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id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3" title="عمر توريخوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمر توريخوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Omar Torrijos" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torriyos_Herera" title="Omar Torriyos Herera – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Omar Torriyos Herera" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8" title="ওমর তরিজোস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওমর তরিজোস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Амар Тарыхас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Амар Тарыхас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Omar Torrijos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Omar Torrijos" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Omar Torrijos" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Omar Torrijos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos_Herrera" title="Omar Torrijos Herrera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Omar Torrijos Herrera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Omar Torrijos" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Omar Torrijos" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3" title="عمر توریخوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عمر توریخوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Omar Torrijos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4_%ED%86%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%94%EC%8A%A4" title="오마르 토리요스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오마르 토리요스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Omar Torrijos" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos_Herrera" title="Omar Torrijos Herrera – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Omar Torrijos Herrera" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Omar Torrijos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos_(politico)" title="Omar Torrijos (politico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Omar Torrijos (politico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C4%81rs_Torihoss" title="Omārs Torihoss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Omārs Torihoss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3" title="عمر توريخوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عمر توريخوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Omar Torrijos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9B%E3%82%B9" title="オマル・トリホス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オマル・トリホス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Efra%C3%ADn_Torrijos_Herrera" title="Omar Efraín Torrijos Herrera – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Omar Efraín Torrijos Herrera" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos_Herrera" title="Omar Torrijos Herrera – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Omar Torrijos Herrera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Omar Torrijos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Omar Torrijos" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81,_%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Торрихос, Омар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Торрихос, Омар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Omar Torrijos" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Омар Торихос – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Омар Торихос" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Omar Torrijos" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Omar Torrijos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Omar Torrijos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AA" title="โอมาร์ ตอร์ริโฮส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โอมาร์ ตอร์ริโฮส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos_Herrera" title="Omar Torrijos Herrera – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Omar Torrijos Herrera" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Омар Торріхос – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Омар Торріхос" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Omar Torrijos" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E7%91%AA%C2%B7%E9%99%B6%E7%91%9E%E8%B3%80%E5%A3%AB" title="歐瑪·陶瑞賀士 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="歐瑪·陶瑞賀士" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q332055#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military leader of Panama from 1968 to 1981</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Panamanian corregimiento, see <a href="/wiki/Omar_Torrijos,_Panama" title="Omar Torrijos, Panama">Omar Torrijos, Panama</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Torrijos</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> Herrera</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><i>Maximum Leader of<br />the Panamanian Revolution</i></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Omar Torrijos</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Omar_Torrijos_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Omar_Torrijos_1978.jpg/220px-Omar_Torrijos_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Omar_Torrijos_1978.jpg/330px-Omar_Torrijos_1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Omar_Torrijos_1978.jpg/440px-Omar_Torrijos_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="728" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Torrijos in 1978</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Panama#Military_leaders_of_Panama_(1968–1989)" title="List of heads of state of Panama">Military Leader of Panama</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 11, 1968 – July 31, 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pinilla_F%C3%A1brega" title="José María Pinilla Fábrega">José María Pinilla</a> (1968–69)<br /><a href="/wiki/Demetrio_B._Lakas" title="Demetrio B. Lakas">Demetrio Lakas Bahas</a> (1969–78)<br /><a href="/wiki/Aristides_Royo" title="Aristides Royo">Arístides Royo</a> (1978–82)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arnulfo_Arias" title="Arnulfo Arias">Arnulfo Arias</a> (President)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo_Paredes" title="Rubén Darío Paredes">Rubén Darío Paredes</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Omar Efraín Torrijos Herrera</div><br />February 13, 1929<br /><a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago, Panama">Santiago, Panama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 31, 1981<span style="display:none">(1981-07-31)</span> (aged 52)<br />near <a href="/wiki/Penonom%C3%A9,_Cocl%C3%A9" title="Penonomé, Coclé">Penonomé, Panama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Torrijos Mausoleum <br /> <a href="/wiki/Amador,_Panama" title="Amador, Panama">Amador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a>, Panama</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Revolutionary_Party" title="Democratic Revolutionary Party">Democratic Revolutionary Party</a> <small>(1979–1981)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Raquel Pauzner de Torrijos</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Military Officer and Leader</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firma_de_Omar_Torrijos_Herrera.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Omar Torrijos's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Firma_de_Omar_Torrijos_Herrera.jpg/128px-Firma_de_Omar_Torrijos_Herrera.