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href="#Using_the_same_footnote_multiple_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Using the same footnote multiple times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Using_the_same_footnote_multiple_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Using_multiple_pages_from_the_same_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Using_multiple_pages_from_the_same_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Using multiple pages from the same source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Using_multiple_pages_from_the_same_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creating_links_to_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creating_links_to_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Creating links to citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creating_links_to_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Using_commas_rather_than_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Using_commas_rather_than_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Using commas rather than periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Using_commas_rather_than_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvard_reference_and_shortened_footnote_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvard_reference_and_shortened_footnote_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Harvard reference and shortened footnote examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvard_reference_and_shortened_footnote_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discussing_citations_on_talk_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discussing_citations_on_talk_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Discussing citations on talk pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discussing_citations_on_talk_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Wikipedia</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Citation templates</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Seunaleu%C3%ABk/Cok_kheun_ureueng" title="Wikipedia:Seunaleuëk/Cok kheun ureueng – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Wikipedia:Seunaleuëk/Cok kheun ureueng" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verwysingsjablone" title="Wikipedia:Verwysingsjablone – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wikipedia:Verwysingsjablone" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ويكيبيديا:قوالب الاستشهاد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويكيبيديا:قوالب الاستشهاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:Citation_templates" title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:Citation templates – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:Citation templates" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya:%C4%B0stinad_%C5%9Fablonlar%C4%B1" title="Vikipediya:İstinad şablonları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vikipediya:İstinad şablonları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="উইকিপিডিয়া:উদ্ধৃতি টেমপ্লেট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইকিপিডিয়া:উদ্ধৃতি টেমপ্লেট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Referenceskabeloner" title="Wikipedia:Referenceskabeloner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wikipedia:Referenceskabeloner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_%ED%8B%80" title="위키백과:인용 틀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위키백과:인용 틀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templat/Kutipan" title="Wikipedia:Templat/Kutipan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wikipedia:Templat/Kutipan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Википедија:Предлошки за наведување – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Википедија:Предлошки за наведување" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B8%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="Wikipedia:出典テンプレート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Wikipedia:出典テンプレート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Maler/Referanser_og_henvisninger" title="Wikipedia:Maler/Referanser og henvisninger – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wikipedia:Maler/Referanser og henvisninger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86:Citation_templates" title="ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ:Citation templates – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ:Citation templates" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Formate_pentru_citare" title="Wikipedia:Formate pentru citare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wikipedia:Formate pentru citare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия:Шаблоны/Библиография – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Википедия:Шаблоны/Библиография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F:%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92" title="විකිපීඩියා:මූලාශ්‍ර දැක්වීමේ සැකිලි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විකිපීඩියා:මූලාශ්‍ර දැක්වීමේ සැකිලි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Predloge_za_navajanje" title="Wikipedija:Predloge za navajanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Wikipedija:Predloge za navajanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Malline/Viitemallineet" title="Wikipedia:Malline/Viitemallineet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wikipedia:Malline/Viitemallineet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedi:Kaynak_g%C3%B6sterme_%C5%9Fablonlar%C4%B1" title="Vikipedi:Kaynak gösterme şablonları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vikipedi:Kaynak gösterme şablonları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Вікіпедія:Шаблони посилань на джерела – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вікіпедія:Шаблони посилань на джерела" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CITET&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITET">Wikipedia:CITET</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikimedia guide on citation templates</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:CT" redirects here. For special procedures on contentious topics, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CTOP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CTOP">WP:CTOP</a>. For WikiProject Connecticut, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CONN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CONN">WP:CONN</a>. For the capitalisation style of compositions, see <a href="/wiki/MOS:CT" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:CT">MOS:CT</a>. For cleanup template messages, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TC">WP:TC</a>. For the colon trick, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:COLON" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:COLON">WP:COLON</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_messages/Cleanup#Verifiability_and_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup">WP:Template messages/Cleanup/Verifiability and sources</a> for cleanup request templates, such as "citation needed" and many more.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Citation tools">Wikipedia:Citation tools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index/Sources_of_articles/Citation_quick_reference" title="Wikipedia:Template index/Sources of articles/Citation quick reference">Wikipedia:Template index/Sources of articles/Citation quick reference</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/30px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/45px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/60px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This help page is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace#Wikipedia_how-to_and_information_pages" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">how-to guide</a>.</b><br/><div style="font-size: 90%;">It explains concepts or processes used by the Wikipedia community. It is not one of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</a>, and may reflect varying levels of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CITET"></span><span id="WP:CIT"></span><span id="WP:CT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CITET&redirect=no">WP:CITET</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CIT&redirect=no">WP:CIT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CT&redirect=no">WP:CT</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Citation templates</b> are used to format citations in a consistent way, as an alternative to formatting the citations by hand. The use of citation templates is neither encouraged nor discouraged. Templates may be used or removed at the discretion of individual editors, subject to agreement with other editors on the article. <b>Because templates can be contentious, editors should not add citation templates, or change an article with a consistent citation format to another, without gaining consensus</b>; see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITECONSENSUS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITECONSENSUS">WP:CITECONSENSUS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEVAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITEVAR">WP:CITEVAR</a>. The various citation templates may be freely mixed, since they all produce a similar format. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DUPLINK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DUPLINK">WP:DUPLINK</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:OVERLINK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:OVERLINK">WP:OVERLINK</a> do not apply to citations. It is expected that a reference citation includes wikilinks to the relevant article for the source, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, rather than <i>The New York Times</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Use_in_footnotes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Use_in_footnotes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Use_in_footnotes"></span>Use in footnotes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Use_in_footnotes"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citation_templates&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Use in footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Help:Footnotes</a></div> <div class="plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #a7d7f9; padding: 0.8em; width: 25%; font-size: 87%; float:right;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:VisualEditor-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/VisualEditor-logo.svg/200px-VisualEditor-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/VisualEditor-logo.svg/300px-VisualEditor-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/VisualEditor-logo.svg/400px-VisualEditor-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="225"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <b>Instructions on this page may not work with VisualEditor.</b> If you have <a href="/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures" title="Special:Preferences">opted in</a>, you can use either <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a> or classic editing through <a href="/wiki/Help:Wiki_markup" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Wiki markup">wiki markup</a> (wikitext) to edit most pages. The directions on this page, especially about what codes to type to produce formatting effects, are predominantly geared toward wikitext editing. For instructions on editing with VisualEditor, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User_guide" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide">Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide</a>. </div> <p>For a citation to appear in a footnote, it needs to be enclosed in "ref" tags. You can add these by typing <b><code class="nowrap" style=""><ref></code></b> at the front of the citation and <b><code class="nowrap" style=""></ref></code></b> at the end. Alternatively you may notice above the edit box there is a row of "markup" formatting buttons which include a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><ref></ref></kbd> button to the right—if you highlight your whole citation and then click this markup button, it will automatically enclose your <i>citation</i> in ref tags (i.e. <b><code class="nowrap" style=""><ref></code></b><i>citation</i><b><code class="nowrap" style=""></ref></code></b>). </p><p>Note, if this is a new page or if there are not already references previously cited, it is necessary to create a section usually named "Notes" or "References" near the end of the page; see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FNNR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FNNR">WP:FNNR</a> and <a href="/wiki/MOS:APPENDIX" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:APPENDIX">MOS:APPENDIX</a> for more information on section names: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1195917819">.mw-parser-output .pre-borderless{border:none}</style><pre class="pre">==Notes== {{Reflist}}</pre> <p><i>or</i> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1195917819"><pre class="pre">==Notes== <references /></pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Using_the_same_footnote_multiple_times" data-mw-thread-id="h-Using_the_same_footnote_multiple_times"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Using_the_same_footnote_multiple_times"></span>Using the same footnote multiple times<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Using_the_same_footnote_multiple_times"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citation_templates&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Using the same footnote multiple times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:REFNAME" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:REFNAME">WP:REFNAME</a></div> <p>Add a name <a href="/wiki/HTML#Attributes" title="HTML">attribute</a> when creating a footnote <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref name="name">citation text</ref></code>. Thereafter, the footnote may be referenced by just using the following expression <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref name="name" /></code>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Using_multiple_pages_from_the_same_source" data-mw-thread-id="h-Using_multiple_pages_from_the_same_source"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Using_multiple_pages_from_the_same_source"></span>Using multiple pages from the same source<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Using_multiple_pages_from_the_same_source"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citation_templates&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Using multiple pages from the same source"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">Help:References and page numbers</a></div> <p>When an article cites many different pages from the same source, there are two main methods of unifying them instead of copying a completely new citation. One method is <a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Shortened footnotes</a>, which automatically displays an entirely new reference listing in the References section per unique page citation. Another method is to use the template <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Rp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Rp">rp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, which appends any type of positional information (such as page numbers, chapter numbers, or audiovisual time code) directly to each given citation in the article body, which would result in text such as <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2345">: 2345 </span></sup> appearing after a superscripted footnote number. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Creating_links_to_citations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Creating_links_to_citations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Creating_links_to_citations"></span>Creating links to citations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Creating_links_to_citations"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citation_templates&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Creating links to citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Glossary#Wikilink" title="Wikipedia:Glossary">Wikilinks</a> to citation templates can be created using the templates <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harv" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">harv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvnb">harvnb</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvtxt" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvtxt">harvtxt</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, etc. For example, this "<a href="#CITEREFMumford1999">Mumford 1999</a>" links to a citation template below. This is of particular interest when using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Shortened_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">shortened footnotes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See the <a href="#Harvard_reference_and_shortened_footnote_examples">examples</a> below or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources/Further_considerations#Wikilinks_to_full_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations">wikilinks to full references</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Using_commas_rather_than_periods" data-mw-thread-id="h-Using_commas_rather_than_periods"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Using_commas_rather_than_periods"></span>Using commas rather than periods<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Using_commas_rather_than_periods"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citation_templates&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Using commas rather than periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">Citation</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> creates a citation in the same format as most of the <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a> templates, except that the periods (or full stops) are replaced with commas, and there is no final period or full stop. A complete list of templates that are mimicked by <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> can be found at <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation/core" title="Template:Citation/core">citation/core</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>. The parameter <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|mode=</code> can be used to alter the punctuation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Examples" data-mw-thread-id="h-Examples"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Examples"></span>Examples<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Examples"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citation_templates&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_templates" title="Category:Citation templates">Category:Citation templates</a></div> <p>Below are examples of how to use various <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Template">templates</a> to cite a <b>book</b>, <b>encyclopedia</b>, <b>journal</b>, <b>website</b>, <b>comic strip</b>, <b>video</b>, <b>editorial comics</b>, etc. </p> <ul><li><b>For full description of a template</b> and the parameters which can be used with it—<b>click the template name</b> (e.g. <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">Citation</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> or <span>{{<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Examples">cite xxx</a>}}</span>) in the "<b>template</b>" column of the table below.</li> <li><b>Required</b> field(s) are indicated in <b>bold</b></li> <li>Copy and paste the text under "<b>common usage</b>" to use the template.</li> <li>Following each example is the resulting article text.</li></ul> <p>For a list of tools that can help create some of the templates below, see: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Citation tools">Wikipedia:Citation tools</a>. </p><p>Citations are commonly embedded in reference templates. For more information, see: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Footnotes">Wikipedia:Footnotes</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Source </th> <th>Template </th> <th>Common usage </th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">book </th> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><br/><b>title</b> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite book | last = | first = | author-link = | title = | publisher = | series = | volume = | edition = | date = | location = | pages = | language = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = | mr = | zbl = | jfm =}} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite book | last = Mumford | first = David | author-link = David Mumford | title = The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes | publisher = [[Springer-Verlag]] | series = Lecture Notes in Mathematics | volume = 1358 | edition = 2nd expanded | location = Berlin | date = 1899 | page = 198 | doi = 10.1007/b62130 | isbn = 354063293X | mr = 1748380 | zbl = 0945.14001}} </pre> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMumford1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Mumford" title="David Mumford">Mumford, David</a> (1999). <i>The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes</i>. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 1358 (2nd expanded ed.). Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a>. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fb62130">10.1007/b62130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/354063293X" title="Special:BookSources/354063293X"><bdi>354063293X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1748380">1748380</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zbl (identifier)">Zbl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0945.14001">0945.14001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Book+of+Varieties+and+Schemes&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Mathematics&rft.pages=198&rft.edition=2nd+expanded&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzbmath.org%2F%3Fformat%3Dcomplete%26q%3Dan%3A0945.14001%23id-name%3DZbl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D1748380%23id-name%3DMR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fb62130&rft.isbn=354063293X&rft.aulast=Mumford&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite book | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R. | first2 = Jeff | last2 = Grubb | first3 =David | last3 = Noonan | title = [[Manual of the Planes]] | location = Berlin | publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]] | pages = 198–203 | date = September 2001 | isbn = 0-786918-50-0}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordellGrubbNoonan2001" class="citation book cs1">Cordell, Bruce R.; Grubb, Jeff; Noonan, David (September 2001). <i><a href="/wiki/Manual_of_the_Planes" title="Manual of the Planes">Manual of the Planes</a></i>. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Wizards_of_the_Coast" title="Wizards of the Coast">Wizards of the Coast</a>. pp. 198–203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-786918-50-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-786918-50-0"><bdi>0-786918-50-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+the+Planes&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=198-203&rft.pub=Wizards+of+the+Coast&rft.date=2001-09&rft.isbn=0-786918-50-0&rft.aulast=Cordell&rft.aufirst=Bruce+R.&rft.au=Grubb%2C+Jeff&rft.au=Noonan%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">Citation</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author-link2 = | title = | place = | publisher = | series = | volume = | orig-date = | year = | edition = | chapter = | chapter-url = | page = | pages = | language = | url = | archive-url = | archive-date = | doi = | id = | isbn = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{Citation | last = Mumford | first = David | author-link = David Mumford | title = The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes | place = Berlin | publisher = [[Springer-Verlag]] | series = Lecture Notes in Mathematics | volume = 1358 | edition = 2nd expanded | date = 1989 | page = 198 | doi = 10.1007/b62130 | isbn = 354063293X | mr = 1748380 | zbl = 0945.14001}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMumford1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Mumford" title="David Mumford">Mumford, David</a> (1998), <i>The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes</i>, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 1358 (2nd expanded ed.), Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a>, p. 198, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fb62130">10.1007/b62130</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/354063293X" title="Special:BookSources/354063293X"><bdi>354063293X</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1748380">1748380</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zbl (identifier)">Zbl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0945.14001">0945.14001</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Book+of+Varieties+and+Schemes&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Mathematics&rft.pages=198&rft.edition=2nd+expanded&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzbmath.org%2F%3Fformat%3Dcomplete%26q%3Dan%3A0945.14001%23id-name%3DZbl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D1748380%23id-name%3DMR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fb62130&rft.isbn=354063293X&rft.aulast=Mumford&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{Citation | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R. | last2 = Grubb | first2 = Jeff | last3 = Noonan | first3 = David | title = [[Manual of the Planes]] | place = Berlin | publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]] | pages = 198–203 | date = September 2001 | isbn = 0-786918-50-0}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordellGrubbNoonan2001" class="citation cs2">Cordell, Bruce R.; Grubb, Jeff; Noonan, David (September 2001), <i><a href="/wiki/Manual_of_the_Planes" title="Manual of the Planes">Manual of the Planes</a></i>, Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Wizards_of_the_Coast" title="Wizards of the Coast">Wizards of the Coast</a>, pp. 198–203, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-786918-50-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-786918-50-0"><bdi>0-786918-50-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+the+Planes&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=198-203&rft.pub=Wizards+of+the+Coast&rft.date=2001-09&rft.isbn=0-786918-50-0&rft.aulast=Cordell&rft.aufirst=Bruce+R.&rft.au=Grubb%2C+Jeff&rft.au=Noonan%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">journal<br/>paper<br/>thesis<br/>dissertation<br/>See also <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis">cite thesis</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><br/><b>title</b> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite journal | last = | first = | author-link = | title = | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | publisher = | location = | date = | language = | url = | jstor = | issn = | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = | access-date = }} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite journal | author-link = Stephen Brey... | title = Copyright: A Rejo... | journal = UCLA Law Review | volume = 20 | pages = 75–83 | date = October 1972}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreyer1972" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer, Stephen</a> (October 1972). "Copyright: A Rejoinder". <i>UCLA Law Review</i>. <b>20</b>: 75–83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Copyright%3A+A+Rejoinder&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=75-83&rft.date=1972-10&rft.aulast=Breyer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite journal | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H. | author-link1 = David H. Bailey (mathematician) | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter | author-link2 = Peter Borwein | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M. | author-link3 = Jonathan Borwein | title = The Quest for Pi | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–57 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin | date = 25 June 1997 | url = https://www.davidhbailey.com... | issn =0343-6993 | doi = 10.1007/BF03024340 | mr = 1439159 | zbl = 0878.11002}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaileyBorweinBorwein1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Bailey_(mathematician)" title="David H. Bailey (mathematician)">Bailey, David H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Borwein" title="Peter Borwein">Borwein, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Borwein" title="Jonathan Borwein">Borwein, Jonathan M.</a> (25 June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.davidhbailey.com/dhbpapers/pi-quest.pdf">"The Quest for Pi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mathematical Intelligencer</i>. <b>19</b> (1). Berlin: Springer-Verlag: 50–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03024340">10.1007/BF03024340</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0343-6993">0343-6993</a>. <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1439159">1439159</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zbl (identifier)">Zbl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0878.11002">0878.11002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematical+Intelligencer&rft.atitle=The+Quest+for+Pi&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50-57&rft.date=1997-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzbmath.org%2F%3Fformat%3Dcomplete%26q%3Dan%3A0878.11002%23id-name%3DZbl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D1439159%23id-name%3DMR&rft.issn=0343-6993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03024340&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft.au=Borwein%2C+Peter&rft.au=Borwein%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidhbailey.com%2Fdhbpapers%2Fpi-quest.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">Citation</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><br/><b>journal</b> (or <b>periodical</b>) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author-link2 = | title = | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | date = | orig-date = | year = | language = | url = | jstor = | archive-url = | archive-date = | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{Citation | last = Breyer | first = Stephen | author-link = Stephen Bre... | title = Copyright: A Rejo... | journal = UCLA Law Review | volume = 20 | pages = 75–83 | date = October 1972}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreyer1972" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer, Stephen</a> (October 1972), "Copyright: A Rejoinder", <i>UCLA Law Review</i>, <b>20</b>: 75–83</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Copyright%3A+A+Rejoinder&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=75-83&rft.date=1972-10&rft.aulast=Breyer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{Citation | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H. | author-link1 = David H. Bailey (mathematician) | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter | author-link2 = Peter Borwein | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M. | author-link3 = Jonathan Borwein | title = The Quest for Pi | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–57 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin | date = 25 June 1997 | url = https://www.davidhbailey.com... | issn =0343-6993 | doi = 10.1007/BF03024340 | mr = 1439159 | zbl = 0878.11002}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaileyBorweinBorwein1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Bailey_(mathematician)" title="David H. Bailey (mathematician)">Bailey, David H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Borwein" title="Peter Borwein">Borwein, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Borwein" title="Jonathan Borwein">Borwein, Jonathan M.