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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #916f6f; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#916f6f"><b>This might be</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism"><font size="4" color="White"><b>Skepticism</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#D3C5C5;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Skepticism" title="Category:Skepticism"><img alt="Icon skepticism.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/c/c6/Icon_skepticism.svg/100px-Icon_skepticism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/c/c6/Icon_skepticism.svg/150px-Icon_skepticism.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/c/c6/Icon_skepticism.svg/200px-Icon_skepticism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#916f6f; text-align:center;"><b>But we're not sure</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#D3C5C5;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_chess" title="Pigeon chess">Pigeon chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">Pseudoskepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell" title="Roswell">Roswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Soffen" title="Gerry Soffen">Gerry Soffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Gerbic" title="Susan Gerbic">Susan Gerbic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh_No_Ross_and_Carrie" title="Oh No Ross and Carrie">Oh No Ross and Carrie</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#916f6f; text-align:center;"><b>Who's asking?</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#D3C5C5;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_J._Stenger" title="Victor J. Stenger">Victor J. Stenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Herring" title="Richard Herring">Richard Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Bias/Fact_Check" title="Media Bias/Fact Check">Media Bias/Fact Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hoofnagle" title="Mark Hoofnagle">Mark Hoofnagle</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Skepnav" title="Template:Skepnav">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Skepnav" title="Template talk:Skepnav">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Skepnav&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:UnoReverseCard.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/f/f1/UnoReverseCard.png/165px-UnoReverseCard.png" decoding="async" width="165" height="301" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/f/f1/UnoReverseCard.png/248px-UnoReverseCard.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/f/f1/UnoReverseCard.png/330px-UnoReverseCard.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1169" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:UnoReverseCard.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Click to enlarge</div></div></div> <p><b>Russell's Teapot</b>, also known as the <b>Celestial Teapot</b> or <b>Cosmic Teapot</b>, is an analogy devised by the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> intended to refute the idea that the <a href="/wiki/Burden_of_proof" title="Burden of proof">burden of proof</a> lies upon the <a href="/wiki/Skeptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptic">skeptic</a> to disprove a claim, whether in general or of any <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>. By using an intentionally absurd analogy, Russell's Teapot draws attention to the formal logic behind the burden of proof and how it works. (Not to be confused with Russell Hobbs' Tea Kettle.) </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Russell.27s_original_proposition"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Russell's original proposition</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Extension_and_use_by_Dawkins"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Extension and use by Dawkins</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Large_numbers_of_people_believe_absurdities"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Large numbers of people believe absurdities</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Additional_interpretations"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Additional interpretations</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Creationist_response"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Creationist response</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span id="Russell's_original_proposition"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Russell.27s_original_proposition">Russell's original proposition</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell%27s_Teapot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Russell's original proposition">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>In an unpublished article entitled "Is There a God?", commissioned in 1952 by <i>Illustrated</i> magazine,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> Russell suggested the following <a href="/wiki/Thought_experiment" title="Thought experiment">thought experiment</a> to illustrate the burden of proof and <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">falsifiability</a>: </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; margin-right:210px; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p><i>If I were to suggest that between the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> there is a china teapot revolving about the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a> in an elliptical orbit, nobody would be able to disprove my assertion provided I were careful to add that the teapot is too small to be revealed even by our most powerful telescopes.</i> </p><p><i>But if I were to go on to say that, since my assertion cannot be disproved, it is an intolerable presumption on the part of human reason to doubt it, I should rightly be thought to be talking nonsense.</i> </p><p><i>If, however, the existence of such a teapot were affirmed in <a href="/wiki/Holy_book" title="Holy book"> ancient books</a>, taught as the sacred truth every Sunday, and instilled into the minds of children at school, hesitation to believe in its existence would become a mark of eccentricity and entitle the doubter to the attentions of the <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatrist">psychiatrist</a> in an enlightened age or of the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisitor</a> in an earlier time.