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Firma_de_Omar_Torrijos_Herrera.jpg/192px-Firma_de_Omar_Torrijos_Herrera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Firma_de_Omar_Torrijos_Herrera.jpg/256px-Firma_de_Omar_Torrijos_Herrera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="178" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Panama_Defense_Forces" title="Panama Defense Forces">National Guard of Panama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1950-1981</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General">Brigadier General</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Omar Efraín Torrijos Herrera</b> (February 13, 1929 – July 31, 1981) was a Panamanian military leader of <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, as well as the Commander of the Panamanian <a href="/wiki/Panama_Defense_Forces" title="Panama Defense Forces">National Guard</a> from 1968 to his death in 1981. Torrijos was never officially the <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Panama" title="List of heads of state of Panama">president of Panama</a>, but instead held self-imposed and all-encompassing titles including "Maximum Leader of the Panamanian Revolution". Torrijos took power in a <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i> and instituted a number of social reforms. </p><p>Torrijos is best known for negotiating the 1977 <a href="/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties" title="Torrijos–Carter Treaties">Torrijos–Carter Treaties</a> that eventually gave Panama full sovereignty over the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>. The two treaties guaranteed that Panama would gain control of the Panama Canal after 1999, ending the control of the canal that the U.S. had exercised since 1903. On December 31, 1999, the final phase of the treaty, the US relinquished control of the Panama Canal and all areas in what had been the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a>. </p><p>His son <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Torrijos" title="Martín Torrijos">Martín Torrijos</a> was elected president and served from 2004 to 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omar_Torrijos&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Omar Efraín Torrijos Herrera<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was born on February 13, 1929, in <a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago, Panama">Santiago</a> in the province of <a href="/wiki/Veraguas" class="mw-redirect" title="Veraguas">Veraguas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the sixth of twelve children. His parents were both employed as teachers. His Panamanian mother was Joaquina Herrera Gordillo, and his father, José Maria Torrijos Rada, was originally from <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was educated at the local Juan Demóstenes Arosemena School and, at eighteen, won a scholarship to the military academy in <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a>. He graduated with a commission as a second lieutenant. He joined the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Defense_Forces" title="Panama Defense Forces">Panamanian army</a>, the National Guard (Guardia Nacional), in 1952. He was promoted to captain in 1956 then to major in 1960. He took a cadet course at the <a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="School of the Americas">School of the Americas</a> in 1965. He became the Executive Secretary of the National Guard in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-Harding_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harding-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omar_Torrijos&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omar_Torrijos_with_Panamanian_farmers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Omar_Torrijos_with_Panamanian_farmers.jpg/220px-Omar_Torrijos_with_Panamanian_farmers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Omar_Torrijos_with_Panamanian_farmers.jpg/330px-Omar_Torrijos_with_Panamanian_farmers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Omar_Torrijos_with_Panamanian_farmers.jpg/440px-Omar_Torrijos_with_Panamanian_farmers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Omar Torrijos (right) with farmers in the Panamanian countryside. The Torrijos government was well known for its policies of land redistribution.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimmy_Carter_and_General_Omar_Torrijos_signing_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Jimmy_Carter_and_General_Omar_Torrijos_signing_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty.jpg/220px-Jimmy_Carter_and_General_Omar_Torrijos_signing_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Jimmy_Carter_and_General_Omar_Torrijos_signing_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty.jpg/330px-Jimmy_Carter_and_General_Omar_Torrijos_signing_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Jimmy_Carter_and_General_Omar_Torrijos_signing_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty.jpg/440px-Jimmy_Carter_and_General_Omar_Torrijos_signing_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2971" data-file-height="2025" /></a><figcaption>President Carter shakes hands with General Torrijos of Panama after signing the Panama Canal Treaty.</figcaption></figure> <p>He had reached the rank of lieutenant colonel by 1966. Due to accusations of his involvement in election frauds, Torrijos was ordered to El Salvador in 1968 as a military attaché.<sup id="cite_ref-Embassy_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Embassy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during this year however that his close friend in the Guardia, Major <a href="/wiki/Boris_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Boris Martínez">Boris Martínez</a> and Colonel Jose Humberto Ramos (godfather of his son Omar) initiated a meditated and successful <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> against the recently elected president of Panama, <a href="/wiki/Arnulfo_Arias" title="Arnulfo Arias">Arnulfo Arias</a>, after almost eleven days in office. Having received news of the coup while in the Canal Zone, Torrijos and a few officers including <a href="/wiki/Demetrio_Lakas_Bahas" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrio Lakas Bahas">Demetrio Lakas</a> sought to re-establish some form of civilian rule, even attempting to install Arnulfo's vice-president, <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Arango" title="Raúl Arango">Raúl Arango</a> as the new president, much to Martínez's dismay.