</a> (25 June 1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.davidhbailey.com/dhbpapers/pi-quest.pdf">"The Quest for Pi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Mathematical Intelligencer</i>, <b>19</b> (1), Berlin: Springer-Verlag: 50–57, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03024340">10.1007/BF03024340</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0343-6993">0343-6993</a>, <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1439159">1439159</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zbl (identifier)">Zbl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0878.11002">0878.11002</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematical+Intelligencer&rft.atitle=The+Quest+for+Pi&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50-57&rft.date=1997-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzbmath.org%2F%3Fformat%3Dcomplete%26q%3Dan%3A0878.11002%23id-name%3DZbl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D1439159%23id-name%3DMR&rft.issn=0343-6993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03024340&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft.au=Borwein%2C+Peter&rft.au=Borwein%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidhbailey.com%2Fdhbpapers%2Fpi-quest.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">website </th> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><br/><b>title</b><br/><b>url</b> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite web | url = | title = | last = | first = | date = | website = | publisher = | access-date = | quote = }} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite web | last = Spiegel | first = Rachel | title = Research: Thalido... | url = http://science-educat... | access-date = 30 April 2006 | url-status=dead | archive-url = http://web.archive... | archive-date = 3 March 2006}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiegel" class="citation web cs1">Spiegel, Rachel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060303065356/http://science-education.nih.gov/nihHTML/ose/snapshots/multimedia/ritn/Thalidomide/index.html">"Research in the News: Thalidomide"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science-education.nih.gov/nihHTML/ose/snapshots/multimedia/ritn/Thalidomide/index.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+in+the+News%3A+Thalidomide&rft.aulast=Spiegel&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience-education.nih.gov%2FnihHTML%2Fose%2Fsnapshots%2Fmultimedia%2Fritn%2FThalidomide%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite web | title = | url = | website = | date = | access-date = }} </pre> <p>(Write date as one of the formats shown at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Full_date_formatting" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">MOS:DATE</a>; e.g. <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=22 July 2009</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=July 22, 2009</code>.) </p> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite web | last = Hansen | first = James E. | author-link = James E. Hansen | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R. | last3 = Sato | first3 = M. | last4 = Lo | first4 = K. | title = GISS Surface Temperature An... | website = NASA.gov | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for... | date = December 15, 2005 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis... | access-date = September 28, 2006}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenRuedySatoLo2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">Hansen, James E.</a>; Ruedy, R.; Sato, M.; Lo, K. (December 15, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2005/">"GISS Surface Temperature Analysis Global Temperature Trends: 2005 Summation"</a>. <i>NASA.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies" title="Goddard Institute for Space Studies">NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA.gov&rft.atitle=GISS+Surface+Temperature+Analysis+Global+Temperature+Trends%3A+2005+Summation&rft.date=2005-12-15&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft.au=Ruedy%2C+R.&rft.au=Sato%2C+M.&rft.au=Lo%2C+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.giss.nasa.gov%2Fgistemp%2F2005%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">Citation</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><br/><b>title</b><br/><b>url</b> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | publisher = | date = | year = | url = | access-date = }} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{Citation | last = Spiegel | first = Rachel | title = Research: Thalido... | url=http://science-educat... | access-date = 30 April 2006}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiegel" class="citation cs2">Spiegel, Rachel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science-education.nih.gov/nihHTML/ose/snapshots/multimedia/ritn/Thalidomide/index.html"><i>Research in the News: Thalidomide</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Research+in+the+News%3A+Thalidomide&rft.aulast=Spiegel&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience-education.nih.gov%2FnihHTML%2Fose%2Fsnapshots%2Fmultimedia%2Fritn%2FThalidomide%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{Citation | last1 = Hansen | first1 = James E. | author1-link = James Hansen | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R. | last3 = Sato | first3 = M. | last4 = Lo | first4 = K. | title = GISS Surface Temperature An... | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for ... | date = December 15, 2005 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis... | access-date = September 28, 2006}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenRuedySatoLo2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">Hansen, James E.</a>; Ruedy, R.; Sato, M.; Lo, K. (December 15, 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2005/"><i>GISS Surface Temperature Analysis Global Temperature Trends: 2005 Summation</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies" title="Goddard Institute for Space Studies">NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GISS+Surface+Temperature+Analysis+Global+Temperature+Trends%3A+2005+Summation&rft.pub=NASA+Goddard+Institute+for+Space+Studies&rft.date=2005-12-15&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft.au=Ruedy%2C+R.&rft.au=Sato%2C+M.&rft.au=Lo%2C+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.giss.nasa.gov%2Fgistemp%2F2005%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>comic book </th> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_comic" title="Template:Cite comic">cite comic</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><sup id="cite_ref-CiteComic_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CiteComic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite comic | writer= | penciller= | inker= | story= | title= | volume= | issue= | date= | publisher= | page= | panel= }} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite comic | writer=[[Stan Lee|Lee, Stan]] | penciller=[[Jack Kirby|Kirby, Jack]] | inker=[[Christopher Rule|Rule, Christopher]] | story=The Fantastic Four! | title=[[Fantastic Four|The Fantastic Four]] | volume=1 | issue=1 | date=November 1961 | publisher=[[Marvel Comics]] | page=3 | panel=2}} </pre> <p><a href="/wiki/Stan_Lee" title="Stan Lee">Lee, Stan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Script_(comics)" title="Script (comics)">w</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kirby" title="Jack Kirby">Kirby, Jack</a> (<a href="/wiki/Penciller" title="Penciller">p</a>), <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rule" title="Christopher Rule">Rule, Christopher</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inker" title="Inker">i</a>). "The Fantastic Four!" <i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Four" title="Fantastic Four">The Fantastic Four</a></i>, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 3/2 (November 1961). <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>comic strip </th> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_comic" title="Template:Cite comic">cite comic</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><sup id="cite_ref-CiteComic_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CiteComic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite comic | cartoonist= | strip= | paper= | location= | date= | supplement= | syndicate= | page= }} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite comic | cartoonist=[[Milton Caniff|Caniff, Milton]] | strip=[[Steve Canyon]] | paper=Journal Herald | location=Dayton, OH | date=July 15, 1967 | supplement=Color Comics Supplement | syndicate=Newspaper Syndicate | page=1}} </pre> <p><a href="/wiki/Milton_Caniff" title="Milton Caniff">Caniff, Milton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Script_(comics)" title="Script (comics)">w</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">a</a>). <i> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Canyon" title="Steve Canyon">Steve Canyon</a></i>. <i>Journal Herald</i> (Dayton, OH). July 15, 1967 [Color Comics Supplement], Newspaper Syndicate, p. 1. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">conference<br/>report<br/>or paper </th> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_conference" title="Template:Cite conference">cite conference</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><br/><b>title</b><br/><b>book-title</b> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite conference | last = | first = | author-link = | title = | book-title = | pages = | publisher = | date = | location = | url = | doi = | id = | access-date = }} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite conference | last = Turk | first = M. | first2 = A. | last2 = Pentland | title = Face recognition ... | book-title = Proc IEEE Con... | place = Maui, Hawaii | pages = 586–591 | date = 1991}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurkPentland1991" class="citation conference cs1">Turk, M.; Pentland, A. (1991). "Face recognition using eigenfaces". <i>Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition</i>. Maui, Hawaii. pp. 586–591.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Face+recognition+using+eigenfaces&rft.btitle=Proc.+IEEE+Conference+on+Computer+Vision+and+Pattern+Recognition&rft.place=Maui%2C+Hawaii&rft.pages=586-591&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Turk&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Pentland%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite conference | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R. | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G. | last3 = Bond | first3 = H. | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M. | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E. | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D. | title = Direct detection of the ... | book-title = American Astronomical Society 207th ... | publisher = AAS | date = January 9, 2006 | url = http://www.aas.org/ ... 30.htm}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansSchaeferBondKarovska2006" class="citation conference cs1">Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G.; Bond, H.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D. (January 9, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aas.org/publications/baas/v37n4/aas207/1130.htm">"Direct detection of the close companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope"</a>. <i>American Astronomical Society 207th Meeting</i>. AAS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Direct+detection+of+the+close+companion+of+Polaris+with+the+Hubble+Space+Telescope&rft.btitle=American+Astronomical+Society+207th+Meeting&rft.pub=AAS&rft.date=2006-01-09&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=N.+R.&rft.au=Schaefer%2C+G.&rft.au=Bond%2C+H.&rft.au=Karovska%2C+M.&rft.au=Nelan%2C+E.&rft.au=Sasselov%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aas.org%2Fpublications%2Fbaas%2Fv37n4%2Faas207%2F1130.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">Citation</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><br/><b>contribution</b><br/><b>title</b> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | first2 = | last2 = | author-link2 = | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-last2 = | editor-first2 = | contribution = | contribution-url = | series = | date = | pages = | place = | publisher = | url = | doi = | id = }} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{Citation | last1 = Turk | first1 = M. | last2 = Pet... | first2 = A. | contribution = Face recog... | title = Proc IEEE Confere... | place = Maui, Hawaii | pages = 586–591 | date = 1991}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurkPetland1991" class="citation cs2">Turk, M.; Petland, A. (1991), "Face recognition using eigenfaces", <i>Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition</i>, Maui, Hawaii, pp. 586–591</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Face+recognition+using+eigenfaces&rft.btitle=Proc.+IEEE+Conference+on+Computer+Vision+and+Pattern+Recognition&rft.place=Maui%2C+Hawaii&rft.pages=586-591&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Turk&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Petland%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> </p> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{Citation | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R. | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G. | last3 = Bond | first3 = H. | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M. | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E. | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D. | contribution = Direct detection of ... | title = American Astronomical... | publisher = AAS | date = January 9, 2006 | contribution-url = http://...30.htm}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansSchaeferBondKarovska2006" class="citation cs2">Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G.; Bond, H.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D. (January 9, 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aas.org/publications/baas/v37n4/aas207/1130.htm">"Direct detection of the close companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope"</a>, <i>American Astronomical Society 207th Meeting</i>, AAS</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Direct+detection+of+the+close+companion+of+Polaris+with+the+Hubble+Space+Telescope&rft.btitle=American+Astronomical+Society+207th+Meeting&rft.pub=AAS&rft.date=2006-01-09&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=N.+R.&rft.au=Schaefer%2C+G.&rft.au=Bond%2C+H.&rft.au=Karovska%2C+M.&rft.au=Nelan%2C+E.&rft.au=Sasselov%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aas.org%2Fpublications%2Fbaas%2Fv37n4%2Faas207%2F1130.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>court case (legal decision) </th> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_court" title="Template:Cite court">Cite court</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite court | litigants = | vol = | reporter = | opinion = | pinpoint = | court = | date = | url= }} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite court | litigants=Roe v. Wade | vol=410 | reporter=U.S. | opinion=113 | date=1973 | url=https://www.law.corn...