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Amado Alonso - Wikipedia
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interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amado_Alonso" title="Amado Alonso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amado Alonso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amado_Alonso" title="Amado Alonso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amado Alonso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amado_Alonso" title="Amado Alonso – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amado Alonso" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none"> Spanish philologist, linguist and literary critic (1896–1952)</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amado_Alonso.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Amado_Alonso.JPG/220px-Amado_Alonso.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Amado_Alonso.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Amado Alonso</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Amado Alonso</b> (13 September 1896, <a href="/wiki/Ler%C3%ADn" title="Lerín">Lerín</a> <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, Spain – 26 May 1952, <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Massachusetts" title="Arlington, Massachusetts">Arlington, Massachusetts</a>) was a Spanish philologist, linguist and literary critic, who became a naturalised citizen of Argentina and one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Stylistics_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stylistics (literature)">stylistics</a>. </p><p>He was a pupil of Ramón Menéndez Pidal at the Center for Historical Studies in Madrid, where he worked on phonetic and geographical linguistics.<sup id="cite_ref-Marin_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alonso-Lida_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alonso-Lida-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1927 and 1946 he lived in Buenos Aires, where he headed the Institute of Philology. He then went to Harvard University and lived in America until his death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amado_Alonso&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alonso studied a variety of linguistic topics including phonetics, dialectology and lexis.<sup id="cite_ref-Marin_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He showed a keen interest in the study of his native language while contributing directly to the Latin American academic world. Without diverging from Menéndez Pidal's philological orientation, Alonso adopted a clearly linguistic research project.<sup id="cite_ref-Predmore_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Predmore-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The works of Hispanoamerican authors, especially Bello and Cuervo, had impacted his studies and research. His comparative studies on American Spanish have contributed to a greater linguistic appreciation to the language. </p><p>His first published work was in the field of language history, showing derivations of modern Spanish words such as Augustu > agosto and auguriu > agüero (1922).<sup id="cite_ref-Alonso_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alonso-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From then until 1927 he wrote eight other articles, most of them published in the <i>Revista de Filología Española.</i> Alonso published some of his most important works between 1928 and 1938 while residing in Buenos Aires. His numerous articles in newspapers and magazines were collected and published in linguistic studio, but his two-volume work, "From medieval to modern Spanish pronunciation" was published post-posthumously by Rafael Lapesa 1955. </p><p>Alonso popularized the structuralist methodology and the main philosophical currents of his time.<sup id="cite_ref-Alonso_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alonso-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guitarte_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guitarte-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945 he translated a Course in General Linguistics by Ferdinand de Saussure, who added an important preface, as he had done with the work of Charles Bally and Karl Vossler. </p><p>While at Harvard he founded the Nueva Revista de Filología Española published by the Colegio de Mexico, to reignite the spirit of the Revista de Filología Española, created and directed by him in Buenos Aires from 1939 to 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-Guitarte_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guitarte-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alonso was an International member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> and an International Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amado_Alonso&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Estructura de las sonatas de Valle Inclán (1928) – (The structure of the Valle Inclán Sonnets)</li> <li>El problema de la lengua en América (1935) – (The language problem in America)</li> <li>Castellano, español, idioma nacional. Historia espiritual de tres nombres (1938) – (Castillian, Spanish, National language. The spiritual History of the three names)</li> <li>Gramática Castellana (Primer curso, 1938; Segundo curso, 1939) En colaboración con Pedro Henríquez Ureña. – (Spanish Grammar – First course, 1938; Second course, 1939 – In collaboration with Pedro Henríquez Ureña)</li> <li>Poesía y estilo de Pablo Neruda (1940) – (The poetry and style of Pablo Neruda)</li> <li>Ensayo sobre la novela histórica: El modernismo (1942) – (Essay on the <a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">historic novel</a>: Modernism)</li> <li>Traducción y prólogo del Curso de Lingüística General de F. de Saussure (1945) – (Translation and preface to the General Linguistics Course of F. de Saussure)</li> <li>Estudios lingüísticos. Temas españoles (1951) – (Linguistic studies. Spanish issues)</li> <li>Estudios lingüísticos. Temas hispanoamericanos (1953) – (Linguistic studies. Latin-American issues)</li> <li>Materia y forma en poesía (1955) – (Matter and form in poetry)</li> <li>De la pronunciación medieval a la moderna en español (1955) – (From medieval to modern Spanish pronunciation)<sup id="cite_ref-Alonso2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alonso2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amado_Alonso&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Marin-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marin_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marin_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarín2001" class="citation journal cs1">Marín, Juan Martínez (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/6251/1/EL_15_07.pdf">"El español de América en la obra de Amado Alonso"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Estudios de Lingüística</i> (15): 177–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14198%2FELUA2001.15.07">10.14198/ELUA2001.15.07</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0212-7636">0212-7636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estudios+de+Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica&rft.atitle=El+espa%C3%B1ol+de+Am%C3%A9rica+en+la+obra+de+Amado+Alonso&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=177-186&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14198%2FELUA2001.15.07&rft.issn=0212-7636&rft.aulast=Mar%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=Juan+Mart%C3%ADnez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frua.ua.es%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F10045%2F6251%2F1%2FEL_15_07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmado+Alonso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alonso-Lida-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alonso-Lida_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlonsoLida" class="citation journal cs1">Alonso, Amado; Lida, Ramundo. "Geografía Fonética". <i>Hispanic Review</i>. <b>VII</b> (4). Buenos Aires.