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrants_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrants-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a two-man junta was appointed, Martinez and Torrijos were the true leaders from the beginning. Soon after the coup, Torrijos was promoted to full colonel and named commandant of the National Guard. They barred all political activity and shut down the legislature. They also seized control of three newspapers owned by Arias' brother, <a href="/wiki/Harmodio_Arias" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmodio Arias">Harmodio</a> and blackmailed the owners of the country's oldest newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/La_Estrella_de_Panam%C3%A1" title="La Estrella de Panamá">La Estrella de Panamá</a></i>, into becoming a <a href="/wiki/Government_mouthpiece" class="mw-redirect" title="Government mouthpiece">government mouthpiece</a>. With enough opposition against Martinez including from the United States, Torrijos ousted and exiled Martinez and Jose H. Ramos to Miami on February 23, 1969, nearly four months after the initial coup. He then promoted himself to <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrants_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrants-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For him, the overthrown government "was a marriage between the armed forces, the oligarchy and the bad priests; the soldier carried his rifle to silence the people and forbid "the scoundrel" to disrespect the ruling class. "Explaining that his revolution acts "for the poor, not for the owners", he had a new Constitution, an agrarian reform, and a Labour Code adopted and recognized the workers' and peasants' unions. </p><p>Torrijos introduced a <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> policy, with the inauguration of schools and the creation of jobs, the redistribution of agricultural land (which was his government's most popular measure). The reforms were accompanied by a major public works programme. He also faced North American <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinationals</a>, redistributing 180,000 hectares of uncultivated land. In February 1974, following <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>'s model for oil, he attempted to form the Union of Banana Exporting Countries with other Central American States to respond to the influence of these multinationals, but did not obtain their support. Its policy promoted the emergence of a middle class and the representation of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> communities. </p><p>In 1972, the regime held a controlled election of an Assembly of Community Representatives, with a single opposition member. The new assembly approved a new Constitution and elected Demetrio Lakas as president. However, the new document made Torrijos the actual head of government, with near-absolute powers for six years. </p><p>Torrijos was regarded by his supporters as the first Panamanian leader to represent the majority population of Panama, which is poor, Spanish-speaking, and of mixed heritage– as opposed to the stereotypically white-skinned social <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a>, often referred to as <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">rabiblancos</i></span> ("white-tails", or more recently, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">yeyé(s)</i></span>), who had long (and still do, to a lesser extent) dominated the commerce and political life of Panama. He opened many schools and created new job opportunities for those less fortunate. Some say he even spent his weekends giving a thousand dollars to random people and charities.<sup id="cite_ref-Embassy_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Embassy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Torrijos instituted a range of social and economic reforms to improve the land lots of the poor, and redistributed agricultural land. He prosecuted the richest and most powerful families in the country, and in turn favored his political allies, which enabled them to amass their own fortunes at the expense of the Panamanian treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his dictatorship, corruption and drug trafficking in Panama increased considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His reforms were accompanied by an ambitious <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a> program, financed by foreign banks. </p><p>In international politics, Torrijos supported Chilean President <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a> and welcomed refugees after the <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 coup d'état</a>. He helped the Sandinista guerrillas in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> and other rebel forces in <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, and renewed diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. </p><p>In 1978, he stepped down as head of the government but remained <i>de facto</i> ruler of the country while another one of his followers, <a href="/wiki/Aristides_Royo" title="Aristides Royo">Aristides Royo</a>, was a figurehead president. He also restored some civil liberties; <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> had told him that the Senate would never approve the Canal treaties unless Torrijos made some effort to liberalize his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckman_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panama_Canal">Panama Canal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omar_Torrijos&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Panama Canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An admirer of Yugoslav leader <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> and inspired by <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>'s nationalization of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, he embarked on a fight against the United States to gain Panama's sovereignty. In 1973, in the absence of progress in negotiations with the United States, he tried to involve the UN: "We have never been, are not and will never be an associated state, colony or protectorate, and we do not intend to add a star to the United States flag". The US vetoed the adopted resolution. </p><p>Torrijos negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Torrijos-Carter_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Torrijos-Carter Treaties">Torrijos-Carter Treaties</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>, signed on September 7, 1977. These treaties passed United States sovereignty over the canal zone to Panama, with a gradual increase in Panamanian control over it, leading to complete control on December 31, 1999. The United States, however, retained the permanent right to protect what it called the 'neutrality' of the canal, allowing U.S. administration of the canal as well as military intervention through the now-legalized U.S. bases in Panama. These aspects of the treaty fell short of nationalistic goals and the ratification ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Clayton" title="Fort Clayton">Fort Clayton</a> was somewhat of an embarrassment for Torrijos. He was noticeably drunk during the ceremony; his speech was badly slurred and he had to brace himself against the podium to keep from falling.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckman_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Regime_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regime-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_transition">Political transition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omar_Torrijos&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political transition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With pressure from the Carter administration as well as from economic depression, Torrijos sought to appease public distress and defuse opposition from labor unions as well as influential oligarchs. He reintroduced the traditional parties by modifying the 1972 constitution and set elections for 1984. During this time, in 1979, Torrijos organized the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Revolutionary_Party" title="Democratic Revolutionary Party">Democratic Revolutionary Party</a> (PRD) which loosely linked to <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a> ideals and represented a melange of social classes, namely the internationally affiliated bourgeoisie. Due to the incoherent nature of this organization, Torrijos was the pivotal figure in maintaining a stable