</i> </p> </blockquote> <p>The existence of this teapot cannot be disproven. We can look and scan the skies almost for eternity, and it may always just be the case that it wasn't in the place we looked — there may be another spot we've overlooked, or it may have moved while we were looking. However, given the absurd nature of the specific example, the teapot, we would rightly infer that <a href="/wiki/Absence_of_evidence" title="Absence of evidence">absence of evidence</a> is evidence of absence. Russell's audacity in the thought experiment was to question why people don't like to apply the same, sound, <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> (remembering that <i>formal</i> logic is independent of the actual content of an argument) to the existence of any particular <a href="/wiki/Deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Deity">deity</a>; there is no difference in the evidence base provided, therefore there is no reason to assume a God and <i>not</i> a celestial teapot. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Extension_and_use_by_Dawkins">Extension and use by Dawkins</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell%27s_Teapot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Extension and use by Dawkins">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:322px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Teapot.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/8/81/Teapot.png/320px-Teapot.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="153" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/8/81/Teapot.png/480px-Teapot.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/8/81/Teapot.png/640px-Teapot.png 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="405" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Teapot.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Richard Dawkins Foundation professes its belief in the Almighty Celestial Teapot (objects not to scale).</div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a> also used Russell's teapot argument extensively in <i><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Devil%27s_Chaplain" class="mw-redirect" title="A Devil's Chaplain">A Devil's Chaplain</a></i>. He developed the argument further, to include many attitudes associated with the bad side of religion, including fear, oppression, and persecution. </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; margin-right:210px; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p><i>The reason organized religion merits outright hostility is that, unlike belief in Russell's teapot, religion is powerful, influential, <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">tax</a>-exempt and systematically passed on to children too young to defend themselves. Children are not compelled to spend their formative years memorizing loony books about teapots. Government-subsidized schools don't exclude children whose parents prefer the wrong shape of teapot. Teapot-believers don't stone <a href="/wiki/Infidel" title="Infidel">teapot-unbelievers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">teapot-apostates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">teapot-heretics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">teapot-blasphemers</a> to death. Mothers don't warn their sons off marrying teapot-shiksas whose parents believe in three teapots rather than one. People who put the milk in first don't kneecap those who put the <a href="/wiki/Tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea">tea</a> in first.</i> </p> </blockquote> <p>Dawkins' extended argument is that the trouble different believers cause for those who don't believe exactly what they do would be a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/tempest-in-a-teapot.html">Tempest in a teapot</a> if there weren't so much harm through it. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Large_numbers_of_people_believe_absurdities">Large numbers of people believe absurdities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell%27s_Teapot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Large numbers of people believe absurdities">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The persuasive aspects of Russell's teapot argument lie in reducing non-falsifiable beliefs to something that is more clearly absurd. Some may object to this methodology, citing that religions are somehow "<a href="/wiki/Special_pleading" title="Special pleading">different</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> but in general the claims made by Russell regarding the celestial teapot are similar to those proposed by all religions, major and minor alike. Indeed, given a broad enough definition, the existence of the teapot is just as much a religious matter as any other deity. <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism#Hellenistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">A small but growing number of people</a> believe in the Olympian <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">gods</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman religion">Greco-Roman religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/User:ListenerX" title="User:ListenerX">a few people</a> believe in <a href="/wiki/Asatru" title="Asatru">Asatru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neopagans" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopagans">Neopagans</a> believe at least parts of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic religion">Celtic religion</a>, but very many people buy into <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> traditions. Yet there is no consistent reason to take these currently popular ideologies any more seriously than other Bronze Age, Iron Age, or older, mythologies. Indeed, in another 2000 years, Christianity may have been displaced by <a href="/wiki/Scientology" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientology">Scientology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>, or something else as a major religion/belief system — so special privilege should not be given to a conjecture, even an openly religious one, just due to the <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">number of adherents</a>. This is the key behind highlighting the argument with the assertion as a teapot in orbit. We only think that the teapot is an <i>obviously</i> <a href="/wiki/Bullshit" title="Bullshit">bullshit</a> example