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispanic+Review&rft.atitle=Geograf%C3%ADa+Fon%C3%A9tica&rft.volume=VII&rft.issue=4&rft.aulast=Alonso&rft.aufirst=Amado&rft.au=Lida%2C+Ramundo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmado+Alonso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Predmore-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Predmore_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPredmore1946" class="citation journal cs1">Predmore, Richard L. (April 1946). "Notes on Spanish Consonant Phonemes". <i>Hispanic Review</i>. <b>14</b> (2). University of Pennsylvania Press: 169–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F470052">10.2307/470052</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/470052">470052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispanic+Review&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Spanish+Consonant+Phonemes&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-172&rft.date=1946-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F470052&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F470052%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Predmore&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmado+Alonso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alonso-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alonso_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alonso_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlonso1945" class="citation journal cs1">Alonso, Amado (April 1945). "Una ley fonológica del español: Variabilidad de las consonantes en la tensión y distensión de la sílaba". <i>Hispanic Review</i>. <b>13</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispanic+Review&rft.atitle=Una+ley+fonol%C3%B3gica+del+espa%C3%B1ol%3A+Variabilidad+de+las+consonantes+en+la+tensi%C3%B3n+y+distensi%C3%B3n+de+la+s%C3%ADlaba&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1945-04&rft.aulast=Alonso&rft.aufirst=Amado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmado+Alonso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guitarte-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guitarte_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guitarte_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuitarte1995–1996" class="citation journal cs1">Guitarte, Guillermo (1995–1996). "La amistad entre Amado Alonso y Román Jakobson". <i>Cauce</i> (18–19). Boston College, USA: 111–135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cauce&rft.atitle=La+amistad+entre+Amado+Alonso+y+Rom%C3%A1n+Jakobson&rft.issue=18%E2%80%9319&rft.pages=111-135&rft.date=1995%2F1996&rft.aulast=Guitarte&rft.aufirst=Guillermo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmado+Alonso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Amado+Alonso&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DAmado%2BAlonso%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmado+Alonso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/amado-alonso">"Amado Alonso"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i>. 9 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Amado+Alonso&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Famado-alonso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmado+Alonso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alonso2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alonso2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlonso1967" class="citation book cs1">Alonso, Amado (1967). <i>De la pronunciación medieval a la moderna en español</i>. Madrid: Gredos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8424900151" title="Special:BookSources/978-8424900151"><bdi>978-8424900151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+la+pronunciaci%C3%B3n+medieval+a+la+moderna+en+espa%C3%B1ol&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Gredos&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-8424900151&rft.aulast=Alonso&rft.aufirst=Amado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmado+Alonso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q452093#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q452093#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119027240">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85125414">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12545197t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12545197t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Alonso, Amado"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV077862">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35003865">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup19950000001490&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1719818">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/180765">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067509061">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90564304">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000027472">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz25zl55030grt">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/130446">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007273357505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058507500006706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02719522?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/785982">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119027240.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119027240">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034728481">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ft910z">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.canary‐687bc74f68‐pp6b5 Cached time: 20241122220425 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.339 seconds Real time usage: 0.672 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 862/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 24269/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1108/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 33361/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.224/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5437118/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report 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