vision between the left and right tendencies within it. His death in 1981, before the transition could be completed, caused a political crisis in the country which led to <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a> coming to power as military ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrants_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrants-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Regime_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regime-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omar_Torrijos&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Omar Torrijos has been generally regarded as a personable man though varying accounts appear contradictory. He married Raquel Pauzner in 1954 and had three children. Having spent most of his time with <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">campesinos</a> during the weekends, he had little time to spare for his children. He had three primary residences: a beach house at Farallón, a house at Coclesito, and a house on Fiftieth Street in Panama City, the last of which his family lived a few blocks from. According to first-hand accounts by Torrijos's friend and guest, <a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene">Graham Greene</a>, Torrijos had a mistress who was studying sociology in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-General_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-General-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Torrijos has been described as a heavy drinker who enjoyed Havana cigars and beautiful women.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrants_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrants-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a meeting with American Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Grove" title="Brandon Grove">Brandon Grove</a> in December 1969, Torrijos challenged him to a game of pinball and later said, “I’m not an intellectual but a man of horse sense, like a farmer”.<sup id="cite_ref-Embassy_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Embassy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Torrijos relished in the opinions others had of his colleagues and acquaintances especially if they coincided with his own. He has been described as humble and respectful as he listened to the plights of middle and lower-class people.<sup id="cite_ref-General_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-General-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omar_Torrijos&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mausoleo_de_Omar_Torrijos_(Amador_-_Panam%C3%A1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mausoleo_de_Omar_Torrijos_%28Amador_-_Panam%C3%A1%29.jpg/220px-Mausoleo_de_Omar_Torrijos_%28Amador_-_Panam%C3%A1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mausoleo_de_Omar_Torrijos_%28Amador_-_Panam%C3%A1%29.jpg/330px-Mausoleo_de_Omar_Torrijos_%28Amador_-_Panam%C3%A1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mausoleo_de_Omar_Torrijos_%28Amador_-_Panam%C3%A1%29.jpg/440px-Mausoleo_de_Omar_Torrijos_%28Amador_-_Panam%C3%A1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Omar Torrijos Mausoleum in Amador, Panama City, in the former Canal Zone.</figcaption></figure> <p>Torrijos died at the age of 52 when his aircraft, a <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-6_Twin_Otter" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter">de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter</a> of the Panamanian Air Force, <a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Air_Force_FAP-205_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamanian Air Force FAP-205 crash">crashed at Cerro Marta</a>, in Coclesito, near <a href="/wiki/Penonom%C3%A9,_Cocl%C3%A9" title="Penonomé, Coclé">Penonomé</a>, Panama on July 31, 1981. The aircraft disappeared from radar during light weather, but due to the limited nature of Panama's radar coverage at the time, the plane was not reported missing for nearly a day. The crash site was located several days later, and the body of Torrijos was recovered by a Special Forces team in the first few days of August.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four aides and two pilots also died in the crash.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His death caused national mourning around the country, especially in poor areas. Following a large state funeral, Torrijos's body was briefly buried in a cemetery in Casco Viejo (the Old City of Panama), before being moved to a mausoleum in the former <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Canal Zone on Fort Amador</a> near <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a>. He was succeeded as commander of the National Guard and <i>de facto</i> leader of Panama by <a href="/wiki/Florencio_Flores_Aguilar" title="Florencio Flores Aguilar">Florencio Flores</a> (<i>de jure</i> was a military leader; however, <i>de facto</i> never exercised power as one,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) who later gave way to <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo_Paredes" title="Rubén Darío Paredes">Rubén Darío Paredes</a>. The crash site is now a national park and his house in Coclesito is now a museum. </p><p>Torrijos' death generated charges and speculation that he was the victim of an assassination plot. For instance, in pre-trial hearings in Miami in May 1991, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a>'s attorney, Frank Rubino, was quoted as saying "General Noriega has in his possession documents showing attempts to assassinate General Noriega and Mr. Torrijos by agencies of the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No such documents have as yet been produced. In 1981, Soviet news agency <a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a> also claimed that the U.S. had caused Torrijos's death.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former Noriega chief of staff Colonel Roberto Diaz, a cousin of Torrijos, as recently as 2013 has several times accused the United States and Noriega of involvement in Torrijos's death and called for investigations.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_honours">Foreign honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omar_Torrijos&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Foreign honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Belize: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Belize_-_ribbon_bar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Order_of_Belize_-_ribbon_bar.png/70px-Order_of_Belize_-_ribbon_bar.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Order_of_Belize_-_ribbon_bar.png/105px-Order_of_Belize_-_ribbon_bar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Order_of_Belize_-_ribbon_bar.png/140px-Order_of_Belize_-_ribbon_bar.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Belize" title="Order of Belize">Order of Belize</a> (2006, awarded posthumously)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Cuba: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_jose_marti.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ribbon_jose_marti.png/70px-Ribbon_jose_marti.