]]}}, 1875]] === Kulturkampf === {{excerpt|Kulturkampf}} In the English language, the term ''culture war'' is a [[calque]] of the German word ''[[Kulturkampf]]'' (culture struggle), which refers to an historical event in Germany. The term appears as the title of an 1875 British book review of a German pamphlet.<ref>See [https://books.google.com/books?id=p7nTaPXOce4C&dq=%22culture+war%22&pg=PA380 ''The Month and Catholic Review'' (March 1875) vol 4 p. 380]</ref> ==Research== ===Criticism and evaluation=== Since the time that James Davison Hunter first applied the concept of culture wars to American life, the idea has been subject to questions about whether "culture wars" names a real phenomenon, and if so, whether the phenomenon it describes is a cause of, or merely a result of, membership in groups like political parties and religions. Culture wars have also been subject to the criticism of being artificial, imposed, or asymmetric conflicts, rather than a result of authentic differences between cultures. Researchers have differed about the [[Validity (statistics)|scientific validity]] of the notion of culture war. Some claim it does not describe real behavior, or that it describes only the behavior of a small political elite. Others claim culture war is real and widespread, and even that it is fundamental to explaining Americans' political behavior and beliefs. A 2023 study on the circulation of conspiracy theories on social media noted that disinformation actors insert polarizing claims in culture wars by taking one side or the other, thus making the adherents circulate and parrot disinformation as a rhetorical ammunition against their perceived opponents.<ref name=":1" /> Political scientist [[Alan Wolfe]] participated in a series of scholarly debates in the 1990s and 2000s against Hunter, claiming that Hunter's concept of culture wars did not accurately describe the opinions or behavior of Americans, which Wolfe claimed were more united than polarized.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=James Davison |last2=Wolfe |first2=Alan |date= 2006 |title=Is There a Culture War? : A Dialogue on Values and American Public Life |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |oclc=76966750}}</ref> A [[meta-analysis]] of opinion data from 1992 to 2012 published in the ''[[American Political Science Review]]'' concluded that, in contrast to a common belief that political party and religious membership shape opinion on culture war topics, instead opinions on culture war topics lead people to revise their political party and religious orientations. The researchers view culture war attitudes as "foundational elements in the political and religious belief systems of ordinary citizens."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goren |first1=Paul |last2=Chapp |first2=Christopher |date=February 24, 2017 |title=Moral Power: How Public Opinion on Culture War Issues Shapes Partisan Predispositions and Religious Orientations |journal=American Political Science Review |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=110–128 |doi=10.1017/S0003055416000435 |s2cid=151573922 }}</ref> ====Artificiality or asymmetry==== Some writers and scholars have said that culture wars are created or perpetuated by political special interest groups, by reactionary social movements, by party dynamics, or by electoral politics as a whole. These authors view culture war not as an unavoidable result of widespread cultural differences, but as a technique used to create [[In-group and out-group|in-groups and out-groups]] for a political purpose. Political commentator E. J. Dionne has written that culture war is an electoral technique to exploit differences and grievances, remarking that the real cultural division is "between those who want to have a culture war and those who don't."<ref name="Dionne2006" /> Sociologist Scott Melzer says that culture wars are created by conservative, reactive organizations and movements. Members of these movements possess a "sense of victimization at the hands of a liberal culture run amok. In their eyes, immigrants, gays, women, the poor, and other groups are (undeservedly) granted special rights and privileges." Melzer writes about the example of the [[National Rifle Association of America]], which he says intentionally created a culture war in order to unite conservative groups, particularly groups of white men, against a common perceived threat.<ref>{{cite book |last=Melzer |first=Scott |date=October 1, 2009 |title=Gun Crusaders: The NRA's Culture War |url=https://nyupress.org/9780814795507/gun-crusaders/ |publisher=New York University Press |page=59 |isbn=978-0814764503 |access-date=May 25, 2020 |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406001357/https://nyupress.org/9780814795507/gun-crusaders/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Similarly, religion scholar Susan B. Ridgely has written that culture wars were made possible by [[Focus on the Family]]. This organization produced conservative Christian "[[alternative news]]" that began to bifurcate American media consumption, promoting a particular "traditional family" archetype to one part of the population, particularly conservative religious women. Ridgely says that this tradition was depicted as under liberal attack, seeming to necessitate a culture war to defend the tradition.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ridgely |first=Susan B. |date=March 2020 |title=Conservative Christianity and the Creation of Alternative News: An Analysis of Focus on the Family's Multimedia Empire |journal=Religion and American Culture |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.1017/rac.2020.1|doi-access=free }}</ref> Political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins have written about an asymmetry between the US's two major political parties, saying the Republican party should be understood as an ideological movement built to wage political conflict, and the Democratic party as a coalition of social groups with less ability to impose ideological discipline on members.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grossmann |first1=Matt |last2=Hopkins |first2=David A. |date=March 2015 |title=Ideological Republicans and Group Interest Democrats: The Asymmetry of American Party Politics |journal=Perspectives on Politics |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=119–139 |doi=10.1017/S1537592714003168 |s2cid=144639776}}</ref> This encourages Republicans to perpetuate and to draw new issues into culture wars, because Republicans are well equipped to fight such wars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.honestgraft.com/2020/04/solving-covid-crisis-requires.html |title=Solving the COVID Crisis Requires Bipartisanship, But the Modern GOP Isn't Built for It |last=Hopkins |first=David A. |date=April 15, 2020 |website=Honest Graft |access-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-date=May 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518135152/http://www.honestgraft.com/2020/04/solving-covid-crisis-requires.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to ''[[The Guardian]]'', "many on the left have argued that such [culture war] battles [a]re 'distractions' from the real fight over class and economic issues."<ref>{{Cite web |last=O. Taiwo |first=Olufemi |date=2022-05-16 |title=Are culture wars really a distraction? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/may/16/are-culture-wars-distraction-critical-race-theory |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |archive-date=July 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717045600/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/may/16/are-culture-wars-distraction-critical-race-theory |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Culture wars by country== ===United States=== {{excerpt|Ethnocultural politics in the United States}} [[File:Christopher Columbus Statue Torn Down at Minnesota State Capitol on June 10, 2020.jpg|thumb|right|Members of the [[American Indian Movement]] toppled a [[Statue of Christopher Columbus (Saint Paul, Minnesota)|statue of Christopher Columbus]] in Saint Paul, Minnesota, on June 10, 2020.]] ====1920s–1991: Origins==== {{expand section|date=December 2021}} In American usage, ''culture war'' may imply a conflict between those values considered [[Traditionalist conservatism in the United States|traditionalist]] or [[Conservativism in the United States|conservative]] and those considered [[Progressivism in the United States|progressive]] or [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]]. This usage originated in the 1920s when urban and rural American values came into closer conflict.<ref>{{cite web|date=Fall 2001|title=Seminar on the Culture Wars of the 1920s|url=http://www1.assumption.edu/ahc/1920s/|access-date=October 24, 2021|archive-date=October 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025063441/http://www1.assumption.edu/ahc/1920s/|url-status=live}}</ref> This followed several decades of immigration to the States by people who earlier European immigrants considered 'alien'. It was also a result of the cultural shifts and modernizing trends of the [[Roaring Twenties]], culminating in the presidential campaign of [[Al Smith]] in 1928.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dionne|first=E. J.|author-link=E. J. Dionne|title=Culture Wars: How 2004|url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/reclaiming_faith_and_politics.html|access-date=January 30, 2009|archive-date=December 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210160538/http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/reclaiming_faith_and_politics.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In subsequent decades during the 20th century, the term was published occasionally in American newspapers.<ref>{{Cite news|title=What Bismarck could not do (Culture War reference) (1906)|url=http://www.newspapers.com/clip/29457081/what_bismarck_could_not_do_culture_war/|access-date=2019-03-13|newspaper=Washington Palladium|date=December 21, 1906|page=2|language=en|archive-date=August 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818073847/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29457081/what-bismarck-could-not-do-culture-war/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Culture War' to be theme of talk (1942)|url=http://www.newspapers.com/clip/29456609/culture_war_to_be_theme_of_talk_1942/|access-date=2019-03-13|newspaper=Oakland Tribune|date=February 18, 1942|page=5|language=en|archive-date=December 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212171946/http://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-culture-war-to-be-them/29456609/|url-status=live}}</ref> Historian Matthew Dallek argues the [[John Birch Society]] (JBS) was an early promoter of culture war ideas.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/05/17/1176662608/a-historian-details-how-a-secretive-extremist-group-radicalized-the-american-rig |title=A historian details how a secretive, extremist group radicalized the American right |date=2023-05-17 |last=Gross |first=Terry |type=Radio broadcast |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |series=Fresh Air}}</ref> Scholar Celestini Carmen traces the JBS's apocalyptic culture war rhetoric through the connections of [[Christian right]] leaders such as [[Tim LaHaye]] and [[Phyllis Schlafly]] to the JBS and their founding of the [[Moral Majority]].<ref>{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last1=Celestini |first1=Carmen |title=God, Country, and Christian Conservatives: The National Association of Manufacturers, the John Birch Society, and the Rise of the Christian Right |url=https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/handle/10012/13361/Celestini_Carmen.pdf |date=2018 |publisher=[[University of Waterloo]] |pages=iv, 37, 283, 322–325, 328–334}}</ref> ====1991–2001: Rise in prominence==== [[James Davison Hunter]], a [[sociologist]] at the [[University of Virginia]], introduced the expression again in his 1991 publication, ''[[Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America]]''. Hunter described what he saw as a dramatic realignment and polarization that had transformed [[politics of the United States|American politics]] and [[American culture|culture]]. He argued that on an increasing number of "[[Hot-button issue|hot-button]]" defining issues—[[abortion]], [[gun politics]], [[separation of church and state]], [[privacy]], [[recreational drug use]], [[homosexuality]], [[censorship]]—there existed two definable polarities. Furthermore, not only were there a number of divisive issues, but society had divided along essentially the same lines on these issues, so as to constitute two warring groups, defined primarily not by nominal religion, ethnicity, social class, or even political affiliation, but rather by ideological [[world-view]]s. Hunter characterized this polarity as stemming from opposite impulses, toward what he referred to as ''Progressivism'' and as ''Orthodoxy''. Others have adopted the dichotomy with varying labels. For example, [[Bill O'Reilly (commentator)|Bill O'Reilly]], a conservative political commentator and former host of the [[Fox News Channel]] talk show ''[[The O'Reilly Factor]]'', emphasizes differences between "Secular-Progressives" and "Traditionalists" in his 2006 book ''[[Culture Warrior]]''.<ref>Brian Dakss, [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bill-oreillys-culture-warrior/ "Bill O'Reilly's 'Culture Warrior'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213000253/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bill-oreillys-culture-warrior/ |date=December 13, 2020 }}, ''CBS News'', December 5, 2006. Retrieved March 27, 2020.