because no one seriously believes it. If people did believe in it, we might think otherwise, but that's the point. This fact alone would not change the underlying logic, and evidence provided, to back up the assertion. </p><p>It can be argued that the case for most religions is actually <i>weaker</i> than the case for an alleged teapot orbiting the sun. At least the teapot, if it existed, would not violate any known physical laws — it might cause its hypothetical discoverers to scratch their heads about how the hell a teapot actually <i>got there</i> (see the "<a href="#Creationist_response">refutation</a>" below), but nothing really stops a teapot existing or being in orbit. Many organized religions, if they were true, would require repeated violations of known physical laws. True <a href="/wiki/Miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Miracles">miracles</a> being the obvious example, but the mere existence of <a href="/wiki/Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Gods">gods</a> and the various <a href="/wiki/Creation_myths" title="Creation myths">creation myths</a> are also included in this. </p><p>No reliable document has any reasonable information suggesting that any religion is true, either. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> is riddled with <a href="/wiki/Biblical_contradictions" title="Biblical contradictions">contradictions</a> and implausible stories, as is the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. Other religions revere their different <a href="/wiki/Mythology" title="Mythology">mythologies</a> in a similar way. When it's pointed out that they can't possibly all be true, the different believers insist passionately that their particular mythology has to be right, and all the others must be wrong. Russell's teapot points out how absurd this attitude is, by stating that no one would insist in believing something that is patent nonsense if it is phrased in a less familiar way, i.e., as the teapot rather than an established and popular <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">god</a>, goddess, or pantheon. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Additional_interpretations">Additional interpretations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell%27s_Teapot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Additional interpretations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:282px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Teapot.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/6/68/Teapot.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="195" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="195" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Teapot.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>PRAISE THE TEAPOT and the tea within it!</div></div></div> <p>When presented with the full narrative, the stage where Russell declares that the teapot is actually too small to be seen (after it has been searched for by all the telescopes in the world) can be considered an example of <a href="/wiki/Moving_the_goalposts" title="Moving the goalposts">moving the goalposts</a>. </p><p>In addition, the point where the teapot becomes "undetectable" is analogous to numerous ideas used in the construction of scientific theories regarding how the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> works. Namely, if something is <i>entirely undetectable</i> and as such has no effect that can be measured or observed, directly or indirectly, then its existence or otherwise essentially makes no difference to the world. Thus, it can happily be discarded if convenient to a better <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theory</a>. This was the case with the <a href="/wiki/Luminiferous_aether" title="Luminiferous aether">aether</a>, for example, which was a theorised "substance" that light would propagate through. As experiments failed to detect it or its effect (the <a href="/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelson–Morley experiment">Michelson–Morley experiment</a> being the most prominent and famous example), the idea was discarded to allow the development of <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> as used in <a href="/wiki/Relativity" title="Relativity">relativity</a>. The notions of absolute position, rest, and motion — associated with the existence of the aether — were also discarded, as they really can't be detected, in favor of more <a href="/wiki/Relativity" title="Relativity">relativistic physics</a> which turned out to predict the nature of the universe much better anyway. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Creationist_response">Creationist response</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell%27s_Teapot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Creationist response">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p><a href="/wiki/Conservapedia:Philip_J._Rayment" title="Conservapedia:Philip J. Rayment">Philip J. Rayment</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Conservapedia" title="Conservapedia">Conservapedia</a> editor, argues: </p> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>The fallacy in the argument is that there is in fact nothing absurd about believing the teapot to be there, if those "ancient books" were written by an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">ancient astronaut</a> or other being who placed the teapot there. <p>The argument <i>presumes</i> that such is not the case, so presumes what it sets out to prove, and is thus a circular argument. </p><p>That is, the argument is based on the <i>presumption</i> that there is no valid reason, beyond widespread belief, to believe that the teapot exists. </p> But if the validity of those ancient books could be established, there is indeed reason to believe that the teapot exists, and thus the presumption in the argument is false<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>While Rayment’s argument is logical, it is irrelevant as it ignores or misinterprets almost the entire point of the original argument. This refutation of the "Teapot Argument" requires there to be a <i>reliable</i> and preferably <i>primary</i> source for evidence of the teapot; i.e., the astronaut who placed it there. As stated above, no reliable ancient books prove the existence of a celestial teapot. Likewise, no reliable ancient books prove <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> claims of any <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>. While it does raise the question <i>slightly</i> to assume that these hypothetical ancient books that espouse a celestial teapot are not reliable (to much the same extent that we need to assume we exist in order to have any discussion <i>at all</i>), it is much more improbable that they <i>are</i> accurate, and so requires a much greater leap of <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Begging_the_question" class="mw-redirect" title="Begging the question">circular reasoning</a>. </p><p>The conclusion of the Russell's Teapot, therefore, is that there is no valid reason, beyond <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">widespread belief</a>, for belief in celestial teapots — or, by extension, for belief in religion. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a> suggests that the simplest answer with the fewest unproven assumptions is most likely to be true. There is <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific evidence</a> for the physical universe and for what <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical naturalism">metaphysical naturalism</a> presupposes exists. Celestial teapots and other religious claims introduce unnecessary complications and assumptions. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell%27s_Teapot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burden_of_proof" title="Burden of proof">Burden of proof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_claims_require_extraordinary_evidence" title="Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence">Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying Spaghetti Monster">Flying Spaghetti Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun:Celestial_Teapot" title="Fun:Celestial Teapot">Fun:Celestial Teapot</a> <i>This article explores the <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sexuality</a> of the Exalted High Priestess and the Divine Teapot Owner.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Pink_Unicorn" title="Invisible Pink Unicorn">Invisible Pink Unicorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_paradox" title="Russell's paradox">Russell's paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dragon_in_My_Garage" title="The Dragon in My Garage">The Dragon in My Garage</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell%27s_Teapot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://larrytanner.blogspot.com/2010/06/russells-teapot-still-orbiting.html">Why Russell's Teapot still serves</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell%27s_Teapot&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfpf.org.uk/articles/religion/br/br_god.html">"Is There a God?" — The complete essay</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2708880">/* Errors processing stylesheet [[:Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css]] (rev 2708880): • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 44 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 50 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 55 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 64 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 96 character 9. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 100 character 9. • Invalid media query at line 138 character 8. */ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWood2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, James (18 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnr.com/article/the-celestial-teapot">"The Celestial Teapot"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i> (27). <q>[B]elief in God is a good deal more reasonable than belief in the teapot, precisely because God cannot be reified, cannot be turned into a mere thing,and thus entices our approximations. [...] [B]y definition, then, this "grand and big" idea is not analogically disproved by referring to celestial teapots or vacuum cleaners, which lack the necessary bigness and grandeur.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=The+Celestial+Teapot&rft.issue=27&rft.date=2006-12-18&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnr.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-celestial-teapot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ARussell%27s+Teapot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Russel%27s_teapot&diff=prev&oldid=417136">Conservapedia - Russell's teapot</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="apologetics_and_counter-apologetics-navbox" style="clear:both;"> <table class="toccolours collapsible collapsed autocollapse innercollapse outercollapse navbox nowraplinks" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#484329; color:white; text-align:center;"><div style="float:left;" class="navbar"><div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apolbox" title="Template:Apolbox"><span style="color:white">v</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apolbox" title="Template talk:Apolbox"><span style="color:white">t</span></a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Apolbox&action=edit"><span style="color:white">e</span></a></div></div><span style="color:white; font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologetics_and_counter-apologetics" title="Category:Apologetics and counter-apologetics"><span style="color:white">Articles</span></a> about <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics"><span id="apologetics_and_counter-apologetics-navbox" style="color:white">apologetics and counter-apologetics</span></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologetics_and_counter-apologetics" title="Category:Apologetics and counter-apologetics"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Apologetics and counter-apologetics:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Question_Evolution" title="Question Evolution">Question Evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christianity_is_not_a_religion" title="Christianity is not a religion">Christianity is not a religion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Proof_the_Bible_is_True" title="Fun:Proof the Bible is True">Proof the Bible is True</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Proof_God_is_Always_Right" title="Fun:Proof God is Always Right">Proof God is Always Right</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Apologetics" title="New Apologetics">New