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Ribbon_jose_marti.png 1.5x" data-file-width="101" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD" title="Order of José Martí">Order of José Martí</a> (1976)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Peru: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/70px-PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/105px-PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/140px-PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru" title="Order of the Sun of Peru">Order of the Sun of Peru</a> (1974)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span>Spain: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ESP_Order_of_Civil_Merit_-_Collar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/ESP_Order_of_Civil_Merit_-_Collar.svg/70px-ESP_Order_of_Civil_Merit_-_Collar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/ESP_Order_of_Civil_Merit_-_Collar.svg/105px-ESP_Order_of_Civil_Merit_-_Collar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/ESP_Order_of_Civil_Merit_-_Collar.svg/140px-ESP_Order_of_Civil_Merit_-_Collar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Civil_Merit" title="Order of Civil Merit">Order of Civil Merit</a> (1977)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span>Yugoslavia <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Yugoslavian_Great_Star_Rib.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Order_of_the_Yugoslavian_Great_Star_Rib.png/70px-Order_of_the_Yugoslavian_Great_Star_Rib.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Order_of_the_Yugoslavian_Great_Star_Rib.png/105px-Order_of_the_Yugoslavian_Great_Star_Rib.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Order_of_the_Yugoslavian_Great_Star_Rib.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Yugoslav_Great_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Yugoslav Great Star">Order of the Yugoslav Great Star</a> (1976)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omar_Torrijos&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Confessions_of_an_Economic_Hit_Man" title="Confessions of an Economic Hit Man">Confessions of an Economic Hit Man</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Jes%C3%BAs_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="José de Jesús Martínez">José de Jesús Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsolved_deaths" title="List of unsolved deaths">List of unsolved deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocumen_International_Airport" title="Tocumen International Airport">Tocumen International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getting_To_Know_The_General:_The_Story_of_an_Involvement" class="mw-redirect" title="Getting To Know The General: The Story of an Involvement">Getting To Know The General: The Story of an Involvement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omar_Torrijos&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/amp/a-13-a-2004-09-01-27-1-66899492/262229.html">"Panama Swears In President Martin Torrijos - 2004-09-01"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></i>. October 28, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Panama+Swears+In+President+Martin+Torrijos+-+2004-09-01&rft.date=2009-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Famp%2Fa-13-a-2004-09-01-27-1-66899492%2F262229.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmar+Torrijos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2006" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Barry (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zzQUDgAAQBAJ"><i>The Statesman's Yearbook 2007: The Politics, Cultures, and Economies of the World</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 972. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230271357" title="Special:BookSources/9780230271357"><bdi>9780230271357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statesman%27s+Yearbook+2007%3A+The+Politics%2C+Cultures%2C+and+Economies+of+the+World&rft.pages=972&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780230271357&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzzQUDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmar+Torrijos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v22/persons#p_THOE_1">"FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1969–1976, VOLUME XXII, PANAMA, 1973–1976: Persons"</a>. U.S. Department of State<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FOREIGN+RELATIONS+OF+THE+UNITED+STATES%2C+1969%E2%80%931976%2C+VOLUME+XXII%2C+PANAMA%2C+1973%E2%80%931976%3A+Persons&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1969-76v22%2Fpersons%23p_THOE_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmar+Torrijos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/20/archives/panamas-downtoearth-leader-omar-torrijos-herrera.html">"Panama's Down-To-Earth Leader"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. March 20, 1973<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Panama%27s+Down-To-Earth+Leader&rft.date=1973-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1973%2F03%2F20%2Farchives%2Fpanamas-downtoearth-leader-omar-torrijos-herrera.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmar+Torrijos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvn-2.com/hecho-en-panama/omar-torrijos-herrera-canal-panama_1_1204602.amp.html">"Omar Torrijos Herrera, el hombre que impulsó los tratados por el Canal de Panamá"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TVN_(Panamanian_TV_network)" title="TVN (Panamanian TV network)">TVN</a></i> (in Spanish). February 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TVN&rft.atitle=Omar+Torrijos+Herrera%2C+el+hombre+que+impuls%C3%B3+los+tratados+por+el+Canal+de+Panam%C3%A1&rft.date=2020-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvn-2.com%2Fhecho-en-panama%2Fomar-torrijos-herrera-canal-panama_1_1204602.amp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmar+Torrijos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harding-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harding_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding_II2001" class="citation book cs1">Harding II, Robert C. (2001). <i>Military Foundations of Panamanian Politics</i>. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7658-0075-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7658-0075-6"><bdi>0-7658-0075-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Foundations+of+Panamanian+Politics.&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7658-0075-6&rft.aulast=Harding+II&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmar+Torrijos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Embassy-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Embassy_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Embassy_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Embassy_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrove2005" class="citation book cs1">Grove, Brandon (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/behindembassywal00grov"><i>Behind Embassy Walls</i></a></span>. Missouri: University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8262-1573-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8262-1573-4"><bdi>0-8262-1573-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+Embassy+Walls.&rft.place=Missouri&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8262-1573-4&rft.aulast=Grove&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbehindembassywal00grov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmar+Torrijos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyrants-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrants_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrants_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrants_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrants_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosterGuillermo_Sánchez1990" class="citation book cs1">Koster, R.M.; Guillermo Sánchez (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/intimeoftyrantsp00kost"><i>In the Time of the Tyrants: Panama, 1968-1990</i></a></span>. New York City: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02696-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02696-2"><bdi>978-0-393-02696-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Time+of+the+Tyrants%3A+Panama%2C+1968-1990.