</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = O'Reilly | first = Bill | author-link = Bill O'Reilly (political commentator) | title = Culture Warrior | publisher = [[Broadway Books]] | location = New York | date = September 2006 | isbn = 0-7679-2092-9}}</ref> Historian [[Kristin Kobes Du Mez]] attributes the 1990s emergence of culture wars to the end of the [[Cold War]] in 1991. She writes that [[Evangelical Christians]] viewed a particular Christian masculine [[gender role]] as the only defense of America against the threat of [[communism]]. When this threat ended upon the close of the Cold War, Evangelical leaders transferred the perceived source of threat from foreign communism to domestic changes in gender roles and sexuality.<ref>{{cite news |last=Illing |first=Sean |date=July 9, 2020 |title=Is evangelical support for Trump a contradiction? |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2020/7/9/21291493/donald-trump-evangelical-christians-kristin-kobes-du-mez |work=Vox |access-date=July 9, 2020 |archive-date=June 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616155249/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2020/7/9/21291493/donald-trump-evangelical-christians-kristin-kobes-du-mez |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Patrickjbuchanan.JPG|thumb|left|180px|Pat Buchanan in 2008]] During the [[1992 United States presidential election|1992 presidential election]], commentator [[Pat Buchanan]] mounted [[Pat Buchanan#1992 presidential primaries|a campaign]] for the [[1992 Republican Party presidential primaries|Republican nomination for president]] against incumbent [[George H. W. Bush]]. In a [[Prime time|prime]]-[[time slot]] at the [[1992 Republican National Convention]], Buchanan gave his speech on the culture war.<ref>{{cite web |quote=Not since Pat Buchanan's famous 'culture war' speech in 1992 has a major speaker at a national political convention spoken so hatefully, at such length, about the opposition. |title=Dogs of War |url=http://www.newdonkey.com/2004/09/dogs-of-war.html |url-status=dead |publisher=New Donkey |date=September 2, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050308043424/http://www.newdonkey.com/2004/09/dogs-of-war.html |archive-date=March 8, 2005 |access-date=August 29, 2006}}</ref> He argued: "There is a religious war going on in our country for the soul of America. It is a cultural war, as critical to the kind of nation we will one day be as was the Cold War itself."<ref name="1992-GOP">{{Cite speech |author-link=Patrick Buchanan |first=Patrick |last=Buchanan |title=1992 Republican National Convention Speech |date=August 17, 1992 |url=http://buchanan.org/blog/1992-republican-national-convention-speech-148 |access-date=November 3, 2014 |archive-date=December 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208185713/https://buchanan.org/blog/1992-republican-national-convention-speech-148 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to criticizing [[Environmental movement in the United States|environmentalists]] and [[Feminism in the United States|feminism]], he portrayed [[public morality]] as a [[defining issue]]: <blockquote>The agenda [Bill] Clinton and [Hillary] Clinton would impose on America—abortion on demand, a [[Litmus test (politics)|litmus test]] for the Supreme Court, homosexual rights, discrimination against religious schools, women in combat units—that's change, all right. But it is not the kind of change America wants. It is not the kind of change America needs. And it is not the kind of change we can abide in a nation that we still call God's country.<ref name="1992-GOP" /> </blockquote> A month later, Buchanan characterized the conflict as about power over society's definition of right and wrong. He named abortion, sexual orientation and popular culture as major fronts—and mentioned other controversies, including clashes over the [[Confederate flag]], Christmas, and taxpayer-funded art. He also said that the negative attention his "culture war" speech received was itself evidence of America's polarization.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://buchanan.org/blog/the-cultural-war-for-the-soul-of-america-149 |title=The Cultural War for the Soul of America |last=Buchanan |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Buchanan |access-date=March 6, 2015 |archive-date=March 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317033220/http://buchanan.org/blog/the-cultural-war-for-the-soul-of-america-149 |url-status=live }}</ref> The culture war had significant impact on national politics in the 1990s.<ref name="Andrew Hartman 2015">Andrew Hartman, ''A War for the Soul of America: A History of the Culture Wars'' (University of Chicago Press, 2015)</ref> The rhetoric of the [[Christian Coalition of America]] may have weakened president George H. W. Bush's chances for re-election in 1992 and helped his successor, [[Bill Clinton]], win reelection in 1996.<ref name="Chávez 2010">{{cite book |last=Chávez |first=Karma R. |editor-last=Chapman |editor-first=Roger |title=Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints and Voices, Volume 1 |date=2010 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location=Armonk, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-7656-1761-3 |page=88 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/culturewarsencyc0000unse/page/88/mode/1up?view=theater |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter=Christian Coalition}}</ref> On the other hand, the rhetoric of conservative cultural warriors helped Republicans gain control of Congress in 1994.<ref name="Benedic 2010">{{cite book |last1=Benedic |first1=Diane |last2=Rising |first2=George |editor-last=Chapman |editor-first=Roger |title=Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints and Voices, Volume 1 |date=2010 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location=Armonk, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-7656-1761-3 |page=136 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/culturewarsencyc0000unse/page/136/mode/1up?view=theater |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter=Democratic Party}}</ref> The culture wars influenced the debate over [[State school|state-school]] history [[Curriculum|curricula]] in the United States in the 1990s. In particular, debates over the development of [[Standards-based education reform in the United States|national educational standards]] in 1994 revolved around whether the study of American history should be a "celebratory" or "critical" undertaking and involved such prominent public figures as [[Lynne Cheney]], [[Rush Limbaugh]], and historian [[Gary Nash]].<ref>{{google book |title=Who Owns History: Rethinking the Past in a Changing World |last=Foner |first=Eric |id=H3I-Z8KW5REC |location=New York |publisher=Hill & Wang |year=2002 |isbn=1-4299-2392-X}}</ref><ref>{{google book |title=History on Trial: Culture Wars and the Teaching of the Past |last1=Nash |first1=Gary B. |authorlink1=Gary B. Nash |last2=Crabtree |first2=Charlotte A. |last3=Dunn |first3=Ross E. |authorlink=Ross E. Dunn |id=iE1DzmHrh9EC |location=New York |publisher=Knopf |year=1997 |isbn=0-679-76750-9}}</ref> ====2001–2012: Post-9/11 era==== [[File:Bush War Budget 2003-crop.jpg|thumb|(from right to left) 43rd President [[George W. Bush]], [[Donald Rumsfeld]], and [[Paul Wolfowitz]] were prominent neoconservatives of the 2000s.]] A political view called [[neoconservatism]] shifted the terms of the debate in the early 2000s. Neoconservatives differed from their opponents in that they interpreted problems facing the nation as [[moral issues]] rather than economic or political ones. For example, neoconservatives saw the decline of the traditional [[Family structure in the United States|family structure]] as well as the decline of religion in American society as [[Spiritual crisis|spiritual crises]] that required a spiritual response. Critics accused neoconservatives of [[Correlation does not imply causation|confusing cause and effect]].<ref>Zafirovski, Milan. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UEl91MbLiO0C&pg=PA60 "Modern Free Society and Its Nemesis: Liberty Versus Conservatism in the New Millennium "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212171945/https://books.google.com/books?id=UEl91MbLiO0C&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=December 12, 2023 }} ''Google Books''. 6 September 2018.</ref> During the 2000s, voting for Republicans began to correlate heavily with [[Traditionalist conservatism|traditionalist]] or [[Orthodoxy|orthodox]] religious belief across diverse religious sects. Voting for Democrats became more correlated with [[Religious liberalism|liberal]] or [[Modernism in the Catholic Church|modernist]] religious belief, and with being [[nonreligious]].<ref name="Dionne2006">Dionne, E.J., Jr. [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/01/why-the-culture-war-is-the-wrong-war/304502/ "Why the Culture War Is the Wrong War."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213000333/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/01/why-the-culture-war-is-the-wrong-war/304502/ |date=December 13, 2020 }} ''The Atlantic''. January/February 2006. 29 April 2019.</ref> [[Scientism|Belief in scientific]] conclusions, such as [[Climate change in the United States|climate change]], also became tightly coupled with political party affiliation in this era, causing climate scholar [[Andrew Hoffman]] to observe that [[Climate change in the United States|climate change]] had "become enmeshed in the so-called [[Global warming controversy|culture wars]]."<ref name="Hoffman2012"/> [[File:Fresno - Prop 8 Rally.jpg|thumb|Rally for [[Proposition 8]], an item on the 2008 California ballot to ban same-sex marriage]] Topics traditionally associated with culture war were not prominent in media coverage of the [[2008 United States elections|2008 election]] season, with the exception of coverage of vice-presidential candidate [[Sarah Palin]],<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=November 20, 2008 |title=How the News Media Covered Religion in the 2008 General Election: Sarah Palin and the "Culture Wars" |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/legacy/Religion_gen_election_FINAL-11-20_0.pdf |publisher=Pew Research |pages=8, 11–12 |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=October 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022094123/https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/legacy/Religion_gen_election_FINAL-11-20_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> who drew attention to her conservative religion and created a performative [[climate change denialism]] brand for herself.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hatzisavvidou |first1=Sophia |date=September 17, 2019 |title='The climate has always been changing': Sarah Palin, climate change denialism, and American conservatism |journal=Celebrity Studies |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=371–388 |doi=10.1080/19392397.2019.1667251 |s2cid=204377874 |url=https://purehost.bath.ac.uk/ws/files/198548337/The_Climate_Has_Always_Been_Changing_with_author_details.pdf |access-date=January 24, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306084450/https://purehost.bath.ac.uk/ws/files/198548337/The_Climate_Has_Always_Been_Changing_with_author_details.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Palin's defeat in the election and subsequent resignation as governor of Alaska caused the [[Center for American Progress]] to predict "the coming end of the culture wars," which they attributed to demographic change, particularly high rates of acceptance of [[same-sex marriage]] among [[millennials]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2009/07/15/6454/the-coming-end-of-the-culture-wars/ |title=The Coming End of the Culture Wars |last=Teixeira |first=Ruy |date=July 15, 2009 |website=Center for American Progress |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=December 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209141022/https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2009/07/15/6454/the-coming-end-of-the-culture-wars/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ====2012–present: Broadening of the culture war==== {{See also|List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests|List of changes made due to the George Floyd protests|List of name changes due to the George Floyd protests}} [[File:JEB Stuart Monument 2020-05-31.jpg|thumb|The [[J. E. B. Stuart Monument]], defaced during [[George Floyd protests in Richmond, Virginia|protests in Richmond, Virginia]], was removed on July 7, 2020.]] In the early 2010s, the American Left pushed further against established social norms. While the [[American right]] took issue with the perceived worldwide dominance of leftism in international politics and corporate activity, [[anti-nationalism]], and secular [[human rights]] policies and activism not based on [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic religious]] worldviews.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bob |first=Clifford |title=The Global Right Wing and the Clash of World Politics |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-521-19381-8 |location=New York |pages=i}}</ref> While traditional culture war issues, like abortion, continue to be a focal point,<ref>Smith, Karl. [https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-05-21/abortion-debate-it-s-different-from-other-culture-wars "The Abortion Debate Is Not Part of the Culture Wars."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720175834/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-05-21/abortion-debate-it-s-different-from-other-culture-wars |date=July 20, 2019 }} ''Bloomberg''.