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href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF&returnto=%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0" title="আপোনাক এটা একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰি প্ৰৱেশ কৰিবলৈ অনুৰোধ জনোৱা হৈছে, কিন্তু এয়া বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰক</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6&returnto=%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0" title="বাধ্যতামূলক নহ'লেও প্ৰৱেশ কৰাটো বাঞ্চনীয় [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>প্ৰৱেশ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> লগ-আউট কৰা সদস্যৰ বাবে পৃষ্ঠাসমূহ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC:%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" aria-label="সম্পাদনাৰ বিষয়ে অধিক জানক"><span>অধিক শিকক</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>বৰঙণি</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8" title="এই আই.পি. ঠিকনাৰ পৰা কৰা সম্পাদনাসমূহৰ আলোচনা [n]" accesskey="n"><span>এই IPটোৰে যোগাযোগ কৰক</span></a></li> </ul> </div> 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="সূচী" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">সূচী</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">পাৰ্শ্বদণ্ডলৈ যাওক</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">লুকুৱাওক</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">পাতনি</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-নাম" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#নাম"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>নাম</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-নাম-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-উৎপত্তি" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#উৎপত্তি"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>উৎপত্তি</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-উৎপত্তি-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-তথ্যসূত্ৰ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#তথ্যসূত্ৰ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>তথ্যসূত্ৰ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-তথ্যসূত্ৰ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="সূচী" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="সূচীপত্ৰ টগ'ল কৰক" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">সূচীপত্ৰ টগ'ল কৰক</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">সুমেৰ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="অন্য এটা ভাষাৰ প্ৰবন্ধলৈ যাওক। 123টা ভাষাত উপলব্ধ।" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-123" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">123টা ভাষা</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – আফ্ৰিকানছ্" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="আফ্ৰিকানছ্" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – ছুইচ জাৰ্মান" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="ছুইচ জাৰ্মান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B1%E1%88%98%E1%88%AD" title="ሱመር – আমহাৰিক" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሱመር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="আমহাৰিক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeria" title="Sumeria – আৰ্গোনিজ" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sumeria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="আৰ্গোনিজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="سومر – আৰবী" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سومر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="আৰবী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%98%DC%A1%DC%AA" title="ܫܘܡܪ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܘܡܪ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="سومريين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سومريين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeria" title="Sumeria – এষ্টুৰীয়" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sumeria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="এষ্টুৰীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер – আভেৰিক" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="আভেৰিক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eumer" title="Şumer – আজেৰবাইজানী" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şumer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="আজেৰবাইজানী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="سومر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سومر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер – বাছখিৰ" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="বাছখিৰ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0omers" title="Šomers – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Šomers" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер – বেলাৰুছীয়" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="বেলাৰুছীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Шумэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шумэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер – বুলগেৰীয়" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="বুলগেৰীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সুমেরীয় সভ্যতা – বাংলা" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুমেরীয় সভ্যতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="বাংলা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – ব্ৰেটন" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ব্ৰেটন" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – বছনীয়" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="বছনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – কাতালান" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="কাতালান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – চিবুৱানো" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="চিবুৱানো" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B1" title="سۆمەر – চেণ্ট্ৰেল কুৰ্ডিচ" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سۆمەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="চেণ্ট্ৰেল কুৰ্ডিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – চেক" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="চেক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер – চুভাচ" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="চুভাচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swmer" title="Swmer – ৱেলচ" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Swmer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ৱেলচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – ডেনিচ" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ডেনিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – জাৰ্মান" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="জাৰ্মান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Σουμέριοι – গ্ৰীক" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουμέριοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="গ্ৰীক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%A9r" title="Sumér – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Sumér" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – ইংৰাজী" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ইংৰাজী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumero" title="Sumero – এস্পেৰান্তো" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sumero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="এস্পেৰান্তো" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeria" title="Sumeria – স্পেনিচ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sumeria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="স্পেনিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – এষ্টোনিয়" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="এষ্টোনিয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – বাস্ক" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="বাস্ক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="سومر – ফাৰ্ছী" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سومر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ফাৰ্ছী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – ফিনিচ" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ফিনিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%B5r" title="Sumõr – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sumõr" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – ফ্ৰেন্স" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ফ্ৰেন্স" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – নৰ্দাৰ্ন ফ্ৰিছিয়ান" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="নৰ্দাৰ্ন ফ্ৰিছিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBmearje" title="Sûmearje – ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ফ্ৰিছিয়ান" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sûmearje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="ৱেষ্টাৰ্ণ ফ্ৰিছিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSuim%C3%A9ir" title="An tSuiméir – আইৰিচ" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSuiméir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="আইৰিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E7%BE%8E%E7%88%BE" title="蘇美爾 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="蘇美爾" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeria" title="Sumeria – গেলিচিয়ান" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sumeria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="গেলিচিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%A9ria" title="Suméria – গুৱাৰাণী" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Suméria" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="গুৱাৰাণী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – হাউছা" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="হাউছা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8" title="שומר – হিব্ৰু" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שומר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="হিব্ৰু" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0" title="सुमेर – হিন্দী" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुमेर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="হিন্দী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – ক্ৰোৱেচিয়ান" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ক্ৰোৱেচিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – হাঙ্গেৰিয়ান" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="হাঙ্গেৰিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Շումեր – আৰ্মেনীয়" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շումեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="আৰ্মেনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeria" title="Sumeria – ইণ্ডোনেচিয়" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sumeria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ইণ্ডোনেচিয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmer" title="Súmer – আইচলেণ্ডিক" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Súmer" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="আইচলেণ্ডিক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – ইটালিয়ান" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ইটালিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="シュメール – জাপানী" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シュメール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="জাপানী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="შუმერი – জৰ্জিয়ান" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შუმერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="জৰ্জিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – কাবাইল" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="কাবাইল" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер – কাজাখ" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="কাজাখ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%A9%94%EB%A5%B4" title="수메르 – কোৰিয়ান" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수메르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="কোৰিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – কুৰ্ডিচ" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="কুৰ্ডিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – কোৰ্নিচ" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="কোৰ্নিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер – কিৰ্গিজ" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="কিৰ্গিজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – লেটিন" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="লেটিন" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soemer" title="Soemer – লিম্বুৰ্গিচ" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Soemer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="লিম্বুৰ্গিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0umeras" title="Šumeras – লিথুৱানিয়ান" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šumeras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="লিথুৱানিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0umera" title="Šumera – লাটভিয়ান" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šumera" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="লাটভিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somera" title="Somera – মালাগাছী" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Somera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="মালাগাছী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сумер – মেচিডোনীয়" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сумер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="মেচিডোনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="സുമേറിയൻ സംസ്കാരം – মালায়ালম" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുമേറിയൻ സംസ്കാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="মালায়ালম" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер – মংগোলীয়" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="মংগোলীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeria" title="Sumeria – মালয়" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sumeria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="মালয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%A9ria" title="Suméria – মিৰাণ্ডিজ" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Suméria" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="মিৰাণ্ডিজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ဆူမားရီးယန်းခေတ် – বাৰ্মীজ" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆူမားရီးယန်းခေတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="বাৰ্মীজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – ল’ জাৰ্মান" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="ল’ জাৰ্মান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0" title="सुमेर – নেপালী" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सुमेर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="নেপালী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0" title="सुमेर – নেৱাৰি" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सुमेर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="নেৱাৰি" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – ডাচ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ডাচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – নৰৱেজিয়ান নায়নোৰ্স্ক" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="নৰৱেজিয়ান নায়নোৰ্স্ক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – নৰৱেজিয়ান বোকমাল" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="নৰৱেজিয়ান বোকমাল" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%A8r" title="Sumèr – অ’চিটান" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sumèr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="অ’চিটান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸੂਮਰ – পাঞ্জাবী" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੂਮਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="পাঞ্জাবী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – প’লিচ" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="প’লিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سمیری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سمیری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سومریان – পুস্ত" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سومریان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="পুস্ত" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%A9ria" title="Suméria – পৰ্তুগীজ" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Suméria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="পৰ্তুগীজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – ৰোমানীয়" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ৰোমানীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер – ৰাছিয়ান" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ৰাছিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeri" title="Sumeri – ছিচিলিয়ান" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sumeri" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="ছিচিলিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="سمير – সিন্ধী" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سمير" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="সিন্ধী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeri" title="Sumeri – শ্লোভাক" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sumeri" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="শ্লোভাক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerija" title="Sumerija – শ্লোভেনিয়ান" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sumerija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="শ্লোভেনিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeer" title="Sumeer – ছোমালি" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sumeer" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="ছোমালি" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeri" title="Sumeri – আলবেনীয়" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sumeri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="আলবেনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сумер – ছাৰ্বিয়ান" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сумер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="ছাৰ্বিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – ছুইডিচ" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ছুইডিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeri" title="Sumeri – স্বাহিলি" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sumeri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="স্বাহিলি" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dmer" title="Sōmer – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sōmer" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="சுமேரியா – তামিল" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுமேரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="তামিল" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A4" title="సుమేరు నాగరికత – তেলুগু" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సుమేరు నాగరికత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="তেলুগু" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ซูเมอร์ – থাই" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซูเมอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="থাই" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerliler" title="Sumerliler – তুৰ্কমেন" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Sumerliler" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="তুৰ্কমেন" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerya" title="Sumerya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sumerya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCmerler" title="Sümerler – তুৰ্কী" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sümerler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="তুৰ্কী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سۇمېرلار – উইঘুৰ" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سۇمېرلار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="উইঘুৰ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шумер – ইউক্ৰেইনীয়" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шумер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ইউক্ৰেইনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سمیری – উৰ্দু" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سمیری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="উৰ্দু" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shumer" title="Shumer – উজবেক" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shumer" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="উজবেক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – ভিয়েটনামী" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ভিয়েটনামী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer%C3%A4n" title="Sumerän – ভোলাপুক" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sumerän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="ভোলাপুক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerya" title="Sumerya – ৱাৰে" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sumerya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="ৱাৰে" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94" title="苏美尔 – ৱু চাইনিজ" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏美尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ৱু চাইনিজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="შუმერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შუმერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="שומער – ইদ্দিছ" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שומער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ইদ্দিছ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94" title="苏美尔 – চীনা" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苏美尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="চীনা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E7%BE%8E" title="蘇美 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蘇美" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sumer" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E7%BE%8E%E7%88%BE" title="蘇美爾 – কেণ্টোনীজ" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘇美爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="কেণ্টোনীজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35355#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সম্পাদনা কৰক" class="wbc-editpage">আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সম্পাদনা কৰক</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="নামস্থান"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0" title="সমল পৃষ্ঠাখন চাওক [c]" accesskey="c"><span>প্ৰবন্ধ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="সংশ্লিষ্ট প্ৰবন্ধ সম্পৰ্কীয় আলোচনা (পৃষ্ঠা নাই) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>আলোচনা</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown 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class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sumer" hreflang="en"><span>ৱিকিমিডিয়া কমন্স</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35355" title="সংযোজিত তথ্যভঁৰালৰ আইটেমলৈ লিংক [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ৱিকিতথ্য আইটেম</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="পৃষ্ঠাৰ সা-সঁজুলি"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="অৱয়ব"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">অৱয়ব</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">পাৰ্শ্বদণ্ডলৈ যাওক</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">লুকুৱাওক</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ পৰা</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="as" dir="ltr"><p><b>সুমেৰ</b> বা <b>চুমেৰ</b> বা <b>চুমেৰিয়া</b> ( <span class="nowrap"><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" class="extiw" title="en:Help:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:IPA_for_English#Key" title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:IPA for English"><span title="primary stress follows" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:IPA_for_English#Key" title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:IPA for English"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">s</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:IPA_for_English#Key" title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:IPA for English"><span title="long 'oo' in 'food'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">uː</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:IPA_for_English#Key" title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:IPA for English"><span title="'m' in 'my'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">m</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:IPA_for_English#Key" title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:IPA for English"><span title="'er' in 'finger'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ər</span></a></span><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" class="extiw" title="en:Help:IPA for English">/</a></span></span> ) দক্ষিণ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9A%27%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="মেচ'পটেমিয়া">মেছ'পটেমিয়াৰ</a> ঐতিহাসিক অঞ্চলৰ (দক্ষিণ-মধ্য <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ইৰাক">ইৰাক</a>) পৰিচিত সভ্যতাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন সভ্যতা। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ষষ্ঠ আৰু পঞ্চম সহস্ৰাব্দৰ ভিতৰত চলকোলিথিক আৰু <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97" title="ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগ">প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগত</a> এই সভ্যতাৰ উত্থান ঘটিছিল। <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="প্ৰাচীন ইজিপ্ট">প্ৰাচীন মিচৰ</a>, ইলাম, কেৰাল-ছুপে সভ্যতা, মেছ'আমেৰিকা, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সিন্ধু সভ্যতা">সিন্ধু সভ্যতা</a> আৰু প্ৰাচীন চীনৰ সৈতে ই বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম স্বতন্ত্ৰভাৱে স্থাপিত হোৱা সভ্যতা। টাইগ্ৰিছ আৰু ইউফ্ৰেটিছ নদীৰ উপত্যকাৰ কাষেৰে বাস কৰি চুমেৰিয় কৃষকসকলে প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে শস্য আৰু অন্যান্য শস্যৰ খেতি কৰিছিল। অতিৰিক্তভাৱে উৎপাদিত শস্যৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকে নগৰীয়া বসতি গঠন কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। এই সভ্যতাৰ চিহ্ন লিপি বা <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="চিহ্ন লিপি">আদি-লেখা</a> ৩০০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্বৰ আগৰ। প্ৰাচীন লেখাসমূহৰ মূল হৈছে উৰুক আৰু জেমডেট নাছৰ চহৰ। ইয়াৰ কাল প্ৰায় খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৫০০ আৰু ৩০০০। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="নাম"><span id=".E0.A6.A8.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.AE"></span>নাম</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0&action=edit&section=1" title="শাখা সম্পাদনা: নাম"><span>সম্পাদনা কৰক</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>চুমেৰিয়ান শব্দটো (চুমেৰিয়ান: <span style="font-size:125%;font-family:Akkadian; CuneiformComposite" title="Classical Sumerian cuneiform">𒅴𒄀</span> <span title="[[:সাঁচ:ISO 639 name sux]] transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">এমে-গি</span> বা <span style="font-size:125%;font-family:Akkadian; CuneiformComposite" title="Classical Sumerian cuneiform">𒅴𒂠</span> <span title="[[:সাঁচ:ISO 639 name sux]] transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">এমে-গিৰ<sub>১৫</sub></span>, আক্কাদিয়ান : <span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Free Idg Serif';" title="Old Assyrian cuneiform">𒋗𒈨𒊒</span> <span title="Semitic transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">চুমেৰু</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> চুমেৰিয়সকলে কোৱা ভাষাটোক দিয়া নাম। এই নামটো দিছিল তেওঁলোকৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী পূব চেমিটিক ভাষী আক্কাদিয়ানসকলে।<sup id="cite_ref-ANE29_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANE29-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> চুমেৰিয়সকলে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূমিক <span lang="sux-Latn">কেঙ্গিৰ</span> বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে 'সম্ভ্ৰান্ত প্ৰভুসকলৰ দেশ' (<span style="font-size:125%;font-family:Akkadian, 'Free Idg Serif';" title="cuneiform text"><a href="https://as.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%92%86%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:𒆠">𒆠</a></span> <span style="font-size:125%;font-family:Akkadian, 'Free Idg Serif';" title="cuneiform text"><a href="https://as.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%92%82%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:𒂗">𒂗</a></span> <span style="font-size:125%;font-family:Akkadian, 'Free Idg Serif';" title="cuneiform text"><a href="https://as.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%92%84%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:𒄀">𒄀</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-ANE29_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANE29-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>চুমেৰিয়সকলৰ উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে জনা নাযায় যদিও চুমেৰবাসীয়ে নিজকে "ক'লা মূৰৰ মানুহ"<sup id="cite_ref-ANE291_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANE291-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span style="font-size:125%;font-family:Akkadian, 'Free Idg Serif';" title="cuneiform text"><a href="https://as.