&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-393-02696-2&rft.aulast=Koster&rft.aufirst=R.M.&rft.au=Guillermo+S%C3%A1nchez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintimeoftyrantsp00kost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmar+Torrijos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandásegui" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gandásegui, Marco A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laestrella.com.pa/opinion/columnistas/151203/duenos-panama">"Los dueños de Panamá"</a>. <i>www.laestrella.com.pa</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.laestrella.com.pa&rft.atitle=Los+due%C3%B1os+de+Panam%C3%A1&rft.aulast=Gand%C3%A1segui&rft.aufirst=Marco+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laestrella.com.pa%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnistas%2F151203%2Fduenos-panama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmar+Torrijos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchering2017" class="citation web cs1">Schering, Brittney (November 23, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/central-america/panama/articles/a-brief-history-of-omar-torrijos">"A Brief History Of Omar Torrijos"</a>. <i>Culture Trip</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture+Trip&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+Of+Omar+Torrijos&rft.date=2017-11-23&rft.aulast=Schering&rft.aufirst=Brittney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Fcentral-america%2Fpanama%2Farticles%2Fa-brief-history-of-omar-torrijos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmar+Torrijos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckman-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buckman_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buckman_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckman2007" class="citation book cs1">Buckman, Robert T. (2007). <i>The World Today Series: Latin America 2007</i>. Harpers Ferry, West Virginia: Stryker-Post Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-887985-84-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-887985-84-0"><bdi>978-1-887985-84-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Today+Series%3A+Latin+America+2007&rft.place=Harpers+Ferry%2C+West+Virginia&rft.pub=Stryker-Post+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-887985-84-0&rft.aulast=Buckman&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmar+Torrijos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Regime-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Regime_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Regime_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriestley1986" class="citation book cs1">Priestley, George (1986). <i>Military Government and Popular Participation in Panama</i>. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-7045-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-7045-0"><bdi>0-8133-7045-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Government+and+Popular+Participation+in+Panama&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Westview+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-8133-7045-0&rft.aulast=Priestley&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmar+Torrijos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-General-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-General_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-General_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene1984" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Graham (1984). <i>Getting to Know the General</i>. London: The Bodley Head Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-370-30808-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-370-30808-5"><bdi>0-370-30808-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getting+to+Know+the+General.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Bodley+Head+Ltd&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-370-30808-5&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmar+Torrijos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/TORRIJOS/_OMAR_/PANAMa/PANAMa/Panama/descarta/sabotaje/muerte/Torrijos/elpepiint/19810815elpepiint_9/Tes/">Panamá descarta un sabotaje en la muerte de Torrijos</a>. By Jesús Ceberio. <i>El País</i> (Spain), August 15, 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19810731-1">ASN Aircraft accident de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 300 FAP-205 Coclecito:</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cidh.org/countryrep/Panama89eng/intro.htm">Panama: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1991-05-01/news/9101220014_1_frank-rubino-gen-noriega-panama">"Noriega Strategy Unfolds Attorneys Hope To Drag Past U.S. Role Into Trial."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713104329/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1991-05-01/news/9101220014_1_frank-rubino-gen-noriega-panama">Archived</a> July 13, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> By Warren Richey. <i><a href="/wiki/Sun_Sentinel" title="Sun Sentinel">Sun Sentinel</a></i>, May 1, 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601220756/http://insidethecoldwar.org/sites/default/files/documents/Soviet%20Active%20Measures%20Forgery,%20Disinformation,%20Political%20Operations%20October%201981.pdf">"Soviet "Active Measures": Forgery, Disinformation, Political Operations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Inside the Cold War</i>. United States Department of State Bureau of Public Affairs. October 1981. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://insidethecoldwar.org/sites/default/files/documents/Soviet%20Active%20Measures%20Forgery%2C%20Disinformation%2C%20Political%20Operations%20October%201981.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+the+Cold+War&rft.atitle=Soviet+%22Active+Measures%22%3A+Forgery%2C+Disinformation%2C+Political+Operations&rft.date=1981-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finsidethecoldwar.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FSoviet%2520Active%2520Measures%2520Forgery%252C%2520Disinformation%252C%2520Political%2520Operations%2520October%25201981.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmar+Torrijos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepanamadigest.com/2013/03/colonel-requests-investigation-into-omar-torrijos-death/">Colonel Requests Investigation into Omar Torrijos Death</a>. <i>Panama Digest</i>, March 2, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deadlinelive.info/2009/08/04/deadline-live-exclusive-the-cia-used-manuel-noriega-to-assassinate-panamanian-leader-omar-torrijos/">The CIA Used Manuel Noriega to Assassinate Panamanian Leader Omar Torrijos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217021734/http://deadlinelive.info/2009/08/04/deadline-live-exclusive-the-cia-used-manuel-noriega-to-assassinate-panamanian-leader-omar-torrijos/">Archived</a> December 17, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. August 4, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsroompanama.com/news/panama/us-responsible-for-death-of-omar-torrijos-former-militar">US Responsible For Death Of Omar Torrijos, - Former Militar.