}} </pre> <p><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/410/113">410 U.S. 113</a> (1973). </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">dictionary,<br/>encyclopedia,<br/>other edited collection </th> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite dictionary">cite dictionary</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><br/><b>title</b><br/><b>dictionary</b> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite dictionary | title = | dictionary = | volume = | page = | publisher = | date = | id = | url = | access-date = }} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite dictionary | title = word, ''n''. ... | dictionary = American Dictionary ... | editor-last = Webst... | editor-first = Noah | editor-link = Noah Webst... | publisher = [[Meriam-Webster]] | date = 1890 }} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster1890" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noah_Webster" title="Noah Webster">Webster, Noah</a>, ed. (1890). "word, <i>n</i>.". <i>American Dictionary of the English Language</i>. <a href="/wiki/Meriam-Webster" class="mw-redirect" title="Meriam-Webster">Meriam-Webster</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=word%2C+n.&rft.btitle=American+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.pub=Meriam-Webster&rft.date=1890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><br/><b>title</b><br/><b>encyclopedia</b> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite encyclopedia | title = | encyclopedia = | volume = | pages = | publisher = | date = | id = | url = | access-date =}} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite encyclopedia | title = Kirkegaard... | encyclopedia = Grote Winkler Pri... | editor-last = Winkler Pri... | editor-first = Anthony | editor-link = Anthony Win... | volume = 9 | publisher = Elsevier | date = 1882}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler_Prins1882" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Winkler_Prins" title="Anthony Winkler Prins">Winkler Prins, Anthony</a>, ed. (1882). "Kirkegaard, Ole Lund". <i>Grote Winkler Prins</i>. Vol. 9. Elsevier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kirkegaard%2C+Ole+Lund&rft.btitle=Grote+Winkler+Prins&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite encyclopedia | last = Kramer | first = Martin | author-link = Martin Kramer | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | title = Bernard Lewis | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Hist... | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | location = London | date = 1999 | url = }} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kramer" title="Martin Kramer">Kramer, Martin</a> (1999). "Bernard Lewis". In Boyd, Kelley (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing</i>. Vol. 1. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 719–720.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bernard+Lewis&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Historians+and+Historical+Writing&rft.place=London&rft.pages=719-720&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">Citation</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><br/><b>contribution</b>=name of article </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{Citation | last = | first = | contribution = | date = | title = | editor-last = | editor-first = | volume = | pages = | place = | publisher = | id = }} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{Citation | contribution = Kirkegaard... | title = Grote Winkler Pri... | editor-last = Winkler Pri... | editor-first = Anthony | editor-link = Anthony Win... | volume = 9 | publisher = Elsevier | date = 1882}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler_Prins1882" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Winkler_Prins" title="Anthony Winkler Prins">Winkler Prins, Anthony</a>, ed. (1882), "Kirkegaard, Ole Lund", <i>Grote Winkler Prins</i>, vol. 9, Elsevier</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kirkegaard%2C+Ole+Lund&rft.btitle=Grote+Winkler+Prins&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{Citation | last = Kramer | first = Martin | author-link = Martin Kramer | contribution = Bernard Lewis | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | title = Encyclopedia of Historians ... | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | place = London | date = 1999 | contribution-url = http://...is.htm}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kramer" title="Martin Kramer">Kramer, Martin</a> (1999), "Bernard Lewis", in Boyd, Kelley (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing</i>, vol. 1, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 719–720</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bernard+Lewis&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Historians+and+Historical+Writing&rft.place=London&rft.pages=719-720&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>episode<br/>(television or radio) </th> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_episode" title="Template:Cite episode">cite episode</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><br/><b>title</b> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite episode | title = | episode-link = | url = | series = | series-link = | credits = | network = | station = | air-date = | began = | ended = | season = | seriesno = | number = | minutes = | transcript = | transcript-url= }} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite episode | title = BBC-TV Presents: ... | episode-link = BBC Snooker World ... | series = Wide World of Snooker | series-link = Wide World of Snooker ... | credits = Presenters: [[Dennis ... | network = [[BBC]] | station = [[BBC Two]] | city = [[Sheffield]], ... | air-date = 2008-04-27 | minutes = 2:34}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">Presenters: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Taylor" title="Dennis Taylor">Dennis Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clive_Everton" title="Clive Everton">Clive Everton</a> (2008-04-27). "<a href="/w/index.php?title=BBC_Snooker_World_Championship_coverage_(2008)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BBC Snooker World Championship coverage (2008) (page does not exist)">BBC-TV Presents: The 2008 World Snooker Championship Live at The Crucible</a>". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wide_World_of_Snooker_(tv_show)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wide World of Snooker (tv show) (page does not exist)"><i>Wide World of Snooker</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. 2:34 minutes in. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wide+World+of+Snooker&rft.place=Sheffield%2C+England&rft.date=2008-04-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite episode | title = Duet | episode-link = Duet (Stargate Atlant... | series = Stargate Atlantis | series-link = Stargate Atlantis | air-date = August 5, 2005 | season = 2 | number = 4}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"<a href="/wiki/Duet_(Stargate_Atlantis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duet (Stargate Atlantis)">Duet</a>". <a href="/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis" title="Stargate Atlantis"><i>Stargate Atlantis</i></a>. Season 2. Episode 4. August 5, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stargate+Atlantis&rft.series=Season+2.+Episode+4&rft.date=2005-08-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>mailing list </th> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_mailing_list" title="Template:Cite mailing list">cite mailing list</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><br/><b>title</b><br/><b>url</b> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite mailing list | last = | first = | author-link = | title = | mailing-list = | date = | url = | access-date = }} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite mailing list | last=Murdock | first=Ian | author-link=Ian Murdock | title=Debian GNU/Linux 0.9... | mailing-list=debian-announce | date=26 October 1995 | url=https://lists.debian.or... | access-date =20 April 2007}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurdock1995" class="citation mailinglist cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Murdock" title="Ian Murdock">Murdock, Ian</a> (26 October 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.debian.org/debian-announce/1995/msg00007.html">"Debian GNU/Linux 0.93 Release 6 now available"</a>. <i>debian-announce</i> (Mailing list)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debian+GNU%2FLinux+0.93+Release+6+now+available&rft.date=1995-10-26&rft.aulast=Murdock&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.debian.org%2Fdebian-announce%2F1995%2Fmsg00007.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>map </th> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_map" title="Template:Cite map">cite map</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><br/><b>author</b><br/><b>date</b> (or <b>year</b>)<br/><b>title</b><br/><b>publisher</b> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite map | author = | date = | title = | url = | publisher = | section = | access-date = }} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite map | author=Kansas Departmen... | date=2005 | title=Official State Trans... | url=http://www.ksdot.org/b... | edition=2005–2006 | location=Topeka | publisher=Kansas Departmen... | section=F9 | access-date=March 30, 2007}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKansas_Department_of_Transportation2005" class="citation map cs1">Kansas Department of Transportation (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksdot.org/burtransplan/maps/state-pdf/kansas0708.pdf"><i>Official State Transportation Map</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Map) (2005–2006 ed.). Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. § F9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+State+Transportation+Map&rft.place=Topeka&rft.edition=2005%E2%80%932006&rft.pub=Kansas+Department+of+Transportation&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Kansas+Department+of+Transportation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksdot.org%2Fburtransplan%2Fmaps%2Fstate-pdf%2Fkansas0708.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite map | author1=Skelly Oil Company | author2=Diversified Map Co | date=1966 | title=Highway Map of Oklahoma | scale=[1:1,500,000] | location=St. Louis | publisher=Diversified Map Co | section=11C | oclc=67708775}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkelly_Oil_CompanyDiversified_Map_Co1966" class="citation map cs1">Skelly Oil Company; Diversified Map Co (1966). <i>Highway Map of Oklahoma</i> (Map). [1:1,500,000]. St. Louis: Diversified Map Co. § 11C. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67708775">67708775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Highway+Map+of+Oklahoma&rft.place=St.+Louis&rft.pub=Diversified+Map+Co&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F67708775&rft.au=Skelly+Oil+Company&rft.au=Diversified+Map+Co&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">news article </th> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><br/><b>title</b> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite news | last = | first = | title = | newspaper = | location = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date = | url = | access-date = }} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite news | last = Finn | first = Gary | title = What a growing lad needs is ... | pages = | newspaper = The Independent | location = London | date = 31 August 1998 | url = https://www.independent.co.uk ...}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinn1998" class="citation news cs1">Finn, Gary (31 August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/what-a-growing-lad-needs-is-a-naughty-book-says-blair-1175187.html">"What a growing lad needs is a naughty book, says Blair"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=What+a+growing+lad+needs+is+a+naughty+book%2C+says+Blair&rft.date=1998-08-31&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwhat-a-growing-lad-needs-is-a-naughty-book-says-blair-1175187.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite news | last = Andersen | first = David | last2 = Witter | first2 = Lameen | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO... | work = Marine Corps News | date = 17 February 2006 | url = https://www.military.com/vet... | access-date = 6 June 2006}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersenWitter2006" class="citation news cs1">Andersen, David; Witter, Lameen (17 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.military.com/veteran-jobs/career-advice/military-transition/veteran-ceo-of-go-daddy.html">"Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO Talks About His Rise to Success"</a>. <i>Marine Corps News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Corps+News&rft.atitle=Former+Marine%2C+Go+Daddy+CEO+Talks+About+His+Rise+to+Success&rft.date=2006-02-17&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Witter%2C+Lameen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.military.com%2Fveteran-jobs%2Fcareer-advice%2Fmilitary-transition%2Fveteran-ceo-of-go-daddy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">Citation</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><br/><b>newspaper</b> (or <b>magazine</b>, <b>journal</b>, <b>periodical</b>) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author-link2 = | title = | newspaper = | pages = | date = | year = | url = | archive-url = | archive-date = | access-date = }} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{Citation | last = Finn | first = Gary | title = What a growing lad needs is ... | pages = | newspaper = The Independent | location = London | date = 31 August 1998 | url = https://www.independent.co.uk ... | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web ... | archive-date = 2010-03-06}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinn1998" class="citation cs2">Finn, Gary (31 August 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/5o2QlSnnD">"What a growing lad needs is a naughty book, says Blair"</a>, <i>The Independent</i>, London, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409194416/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/what-a-growing-lad-needs-is-a-naughty-book-says-blair-1175187.html">the original</a> on 2010-03-06</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=What+a+growing+lad+needs+is+a+naughty+book%2C+says+Blair&rft.date=1998-08-31&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20220409194416%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwhat-a-growing-lad-needs-is-a-naughty-book-says-blair-1175187.