</ref> the issues identified with the culture war broadened and intensified in the mid-late 2010s. [[Jonathan Haidt]], author of ''[[The Coddling of the American Mind]]'', identified a rise in [[cancel culture]] via [[social media]] among young progressives since 2012, which he believes had "transformative effects on university life and later on politics and culture throughout the English-speaking world," in what Haidt<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haidt |first1=Jonathan |title=Why the Past 10 Years of American Life Have Been Uniquely Stupid |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/05/social-media-democracy-trust-babel/629369/ |work=The Atlantic |date=11 April 2022 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-29 |archive-date=April 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410164044/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/05/social-media-democracy-trust-babel/629369/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and other commentators<ref name="Mirzaei 2019">{{Cite web |url=http://theconversation.com/where-woke-came-from-and-why-marketers-should-think-twice-before-jumping-on-the-social-activism-bandwagon-122713 |title=Where 'woke' came from and why marketers should think twice before jumping on the social activism bandwagon |first=Abas |last=Mirzaei |website=The Conversation |date=September 8, 2019 |access-date=April 10, 2023 |archive-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320231919/https://theconversation.com/where-woke-came-from-and-why-marketers-should-think-twice-before-jumping-on-the-social-activism-bandwagon-122713 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yglesias |first=Matthew |title=How Hillary Clinton unleashed the Great Awokening |url=https://www.slowboring.com/p/how-hillary-clinton-unleashed-the |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=www.slowboring.com |language=en |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328160348/https://www.slowboring.com/p/how-hillary-clinton-unleashed-the |url-status=live }}</ref> have called the "[[Great Awokening]]". Journalist [[Michael Grunwald]] says that "President [[Donald Trump]] has pioneered a new politics of perpetual culture war" and lists [[Black Lives Matter]], [[U.S. national anthem protests]], [[climate change]], education policy, healthcare policy including [[Obamacare]], and infrastructure policy as culture war issues in 2018.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Grunwald |first=Michael |date=November 2018 |title=How Everything Became the Culture War |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/11/02/culture-war-liberals-conservatives-trump-2018-222095 |magazine=Politico |access-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524050840/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/11/02/culture-war-liberals-conservatives-trump-2018-222095 |url-status=live }}</ref> The rights of [[transgender]] people and the role of religion in lawmaking were identified as "new fronts in the culture war" by political scientist Jeremiah Castle, as the polarization of public opinion on these two topics resembles that of previous culture war issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Castle |first1=Jeremiah |date=December 14, 2018 |title=New Fronts in the Culture Wars? Religion, Partisanship, and Polarization on Religious Liberty and Transgender Rights in the United States |journal=American Politics Research |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=650–679 |doi=10.1177/1532673X18818169|s2cid=220207260 }}</ref> In 2020, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], North Dakota governor [[Doug Burgum]] described [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States#Attitudes|opposition to wearing face masks]] as a "senseless" culture war issue that jeopardizes human safety.<ref>{{cite news |last=Blake |first=Aaron |date=May 23, 2020 |title=GOP governor offers emotional plea to the anti-mask crowd: Stop this senseless culture war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/05/23/doug-burgum-masks/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524005046/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/05/23/doug-burgum-masks/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Multiple image | total_width = 350 | image1 = Anti-abortion protest, 1986.jpg | image2 = Drag Queen Story Hour Protest - 52452239331.png | perrow = 2/2/2 | image3 = Save our children hashtag (cropped) (cropped).png | image4 = Chaya Raichik and MTG.jpg | footer = Clockwise from top left: [[anti-abortion movements|anti-abortion]] protesters in 1986; members of [[the Proud Boys]] protest a [[drag queen]] story hour; Representative [[Marjorie Taylor Greene]] of Georgia and [[Libs of TikTok]] creator [[Chaya Raichik]] hold up an anti-transgender sign; "Save Our Children" graffiti near downtown [[Lufkin, Texas]] in relation to the [[LGBT grooming conspiracy theory]]. }} This broader understanding of culture war issues in the mid-late 2010s and 2020s is associated with a political strategy called "[[owning the libs]]." Conservative media figures employing this strategy emphasize and expand upon culture war issues with the goal of upsetting liberals. According to [[Nicole Hemmer]] of Columbia University, this strategy is a substitute for the cohesive conservative ideology that existed during the [[Cold War]]. It holds a conservative [[voting bloc]] together in the absence of shared policy preferences among the bloc's members.<ref>{{cite news |last=Peters |first=Jeremy W. |date=August 3, 2020 |title=These Conservatives Have a Laser Focus: 'Owning the Libs' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/03/us/politics/the-federalist-trump-liberals.html |work=New York Times |access-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803161740/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/03/us/politics/the-federalist-trump-liberals.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Charlottesville 'Unite the Right' Rally (35780274914) crop.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.25|The [[Unite the Right rally]] in [[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville]], Virginia in August 2017, an alt-right event regarded as a battle of the culture wars<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buffington |first=Melanie L. |date=January 1, 2017 |title=Contemporary Culture Wars: Challenging the Legacy of the Confederacy |url=https://jcrae.art.arizona.edu/index.php/jcrae/article/view/74 |journal=Journal of Cultural Research in Art Education |volume=34 |pages=45–59 |doi=10.2458/jcrae.4883 |s2cid=148760859 |issn=2152-7172 |access-date=May 24, 2020 |doi-access=free |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729022613/https://jcrae.art.arizona.edu/index.php/jcrae/article/view/74 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] A number of conflicts about diversity in popular culture occurring in the 2010s, such as the [[Gamergate controversy]], [[Comicsgate]] and the [[Sad Puppies]] science fiction voting campaign, were identified in the media as being examples of the culture war.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Hurley |first=Kameron |author-link=Kameron Hurley |date=April 9, 2015 |title=Hijacking the Hugo Awards Won't Stifle Diversity in Science Fiction |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/04/the-culture-wars-come-to-sci-fi/390012/ |magazine=The Atlantic |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=December 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205115606/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/04/the-culture-wars-come-to-sci-fi/390012/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Journalist [[Caitlin Dewey]] described Gamergate as a "[[proxy war]]" for a larger culture war between those who want greater inclusion of women and minorities in cultural institutions versus anti-feminists and traditionalists who do not.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dewey |first=Caitlin |date=October 14, 2014 |title=The only guide to Gamergate you will ever need to read |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/10/14/the-only-guide-to-gamergate-you-will-ever-need-to-read/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=June 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611104007/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/10/14/the-only-guide-to-gamergate-you-will-ever-need-to-read/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The perception that culture war conflict had been demoted from electoral politics to popular culture led writer Jack Meserve to call popular movies, games, and writing the "last front in the culture war" in 2015.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meserve |first1=Jack |date=Spring 2015 |title=Last Front in the Culture War |url=https://democracyjournal.org/magazine/36/last-front-in-the-culture-war/ |journal=Democracy: A Journal of Ideas |issue=36 |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817142610/https://democracyjournal.org/magazine/36/last-front-in-the-culture-war/ |url-status=live }}</ref> These conflicts about representation in popular culture re-emerged into electoral politics via the [[alt-right]] and [[alt-lite]] movements.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nagle |first=Angela |author-link=Angela Nagle |date=June 30, 2017 |title=Kill All Normies: Online Culture Wars From 4Chan And Tumblr To Trump And The Alt-Right |publisher=Zero Books |isbn=9781785355431}}</ref> According to media scholar Whitney Phillips, Gamergate "prototyped" strategies of harassment and controversy-stoking that proved useful in political strategy. For example, Republican political strategist [[Steve Bannon]] publicized pop-culture conflicts during the 2016 presidential campaign of [[Donald Trump]], encouraging a young audience to "come in through Gamergate or whatever and then get turned onto politics and Trump."<ref>{{cite news |last=Warzel |first=Charlie |date=August 15, 2019 |title=How an Online Mob Created a Playbook for a Culture War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/15/opinion/what-is-gamergate.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-date=July 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702142826/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/15/opinion/what-is-gamergate.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Canada=== {{Main|Political culture of Canada|Monuments and memorials in Canada removed in 2020–2022}} Some observers in [[Canada]] have used the term "culture war" to refer to differing values between [[Western Canada|Western]] versus [[Eastern Canada]], [[List of the largest population centres in Canada|urban]] versus [[rural Canada]], as well as [[Conservatism in Canada|conservatism]] versus [[Liberalism in Canada|liberalism]] and [[Progressivism in Canada|progressivism]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Gerald |last=Caplan |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/second-reading/culture-clash-splits-canadians-over-basic-values/article4626123/ |location=Toronto |work=The Globe and Mail |title=Culture clash splits Canadians over basic values |date=October 20, 2012 |access-date=August 26, 2017 |archive-date=April 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425034511/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/second-reading/culture-clash-splits-canadians-over-basic-values/article4626123/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The phrase has also been used to describe the [[Premiership of Stephen Harper|Harper government]]'s attitude towards the [[Art in Canada|arts community]]. [[Andrew Coyne]] termed this negative policy towards the arts community as "[[class warfare]]."<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.macleans.ca/general/this-isnt-a-culture-war-its-a-good-old-class-war/ |title= Coyne: This isn't a culture war, it's a good old class war |author= Andrew Coyne |date= October 2, 2008 |work= Macleans |access-date= March 6, 2015 |archive-date= July 7, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180707173947/https://www.macleans.ca/general/this-isnt-a-culture-war-its-a-good-old-class-war/ |url-status= live }}</ref> ===Australia=== {{Main|Australian history wars}} During the tenure of the [[Coalition (Australia)|Liberal–National Coalition]] government of 1996 to 2007, interpretations of [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] history became a part of a wider political debate regarding Australian national pride and symbolism occasionally called the "[[Australian history wars|culture wars]]", more often the "history wars".<ref name="Manne11/08">{{cite news |url= https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2008/november/1277253191/robert-manne/what-rudd-s-agenda |last= Manne |first= Robert |author-link= Robert Manne |title= What is Rudd's Agenda? |work= [[The Monthly]] |date= November 2008 |access-date= March 15, 2016 |archive-date= March 16, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160316231605/https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2008/november/1277253191/robert-manne/what-rudd-s-agenda |url-status= live }}</ref> This debate extended into [[#Australia|a controversy]] over the presentation of history in the [[National Museum of Australia]] and in [[Education in Australia|high-school]] history curricula.<ref>{{cite web |last= Rundle |first= Guy |url= http://www.crikey.com.au/2007/06/28/1915-and-all-that-history-in-a-holding-pattern/ |title= 1915 and all that: History in a holding pattern |work= Crikey |date= June 28, 2007 |access-date= April 27, 2010 |archive-date= July 6, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100706040803/http://www.crikey.com.au/2007/06/28/1915-and-all-that-history-in-a-holding-pattern/ |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Ferrari |first= Justine |url= http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24492542-13881,00.html |title= History curriculum author defies his critics to find bias |work= The Australian |date= October 14, 2008 |access-date= April 27, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091006084757/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24492542-13881,00.html |archive-date= October 6, 2009 |url-status= dead }}</ref> It also migrated into the general Australian media, with major broadsheets such as ''[[The Australian]]'', ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' and ''[[The Age]]'' regularly publishing opinion pieces on the topic. [[Marcia Langton]] has referred to much of this wider debate as "war porn"<ref>Baudrillard J. War porn. ''Journal of Visual Culture'', Vol. 5, No. 1, 86–88 (2006) {{doi| 10.1177/147041290600500107}}</ref> and as an "intellectual dead end".