</a> <i>Newsroom Panama</i>, February 18, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caribbeanelections.com/eDocs/articles/bz/Said%20Musa%20Independence%20Day%20Address%202006.pdf">"Independence Day Address 2006"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>caribbeanelections.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://caribbeanelections.com/eDocs/articles/bz/Said%20Musa%20Independence%20Day%20Address%202006.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=caribbeanelections.com&rft.atitle=Independence+Day+Address+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaribbeanelections.com%2FeDocs%2Farticles%2Fbz%2FSaid%2520Musa%2520Independence%2520Day%2520Address%25202006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmar+Torrijos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fidelcastro.cu/es/cronologia/11-de-enero-de-1976">"Le impone al General de Brigada Omar Torrijos la Orden Nacional "José Martí" la más alta condecoración del país"</a>. <i>fidelcastro.cu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fidelcastro.cu&rft.atitle=Le+impone+al+General+de+Brigada+Omar+Torrijos+la+Orden+Nacional+%22Jos%C3%A9+Mart%C3%AD%22+la+m%C3%A1s+alta+condecoraci%C3%B3n+del+pa%C3%ADs.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fidelcastro.cu%2Fes%2Fcronologia%2F11-de-enero-de-1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmar+Torrijos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cde.gestion2.e3.pe/doc/0/0/1/5/2/152563.pdf">"CONDECORADOS: ORDEN EL SOL DEL PERU"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://cde.gestion2.e3.pe/doc/0/0/1/5/2/152563.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministerio+de+Relaciones+Exteriores&rft.atitle=CONDECORADOS%3A+ORDEN+EL+SOL+DEL+PERU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcde.gestion2.e3.pe%2Fdoc%2F0%2F0%2F1%2F5%2F2%2F152563.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmar+Torrijos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1977-24094">"Real Decreto 2539/1977, de 5 de septiembre, por el que se concede el Collar de la Orden del Mérito Civil al excelentísimo señor Omar Torrijos Herrera, Jefe de Gobierno de la República de Panamá"</a>. <i>Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agencia+Estatal+Bolet%C3%ADn+Oficial+del+Estado&rft.atitle=Real+Decreto+2539%2F1977%2C+de+5+de+septiembre%2C+por+el+que+se+concede+el+Collar+de+la+Orden+del+M%C3%A9rito+Civil+al+excelent%C3%ADsimo+se%C3%B1or+Omar+Torrijos+Herrera%2C+Jefe+de+Gobierno+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+de+Panam%C3%A1.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fdiario_boe%2Ftxt.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-1977-24094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmar+Torrijos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slvesnik.com.mk/Issues/7C2E1D1E96FE4CC7B2E5F6331E656D7A.pdf">"Одликувања"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Službeni list SFRJ</i>. <b>XXXII</b> (41): 1272. September 17, 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slu%C5%BEbeni+list+SFRJ&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0&rft.volume=XXXII&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=1272&rft.date=1976-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slvesnik.com.mk%2FIssues%2F7C2E1D1E96FE4CC7B2E5F6331E656D7A.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOmar+Torrijos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omar_Torrijos&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Grieb, Kenneth J. "Omar Torrijos Herrera" in <i>Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture</i>, vol. 5, pp. 259-60. Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.</li> <li>Lafeber, Walter. <i>The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective</i>. (1979)</li> <li>Priestley, George. <i>Military Government and Popular Participation in Panama: The Torrijos Regime, 1968-1975</i>. (1986)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omar_Torrijos&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cidh.oas.org/countryrep/Panama78eng/TOC.htm"><i>Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Panama</i></a>, by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, 1978. The Commission concluded that there was a significant improvement in the situation of human rights from 1972 onwards.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/panama/panama_history_the_government_of_torrijos_and_the_national_guard.html">Panama The Government of Torrijos and the National Guard</a>. An assessment of the career of Omar Torrijos in the context of Panamanian history.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnperkins.org/">Web Site of author John Perkins.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/02/20/specials/greene-general.html">His Man in Panama</a>. By Alan Riding. <i>New York Times</i>, November 4, 1984. A review of <a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene">Graham Greene</a>'s <i>Getting to Know the General</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-flux.com/announcements/torrijos-the-man-and-the-myth/"><i>Torrijos: The Man and the Myth</i></a>. Americas Society exhibition in NYC. Photographs of <a href="/wiki/Graciela_Iturbide" title="Graciela Iturbide">Graciela Iturbide</a>, Jan 31 – May 5, 2008.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">New Title</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b> <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Panama">Military Leader of Panama</a> </b><br />1968–1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Florencio_Flores_Aguilar" title="Florencio Flores Aguilar">Florencio Flores</a> <br /> <i>de jure</i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo_Paredes" title="Rubén Darío Paredes">Rubén Darío Paredes</a> <br /> <i>de facto</i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Position established</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Panama" title="List of heads of state of Panama">Maximum Leader of the Panamanian Revolution</a> </b><br />1968–1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Position abolished</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_and_heads_of_state_of_Panama" title="Template:Presidents and heads of state of Panama"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_and_heads_of_state_of_Panama" title="Template talk:Presidents and heads of state of Panama"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_and_heads_of_state_of_Panama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents and heads of state of Panama"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Panama&#124;link=Panama_Presidents_and_heads_of_state_of_Panama" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama"><img alt="Panama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Panama" title="List of heads of state of Panama">Presidents and heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Amador_Guerrero" title="Manuel Amador Guerrero">Manuel Amador Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Domingo_de_Obald%C3%ADa" title="José Domingo de Obaldía">José Domingo de Obaldía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Antonio_Mendoza" title="Carlos Antonio Mendoza">Carlos Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Boyd" title="Federico Boyd">Federico Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Arosemena" title="Pablo Arosemena">Pablo Arosemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belisario_Porras_Barahona" title="Belisario Porras Barahona">Belisario