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%92%8A%95" class="extiw" title="wikt:𒊕">𒊕</a></span> <span style="font-size:125%;font-family:Akkadian, 'Free Idg Serif';" title="cuneiform text"><a href="https://as.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%92%88%AA" class="extiw" title="wikt:𒈪">𒈪</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-DAF_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAF-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMD_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMD-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GF_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GF-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> বুলি কৈছিল।<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> আক্কাদিয়ানসকলেও চুমেৰিয়সকলক চেমিটিক আক্কাদিয়ান ভাষাত ‘ক’লা মূৰৰ মানুহ’ বুলি কয়। <sup id="cite_ref-IMD_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMD-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="উৎপত্তি"><span id=".E0.A6.89.E0.A7.8E.E0.A6.AA.E0.A6.A4.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.A4.E0.A6.BF"></span>উৎপত্তি</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0&action=edit&section=2" title="শাখা সম্পাদনা: উৎপত্তি"><span>সম্পাদনা কৰক</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>অধিকাংশ ইতিহাসবিদৰ মতে সুমেৰত প্ৰথমে স্থায়ীভাৱে বসতি স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল প্ৰায় ৫৫০০ আৰু ৪০০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্বৰ ভিতৰত।<sup id="cite_ref-SNK_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNK-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>আন ইতিহাসবিদৰ মতে চুমেৰিয়সকল উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকাৰ লোক আছিল। তেওঁলোকে সেউজ চাহাৰাৰ পৰা মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰিছিল আৰু মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যত কৃষিকাৰ্যৰ বিস্তাৰ কৰিছিল।<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> কিন্তু প্ৰথম কৃষকসকলৰ উৎপত্তি ফাৰ্টাইল ক্ৰিচেণ্টৰ পৰা হোৱা বুলি প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে।<sup id="cite_ref-Genomic_insights_into_the_origin_of_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genomic_insights_into_the_origin_of-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> শেহতীয়াকৈ (২০১৩) চাৰিটা প্ৰাচীন মেছ'পটেমিয়াৰ কংকালৰ ডি এন এ নমুনাৰ জিনীয় বিশ্লেষণে চুমেৰিয়সকলৰ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সিন্ধু সভ্যতা">সিন্ধু উপত্যকাৰ সভ্যতাৰ</a> সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক থকাৰ কথা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। ই সম্ভৱতঃ প্ৰাচীন সিন্ধু-মেছ'পটেমিয়াৰ সম্পৰ্কৰ ফলত হৈছিল।<sup id="cite_ref-EBA_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> কিছুমান তথ্য অনুসৰি চুমেৰিয়সকল হুৰিয়ান আৰু উৰাৰ্টিয়ানসকলৰ সৈতে জড়িত, আৰু ককেছাছক তেওঁলোকৰ গৃহভূমি বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="তথ্যসূত্ৰ"><span id=".E0.A6.A4.E0.A6.A5.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.AF.E0.A6.B8.E0.A7.82.E0.A6.A4.E0.A7.8D.E0.A7.B0"></span>তথ্যসূত্ৰ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0&action=edit&section=3" title="শাখা সম্পাদনা: তথ্যসূত্ৰ"><span>সম্পাদনা কৰক</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/epsd/e1283.html">"emeĝir [SUMERIAN</a>"]. <i>The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary</i>. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/epsd/e1283.html">http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/epsd/e1283.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 14 July 2021</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=eme%C4%9Dir+%5BSUMERIAN%5D&rft.atitle=The+Pennsylvania+Sumerian+Dictionary&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Museum+of+Anthropology+and+Archaeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsd.museum.upenn.edu%2Fepsd%2Fepsd%2Fe1283.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANE29-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ANE29_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ANE29_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">"The area in question (the extreme south of Mesopotamia) may now be called Sumer, and its inhabitants Sumerians, although these names are only English approximations of the Akkadian designations; the Sumerians themselves called their land Kengir, their language Emegir, and themselves Sag-giga, "black-headed ones." in <span class="citation book">W. Hallo; W. Simpson (1971). <i>The Ancient Near East</i>. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. পৃষ্ঠা. 29.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East&rft.aulast=W.+Hallo&rft.au=W.+Hallo&rft.au=W.+Simpson&rft.date=1971&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B29&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Harcourt%2C+Brace%2C+Jovanovich&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Black, Jeremy A.; George, A. R.; Postgate, J. N.; Breckwoldt, Tina (2000) (en ভাষাত). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qIuVCsRb98C&pg=PA384"><i>A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. পৃষ্ঠা. 384. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/978-3-447-04264-2" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/978-3-447-04264-2">978-3-447-04264-2</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qIuVCsRb98C&pg=PA384">https://books.google.com/books?id=-qIuVCsRb98C&pg=PA384</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Dictionary+of+Akkadian&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+A.&rft.au=Black%2C%26%2332%3BJeremy+A.&rft.au=George%2C%26%2332%3BA.+R.&rft.au=Postgate%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+N.&rft.au=Breckwoldt%2C%26%2332%3BTina&rft.date=2000&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B384&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.isbn=978-3-447-04264-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qIuVCsRb98C%26pg%3DPA384&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Miller, Douglas B.; Shipp, R. Mark (1996) (en ভাষাত). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27m3y6MNRzYC&pg=PA68"><i>An Akkadian Handbook: Paradigms, Helps, Glossary, Logograms, and Sign List</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. পৃষ্ঠা. 68. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/978-0-931464-86-7" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/978-0-931464-86-7">978-0-931464-86-7</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27m3y6MNRzYC&pg=PA68">https://books.google.com/books?id=27m3y6MNRzYC&pg=PA68</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Akkadian+Handbook%3A+Paradigms%2C+Helps%2C+Glossary%2C+Logograms%2C+and+Sign+List&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Douglas+B.&rft.au=Miller%2C%26%2332%3BDouglas+B.&rft.au=Shipp%2C%26%2332%3BR.+Mark&rft.date=1996&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B68&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.isbn=978-0-931464-86-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27m3y6MNRzYC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Toorn, Karel van der; Becking, Bob; Horst, Pieter Willem van der (1999) (en ভাষাত). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA32"><i>Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. পৃষ্ঠা. 32. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/978-0-8028-2491-2" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/978-0-8028-2491-2">978-0-8028-2491-2</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA32">https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA32</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible&rft.aulast=Toorn&rft.aufirst=Karel+van+der&rft.au=Toorn%2C%26%2332%3BKarel+van+der&rft.au=Becking%2C%26%2332%3BBob&rft.au=Horst%2C%26%2332%3BPieter+Willem+van+der&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B32&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2491-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Edzard, Dietz Otto (2003) (en ভাষাত). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HOx5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Sumerian Grammar</i></a>. Brill. পৃষ্ঠা. 1. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/978-90-474-0340-1" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/978-90-474-0340-1">978-90-474-0340-1</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HOx5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">https://books.google.com/books?id=HOx5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumerian+Grammar&rft.aulast=Edzard&rft.aufirst=Dietz+Otto&rft.au=Edzard%2C%26%2332%3BDietz+Otto&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B1&rft.pub=Brill&rft.isbn=978-90-474-0340-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHOx5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANE291-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ANE291_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The area in question (the extreme south of Mesopotamia) may now be called Sumer, and its inhabitants Sumerians, although these names are only English approximations of the Akkadian designations; the Sumerians themselves called their land Kengir, their language Emegir, and themselves Sag-giga, "black-headed ones." in <span class="citation book">W. Hallo; W. Simpson (1971). <i>The Ancient Near East</i>. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. পৃষ্ঠা. 29.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East&rft.aulast=W.+Hallo&rft.au=W.+Hallo&rft.au=W.+Simpson&rft.date=1971&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B29&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Harcourt%2C+Brace%2C+Jovanovich&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFW._HalloW._Simpson1971">W. Hallo; W. Simpson (1971). <i>The Ancient Near East</i>. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p. 29.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The origin of the Sumerians is unknown; they described themselves as the 'black-headed people'" <span class="citation book">Haywood, John (2005) (en ভাষাত). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xtjtAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Civilizations</i></a>. Penguin. পৃষ্ঠা. 28. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/978-0-14-101448-7" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/978-0-14-101448-7">978-0-14-101448-7</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xtjtAAAAMAAJ">https://books.google.com/books?id=xtjtAAAAMAAJ</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Historical+Atlas+of+Ancient+Civilizations&rft.aulast=Haywood&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Haywood%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B28&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.isbn=978-0-14-101448-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxtjtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Diakonoff, I. M. (2013) (en ভাষাত). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JU8pegs94uoC&pg=PA72"><i>Early Antiquity</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 72. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/978-0-226-14467-2" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/978-0-226-14467-2">978-0-226-14467-2</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JU8pegs94uoC&pg=PA72">https://books.google.com/books?id=JU8pegs94uoC&pg=PA72</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Antiquity&rft.aulast=Diakonoff&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft.au=Diakonoff%2C%26%2332%3BI.+M.&rft.date=2013&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B72&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-226-14467-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJU8pegs94uoC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Finer, Samuel Edward; Finer, S. E. (1997) (en ভাষাত). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aEziNfjinnMC&pg=PA99"><i>The History of Government from the Earliest Times: Ancient monarchies and empires</i></a>. Oxford University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 99. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/978-0-19-820664-4" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/978-0-19-820664-4">978-0-19-820664-4</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aEziNfjinnMC&pg=PA99">https://books.google.com/books?id=aEziNfjinnMC&pg=PA99</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Government+from+the+Earliest+Times%3A+Ancient+monarchies+and+empires&rft.aulast=Finer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Edward&rft.au=Finer%2C%26%2332%3BSamuel+Edward&rft.au=Finer%2C%26%2332%3BS.+E.&rft.date=1997&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B99&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820664-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaEziNfjinnMC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAF-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DAF_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Foxvog, Daniel A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlp/cdlp0003_20160104.pdf"><i>Elementary Sumerian Glossary</i></a>. University of California at Berkeley. পৃষ্ঠা. 52<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlp/cdlp0003_20160104.pdf">https://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlp/cdlp0003_20160104.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elementary+Sumerian+Glossary&rft.aulast=Foxvog&rft.aufirst=Daniel+A.&rft.au=Foxvog%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel+A.&rft.date=2016&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B52&rft.pub=University+of+California+at+Berkeley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdli.ucla.edu%2Fpubs%2Fcdlp%2Fcdlp0003_20160104.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMD-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IMD_12-0">12.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IMD_12-1">12.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Diakonoff, I. M.; D'I︠A︡konov, Igor' Mik︠h︡aílovich (1991) (en ভাষাত). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JSRAUIYENZoC&pg=PA72"><i>Early Antiquity</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 72. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/978-0-226-14465-8" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/978-0-226-14465-8">978-0-226-14465-8</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JSRAUIYENZoC&pg=PA72">https://books.google.com/books?id=JSRAUIYENZoC&pg=PA72</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Antiquity&rft.aulast=Diakonoff&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft.au=Diakonoff%2C%26%2332%3BI.+M.&rft.au=D%27I%EF%B8%A0A%EF%B8%A1konov%2C%26%2332%3BIgor%27+Mik%EF%B8%A0h%EF%B8%A1a%C3%ADlovich&rft.date=1991&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B72&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-226-14465-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJSRAUIYENZoC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GF-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GF_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Feuerstein, Georg; Kak, Subhash; Frawley, David (2005) (en ভাষাত). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wNlsRZh3rwgC&pg=PA117"><i>The Search of the Cradle of Civilization: New Light on Ancient India</i></a> (Second Revised সম্পাদনা). Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. পৃষ্ঠা. 117. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/978-81-208-2037-1" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/978-81-208-2037-1">978-81-208-2037-1</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wNlsRZh3rwgC&pg=PA117">https://books.google.com/books?id=wNlsRZh3rwgC&pg=PA117</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+of+the+Cradle+of+Civilization%3A+New+Light+on+Ancient+India&rft.aulast=Feuerstein&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft.au=Feuerstein%2C%26%2332%3BGeorg&rft.au=Kak%2C%26%2332%3BSubhash&rft.au=Frawley%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B117&rft.edition=Second+Revised&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2037-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwNlsRZh3rwgC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"I am the king of the four quarters, I am a shepherd, the pastor of the "black-headed people"" in <span class="citation book">Liverani, Mario (2013) (en ভাষাত). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0d1JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167"><i>The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy</i></a>. Routledge. পৃষ্ঠা. 167. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/978-1-134-75084-9" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/978-1-134-75084-9">978-1-134-75084-9</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0d1JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167">https://books.google.com/books?id=0d1JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East%3A+History%2C+Society+and+Economy&rft.aulast=Liverani&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft.au=Liverani%2C%26%2332%3BMario&rft.date=2013&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B167&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=978-1-134-75084-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0d1JAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SNK-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SNK_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Kramer, Samuel Noah (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KliA7MjJEDQC&pg=PA44"><i>In the World of Sumer: An Autobiography</i></a>. Wayne State University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 44. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/978-0-8143-2121-8" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/978-0-8143-2121-8">978-0-8143-2121-8</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KliA7MjJEDQC&pg=PA44">https://books.google.com/books?id=KliA7MjJEDQC&pg=PA44</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+World+of+Sumer%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Noah&rft.au=Kramer%2C%26%2332%3BSamuel+Noah&rft.date=1988&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B44&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-2121-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKliA7MjJEDQC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040830020549/http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/MUS/ED/TRC/MESO/writing.html">"Ancient Mesopotamia. Teaching materials"</a>. Oriental Institute in collaboration with Chicago Web Docent and eCUIP, The Digital Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/MUS/ED/TRC/MESO/writing.html">the original</a> on 30 August 2004<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040830020549/http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/MUS/ED/TRC/MESO/writing.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20040830020549/http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/MUS/ED/TRC/MESO/writing.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 5 March 2015</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ancient+Mesopotamia.+Teaching+materials&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Oriental+Institute+in+collaboration+with+Chicago+Web+Docent+and+eCUIP%2C+The+Digital+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20040830020549%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2FOI%2FMUS%2FED%2FTRC%2FMESO%2Fwriting.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707020947/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ubai/hd_ubai.htm">""The Ubaid Period (5500–4000 B.C.)" In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (October 2003)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ubai/hd_ubai.htm">the original</a> on 2021-07-07<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707020947/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ubai/hd_ubai.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20210707020947/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ubai/hd_ubai.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2014-02-22</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%22The+Ubaid+Period+%285500%E2%80%934000+B.C.%29%22+In+Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History.+Department+of+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Art.+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art%2C+New+York+%28October+2003%29&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210707020947%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fubai%2Fhd_ubai.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/articles/u/ubaid_culture.aspx">""Ubaid Culture", The British Museum"</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/articles/u/ubaid_culture.aspx">https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/articles/u/ubaid_culture.aspx</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%22Ubaid+Culture%22%2C+The+British+Museum&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fhighlights%2Farticles%2Fu%2Fubaid_culture.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140321143949/http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/saoc63.pdf">""Beyond the Ubaid", (Carter, Rober A. and Graham, Philip, eds.), University of Durham, April 2006"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/saoc63.pdf">the original</a> on 2014-03-21<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140321143949/http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/saoc63.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20140321143949/http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/saoc63.