Apologetics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">Apologetics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zeal_of_the_convert" title="Zeal of the convert">Zeal of the convert</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Statements_that_are_wrong_on_the_level_of_a_Young_Earth" title="Fun:Statements that are wrong on the level of a Young Earth">Statements that are wrong on the level of a Young Earth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_God_from_Science" title="Evidence for God from Science">Evidence for God from Science</a> • <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atheists_hate_god" title="Atheists hate god">Atheists hate god</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torah_Philosophy" title="Torah Philosophy">Torah Philosophy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answering_Islam" title="Answering Islam">Answering Islam</a> • <a href="/wiki/ProphecyFilm.com" title="ProphecyFilm.com">ProphecyFilm.com</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atheist_professor_myth" title="Atheist professor myth">Atheist professor myth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a> • <a href="/wiki/Minimal_facts_argument" title="Minimal facts argument">Minimal facts argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/FAQ_for_the_Newly_Deconverted" title="FAQ for the Newly Deconverted">FAQ for the Newly Deconverted</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nahom" title="Nahom">Nahom</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kuzari_principle" title="Kuzari principle">Kuzari principle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins_-_God_Hater" title="Richard Dawkins - God Hater">Richard Dawkins - God Hater</a> • <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion" title="Mara bar Serapion">Mara bar Serapion</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Existence_of_gods" title="Category:Existence of gods"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Existence of gods:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Religious_scientists" title="Religious scientists">Religious scientists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence paradox</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Presuppositionalism" title="Presuppositionalism">Presuppositionalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_God" title="Transcendental argument for God">Transcendental argument for God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Oenological_argument" title="Fun:Oenological argument">Oenological argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">God of the gaps</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_God%27s_existence" title="Evidence for God's existence">Evidence for God's existence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Argument from morality</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Argument_from_molarity" title="Fun:Argument from molarity">Argument from molarity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_first_cause" title="Argument from first cause">Argument from first cause</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_fine_tuning" title="Argument from fine tuning">Argument from fine tuning</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_design" title="Argument from design">Argument from design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Argument from beauty</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Trilemma" title="Lewis Trilemma">Lewis Trilemma</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Magic_sandwich" title="Fun:Magic sandwich">Magic sandwich</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evil_is_the_absence_of_God" title="Evil is the absence of God">Evil is the absence of God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kissing_Hank%27s_Ass" title="Kissing Hank's Ass">Kissing Hank's Ass</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Dragon_in_My_Garage" title="The Dragon in My Garage">The Dragon in My Garage</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Argument from desire</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arguments_against_the_existence_of_God" title="Arguments against the existence of God">Arguments against the existence of God</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Belief_in_gods" title="Category:Belief in gods"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Belief in gods:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_gods_that_theists_don%27t_believe_in" title="List of gods that theists don't believe in">List of gods that theists don't believe in</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_religion" title="Category:Science and religion"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Science and religion:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a> • <a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">God of the gaps</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_falling" title="Intelligent falling">Intelligent falling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Non-Overlapping_Magisteria" title="Non-Overlapping Magisteria">Non-Overlapping Magisteria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a> • <a href="/wiki/Accommodationism" title="Accommodationism">Accommodationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby" title="Burwell v. Hobby Lobby">Burwell v. Hobby Lobby</a> • <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_and_religion" title="Science and religion">Science and religion</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Morality_and_religion" title="Category:Morality and religion"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Morality and religion:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Just_world_fallacy" title="Just world fallacy">Just world fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a> • <a href="/wiki/Birth_as_a_Grave_Misfortune" title="Birth as a Grave Misfortune">Birth as a Grave Misfortune</a> • <a href="/wiki/Responding_to_Sam_Burke%27s_Argument_That_Christianity_Entails_Anti-Natalism" title="Responding to Sam Burke's Argument That Christianity Entails Anti-Natalism">Responding to Sam Burke's Argument That Christianity Entails Anti-Natalism</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Scriptures" title="Category:Scriptures"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Scriptures:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> • <a href="/wiki/Q_gospel" title="Q