Porras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Maximiliano_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Ramón Maximiliano Valdés">Ramón Valdés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciro_Luis_Urriola" title="Ciro Luis Urriola">Ciro Urriola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Antonio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Pedro Antonio Díaz">Pedro Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belisario_Porras_Barahona" title="Belisario Porras Barahona">Belisario Porras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Tisdel_Lefevre" title="Ernesto Tisdel Lefevre">Ernesto Lefevre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belisario_Porras_Barahona" title="Belisario Porras Barahona">Belisario Porras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Chiari" title="Rodolfo Chiari">Rodolfo Chiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florencio_Harmodio_Arosemena" title="Florencio Harmodio Arosemena">Florencio Arosemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmodio_Arias_Madrid" title="Harmodio Arias Madrid">Harmodio Arias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Alfaro_Jovan%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricardo Joaquín Alfaro Jované">Ricardo Alfaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmodio_Arias_Madrid" title="Harmodio Arias Madrid">Harmodio Arias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Dem%C3%B3stenes_Arosemena" title="Juan Demóstenes Arosemena">Juan Arosemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezequiel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(Panamanian_politician)" title="Ezequiel Fernández (Panamanian politician)">Ezequiel Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Samuel_Boyd" title="Augusto Samuel Boyd">Augusto Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulfo_Arias" title="Arnulfo Arias">Arnulfo Arias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Adolfo_de_la_Guardia_Arango" title="Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia Arango">Ricardo de la Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Adolfo_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Enrique Adolfo Jiménez">Enrique Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_D%C3%ADaz_Arosemena" title="Domingo Díaz Arosemena">Domingo Díaz Arosemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chanis_Pinz%C3%B3n" title="Daniel Chanis Pinzón">Daniel Chanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Francisco_Chiari_Rem%C3%B3n" title="Roberto Francisco Chiari Remón">Roberto Chiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulfo_Arias" title="Arnulfo Arias">Arnulfo Arias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcib%C3%ADades_Arosemena" title="Alcibíades Arosemena">Alcibíades Arosemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Rem%C3%B3n_Cantera" title="José Antonio Remón Cantera">José Remón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ram%C3%B3n_Guizado" title="José Ramón Guizado">José Ramón Guizado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Arias_(politician)" title="Ricardo Arias (politician)">Ricardo Arias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_de_la_Guardia" title="Ernesto de la Guardia">Ernesto de la Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Francisco_Chiari_Rem%C3%B3n" title="Roberto Francisco Chiari Remón">Roberto Chiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Aurelio_Robles" title="Marco Aurelio Robles">Marco Aurelio Robles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulfo_Arias" title="Arnulfo Arias">Arnulfo Arias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pinilla_F%C3%A1brega" title="José María Pinilla Fábrega">José María Pinilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrio_B._Lakas" title="Demetrio B. Lakas">Demetrio Lakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_Royo" title="Aristides Royo">Aristides Royo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_de_la_Espriella" title="Ricardo de la Espriella">Ricardo de la Espriella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Illueca" title="Jorge Illueca">Jorge Illueca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Ardito_Barletta_Vallarino" title="Nicolás Ardito Barletta Vallarino">Nicolás Barletta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Arturo_Delvalle" title="Eric Arturo Delvalle">Eric Delvalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Sol%C3%ADs_Palma" title="Manuel Solís Palma">Manuel Solís Palma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(President_of_Panama)" title="Francisco Rodríguez (President of Panama)">Francisco Rodríguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Endara" title="Guillermo Endara">Guillermo Endara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_P%C3%A9rez_Balladares" title="Ernesto Pérez Balladares">Ernesto Pérez Balladares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mireya_Moscoso" title="Mireya Moscoso">Mireya Moscoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Torrijos" title="Martín Torrijos">Martín Torrijos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Martinelli" title="Ricardo Martinelli">Ricardo Martinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Varela" title="Juan Carlos Varela">Juan Carlos Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentino_Cortizo" title="Laurentino Cortizo">Laurentino Cortizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Mulino" title="José Raúl Mulino">José Raúl Mulino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Commanders_of_the_Panamanian_Defense_Forces_(1968–1989)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Commanders of the <a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Public_Forces" title="Panamanian Public Forces">Panamanian Defense Forces</a> (1968–1989)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Boris Martínez">Boris Martínez</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Omar Torrijos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florencio_Flores_Aguilar" title="Florencio Flores Aguilar">Florencio Flores Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo_Paredes" title="Rubén Darío Paredes">Rubén Darío Paredes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/16px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/24px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/32px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Panama" title="Portal:Panama">Panama portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332055#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332055#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332055#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000116702005">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/72205502">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1427661/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfcQCW3JPx74cY8B4tBT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119502984">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81129346">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119753935">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119753935">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701828&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1455424">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071079963">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810595896205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269053905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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