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{Citation | last1 = Andersen | first1 = David | last2 = Witter | first2 = Lameen | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO... | newspaper = Marine Corps News | date = 17 February 2006 | url = https://www.military.com/vet... | access-date = 2 June 2006}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersenWitter2006" class="citation cs2">Andersen, David; Witter, Lameen (17 February 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.military.com/veteran-jobs/career-advice/military-transition/veteran-ceo-of-go-daddy.html">"Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO Talks About His Rise to Success"</a>, <i>Marine Corps News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Corps+News&rft.atitle=Former+Marine%2C+Go+Daddy+CEO+Talks+About+His+Rise+to+Success&rft.date=2006-02-17&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Witter%2C+Lameen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.military.com%2Fveteran-jobs%2Fcareer-advice%2Fmilitary-transition%2Fveteran-ceo-of-go-daddy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>newsgroup<br/>posting<br/>(<b>DO NOT</b><br/><b>USE TO</b><br/><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">VERIFY</a></b>) </th> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_newsgroup" title="Template:Cite newsgroup">cite newsgroup</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><br/><b>title</b> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite newsgroup | title = | author = | date = | newsgroup = | id = | url = | access-date = }} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite newsgroup | author = Gary S. Terhune | title = Lost Ctrl-Alt-Del... | date = January 11, 2004 | newsgroup = microsoft.pub... | id = uAIVMjC2DHA.2336@TK2... | url = https://groups.googl... | access-date = May 16, 2006}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_S._Terhune2004" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Gary S. Terhune (January 11, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/g/microsoft.public.win98.gen_discussion/c/u9q3ph_2q5M/m/-xerngvF8VQJ?pli=1">"Lost Ctrl-Alt-Del function on W98, 2nd"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:microsoft.public.win98.gen_discussion">microsoft.public.win98.gen_discussion</a>. uAIVMjC2DHA.2336@TK2MSFTNGP09.phx.gbl<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lost+Ctrl-Alt-Del+function+on+W98%2C+2nd&rft.pub=microsoft.public.win98.gen_discussion&rft.date=2004-01-11&rft.au=Gary+S.+Terhune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fg%2Fmicrosoft.public.win98.gen_discussion%2Fc%2Fu9q3ph_2q5M%2Fm%2F-xerngvF8VQJ%3Fpli%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite newsgroup | title = How can helping "Kids in Af... | author = Trodel | date = June 10, 2006 | newsgroup= humanities.philosophy.ob... | id = 1149950890.204481.35810@h76g20... | url = https://groups.google.com/g... | access-date = July 3, 2006}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrodel2006" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Trodel (June 10, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/g/humanities.philosophy.objectivism/c/ef2e9BmRTy4">"How can helping "Kids in Africa" be in my self interest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:humanities.philosophy.objectivism">humanities.philosophy.objectivism</a>. 1149950890.204481.35810@h76g2000cwa.googlegroups.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+can+helping+%22Kids+in+Africa%22+be+in+my+self+interest&rft.pub=humanities.philosophy.objectivism&rft.date=2006-06-10&rft.au=Trodel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fg%2Fhumanities.philosophy.objectivism%2Fc%2Fef2e9BmRTy4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>patent </th> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_patent" title="Template:Cite patent">Cite patent</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><br/><b>inventor-last</b> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite patent | inventor-last = | inventor-first = | inventor-link = | inventor-last2 = | inventor-first2 = | inventor-link2 = | publication-date = | issue-date = | title = | country-code = | description = | patent-number = }} </pre> </td> <td><pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite patent | inventor-last1 = Degermark | inventor-first1 = Mikael | inventor-last2 = Brodnik | inventor-first2 = Andrej | inventor-last3 = Carlsson | inventor-first3 = Svante | inventor-last4 = Pink | inventor-first4 = Stephen | title = Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams | issue-date = 2001 | patent-number = 6266706 | country-code = US}} </pre> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFDegermarkBrodnikCarlssonPink2001"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6266706">US 6266706</a>, Degermark, Mikael; Brodnik, Andrej & Carlsson, Svante et al., "Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams", issued 2001</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=6266706&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Fast+routing+lookup+system+using+complete+prefix+tree%2C+bit+vector%2C+and+pointers+in+a+routing+table+for+determining+where+to+route+IP+datagrams&rft.inventor=Degermark&rft.date=2001"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>press release </th> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release" title="Template:Cite press release">cite press release</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><br/><b>title</b> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite press release |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |location= |publisher= |agency= |access-date=}} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite press release |last=Roithmayr |first=Mark |date=February 5, 2007 |title=Autism Speaks ... |url=http://autismspeaks.org... |location=New York |publisher=[[Autism Speaks]] |access-date=November 19, 2007}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoithmayr2007" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Roithmayr, Mark (February 5, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://autismspeaks.org/press/autism_speaks_can_complete.php">"Autism Speaks and Cure Autism Now Complete Merger"</a> (Press release). New York: <a href="/wiki/Autism_Speaks" title="Autism Speaks">Autism Speaks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Autism+Speaks+and+Cure+Autism+Now+Complete+Merger&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Autism+Speaks&rft.date=2007-02-05&rft.aulast=Roithmayr&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fautismspeaks.org%2Fpress%2Fautism_speaks_can_complete.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite press release |author= |title=Sprint 4G LTE Lights Up... |url=http://newsroom.sprint.com... |location=Overland Park, Kansas |publisher=[[Sprint Nextel]] |date=November 26, 2012 |access-date=November 28, 2012}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsroom.sprint.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=2468">"Sprint 4G LTE Lights Up in 11 New Cities and Counties in Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia"</a> (Press release). Overland Park, Kansas: <a href="/wiki/Sprint_Nextel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprint Nextel">Sprint Nextel</a>. November 26, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sprint+4G+LTE+Lights+Up+in+11+New+Cities+and+Counties+in+Indiana%2C+Kansas%2C+Maryland%2C+Massachusetts%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+Virginia+and+West+Virginia&rft.place=Overland+Park%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=Sprint+Nextel&rft.date=2012-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.sprint.com%2Farticle_display.cfm%3Farticle_id%3D2468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>video<br/>(movie, television production, documentary, etc.) </th> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media" title="Template:Cite AV media">cite AV media</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><br/><b>people</b><br/><b>title</b> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite AV media | people = | title = | medium = | publisher = | location = | date = | url = }} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite AV media | people = Al-Issawi, Omar (Director) | title = Harab libnan | medium = Television production | publisher = Al-Issawi, Om... | location = Lebanon | date = 2001}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Al-Issawi, Omar (Director) (2001). <i>Harab libnan</i> (Television production). Lebanon: Al-Issawi, Omar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harab+libnan&rft.place=Lebanon&rft.pub=Al-Issawi%2C+Omar&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite AV media | people = Dick Cavett | title = The Dick Cavett Show — Rock... | medium = DVD | publisher = Shout Factory | date = 2005}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Dick Cavett (2005). <i>The Dick Cavett Show — Rock Icons (1969)</i> (DVD). Shout Factory.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dick+Cavett+Show+%E2%80%94+Rock+Icons+%281969%29&rft.pub=Shout+Factory&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>video game </th> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_video_game" title="Template:Cite video game">cite video game</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><br/><b>title</b><br/><b>developer</b> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite video game | title = | developer = | publisher = | date = | platform = | version = | level = | language = | isolang = | quote = }} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite video game | title=[[Halo 3]] | developer= [[Bungie]] | publisher=[[Microsoft Game Studios]] | date=September 25, 2007 | platform=[[Xbox 360]] | version=1.0 | level=The Storm | language=English | isolang= | quote='''Arbiter''': More Brutes? /...}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBungie2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bungie" title="Bungie">Bungie</a> (September 25, 2007). <i><a href="/wiki/Halo_3" title="Halo 3">Halo 3</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a>) (1.0 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Game_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Game Studios">Microsoft Game Studios</a>. Level/area: The Storm. <q><b>Arbiter</b>: More Brutes? / <b>Master Chief</b>: Worse.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halo+3&rft.pages=Level%2Farea%3A+The+Storm&rft.edition=1.0&rft.pub=Microsoft+Game+Studios&rft.date=2007-09-25&rft.au=Bungie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_Q" title="Template:Cite Q">Cite Q</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><br/><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Glossary#QID" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Glossary">QID (Q number)</a></b> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite Q | QID}} </pre> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <pre style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">{{cite Q|Q29396757}} </pre> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_Einstein1905" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1905). "Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?". <i><a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik" title="Annalen der Physik">Annalen der Physik</a></i> (in German). <b>323</b> (13): 639–641. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2FANDP.19053231314">10.1002/ANDP.19053231314</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-3804">0003-3804</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29396757" class="extiw" title="d:Q29396757">Q29396757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik&rft.atitle=Ist+die+Tr%C3%A4gheit+eines+K%C3%B6rpers+von+seinem+Energieinhalt+abh%C3%A4ngig%3F&rft.volume=323&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=639-641&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2FANDP.19053231314&rft.issn=0003-3804&rft.au=Albert+Einstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACitation+templates" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr/> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_album-notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite album-notes">cite album-notes</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis">cite thesis</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Harvard_reference_and_shortened_footnote_examples" data-mw-thread-id="h-Harvard_reference_and_shortened_footnote_examples"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Harvard_reference_and_shortened_footnote_examples"></span>Harvard reference and shortened footnote examples<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Harvard_reference_and_shortened_footnote_examples"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citation_templates&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Harvard reference and shortened footnote examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation">Template:Harvard citation documentation</a></div> <p>These templates automatically create a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. All of the following templates are supported: <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> · <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> · <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> · <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> · <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_conference" title="Template:Cite conference">cite conference</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> · <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> · <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_mailing_list" title="Template:Cite mailing list">cite mailing list</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> · <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> · <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release" title="Template:Cite press release">cite press release</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> · <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_arXiv" title="Template:Cite arXiv">cite arXiv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> · <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media" title="Template:Cite AV media">cite AV media</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> (an up-to-date list is at <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Help:Citation Style 1</a>). To use the links, the template must define <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|surname=</code> (or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|last=</code>) and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=</code> (or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|year=</code>). </p> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>What to type </th> <th>What it makes </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="font-family:monospace;"> <ul><li>Article text.{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}} (Shortened footnote template)</li> <li>Article text.{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>|Smith|1979|p=289}}</li></ul> <p>==Notes==<br/> <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </p> </td> <td> <ul><li>Article text.<sup id="A1t" class="reference"><a href="#A1f">[1]</a></sup></li> <li>Article text.<sup id="A2t" class="reference"><a href="#A2f">[2]</a></sup></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236298596">.mw-parser-output .fake-heading{color:var(--color-emphasized,#000000);background:none;margin:0;overflow:hidden;padding-bottom:0.17em;page-break-after:avoid;padding-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-top:1em;padding:0;font-family:"Linux Libertine","Georgia","Times","Source Serif Pro",serif;line-height:1.375}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-family:inherit;line-height:inherit}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{border-bottom:3px solid #c8ccd1}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1{font-size:1.8em}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1{font-size:2em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-size:1.5em}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-size:1.8em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h3,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h4,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h5,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h6{font-weight:bold;margin-top:0.3em;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.6}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h3{font-size:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h4{font-size:100%}</style><div class="fake-heading h2">Notes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ol><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li id="A1f"><b><a href="#A1t">^</a></b><a href="#CITEREFTurner1851">Turner 1851</a>, pp. 10–11<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTurner1851 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li id="A2f"><b><a href="#A2t">^</a></b><a href="#CITEREFSmith1979">Smith 1979</a>, p. 289<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSmith1979 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></li></ol> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="font-family:monospace;">Templates used within <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref>...