gospel">Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Book_of_Mormon" title="Fun:Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> • <a href="/wiki/Essene_Gospel_of_Peace" title="Essene Gospel of Peace">Essene Gospel of Peace</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aquarian_Gospel_of_Jesus_the_Christ" title="Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ">Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Urantia_Book" title="The Urantia Book">The Urantia Book</a> • <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">Kutub al-Sittah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Holy_book" title="Holy book">Holy book</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Health_with_Key_to_the_Scriptures" title="Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures">Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Avenue_Q_gospel" title="Fun:Avenue Q gospel">Avenue Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oahspe" title="Oahspe">Oahspe</a> • <a href="/wiki/A_Course_in_Miracles" title="A Course in Miracles">A Course in Miracles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a> • <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Enoch" title="Books of Enoch">Books of Enoch</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price" title="Pearl of Great Price">Pearl of Great Price</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List of Hindu texts</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_analysis" title="Category:Bible analysis"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Bible analysis:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a> • <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_New_Testament" title="Authorship of the New Testament">Authorship of the New Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_interpolation" title="Bible interpolation">Bible interpolation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_sexism" title="Biblical sexism">Biblical sexism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bibliolatry" title="Bibliolatry">Bibliolatry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_the_Exodus" title="Evidence for the Exodus">Evidence for the Exodus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospels" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> • <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_reading" title="Horizontal reading">Horizontal reading</a> • <a href="/wiki/King_James_Only" title="King James Only">King James Only</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_actions_prohibited_by_the_Bible" title="List of actions prohibited by the Bible">List of actions prohibited by the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a> • <a href="/wiki/Q_gospel" title="Q gospel">Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> • <a href="/wiki/Skeptic%27s_Annotated_Bible" title="Skeptic's Annotated Bible">Skeptic's Annotated Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_translation" title="Bible translation">Bible translation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Word_of_God" title="Word of God">Word of God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_contradictions" title="Biblical contradictions">Biblical contradictions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:List_of_mistakes_made_by_God" title="Fun:List of mistakes made by God">List of mistakes made by God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abomination" title="Abomination">Abomination</a> • <a href="/wiki/Firmament" title="Firmament">Firmament</a> • <a href="/wiki/G%27Tach" title="G'Tach">G'Tach</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arsenokoites" title="Arsenokoites">Arsenokoites</a> • <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a> • <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bible" title="Slavery in the Bible">Slavery in the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Examples_of_God_personally_killing_people" title="Examples of God personally killing people">Examples of God personally killing people</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herod" title="Herod">Herod</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Brick_Testament" title="The Brick Testament">The Brick Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_against_a_recent_creation" title="Evidence against a recent creation">Evidence against a recent creation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scientific_errors" title="Biblical scientific errors">Biblical scientific errors</a> • <a href="/wiki/EvilBible.com" title="EvilBible.com">EvilBible.com</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Qur%27an_analysis" title="Category:Qur'an analysis"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Qur'an analysis:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_actions_prohibited_by_the_Qur%27an" title="List of actions prohibited by the Qur'an">List of actions prohibited by the Qur'an</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_scientific_foreknowledge" title="Qur'anic scientific foreknowledge">Qur'anic scientific foreknowledge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_scientific_errors" title="Qur'anic scientific errors">Qur'anic scientific errors</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_contradictions" title="Qur'anic contradictions">Qur'anic contradictions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologists_and_counter-apologists" title="Category:Apologists and counter-apologists"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Apologists and counter-apologists:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Matt_Dillahunty" title="Matt Dillahunty">Matt Dillahunty</a> • <a href="/wiki/TheraminTrees" title="TheraminTrees">TheraminTrees</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hemant_Mehta" title="Hemant Mehta">Hemant Mehta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Templeton" title="Charles Templeton">Charles Templeton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Current" title="Edward Current">Edward Current</a> • <a href="/wiki/Armoured_Skeptic" title="Armoured Skeptic">Armoured Skeptic</a> • <a href="/wiki/DarkMatter2525" title="DarkMatter2525">DarkMatter2525</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_apologists" title="Category:Christian apologists"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Christian apologists:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jack_Chick" title="Jack