<ref name=Langton>Langton M. Essay: [https://www.griffithreview.com/articles/trapped-in-the-aboriginal-reality-show/ "Trapped in the aboriginal reality show"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724191527/https://www.griffithreview.com/articles/trapped-in-the-aboriginal-reality-show/ |date=July 24, 2020 }}. ''Griffith Review 2007'', 19:Re-imagining Australia.</ref> Two Australian Prime Ministers, [[Paul Keating]] (in office 1991–1996) and John Howard (in office 1996–2007), became major participants in the "wars". According to [[Mark McKenna (historian)|Mark McKenna's]] analysis for the Australian Parliamentary Library,<ref name=McKenna>{{cite web |url= http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/RP9798/98RP05 |title= Different Perspectives on Black Armband History |author= Mark McKenna |series= Parliamentary Library: Research Paper 5 1997-98 |publisher= The Parliament of Australia |date= November 10, 1997 |access-date= March 5, 2015 |archive-date= February 19, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150219085809/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/RP9798/98RP05 |url-status= live }}</ref> John Howard believed that Paul Keating portrayed Australia pre-[[Gough Whitlam|Whitlam]] (Prime Minister from 1972 to 1975) in an unduly negative light; while Keating sought to distance the modern [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] movement from its historical support for the monarchy and for the [[White Australia policy]] by arguing that it was the conservative Australian parties which had been barriers to national progress. He accused [[United Kingdom|Britain]] of having abandoned Australia during the [[World War II|Second World War]]. Keating staunchly supported a symbolic apology to [[Aboriginal Australians|Australian Aboriginals]] for their mistreatment at the hands of previous administrations, and outlined his view of the origins and potential solutions to contemporary Aboriginal disadvantage in his [[Redfern Park Speech]] of 10 December 1992 (drafted with the assistance of historian [[Don Watson]]). In 1999, following the release of the 1998 ''[[Bringing Them Home]]'' Report, Howard passed a Parliamentary [[Motion of Reconciliation]] describing treatment of Aborigines as the "most blemished chapter" in Australian history, but he refused to issue an official apology.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thinkingfaith.org/articles/20080221_1.htm |title= The History of Apologies Down Under &#124; Thinking Faith |publisher= thinkingfaith.org |date= February 21, 2008 |access-date= March 5, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141202000730/http://www.thinkingfaith.org/articles/20080221_1.htm |archive-date= December 2, 2014 }}</ref> Howard saw an apology as inappropriate as it would imply "intergeneration guilt"; he said that "practical" measures were a better response to contemporary Aboriginal disadvantage. Keating has argued for the eradication of remaining symbols linked to colonial origins: including deference for [[ANZAC Day]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/a-nation-reborn-at-anzac-cove-utter-nonsense-keating-20081030-5enw.html|title=A nation reborn at Anzac Cove? Utter nonsense: Keating|first=Tony|last=Wright|date=October 30, 2008|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=April 24, 2018|archive-date=April 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424135601/https://www.smh.com.au/national/a-nation-reborn-at-anzac-cove-utter-nonsense-keating-20081030-5enw.html|url-status=live}}</ref> for the [[Flag of Australia|Australian flag]] and for the [[monarchy in Australia]], while Howard supported these institutions. Unlike fellow Labor leaders and contemporaries, [[Bob Hawke]] (Prime Minister 1983–1991) and [[Kim Beazley]] (Labor Party leader 2005–2006), Keating never traveled to [[Gallipoli]] for ANZAC Day ceremonies. In 2008 he described those who gathered there as "misguided".<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.theage.com.au/national/a-nation-reborn-at-anzac-cove-utter-nonsense-keating-20081030-5enw.html |title= A nation reborn at Anzac Cove? Utter nonsense: Keating |work= The Age |date= October 31, 2008 |access-date= March 5, 2010 |location= Melbourne |first= Tony |last= Wright |archive-date= January 15, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100115185002/http://www.theage.com.au/national/a-nation-reborn-at-anzac-cove-utter-nonsense-keating-20081030-5enw.html? |url-status= live }}</ref> In 2006 John Howard said in a speech to mark the 50th anniversary of ''Quadrant'' that [[Political correctness|"Political Correctness"]] was dead in Australia but: "we should not underestimate the degree to which the soft-left still holds sway, even dominance, especially in Australia's universities".{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} Also in 2006, [[The Sydney Morning Herald|''Sydney Morning Herald'']] political editor [[Peter Hartcher]] reported that Opposition foreign-affairs spokesman [[Kevin Rudd]] was entering the philosophical debate by arguing in response that "John Howard, is guilty of perpetrating 'a fraud' in his so-called culture wars&nbsp;... designed not to make real change but to mask the damage inflicted by the Government's economic policies".<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/pms-culture-wars-a-fraud-rudd/2006/10/27/1161749320974.html |title= PM's culture wars a fraud: Rudd - National |work= The Sydney Morning Herald |date= October 28, 2006 |access-date= April 27, 2010 |archive-date= June 5, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110605030058/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/pms-culture-wars-a-fraud-rudd/2006/10/27/1161749320974.html |url-status= live }}</ref> The defeat of the Howard government in the [[2007 Australian federal election|Australian Federal election of 2007]] and its replacement by the [[First Rudd Government|Rudd Labor government]] altered the dynamic of the debate. Rudd made an [[Apology to Australia's Indigenous peoples|official apology]] to the Aboriginal ''[[Stolen Generation]]''<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/australia.text/index.html |title= Full text of Australia's apology to Aborigines |publisher= [[CNN]] |date= February 12, 2008 |access-date= April 27, 2010 |archive-date= September 18, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090918004745/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/australia.text/index.html |url-status= live }}</ref> with bi-partisan support.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/brendan-nelsons-sorry-speech/2008/02/13/1202760366050.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1 |title= Brendan Nelson's sorry speech |work= The Sydney Morning Herald |date= February 13, 2008 |access-date= April 27, 2010 |archive-date= March 15, 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080315183621/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/brendan-nelsons-sorry-speech/2008/02/13/1202760366050.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1 |url-status= live }}</ref> Like Keating, Rudd supported an Australian republic, but in contrast to Keating, Rudd declared support for the [[Australian flag]] and supported the commemoration of ANZAC Day; he also expressed admiration for Liberal Party founder [[Robert Menzies]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/keating-utterly-wrong-on-gallipoli-pm/story-0-1111117908459 |title= Paul Keating 'utterly wrong' to reject Gallipoli identity, says Kevin Rudd |date= October 31, 2008 |access-date= February 19, 2015 |archive-date= September 12, 2012 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120912154538/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/keating-utterly-wrong-on-gallipoli-pm/story-0-1111117908459 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.smh.com.au/news/opinion/is-rudd-having-a-bob-each-way/2007/04/12/1175971263000.html |title= Is Rudd having a Bob each way? - Opinion |work= The Sydney Morning Herald |date= October 28, 2004 |access-date= April 27, 2010 |archive-date= June 5, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110605031126/http://www.smh.com.au/news/opinion/is-rudd-having-a-bob-each-way/2007/04/12/1175971263000.html |url-status= live }}</ref> Subsequent to the 2007 change of government, and prior to the passage, with support from all parties, of the Parliamentary apology to indigenous Australians, Professor of Australian Studies Richard Nile argued: "the culture and history wars are over and with them should also go the adversarial nature of intellectual debate",<ref>{{cite news |url= http://blogs.theaustralian.news.com.au/richardnile/index.php/theaustralian/comments/end_of_the_culture_wars |title= End of the culture wars &#124; Richard Nile Blog, ''The Australian'' |publisher= blogs.theaustralian.news.com.au |date= November 28, 2007 |access-date= April 27, 2010 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100309215605/http://blogs.theaustralian.news.com.au/richardnile/index.php/theaustralian/comments/end_of_the_culture_wars/ |archive-date= March 9, 2010 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> a view contested by others, including conservative commentator [[Janet Albrechtsen]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/orwellian-left-quick-to-unveil-totalitarian-heart/story-e6frg6n6-1111115088194 |title= Orwellian Left quick to unveil totalitarian heart |work= The Australian |date= December 12, 2007}}</ref> [[Climate change in Australia]] is also considered a [[List of climate change controversies|highly divisive or politically controversial topic]], to the point it is sometimes called a "culture war".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hornsey |first1=Matthew J. |last2=Chapman |first2=Cassandra M. |last3=Fielding |first3=Kelly S. |last4=Louis |first4=Winnifred R. |last5=Pearson |first5=Samuel |date=August 2022 |title=A political experiment may have extracted Australia from the climate wars |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-022-01431-4 |journal=Nature Climate Change |language=en |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=695–696 |doi=10.1038/s41558-022-01431-4 |bibcode=2022NatCC..12..695H |s2cid=251043448 |issn=1758-6798 |access-date=September 20, 2022 |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922112127/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-022-01431-4 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The recent history of Australia's climate change wars |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/the-recent-history-of-australias-climate-change-wars/ss9nn2yd6 |first=Nick |last=Baker |date=23 January 2022 |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=SBS News |language=en |archive-date=September 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171152/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/the-recent-history-of-australias-climate-change-wars/ss9nn2yd6 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===African continent=== According to political scientist Constance G. Anthony, American culture war perspectives on human sexuality were exported to Africa as a form of [[neocolonialism]]. In his view, this began during the [[HIV/AIDS in Africa|AIDS epidemic in Africa]], with the United States government first tying HIV/AIDS assistance money to evangelical leadership and the [[Christian right]] during the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]], then to LGBTQ tolerance during the [[Presidency of Barack Obama|administration]] of [[Barack Obama]]. This stoked a culture war that resulted in (among others) the [[Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014|''Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Act'']] of 2014.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Anthony |first=Constance G. |date=November 2018 |title=Schizophrenic Neocolonialism: Exporting the American Culture War on Sexuality to Africa |journal=International Studies Perspectives |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=289–304 |doi=10.1093/isp/eky004}}</ref> Zambian scholar [[Kapya Kaoma]] notes that because "the demographic center of Christianity is shifting from the [[global North]] to the [[global South]]" Africa's influence on Christianity worldwide is increasing. American conservatives export their culture wars to Africa, Kaoma says, particularly when they realize they may be losing the battle back home. US Christians have framed their anti-LGBT initiatives in Africa as standing in opposition to a "Western [[gay agenda]]", a framing which Kaoma finds ironic.<ref>{{cite journal|last=van Klinken|first=Adriaan|date=2017|title=Culture Wars, Race, and Sexuality: A Nascent Pan-African LGBT-Affirming Christian Movement and the Future of Christianity|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/jafrireli.5.2.0217|journal=Journal of Africana Religions|volume=5|issue=2|pages=217–238|doi=10.5325/jafrireli.5.2.0217|jstor=10.5325/jafrireli.5.2.0217|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810082713/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/jafrireli.5.2.0217|archive-date=August 10, 2021|access-date=May 4, 2021|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> North American and European conspiracy theories have become widespread in [[West Africa]] via social media, according to 2021 survey by ''[[First Draft News]]''. [[COVID-19 misinformation]], [[New World Order (conspiracy theory)|New World Order]] conspiracy thinking, [[QAnon]] and other conspiracy theories associated with culture war topics are spread by American, Pro-Russian, French-language, and local [[disinformation]] websites and social media accounts, including prominent politicians in [[Nigeria]]. This has contributed to [[vaccine hesitancy]] in West Africa, with 60 percent of survey respondents saying they were unlikely to try to get vaccinated, and an erosion of trust in institutions in the region.