</ref></code> tags or within the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Efn" title="Template:Efn">efn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> family of templates: <ul><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation/doc" title="Template:Harvard citation/doc">Harvard citation</a>|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation/doc" title="Template:Harvard citation/doc">Harv</a>|Smith|1879|p=289}} (default to parentheses around whole citation, for inline)</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_no_brackets/doc" title="Template:Harvard citation no brackets/doc">Harvnb</a>|Johnson|1772|p=176}} (no brackets)</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_year_brackets/doc" title="Template:Harvard citation year brackets/doc">Harvp</a>|Jones|1951|p=334}} (parentheses around date)</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation/doc" title="Template:Harvard citation/doc">Harv</a>|Lincoln|Washington|Adams|Johnson|2007|pp=88–89}} (multi-author)</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_text" title="Template:Harvard citation text">Harvtxt</a>|Turner|1851}} asserts that ... (author's name part of text)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>(<a href="#CITEREFTurner1851">Turner 1851</a>, pp. 10–11)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFTurner1851 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFSmith1879">Smith 1879</a>, p. 289)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFSmith1879 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1772">Johnson 1772</a>, p. 176<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJohnson1772 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFJones1951">Jones (1951)</a>, p. 334<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvp error: no target: CITEREFJones1951 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFLincolnWashingtonAdamsJohnson2007">Lincoln et al. 2007</a>, pp. 88–89)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFLincolnWashingtonAdamsJohnson2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTurner1851">Turner (1851)</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFTurner1851 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> asserts that ...</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="font-family:monospace;"> <p>Three <b>Harvcol</b> templates are altered to use colons to indicate page numbers. These are also used within <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref>...</ref></code> tags or within the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Efn" title="Template:Efn">efn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> family of templates: </p> <ul><li> {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvcol/doc" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvcol/doc">Harvcol</a>|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}}</li> <li> {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvcol/doc" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvcol/doc">Harvcol</a>|Smith|1874|p=173}}</li> <li> {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvcolnb/doc" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvcolnb/doc">Harvcolnb</a>|Smith|1879|p=289}}</li> <li> {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvcolnb/doc" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvcolnb/doc">Harvcolnb</a>|Lincoln|Washington|Adams|Johnson|2007|pp=88–89}}</li> <li> {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvcoltxt/doc" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvcoltxt/doc">Harvcoltxt</a>|Blust|1999|p=40}} asserts that ...</li></ul> <p></nowiki> </p> </td> <td> <p><b>Harvcol</b> templates </p> <ul><li>(<a href="#CITEREFTurner1851">Turner 1851</a>:10–11)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvcol error: no target: CITEREFTurner1851 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFSmith1874">Smith 1874</a>:173)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvcol error: no target: CITEREFSmith1874 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSmith1879">Smith 1879</a>:289<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvcolnb error: no target: CITEREFSmith1879 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLincolnWashingtonAdamsJohnson2007">Lincoln et al. 2007</a>:88–89<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvcolnb error: no target: CITEREFLincolnWashingtonAdamsJohnson2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBlust1999">Blust (1999</a>:40)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFBlust1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> asserts that ...</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Variations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Variations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Variations"></span>Variations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Variations"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citation_templates&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wikipedia does not dictate a particular way to insert citations into an article. As a result, there are multiple ways to structure citations in an article; multiple ways to insert individual citations; and multiple ways to link a short citation (e.g. <a href="#CITEREFTurner1851">Turner 1851</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTurner1851 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>) with the full citation in the bibliography, when using a style that calls for short citations. </p><p>There are three primary ways to format individual full citations: </p> <ol><li>By hand. These are simply typed directly; however, when using <a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">shortened footnotes</a>, each individual full citation can be surrounded with <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikicite" title="Template:Wikicite">wikicite</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> to ensure that the appropriate shortened references are linked to the full references below.</li> <li>Using the <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a> templates, such as <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, or <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>.</li> <li>Using the generic <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">Citation</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template.</li></ol> <p>The main differences between the generic <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">Citation</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template and the specific <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a> templates are: </p> <ol><li>The <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a> templates produce citations with individual sections (e.g. title, author, publisher, etc.) separated by periods, with a trailing period, while <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">Citation</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> separates sections with a comma and has no trailing punctuation. (However, this can be changed using the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|separator=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|postscript=</code> parameters.)</li> <li>Not all <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a> templates can easily be replaced by the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">Citation</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template. Generally, any <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a> template of a general nature (e.g. book; web site; journal or newspaper article; article in an edited collection or encyclopedia; etc.) can be replaced, but specialized templates (court cases, comic books, video games, etc.) cannot very easily.</li> <li>Some of the parameter names differ. For example, citing an article in an edited collection uses the misnamed <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template, with <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title=</code> for the article name and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|encyclopedia=</code> for the collection name; the equivalent parameters in <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">Citation</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> are named <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">contribution</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">title</code>, respectively.</li></ol> <p>There are three ways to structure citations as a whole in an article (see <a href="/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Help:Citations quick reference</a> for a tabular comparison of these three ways): </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Footnotes">Footnotes</a>. These simply place the citation inside of a <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref>...</ref></code> reference, which inserts a small bracketed, superscripted number. When clicked on, it links to a correspondingly-numbered footnote (more properly an <a href="/wiki/Endnote" class="mw-redirect" title="Endnote">endnote</a>) placed elsewhere in the article. The footnotes themselves are inserted using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, which is typically placed by itself in a <i>Notes</i> (or <i>References</i>) section near the end of the article. When there are multiple references to the same citation, typing can be saved by using <code><ref name="foo">...</ref></code> the first time, and just <code><ref name="foo"/></code> elsewhere. When there are citations that differ only in page number, there are two alternatives: write all the citations out in full, including the page number, or use one citation without page numbers along with the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Rp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Rp">rp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template to add an inline page number after the small bracketed footnote number.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:List-defined_references" title="Help:List-defined references">Footnotes with list-defined references</a>. All inline citations take the form <code><ref name="foo"/></code>. The reference list at the end of the article is a list of full citations, each of which takes the form <code><ref name="foo">...</ref></code>, all of which are surrounded by <code><references>...</references></code>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Shortened footnotes</a>. Instead of the full citation appearing in the footnote, a short form appears (e.g. <a href="#CITEREFTurner1851">Turner 1851</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTurner1851 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>), giving only the author and year (or in some styles, a shortened version of the article or book title), and page number if appropriate. The full citation appears later on, in a bibliography section. This usually follows directly after the footnotes, is titled "References" or "Bibliography", and contains all relevant citations, listed in (typically) alphabetical order. This style is especially appropriate when there are large numbers of references overall and frequent cases of multiple references to the same work, especially in the presence of differing page numbers.</li></ol> <p>When using shortened footnotes, there are three ways to link the short and full references: </p> <ol><li>Insert manual links. These look like e.g. <code><ref>[[#CITEREFPereira2006|Pereira 2006, p. 25]]</ref></code>. If a citation template is used for the full reference, the anchor (e.g. <code>#CITEREFPereira2006</code>) is automatically attached to the full reference; if the full reference is typed by hand, surround the reference with <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikicite" title="Template:Wikicite">wikicite</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> to attach the anchor to it.</li> <li>Insert links using a <a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation">Harvard citation template</a>, e.g. <code><ref>See, for example: {{Harvnb|Pereira|2006|p=25}}</ref></code>. This will insert a footnote into the text and link it to the citation with the corresponding last name and year. Other variations of the Harvard citation templates format the short citation differently.</li> <li>Use the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>}}</code> template for the whole of the footnote. The <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>}}</code> template creates its own named <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref>...</ref></code> tags: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>|Pereira|2006|p=25}}</code> is exactly equivalent to <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref name=FOOTNOTEPereira200625>[[#CITEREFPereira2006|Pereira 2006]], p. 25.</ref></code> which is itself equivalent to <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref name=FOOTNOTEPereira200625><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvnb">Harvnb</a>|Pereira|2006|p=25}}</code></ref></code>.</li></ol> <p>See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Footnotes">WP:Footnotes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">WP:Citing sources</a> for general information, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEX" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITEX">WP:CITEX</a> for specific examples of exactly how to write the code for various combinations of the above styles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Discussing_citations_on_talk_pages" data-mw-thread-id="h-Discussing_citations_on_talk_pages"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Discussing_citations_on_talk_pages"></span>Discussing citations on talk pages<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Discussing_citations_on_talk_pages"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citation_templates&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Discussing citations on talk pages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When citations are brought to talk pages, noticeboards and other discussions, follow the group of citations, or the text you have added, with <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist-talk" title="Template:Reflist-talk">Reflist-talk</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1195917819"><pre class="pre">{{Reflist-talk}}</pre> <p>This template places the citations in their own box under the bold header <b>References</b> at the position where the template was inserted; otherwise the citations (and any others in the talk page) will be listed at the end of the talk page, below all sections. The resulting reference box does not appear in the table of contents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citation_templates&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index/Sources_of_articles" title="Wikipedia:Template index/Sources of articles">Wikipedia:Template index/Sources of articles</a> for templates about citation-related problems in articles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_merging" title="Help:Citation merging">Help:Citation merging</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">bundling multiple citations</a> into a single footnote</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_avoid_duplicated_citations" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:How to avoid duplicated citations">Wikipedia:How to avoid duplicated citations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citation_templates&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Parenthetical_referencing" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Parenthetical referencing</a> may also use wikilinks to citation templates, but <a href="/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/976895063#Deprecate_parenthetical_citations" title="Special:PermanentLink/976895063">inline parenthetical referencing was deprecated in September 2020</a>. In contrast to parenthetical referencing or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Shortened_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">shortened footnotes</a>, citations using the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote system</a> don't require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Glossary#Wikilink" title="Wikipedia:Glossary">wikilinks</a> of course, as the inline citations in this method simply appear as numbers within the text, linking to a list of full citations (and notes) at the end of the article (like this).