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2023-05-01</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%22Beyond+the+Ubaid%22%2C+%28Carter%2C+Rober+A.+and+Graham%2C+Philip%2C+eds.%29%2C+University+of+Durham%2C+April+2006&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20140321143949%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Fpdf%2Fsaoc63.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Martínez-Laso, Jorge; Gómez-Casado, Eduardo (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJWcSRSz9wEC&pg=PA22"><i>Prehistoric Iberia: Genetics, Anthropology, and Linguistics : [proceedings of an International Conference on Prehistoric Iberia : Genetics, Anthropology, and Linguistics, Held November 16–17, 1998, in Madrid, Spain</i></a>]. Springer Science & Business Media. পৃষ্ঠা. 22. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/978-0-306-46364-8" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/978-0-306-46364-8">978-0-306-46364-8</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJWcSRSz9wEC&pg=PA22">https://books.google.com/books?id=MJWcSRSz9wEC&pg=PA22</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Iberia%3A+Genetics%2C+Anthropology%2C+and+Linguistics+%3A+%5Bproceedings+of+an+International+Conference+on+Prehistoric+Iberia+%3A+Genetics%2C+Anthropology%2C+and+Linguistics%2C+Held+November+16%E2%80%9317%2C+1998%2C+in+Madrid%2C+Spain%5D&rft.aulast=Arnaiz-Villena&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=Arnaiz-Villena%2C%26%2332%3BAntonio&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Laso%2C%26%2332%3BJorge&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez-Casado%2C%26%2332%3BEduardo&rft.date=2000&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B22&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.isbn=978-0-306-46364-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJWcSRSz9wEC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genomic_insights_into_the_origin_of-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Genomic_insights_into_the_origin_of_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Lazaridis, I.; Nadel, D.; Rollefson, G. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5003663">"Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East"</a>. <i>Nature</i> খণ্ড <b>536</b> (7617): 419–424. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature19310">10.1038/nature19310</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (পৃষ্ঠা নাই)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27459054">27459054</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Genomic+insights+into+the+origin+of+farming+in+the+ancient+Near+East&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Lazaridis&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Lazaridis%2C%26%2332%3BI.&rft.au=Nadel%2C%26%2332%3BD.&rft.au=Rollefson%2C%26%2332%3BG.&rft.date=2016&rft.volume=536&rft.issue=7617&rft.pages=419%E2%80%93424&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature19310&rft_id=info:pmid/27459054&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBA-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EBA_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Płoszaj, Tomasz; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Jędrychowska-Dańska, Krystyna; Tomczyk, Jacek; Witas, Henryk W. (11 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3770703">"mtDNA from the Early Bronze Age to the Roman Period Suggests a Genetic Link between the Indian Subcontinent and Mesopotamian Cradle of Civilization"</a> (en ভাষাত). <i>PLOS ONE</i> খণ্ড <b>8</b> (9): e73682. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0073682">10.1371/journal.pone.0073682</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Serial_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Serial Number (পৃষ্ঠা নাই)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (পৃষ্ঠা নাই)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24040024">24040024</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=mtDNA+from+the+Early+Bronze+Age+to+the+Roman+Period+Suggests+a+Genetic+Link+between+the+Indian+Subcontinent+and+Mesopotamian+Cradle+of+Civilization&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.aulast=P%C5%82oszaj&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft.au=P%C5%82oszaj%2C%26%2332%3BTomasz&rft.au=Chaubey%2C%26%2332%3BGyaneshwer&rft.au=J%C4%99drychowska-Da%C5%84ska%2C%26%2332%3BKrystyna&rft.au=Tomczyk%2C%26%2332%3BJacek&rft.au=Witas%2C%26%2332%3BHenryk+W.&rft.date=11+September+2013&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e73682&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0073682&rft_id=info:pmid/24040024&rft.issn=1932-6203&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415032734/https://scientificrussia.ru/articles/shumery-imeli-svjazi-na-kavkaze">"Sumerians had connections with the Caucasus"</a>. scientificrussia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scientificrussia.ru/articles/shumery-imeli-svjazi-na-kavkaze">the original</a> on 2021-04-15<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415032734/https://scientificrussia.ru/articles/shumery-imeli-svjazi-na-kavkaze">https://web.archive.org/web/20210415032734/https://scientificrussia.ru/articles/shumery-imeli-svjazi-na-kavkaze</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Sumerians+had+connections+with+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=scientificrussia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210415032734%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fscientificrussia.ru%2Farticles%2Fshumery-imeli-svjazi-na-kavkaze&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlj/2014/cdlj2014_004.html">"Lexical Matches between Sumerian and Hurro-Urartian: Possible Historical Scenarios"</a>. Cuneiform Digital Library Journal. 2014<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlj/2014/cdlj2014_004.html">https://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlj/2014/cdlj2014_004.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Lexical+Matches+between+Sumerian+and+Hurro-Urartian%3A+Possible+Historical+Scenarios&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2014&rft.pub=Cuneiform+Digital+Library+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdli.ucla.edu%2Fpubs%2Fcdlj%2F2014%2Fcdlj2014_004.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000186004"><i>The Diversity of the Chechen culture: from historical roots to the present</i></a>. UNESCO. 2009. পৃষ্ঠা. 14. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/978-5-904549-01-5" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/978-5-904549-01-5">978-5-904549-01-5</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000186004">https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000186004</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diversity+of+the+Chechen+culture%3A+from+historical+roots+to+the+present&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B14&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.isbn=978-5-904549-01-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000186004&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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