<ref>{{cite report |first1=Carlotta |last1=Dotto |first2=Seb |last2=Cubbon |date=June 23, 2021 |title=Disinformation exports: How foreign anti-vaccine narratives reached West African communities online |url=https://firstdraftnews.org/long-form-article/foreign-anti-vaccine-disinformation-reaches-west-africa/ |publisher=First Draft News |access-date=June 23, 2021 |archive-date=June 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623070135/https://firstdraftnews.org/long-form-article/foreign-anti-vaccine-disinformation-reaches-west-africa/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===United Kingdom=== {{See also|Actions against memorials in Great Britain during the George Floyd protests}} [[File:Statue of Robert Milligan, West India Quay on 9 June 2020 - statue covered and with Black Lives Matter sign 03.jpg|thumb|upright|The ''[[statue of Robert Milligan]]'' on 9 June 2020, the day of its removal]] A 2021 report from [[King's College London]] argued that many people's views on cultural issues in Britain had become tied up with the side of the [[Brexit]] debate with which they identify, while the public party-political identities, although not as strong, show similar alignments and that around half the country held relatively strong views on "culture war" issues such as debates on Britain's colonial history or Black Lives Matter; however, the report concluded Britain's cultural and political divide was not as stark as the Republican–Democratic divide in the US and that a sizeable section of the public can be categorised as having either moderate views or as being disengaged from social debates. It also found that ''[[The Guardian]]'', as opposed to the centre-right newspapers, was more likely to talk about the culture wars.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Duffy |first1=Bobby |last2=Hewlett |first2=Kirstie |last3=Murkin |first3=George |last4=Benson |first4=Rebecca |last5=Hesketh |first5=Rachel |last6=Page |first6=Ben |last7=Skinner |first7=Gideon |last8=Gottfried |first8=Glenn |date=June 2021 |title='Culture wars' in the UK |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/policy-institute/assets/culture-wars-in-the-uk.pdf |website=The Policy Institute at King's College London |access-date=November 2, 2023 |archive-date=November 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102135835/https://www.kcl.ac.uk/policy-institute/assets/culture-wars-in-the-uk.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] have been described as attempting to ignite culture wars in regard to "conservative values" under the tenure of Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]]. Others argue that it is the left who are engaging in "culture wars", particularly against liberal values, accepted words, and British institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/opinion/tories-culture-war-win-back-popular-support-670637|title=The Tories are spoiling for a culture war to stand up for 'British values'|last=Balls|first=Katy|date=29 September 2020|website=inews.co.uk|accessdate=8 February 2021|archive-date=May 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510021634/https://inews.co.uk/opinion/tories-culture-war-win-back-popular-support-670637|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/dec/20/tory-class-agenda-is-culture-war-stunt-that-will-leave-inequality-untouched|title=The Tory 'class agenda' is a culture war stunt that will leave inequality untouched|last=Malik|first=Kenan|date=20 December 2020|work=The Guardian|accessdate=8 February 2021|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208040554/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/dec/20/tory-class-agenda-is-culture-war-stunt-that-will-leave-inequality-untouched|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mason|first=Paul|date=10 February 2021|title=Boris Johnson's probe into left-wing "extremism" is a dangerous distraction from the fascist threat|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2021/02/boris-johnson-s-probe-left-wing-extremism-dangerous-distraction-fascist-threat|access-date=2021-02-18|website=New Statesman|language=en|quote=This is, at one level, part of the pre-scripted culture war being orchestrated by those around [Boris] Johnson.|archive-date=February 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213122508/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2021/02/boris-johnson-s-probe-left-wing-extremism-dangerous-distraction-fascist-threat|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/trustees-pay-price-for-speaking-out|title=UK culture war: museum trustees are paying the price for disagreeing with government's policies|website=The Art Newspaper|date=June 7, 2021|access-date=June 7, 2021|archive-date=June 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607112437/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/trustees-pay-price-for-speaking-out|url-status=live}}</ref> Observers such as [[Johns Hopkins University]] professor [[Yascha Mounk]] and journalist and author [[Louise Perry]] have argued that the collapse in support for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] during the [[2019 United Kingdom general election]] came as a result of both a media-induced public perception and a deliberate strategy of Labour of pursuing messages and policy ideas based on cultural issues that resonated with more university educated grassroots activists on the left of the party but alienated Labour's traditional working class voters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/12/how-culture-killed-labour-party/603583/|title=How Labour Lost the Culture War|last=Mounk|first=Yascha|date=December 13, 2019|website=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=December 8, 2021|archive-date=December 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208213313/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/12/how-culture-killed-labour-party/603583/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/comment/2021/06/uk-immersed-class-culture-war-and-labour-incapable-winning-it|title=The UK is immersed in a class-culture war – and Labour is incapable of winning it|last=Perry|first=Louise|date=June 22, 2021|work=New Statesman|access-date=December 8, 2021|archive-date=December 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208213317/https://www.newstatesman.com/comment/2021/06/uk-immersed-class-culture-war-and-labour-incapable-winning-it|url-status=live}}</ref> An April 2022 survey found evidence that Britons are less divided on "culture war" issues than has often been portrayed in the media. The greatest predictor of opinion was how people voted in the UK's referendum on membership of the European Union, [[Brexit]], yet even among those who voted Leave, 75% agreed "it is important to be attentive to issues of race and social justice". Similarly, even among Remainers and those who last voted for the Labour Party, there was moderately strong support for several socially conservative positions.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/may/01/four-in-five-people-in-the-uk-believe-in-being-woke-to-race-and-social-justice |title=Four in five people in the UK believe in being 'woke' to race and social justice |work=[[The Guardian]] |first=Michael |last=Savage |date=1 May 2022 |access-date=3 May 2022 |archive-date=May 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503201928/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/may/01/four-in-five-people-in-the-uk-believe-in-being-woke-to-race-and-social-justice |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name ="InCommon">{{cite web |url=https://ourglobalfuture.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/GF_TheCentreHolds_Report_10.pdf |title=The Centre Holds |work=Global Future |first1=Renie |last1=Anjeh |first2=Isabel |last2=Doraisamy |date=April 2022 |access-date=3 May 2022 |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129165934/https://ourglobalfuture.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/GF_TheCentreHolds_Report_10.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Turkey=== {{Main article|White Turks|Black Turks}} {{empty-section|date=December 2024}} ===Europe=== {{See also|"Polish death camp" controversy|Language policy in Ukraine|LGBT ideology-free zone}} Several politicians, such as Poland's [[Law and Justice]] party,<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Rohac |first1=Dalibor |last2=Kokonos |first2=Lance |date=November 2, 2020 |title=Poland's Culture Wars |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/11/02/poland-hungary-culture-wars-abortion-russia/ |magazine=Foreign Policy |access-date=November 4, 2020 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407154316/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/11/02/poland-hungary-culture-wars-abortion-russia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hungary's [[Viktor Orbán]], Serbia's [[Aleksandar Vučić]], and Slovenia's [[Janez Janša]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Kakissis |first=Joanna |title=Slovenian Prime Minister Cheers Trump 'Triumph' Despite Untallied Votes |url=https://apps.npr.org/liveblogs/20201103-election/#slovenian-prime-minister-cheers-trump-328 |work=NPR |location=Athens, Greece |date=November 4, 2020 |access-date=November 4, 2020 |archive-date=November 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104000755/https://apps.npr.org/liveblogs/20201103-election/#slovenian-prime-minister-cheers-trump-328 |url-status=live }}</ref> have been accused of fomenting culture wars in their respective countries by encouraging dissent, resistance to LGBT rights, and restrictions on abortion. One facet of the controversy in Poland is the removal of [[Soviet War Memorials]], which is divisive because some Poles viewed the memorials positively as commemorations of their ancestors who died during [[World War II]], while others felt negatively due to the oppression that some Poles experienced under the Soviet-backed [[Polish People's Republic]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Poland plans to tear down hundreds of Soviet memorials |url=https://www.dw.com/en/poland-plans-to-tear-down-hundreds-of-soviet-memorials/a-19185159 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=13 April 2016 |access-date=October 31, 2021 |archive-date=March 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326170823/https://www.dw.com/en/poland-plans-to-tear-down-hundreds-of-soviet-memorials/a-19185159 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Then And Now: Soviet Monuments Disappear Across Poland |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/then-and-now-photos-show-soviet-monuments-disappearing-in-poland-after-decommunization-law/30905305.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=23 October 2020 |access-date=October 31, 2021 |archive-date=March 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330064935/https://www.rferl.org/a/then-and-now-photos-show-soviet-monuments-disappearing-in-poland-after-decommunization-law/30905305.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Culture war in Hungary is alleged by [[Kim Scheppele]] to be a disguise for [[democratic backsliding]] by Orbán.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Here's why American conservatives are heading to Hungary for a big conference |language=en |work=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/05/18/1099680587/a-prominent-conference-of-american-conservatives-is-taking-place-in-hungary |access-date=2022-05-19 |archive-date=May 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519173042/https://www.npr.org/2022/05/18/1099680587/a-prominent-conference-of-american-conservatives-is-taking-place-in-hungary |url-status=live }}</ref> Ukraine also experienced a decades-long culture war pitting the eastern, predominately Russian-speaking, regions against the western Ukrainian-speaking areas of the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine's Culture War |url=https://nationalinterest.org/commentary/ukraines-culture-war-9838 |work=The National Interest |date=7 February 2014 |access-date=October 31, 2021 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022235721/https://nationalinterest.org/commentary/ukraines-culture-war-9838 |url-status=live }}</ref> LGBT rights are controversial in Poland, as exemplified by President [[Andrzej Duda]]'s vow in 2020 to oppose both [[same-sex marriage]] and [[LGBT adoption]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Polish President Calls 'LGBT Ideology' More Harmful Than Communism|url=https://time.com/5853277/andrzej-duda-lgbt-ideology-communism/|access-date=2020-06-14|magazine=Time|language=en|archive-date=June 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613203428/https://time.com/5853277/andrzej-duda-lgbt-ideology-communism/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Polish election: Andrzej Duda says LGBT 'ideology' worse than communism |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53039864 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 June 2020 |access-date=October 31, 2021 |archive-date=October 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031095804/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53039864 |url-status=live }}</ref> Different interpretations of bitter events during [[World War II]] have become especially contentious in Poland since 2015, shortly after the start of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]].