Chick">Jack Chick</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Cameron" title="Kirk Cameron">Kirk Cameron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ray_Comfort" title="Ray Comfort">Ray Comfort</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sarfati" title="Jonathan Sarfati">Jonathan Sarfati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morris" title="Henry Morris">Henry Morris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Duane_Gish" title="Duane Gish">Duane Gish</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Snelling" title="Andrew Snelling">Andrew Snelling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lee_Strobel" title="Lee Strobel">Lee Strobel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Glynn" title="Patrick Glynn">Patrick Glynn</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Ray_Griffin" title="David Ray Griffin">David Ray Griffin</a> • <a href="/wiki/R._J._Rushdoony" title="R. J. Rushdoony">R. J. Rushdoony</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_North" title="Gary North">Gary North</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brian_Thomas" title="Brian Thomas">Brian Thomas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apologetics_Press" title="Apologetics Press">Apologetics Press</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_Habermas" title="Gary Habermas">Gary Habermas</a> • <a href="/wiki/J._P._Holding" title="J. P. Holding">J. P. Holding</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herb_Titus" title="Herb Titus">Herb Titus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Tomkins" title="Jeffrey Tomkins">Jeffrey Tomkins</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Ford" title="Lawrence Ford">Lawrence Ford</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Jeanson" title="Nathaniel Jeanson">Nathaniel Jeanson</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Morris" title="John Morris">John Morris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tim_Todd" title="Tim Todd">Tim Todd</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sye_Ten_Bruggencate" title="Sye Ten Bruggencate">Sye Ten Bruggencate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Randal_Rauser" title="Randal Rauser">Randal Rauser</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timothy_LaHaye" title="Timothy LaHaye">Timothy LaHaye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ben_Hobrink" title="Ben Hobrink">Ben Hobrink</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_Issues" title="Bible Issues">Bible Issues</a> • <a href="/wiki/WallBuilders" title="WallBuilders">WallBuilders</a> • <a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_III" title="L. Brent Bozell III">L. Brent Bozell III</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alister_McGrath" title="Alister McGrath">Alister McGrath</a> • <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Davis" title="Buddy Davis">Buddy Davis</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Ross Douthat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Norman_Geisler" title="Norman Geisler">Norman Geisler</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Farah" title="Joseph Farah">Joseph Farah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beale" title="Theodore Beale">Theodore Beale</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a> • <a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Wood" title="David Wood">David Wood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Edward Feser</a> • <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_American_Loons" title="Encyclopedia of American Loons">Encyclopedia of American Loons</a> • <a href="/wiki/Got_Questions" title="Got Questions">Got Questions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">Dinesh D'Souza</a> • <a href="/wiki/Computing_Forever" title="Computing Forever">Computing Forever</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Dennis Prager</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hovind" title="Eric Hovind">Eric Hovind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Van_Til" title="Cornelius Van Til">Cornelius Van Til</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frank_Turek" title="Frank Turek">Frank Turek</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brittany_Sellner" title="Brittany Sellner">Brittany Sellner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ken_Ham" title="Ken Ham">Ken Ham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> • <a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">George Galloway</a> • <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Laura Ingraham</a> • <a href="/wiki/E._Calvin_Beisner" title="E. Calvin Beisner">E. Calvin Beisner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bill_Muehlenberg" title="Bill Muehlenberg">Bill Muehlenberg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Josh_McDowell" title="Josh McDowell">Josh McDowell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_Cahill" title="Mark Cahill">Mark Cahill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali" title="Ayaan Hirsi Ali">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kent_Hovind" title="Kent Hovind">Kent Hovind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_Ministries_International" title="Creation Ministries International">Creation Ministries International</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Jordan Peterson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Turley" title="Steve Turley">Steve Turley</a> • <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_Research" title="Creation Research">Creation Research</a> • <a href="/wiki/Redeemed_Zoomer" title="Redeemed Zoomer">Redeemed Zoomer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Walter_Veith" title="Walter Veith">Walter Veith</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Muslim_apologists" title="Category:Muslim apologists"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Muslim apologists:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Harun_Yahya" title="Harun Yahya">Harun Yahya</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dawah_Man" title="Dawah Man">Dawah Man</a> • <a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hamza_Tzortzis" title="Hamza Tzortzis">Hamza Tzortzis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a> • </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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