<ref name=carnegie>{{Cite web | url=https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/75029 | title=The Polish-Ukrainian Battle for the Past}}, Carnegie Europe</ref> One disputed issue is whether Poland bears any [[responsibility for the Holocaust|responsibility]] for [[The Holocaust in Poland|the Holocaust]], or whether Poland was entirely a victim of [[Nazi Germany]]. This dispute is embodied by the "[["Polish death camp" controversy|Polish death camp]]" controversy (involving [[concentration camp]]s that had been built by [[Nazi Germany]] during [[World War II]] on German-occupied Polish soil) and an attempt to address that controversy with a now [[Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance|partly repealed law]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hackmann |first1=Jörg |title=Defending the "Good Name" of the Polish Nation: Politics of History as a Battlefield in Poland, 2015–18 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=2018 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=587–606 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2018.1528742|s2cid=81922100 }}</ref> A second issue, also addressed by the partly repealed law, revolves around [[Poland–Ukraine relations]]. In the region, in passing a law to criminalize negative interpretations of the country's collaborationist nationalist movements during World War II, Poland is not alone,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Katz |first1=Dovid |title=Poland's New Holocaust Law Is Bad, But Not the Worst |url=https://jewishcurrents.org/poland-s-new-holocaust-is-bad-but-not-the-worst/ |access-date=26 October 2020 |work=Jewish Currents |date=25 April 2018}}</ref> and [[Poland–Ukraine relations]] have suffered as a result of a [[Ukrainian decommunization laws|similar law]] in Ukraine that was criticized in Poland for deflecting blame away from the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] and their [[massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tvp.info/19594670/mowie-upa-odpowiada-za-ludobojstwo-polakow-ukraincy-scigajcie-mnie|title="Mówię: UPA odpowiada za ludobójstwo Polaków. Ukraińcy, ścigajcie mnie!"|access-date=2018-03-06|language=pl}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Class conflict]] * [[Ethnic conflict]] {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} ===Drugs=== *[[Drug decriminalization]] *[[Harm reduction]] *[[Legal drinking age]] *[[War on Drugs]] ===Education and parenting=== *[[Corporal punishment]] and [[child discipline]], most notably [[spanking]] *[[Creation–evolution controversy]] *[[Family values]] *[[Homeschooling]] and [[educational choice]] *[[Sexual education]] and [[Sexual abstinence|abstinence only education]] ===Environment and energy=== *[[Global warming controversy]]<ref name="Hoffman2012">[http://www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/climate_science_as_culture_war ''Climate Science as Culture War: The public debate around climate change is no longer about science—it's about values, culture, and ideology''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121111859/https://ssir.org/books/reviews/entry/climate_science_as_culture_war |date=November 21, 2020 }} Fall 2012 [[Stanford Social Innovation Review]]</ref> {{col-3}} ===Gender and sexuality=== *[[Age disparity in sexual relationships]] *[[Age of consent]] *[[Anti-gender movement]] *[[Circumcision controversies]] *[[Feminism]] *[[LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory]] *[[LGBT social movements|LGBT rights]] and [[same-sex marriage]] *[[Polyamory]] *[[Sex work]] *[[Sexual revolution]] *[[Toplessness]] and [[Nudity]] ===Law and government=== *[[Crypto wars]] *[[Disfranchisement]] *[[Gerrymandering]] *[[Gun politics in the United States|Gun rights]] *[[Immigration reform]] *[[Law and order (politics)|Law and order]] *[[Red state vs. blue state divide]] ===Life issues=== *[[Anti-war movement]] *[[Capital punishment]] *[[Reproductive rights]] including [[birth control]] and [[in vitro fertilization]] (and their coverage by insurance) *[[Right to die|Right to die movement]] and [[euthanasia]] *[[Stem-cell research]] *[[Universal healthcare]] {{col-3}} ===Society and culture=== *[[Cancel culture]] *[[Counterculture]] *[[Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory]] *[[Cultural Revolution]] *{{annotated link|Expurgation}} *[[Geographical renaming]] *[[Australian history wars|History wars]] *''[[Kulturkampf]]'' *[[Media bias in the United States|Media bias in the U.S.]] *[[Moral absolutism]] vs. [[moral relativism]] *[[Multiculturalism]] *[[Negationism]] *[[Owning the libs]] *[[Permissive society]] *[[Race (classification of human beings)|Race]], [[affirmative action]] *[[Secularism]] and [[secularization]] *[[Social justice warrior]] *[[Squatting]] *[[Theory wars]] *[[Woke]] {{Col-end}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * Chapman, Roger, and James Ciment. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=XO9nBwAAQBAJ Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints and Voices]'' (2nd ed. Routledge, 2015) * D'Antonio, William V., Steven A. Tuch and Josiah R. Baker, ''Religion, Politics, and Polarization: How Religiopolitical Conflict Is Changing Congress and American Democracy'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2013) {{ISBN|1442223979}} {{ISBN|978-1442223974}} * [[Morris P. Fiorina|Fiorina, Morris P.]], with Samuel J. Abrams and Jeremy C. Pope, ''Culture War?: The Myth of a Polarized America'' (Longman, 2004) {{ISBN|0-321-27640-X}} * Graff, Gerald. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GzYG0HytHoAC Beyond the Culture Wars: How Teaching the Conflicts Can Revitalize American Education]'' (1992) * {{cite book |title=Moral Combat: How Sex Divided American Christians and Fractured American Politics |year=2017 |first=R. Marie |last=Griffith |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0465094752}} * Hartman, Andrew. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fW__BgAAQBAJ A war for the soul of America: a history of the culture wars]'' (University of Chicago Press, 2015) * Hunter, James Davison, ''Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America'' (New York: Basic Books, 1992) {{ISBN|0-465-01534-4}} * Jay, Gregory S., ''American Literature and the Culture Wars'', (Cornell University Press, 1997) {{ISBN|0-8014-3393-2}} {{ISBN|978-0801433931}} * Jensen, Richard. "The Culture Wars, 1965-1995: A Historian's Map" ''Journal of Social History'' 29 (Oct 1995) 17–37. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3789064 in JSTOR] * Jones, E. Michael, ''Degenerate Moderns: Modernity As Rationalized Sexual Misbehavior'', Ft. Collins, CO: Ignatius Press, 1993 {{ISBN|0-89870-447-2}} * Petro, Anthony, ''After the Wrath of God: AIDS, Sexuality, and American Religion'' (Oxford University Press, 2015) * {{cite book |title=Why Liberals Win the Culture Wars (Even When They Lose Elections): A History of the Religious Battles That Define America from Jefferson's Heresies to Gay Marriage Today |first=Stephen |last=Prothero |year=2017 |publisher=HarperOne |isbn=978-0061571312 }} * Strauss, William & Howe, Neil, ''The Fourth Turning, An American Prophecy: What the Cycles of History Tell Us About America's Next Rendezvous With Destiny'', 1998, Broadway Books, New York * Thomson, Irene Tavis., [https://web.archive.org/web/20130614004916/http://www.press.umich.edu/1571954 ''Culture Wars and Enduring American Dilemmas''], (University of Michigan Press, 2010) {{ISBN|978-0-472-07088-6}} * Walsh, Andrew D., ''Religion, Economics, and Public Policy: Ironies, Tragedies, and Absurdities of the Contemporary Culture Wars'', (Praeger, 2000) {{ISBN|0-275-96611-9}} * Webb, Adam K., ''Beyond the Global Culture War'', (Routledge, 2006) {{ISBN|0-415-95313-8}} * Zimmerman, Jonathan, ''Whose America? Culture Wars in the Public Schools'' (Harvard University Press, 2002) {{ISBN|0-674-01860-5}} ==External links== * {{Wiktionary-inline}} {{American Social Conservatism}} {{Culture}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Culture War}} [[Category:Cultural politics]] [[Category:Culture of the United States]] [[Category:Political terminology of the United States]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture Wars">Culture Wars</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_Wars&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture Wars">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural politics in the United States">Ethnocultural politics in the United States</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural politics in the United States">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Expurgation" title="Expurgation">Expurgation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Expurgation&action=edit" title="Expurgation">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States" title="History of ethnocultural politics in the United States">History of ethnocultural politics in the United States</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit" title="History of ethnocultural politics in the United States">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulturkampf&action=edit" title="Kulturkampf">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ambox" title="Template:Ambox">Template:Ambox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ambox&action=edit" title="Template:Ambox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Social_Conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:American Social Conservatism">Template:American Social Conservatism</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:American_Social_Conservatism&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:American Social Conservatism">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:American_social_conservatism" title="Template:American social conservatism">Template:American social conservatism</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:American_social_conservatism&action=edit" title="Template:American social conservatism">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Annotated_link" title="Template:Annotated link">Template:Annotated link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Annotated_link&action=edit" title="Template:Annotated link">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Authority_control" title="Template:Authority control">Template:Authority control</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit" title="Template:Authority control">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Better_source_needed" title="Template:Better source needed">Template:Better source needed</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Better_source_needed&action=edit" title="Template:Better source needed">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bsn" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Bsn">Template:Bsn</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Bsn&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Bsn">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Catalog_lookup_link" title="Template:Catalog lookup link">Template:Catalog lookup link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Catalog_lookup_link&action=edit" title="Template:Catalog lookup link">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Category_handler" title="Template:Category handler">Template:Category handler</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Category_handler&action=edit" title="Template:Category handler">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">Template:Citation needed</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit" title="Template:Citation needed">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media" title="Template:Cite AV media">Template:Cite AV media</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_AV_media&action=edit" title="Template:Cite AV media">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">Template:Cite book</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit" title="Template:Cite book">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">Template:Cite journal</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit" title="Template:Cite journal">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">Template:Cite magazine</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_magazine&action=edit" title="Template:Cite magazine">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">Template:Cite news</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit" title="Template:Cite news">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">Template:Cite report</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_report&action=edit" title="Template:Cite report">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_speech" title="Template:Cite speech">Template:Cite speech</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_speech&action=edit" title="Template:Cite speech">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis">Template:Cite thesis</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_thesis&action=edit" title="Template:Cite thesis">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">Template:Cite web</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit" title="Template:Cite web">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Col-3" title="Template:Col-3">Template:Col-3</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Col-3&action=edit" title="Template:Col-3">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Col-begin" title="Template:Col-begin">Template:Col-begin</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Col-begin&action=edit" title="Template:Col-begin">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Col-begin/styles.css" title="Template:Col-begin/styles.css">Template:Col-begin/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Col-begin/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Col-begin/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Col-break" title="Template:Col-break">Template:Col-break</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Col-break&action=edit" title="Template:Col-break">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Col-end" title="Template:Col-end">Template:Col-end</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Col-end&action=edit" title="Template:Col-end">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture" title="Template:Culture">Template:Culture</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Culture&action=edit" title="Template:Culture">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:DMCA" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:DMCA">Template:DMCA</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:DMCA&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:DMCA">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Dated_maintenance_category" title="Template:Dated maintenance category">Template:Dated maintenance category</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Dated_maintenance_category&action=edit" title="Template:Dated maintenance category">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Dated_maintenance_category_(articles)" title="Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)">Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Dated_maintenance_category_(articles)&action=edit" title="Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Delink" title="Template:Delink">Template:Delink</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Delink&action=edit" title="Template:Delink">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Doi" title="Template:Doi">Template:Doi</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Doi&action=edit" title="Template:Doi">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Empty-section" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Empty-section">Template:Empty-section</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Empty-section&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Empty-section">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Empty_section" title="Template:Empty section">Template:Empty section</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Empty_section&action=edit" title="Template:Empty section">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Excerpt" title="Template:Excerpt">Template:Excerpt</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Excerpt&action=edit" title="Template:Excerpt">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Excerpt/styles.css" title="Template:Excerpt/styles.css">Template:Excerpt/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Excerpt/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Excerpt/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_section" title="Template:Expand section">Template:Expand section</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Expand_section&action=edit" title="Template:Expand section">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME" title="Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME">Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME&action=edit" title="Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fix" title="Template:Fix">Template:Fix</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fix&action=edit" title="Template:Fix">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fix/category" title="Template:Fix/category">Template:Fix/category</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fix/category&action=edit" title="Template:Fix/category">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:For" title="Template:For">Template:For</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:For&action=edit" title="Template:For">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Google_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Google book">Template:Google book</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Google_book&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Google book">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Google_books" title="Template:Google books">Template:Google books</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Google_books&action=edit" title="Template:Google books">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hatnote" title="Template:Hatnote">Template:Hatnote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Hatnote&action=edit" title="Template:Hatnote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hlist/styles.css" title="Template:Hlist/styles.css">Template:Hlist/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Hlist/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Hlist/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:ISBN" title="Template:ISBN">Template:ISBN</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:ISBN&action=edit" title="Template:ISBN">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Icon" title="Template:Icon">Template:Icon</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Icon&action=edit" title="Template:Icon">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">Template:Lang</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang&action=edit" title="Template:Lang">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Main" title="Template:Main">Template:Main</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Main&action=edit" title="Template:Main">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Main_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Main article">Template:Main article</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Main_article&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Main article">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Main_other" title="Template:Main other">Template:Main other</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Main_other&action=edit" title="Template:Main other">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiple_image" title="Template:Multiple image">Template:Multiple image</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Multiple_image&action=edit" title="Template:Multiple image">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiple_image/styles.css" title="Template:Multiple image/styles.css">Template:Multiple image/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Multiple_image/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Multiple image/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox" title="Template:Navbox">Template:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Navbox&action=edit" title="Template:Navbox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ns_has_subpages" title="Template:Ns has subpages">Template:Ns has subpages</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ns_has_subpages&action=edit" title="Template:Ns has subpages">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pagetype" title="Template:Pagetype">Template:Pagetype</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Pagetype&action=edit" title="Template:Pagetype">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Portal-inline" title="Template:Portal-inline">Template:Portal-inline</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Portal-inline&action=edit" title="Template:Portal-inline">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_page_maintenance_message" title="Template:Protected page maintenance message">Template:Protected page maintenance message</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Protected_page_maintenance_message&action=edit" title="Template:Protected page maintenance message">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Redirect" title="Template:Redirect">Template:Redirect</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Redirect&action=edit" title="Template:Redirect">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Template:Reflist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit" title="Template:Reflist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist/styles.css" title="Template:Reflist/styles.css">Template:Reflist/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Reflist/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Reflist/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:SDcat" title="Template:SDcat">Template:SDcat</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:SDcat&action=edit" title="Template:SDcat">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:See_also" title="Template:See also">Template:See also</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:See_also&action=edit" title="Template:See also">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Short_description" title="Template:Short description">Template:Short description</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit" title="Template:Short description">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck" title="Template:Short description/lowercasecheck">Template:Short description/lowercasecheck</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck&action=edit" title="Template:Short description/lowercasecheck">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sister-inline" title="Template:Sister-inline">Template:Sister-inline</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Sister-inline&action=edit" title="Template:Sister-inline">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tooltip" title="Template:Tooltip">Template:Tooltip</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Tooltip&action=edit" title="Template:Tooltip">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tooltip/styles.css" title="Template:Tooltip/styles.css">Template:Tooltip/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Tooltip/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Tooltip/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Trim" title="Template:Trim">Template:Trim</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Trim&action=edit" title="Template:Trim">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Use_mdy_dates" title="Template:Use mdy dates">Template:Use mdy dates</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Use_mdy_dates&action=edit" title="Template:Use mdy dates">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Webarchive" title="Template:Webarchive">Template:Webarchive</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Webarchive&action=edit" title="Template:Webarchive">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wiktionary-inline" title="Template:Wiktionary-inline">Template:Wiktionary-inline</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Wiktionary-inline&action=edit" title="Template:Wiktionary-inline">view source</a>) (extended confirmed protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yesno" title="Template:Yesno">Template:Yesno</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Yesno&action=edit" title="Template:Yesno">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yesno-no" title="Template:Yesno-no">Template:Yesno-no</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Yesno-no&action=edit" title="Template:Yesno-no">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yesno-yes" title="Template:Yesno-yes">Template:Yesno-yes</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Yesno-yes&action=edit" title="Template:Yesno-yes">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Annotated_link" title="Module:Annotated link">Module:Annotated link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Annotated_link&action=edit" title="Module:Annotated link">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Arguments" title="Module:Arguments">Module:Arguments</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Arguments&action=edit" title="Module:Arguments">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Authority_control" title="Module:Authority control">Module:Authority control</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Authority_control&action=edit" title="Module:Authority control">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Authority_control/config" title="Module:Authority control/config">Module:Authority control/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Authority_control/config&action=edit" title="Module:Authority control/config">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Catalog_lookup_link" title="Module:Catalog lookup link">Module:Catalog lookup link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Catalog_lookup_link&action=edit" title="Module:Catalog lookup link">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler" title="Module:Category handler">Module:Category handler</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/blacklist" title="Module:Category handler/blacklist">Module:Category handler/blacklist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/blacklist&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/blacklist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/config" title="Module:Category handler/config">Module:Category handler/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/config&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/config">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/data" title="Module:Category handler/data">Module:Category handler/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/data&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/data">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/shared" title="Module:Category handler/shared">Module:Category handler/shared</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/shared&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/shared">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Check_for_unknown_parameters" title="Module:Check for unknown parameters">Module:Check for unknown parameters</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Check_for_unknown_parameters&action=edit" title="Module:Check for unknown parameters">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Check_isxn" title="Module:Check isxn">Module:Check isxn</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Check_isxn&action=edit" title="Module:Check isxn">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1" title="Module:Citation/CS1">Module:Citation/CS1</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/COinS" title="Module:Citation/CS1/COinS">Module:Citation/CS1/COinS</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/COinS&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/COinS">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation">Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers">Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities">Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist">Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Delink" title="Module:Delink">Module:Delink</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Delink&action=edit" title="Module:Delink">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Disambiguation/templates" title="Module:Disambiguation/templates">Module:Disambiguation/templates</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Disambiguation/templates&action=edit" title="Module:Disambiguation/templates">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:EditAtWikidata" title="Module:EditAtWikidata">Module:EditAtWikidata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:EditAtWikidata&action=edit" title="Module:EditAtWikidata">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Excerpt" title="Module:Excerpt">Module:Excerpt</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit" title="Module:Excerpt">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Excerpt/config" title="Module:Excerpt/config">Module:Excerpt/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt/config&action=edit" title="Module:Excerpt/config">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:For" title="Module:For">Module:For</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:For&action=edit" title="Module:For">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Format_link" title="Module:Format link">Module:Format link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Format_link&action=edit" title="Module:Format link">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:GetParameters" title="Module:GetParameters">Module:GetParameters</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:GetParameters&action=edit" title="Module:GetParameters">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:GetShortDescription" title="Module:GetShortDescription">Module:GetShortDescription</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:GetShortDescription&action=edit" title="Module:GetShortDescription">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Hatnote" title="Module:Hatnote">Module:Hatnote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Hatnote&action=edit" title="Module:Hatnote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Hatnote/styles.css" title="Module:Hatnote/styles.css">Module:Hatnote/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Hatnote/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Hatnote/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Hatnote_list" title="Module:Hatnote list">Module:Hatnote list</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Hatnote_list&action=edit" title="Module:Hatnote list">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Icon" title="Module:Icon">Module:Icon</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Icon&action=edit" title="Module:Icon">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Icon/data" title="Module:Icon/data">Module:Icon/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Icon/data&action=edit" title="Module:Icon/data">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Labelled_list_hatnote" title="Module:Labelled list hatnote">Module:Labelled list hatnote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Labelled_list_hatnote&action=edit" title="Module:Labelled list hatnote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Lang" title="Module:Lang">Module:Lang</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Lang&action=edit" title="Module:Lang">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Lang/ISO_639_synonyms" title="Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms">Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Lang/ISO_639_synonyms&action=edit" title="Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Lang/configuration" title="Module:Lang/configuration">Module:Lang/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Lang/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Lang/configuration">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Lang/data" title="Module:Lang/data">Module:Lang/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Lang/data&action=edit" title="Module:Lang/data">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Lang/data/iana_languages" title="Module:Lang/data/iana languages">Module:Lang/data/iana languages</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Lang/data/iana_languages&action=edit" title="Module:Lang/data/iana languages">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Lang/data/iana_regions" title="Module:Lang/data/iana regions">Module:Lang/data/iana regions</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Lang/data/iana_regions&action=edit" title="Module:Lang/data/iana regions">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Lang/data/iana_scripts" title="Module:Lang/data/iana scripts">Module:Lang/data/iana scripts</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Lang/data/iana_scripts&action=edit" title="Module:Lang/data/iana scripts">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Lang/data/iana_suppressed_scripts" title="Module:Lang/data/iana suppressed scripts">Module:Lang/data/iana suppressed scripts</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Lang/data/iana_suppressed_scripts&action=edit" title="Module:Lang/data/iana suppressed scripts">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Lang/data/iana_variants" title="Module:Lang/data/iana variants">Module:Lang/data/iana variants</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Lang/data/iana_variants&action=edit" title="Module:Lang/data/iana variants">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Lang/data/is_latn_data" title="Module:Lang/data/is latn data">Module:Lang/data/is latn data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Lang/data/is_latn_data&action=edit" title="Module:Lang/data/is latn data">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Message_box" title="Module:Message box">Module:Message box</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box&action=edit" title="Module:Message box">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Message_box/ambox.css" title="Module:Message box/ambox.css">Module:Message box/ambox.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/ambox.css&action=edit" title="Module:Message box/ambox.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Message_box/configuration" title="Module:Message box/configuration">Module:Message box/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Message box/configuration">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Multiple_image" title="Module:Multiple image">Module:Multiple image</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Multiple_image&action=edit" title="Module:Multiple image">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Namespace_detect/config" title="Module:Namespace detect/config">Module:Namespace detect/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Namespace_detect/config&action=edit" title="Module:Namespace detect/config">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Namespace_detect/data" title="Module:Namespace detect/data">Module:Namespace detect/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Namespace_detect/data&action=edit" title="Module:Namespace detect/data">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar" title="Module:Navbar">Module:Navbar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar/configuration" title="Module:Navbar/configuration">Module:Navbar/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar/configuration">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar/styles.css" title="Module:Navbar/styles.css">Module:Navbar/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox" title="Module:Navbox">Module:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox/configuration" title="Module:Navbox/configuration">Module:Navbox/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox/configuration">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox/styles.css" title="Module:Navbox/styles.css">Module:Navbox/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Ns_has_subpages" title="Module:Ns has subpages">Module:Ns has subpages</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Ns_has_subpages&action=edit" title="Module:Ns has subpages">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype" title="Module:Pagetype">Module:Pagetype</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/config" title="Module:Pagetype/config">Module:Pagetype/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/config&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/config">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/disambiguation" class="mw-redirect" title="Module:Pagetype/disambiguation">Module:Pagetype/disambiguation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/disambiguation&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Module:Pagetype/disambiguation">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/rfd" title="Module:Pagetype/rfd">Module:Pagetype/rfd</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/rfd&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/rfd">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/setindex" title="Module:Pagetype/setindex">Module:Pagetype/setindex</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/setindex&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/setindex">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/softredirect" title="Module:Pagetype/softredirect">Module:Pagetype/softredirect</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/softredirect&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/softredirect">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Portal" title="Module:Portal">Module:Portal</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Portal&action=edit" title="Module:Portal">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Portal-inline" title="Module:Portal-inline">Module:Portal-inline</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Portal-inline&action=edit" title="Module:Portal-inline">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Portal/images/c" title="Module:Portal/images/c">Module:Portal/images/c</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Portal/images/c&action=edit" title="Module:Portal/images/c">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Redirect_hatnote" title="Module:Redirect hatnote">Module:Redirect hatnote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Redirect_hatnote&action=edit" title="Module:Redirect hatnote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:SDcat" title="Module:SDcat">Module:SDcat</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:SDcat&action=edit" title="Module:SDcat">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:String" title="Module:String">Module:String</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:String&action=edit" title="Module:String">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:String2" title="Module:String2">Module:String2</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:String2&action=edit" title="Module:String2">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:TNT" title="Module:TNT">Module:TNT</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:TNT&action=edit" title="Module:TNT">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:TableTools" title="Module:TableTools">Module:TableTools</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:TableTools&action=edit" title="Module:TableTools">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Transcluder" title="Module:Transcluder">Module:Transcluder</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Transcluder&action=edit" title="Module:Transcluder">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Unicode_data" title="Module:Unicode data">Module:Unicode data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Unicode_data&action=edit" title="Module:Unicode data">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Unsubst" title="Module:Unsubst">Module:Unsubst</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Unsubst&action=edit" title="Module:Unsubst">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Webarchive" title="Module:Webarchive">Module:Webarchive</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Webarchive&action=edit" title="Module:Webarchive">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Webarchive/data" title="Module:Webarchive/data">Module:Webarchive/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Webarchive/data&action=edit" title="Module:Webarchive/data">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Wikitext_Parsing" title="Module:Wikitext Parsing">Module:Wikitext Parsing</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikitext_Parsing&action=edit" title="Module:Wikitext Parsing">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Yesno" title="Module:Yesno">Module:Yesno</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Yesno&action=edit" title="Module:Yesno">view source</a>) (protected)</li></ul></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">Culture war</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_war">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_war</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >View source for Culture war</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>Add languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-64655f4d7-6jt2q","wgBackendResponseTime":373,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.061","walltime":"0.075","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 50.879 1 -total"," 99.81% 50.783 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 40.97% 20.843 2 Template:Replace"," 39.29% 19.991 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 35.83% 18.230 1 Template:Hidden"," 15.25% 7.759 1 Template:Tlx"," 14.80% 7.528 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 2.47% 1.258 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 2.28% 1.158 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 1.61% 0.821 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.011","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043383,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-64655f4d7-6jt2q","timestamp":"20250218214236","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>