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CiteComic-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CiteComic_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CiteComic_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Notes on <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_comic" title="Template:Cite comic">cite comic</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>: <ul><li>This template allows for a cartoonist field to be used instead of the individual fields if there is a sole creator, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Bone_(comics)" title="Bone (comics)">Bone</a></i>, or an artist field if the penciller and inker is the same person.</li> <li>The style of this template is based on Allen Ellis' <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comics.english.ufl.edu/comic-art-in-scholarly-writing-a-citation-guide/">Comic Art in Scholarly Writing: A Citation Guide</a>, 1999.</li> <li>See the <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cite_comic" title="Template talk:Cite comic">template's talk page</a> for more details and field explanations.</li> <li>This template requires either the "title" <i>or</i> "strip" parameter. Depending on which is used, the formatting will output a citation with either comic book or comic strip formatting respectively.</li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_referencing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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id="Wikipedia_referencing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia referencing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines">Scientific citations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General advice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">Citation needed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Combining_sources" title="Wikipedia:Combining sources">Combining sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Offline_sources" title="Wikipedia:Offline sources">Offline sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles" title="Help:Overview of referencing styles">Referencing styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Citation Style 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_Vancouver" title="Help:Citation Style Vancouver">Citation Style Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bluebook_style_citation_templates" title="Category:Bluebook style citation templates">Bluebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comics_citation_templates" title="Category:Comics citation templates">Comics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Citation templates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">Inline citations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation_and_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Punctuation and footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Shortened footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nesting_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes">Nesting footnotes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Help for beginners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reftags" title="Help:Reftags">Reference-tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations quick reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">Introduction to referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates">Referencing with citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_without_using_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates">Referencing without using templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">Referencing dos and don'ts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia">Citing Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced help</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_link_labels" title="Help:Cite link labels">Cite link labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_merging" title="Help:Citation merging">Citation merging (bundling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_messages" title="Help:Cite messages">Cite messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Converting_between_references_formats" title="Help:Converting between references formats">Converting between references formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reference_display_customization" title="Help:Reference display customization">Reference display customization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_on_source_reviewing_at_FAC" title="Wikipedia:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC">Guidance on source reviewing at FAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Footnote_templates" title="Category:Footnote templates">Footnote templates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation" title="Template:Citation Style documentation">Citation Style documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiple_references" class="mw-disambig" title="Template:Multiple references">Multiple references</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Refbegin" title="Template:Refbegin">Refbegin</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Find references </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FIND" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FIND">How to find sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_bibliographies" title="Wikipedia:List of bibliographies">Bibliographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Wikipedia Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Resource_Request" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request">Resource Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference Desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Book_sources" title="Wikipedia:Book sources">Book Sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources" title="Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources">Free newspaper sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_tools" title="Help:Citation tools">Citation tools</a><br/>(External links)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://citer.toolforge.org/">Citer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumsearch.org/cite/">Biomedical cite</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/citations/">Citation bot</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/makeref/">MakeRef</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/">Refill</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/">WayBack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_help_pages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Template:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Template talk:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_help_pages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Directory" title="Help:Directory">Wikipedia help pages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><b>Visit the <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse" title="Wikipedia:Teahouse">Teahouse</a></i> or the <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk" title="Wikipedia:Help desk">Help desk</a></i> for an interactive <abbr title="questions and answers">Q & A</abbr> forum.</b></li></ul> <hr/> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ" title="Wikipedia:FAQ">FAQs</a></b> <b><abbr title="This is a list of frequently asked questions about using and contributing to Wikipedia.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference desks</a></b> <b><abbr title="Works like a library reference desk. Ask a question here and Wikipedia volunteers will try to answer it.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Noticeboards" title="Wikipedia:Noticeboards">Noticeboards</a></b> <b><abbr title="Pages where editors can ask questions and request assistance from people who are familiar with the policies and guidelines covered by each individual board.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet" title="Help:Cheatsheet">Cheatsheet</a></b> <b><abbr title="For a list of the most commonly used Wiki markup and templates.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Directories_and_indexes" title="Wikipedia:Directories and indexes">Directories</a></b> <b><abbr title="For a list of Wikipedia's directories and indexes.">(?)</abbr></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia's governess and customs">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administration" title="Wikipedia:Administration">Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Purpose" title="Wikipedia:Purpose">Purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Principles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policies and guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advice_for_parents" title="Wikipedia:Advice for parents">parental advice</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Request_directory" title="Wikipedia:Request directory">Making requests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Who_writes_Wikipedia%3F" title="Wikipedia:Who writes Wikipedia?">Who writes Wikipedia?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reader%27s_index_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Reader's index to Wikipedia">Help for readers</a> <abbr title="Concerns and questions readers may have about Wikipedia">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers">FAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_book_creator_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia book creator status">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Copyright" title="Help:Copyright">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Mobile_access" title="Help:Mobile access">Mobile access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Navigation" title="Help:Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Other_languages" title="Help:Other languages">Other languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Searching" title="Help:Searching">Searching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Student_help" title="Help:Student help">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Viewing_media" title="Help:Viewing media">Viewing media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contributing_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia">Contributing<br/>to Wikipedia</a> <abbr title="Overviews and resources needed to comprehend, comment on, and edit">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_for_younger_editors" title="Wikipedia:Guidance for younger editors">Advice for young editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoiding_common_mistakes" title="Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes">Avoiding common mistakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Simplified Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_ruleset" title="Wikipedia:Simplified ruleset">Simplified rule-set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">"Ignore all rules"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_rules_are_principles" title="Wikipedia:The rules are principles">"The rules are principles"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Style-tips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tip_of_the_day" title="Wikipedia:Tip of the day">Tip of the day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Your_first_article" title="Help:Your first article">Your first article</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">article wizard</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Getting_started" title="Help:Getting started">Getting started</a> <abbr title="Introductions and tutorials">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_create_an_account%3F" title="Wikipedia:Why create an account?">Why create an account?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Help:Introduction">Introductions by topic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphics_tutorials" title="Wikipedia:Graphics tutorials">Graphics tutorials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pictures" title="Help:Pictures">Picture tutorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial" title="Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial">IRC <span style="font-size:85%;">(live chat)</span> tutorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User_guide" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide">VisualEditor user guide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Dos and don'ts">Dos and don'ts</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia policies, guidelines, and formatting standards in bullet points">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accessibility_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Accessibility dos and don'ts">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biography_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Biography dos and don'ts">Biographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons dos and don'ts">Biographies (living)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Categorization dos and don'ts">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Consensus dos and don'ts">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Talk dos and don'ts">Discussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation dos and don'ts">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Image dos and don'ts">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lead_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Lead dos and don'ts">Leads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Linking_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Linking dos and don'ts">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:List dos and don'ts">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">References</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Table_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Table dos and don'ts">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_title_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Article title dos and don'ts">Titles (of articles)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_how-to" title="Category:Wikipedia how-to">How-to pages</a> and<br/><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_information_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia information pages">information pages</a> <abbr title="Topic specific informative and instructional pages">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">Appealing blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Guide to deletion">Article deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations/references</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Referencing for beginners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Convert" title="Help:Convert">Convert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Diff" title="Help:Diff">Diff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Minor_edit" title="Help:Minor edit">Minor edit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_toolbar" title="Help:Edit toolbar">toolbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_conflict" title="Help:Edit conflict">edit conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Find sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_image_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Guide to image deletion">Image deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Infobox" title="Help:Infobox">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">Linking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Link_color" title="Help:Link color">link color</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Logging_in" title="Help:Logging in">Logging in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">Merging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Page_name" title="Help:Page name">Page name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:How_to_move_a_page" title="Help:How to move a page">Renaming pages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Redirect" title="Help:Redirect">Redirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reset_password" title="Help:Reset password">Passwords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Email_confirmation" title="Help:Email confirmation">Email confirmation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reverting" title="Help:Reverting">Reverting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Simple_guide_to_vandalism_cleanup" title="Help:Simple guide to vandalism cleanup">Simple vandalism cleanup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">Talk pages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_a_talk_page" title="Help:Archiving a talk page">archiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_(plain_and_simple)" title="Help:Archiving (plain and simple)">simple archiving</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:User_contributions" title="Help:User contributions">User contributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:WP_search_protocol" title="Help:WP search protocol">WP search protocol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wiki_markup" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki markup">Coding</a> <abbr title="Wikitext information consists of the syntax used to format a page">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">Wiki markup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Barchart" title="Help:Barchart">Barcharts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Calculation" title="Help:Calculation">Calculations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">Characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Columns" title="Help:Columns">Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Elevation" title="Help:Elevation">Elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hidden_text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hidden text">Hidden text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:HTML_in_wikitext" title="Help:HTML in wikitext">HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:List" title="Help:List">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Magic_words" title="Help:Magic words">Magic words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Musical_symbols" title="Help:Musical symbols">Music symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Section" title="Help:Section">Sections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Sound_file_markup" title="Help:Sound file markup">Sounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Table" title="Help:Table">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">Templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Transclusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Transclusion">Transclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:URL" title="Help:URL">URL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Visual_file_markup" title="Help:Visual file markup">Visual files</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Directories_and_indexes" title="Wikipedia:Directories and indexes">Directories</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia's directories and indexes">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Wikipedia:Contents">Contents</a> <small>(Encyclopedia proper)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Department_directory" title="Wikipedia:Department directory">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editor%27s_index_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Editor's index to Wikipedia">Editor's index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essay_directory" title="Wikipedia:Essay directory">Essays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Index">FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Glossary" title="Wikipedia:Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Manual of Style </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">Policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maintenance" title="Wikipedia:Maintenance">Tasks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tips" title="Wikipedia:Tips">Tips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools" title="Wikipedia:Tools">Tools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><b> <a href="/wiki/Help:Wikipedia:_The_Missing_Manual" title="Help:Wikipedia: The Missing Manual">Missing Manual</a></b> <hr/> <span class="noprint plainlinks" title="Edit Special:MyTalk"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:MyTalk&action=edit&section=new&preload=Help:Contents/helpmepreload&preloadtitle=Help+me%21"><b>Ask for help on your talk page</b></a></span> <b><abbr title="If you need help, you can use this link to ask a question on your talk page; a volunteer will visit you there shortly!">(?)</abbr></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_technical_help" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_technical_help" title="Template:Wikipedia technical help"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_technical_help" title="Template talk:Wikipedia technical help"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_technical_help" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia technical help"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_technical_help" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Directory#Technical_help" title="Help:Directory">Wikipedia technical help</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div><b>Get personal technical help at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse" title="Wikipedia:Teahouse">the Teahouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk" title="Wikipedia:Help desk">help desk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(technical)" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)">village pump (technical)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_talk_pages/1" title="Help:Introduction to talk pages/1">talk pages</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC" title="Wikipedia:IRC">IRC</a>.</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Technical" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Technical">General<br/>technical help</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Browser_notes" title="Wikipedia:Browser notes">Browser notes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bypass_your_cache" title="Wikipedia:Bypass your cache">Bypass cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Keyboard_shortcuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Keyboard shortcuts">Keyboard shortcuts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:CharInsert" title="Help:CharInsert">CharInsert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_conflict" title="Help:Edit conflict">Edit conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_toolbar" title="Help:Edit toolbar">Edit toolbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reverting" title="Help:Reverting">Reverting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_create_a_page" title="Wikipedia:How to create a page">How to create a page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC" title="Wikipedia:IRC">IRC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial" title="Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial">Tutorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Mobile_access" title="Help:Mobile access">Mobile access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support" title="Help:Multilingual support">Multilingual support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">Page history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Page_information" title="Help:Page information">Page information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Page_name" title="Wikipedia:Page name">Page name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Page_name" title="Help:Page name">Help</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Printing" title="Help:Printing">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Software_notices" title="Wikipedia:Software notices">Software notices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editnotice" title="Wikipedia:Editnotice">Editnotice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">Special Characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Entering_special_characters" title="Help:Entering special characters">Entering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">User access levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:VisualEditor" title="Help:VisualEditor">Help</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="Special:SpecialPages">Special<br/>page</a>-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Special_page" title="Help:Special page">Special page help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:AllPages" title="Help:AllPages">AllPages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_filter" title="Wikipedia:Edit filter">Edit filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">Emailing users</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Logging_in" title="Help:Logging in">Logging in</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reset_password" title="Help:Reset password">Reset passwords</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Log" title="Help:Log">Logs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Moving_a_page" title="Wikipedia:Moving a page">Moving a page</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:History_merging" title="Wikipedia:History merging">History merging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:When_to_place_technical_requests_in_%22Administrator_needed%22" title="Help:When to place technical requests in "Administrator needed"">Non-admin and admin-only page moves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Notifications" title="Help:Notifications">Notifications/Echo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Notifications/FAQ" title="Help:Notifications/FAQ">FAQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Page_Curation/Help" title="Wikipedia:Page Curation/Help">Page Curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Import" title="Help:Import">Page import</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">Pending changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Random" title="Wikipedia:Random">Random pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Recent_changes" title="Help:Recent changes">Recent changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Related_changes" title="Help:Related changes">Related changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Searching" title="Help:Searching">Searching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Linksearch" title="Help:Linksearch">Linksearch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tags" title="Wikipedia:Tags">Tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:User_contributions" title="Help:User contributions">User contributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Watchlist" title="Help:Watchlist">Watchlist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:What_links_here" title="Help:What links here">What links here</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">Wikitext</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">Wikitext</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet" title="Help:Cheatsheet">Cheatsheet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Columns" title="Help:Columns">Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Line-break_handling" title="Help:Line-break handling">Line-break handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:List" title="Help:List">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Magic_words" title="Help:Magic words">Magic words</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Magic_words_for_beginners" title="Help:Magic words for beginners">For beginners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Conditional_expressions" title="Help:Conditional expressions">Conditional expressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Switch_parser_function" title="Help:Switch parser function">Switch parser function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Time_function" title="Help:Time function">Time function</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Redirect" title="Help:Redirect">Redirects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Section" title="Help:Section">Sections and TOCs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Table" title="Help:Table">Tables</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_tables_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to tables with Wiki Markup/1">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Basic_table_markup" title="Help:Basic table markup">Basics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Advanced_table_formatting" title="Help:Advanced table formatting">Advanced table formatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Collapsing" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Collapsing">Collapsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Conditional_tables" title="Help:Conditional tables">Conditional tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Sortable_tables" title="Help:Sortable tables">Sortable tables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Using_colours" title="Help:Using colours">Using colours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">Links</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Diff" title="Help:Diff">diffs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">Links</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">Interlanguage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Interwiki_linking" title="Help:Interwiki linking">Interwiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">Permanent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Diff" title="Help:Diff">Diffs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplest_diff_guide" title="Wikipedia:Simplest diff guide">Simplest diff guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_diff_and_link_guide" title="Wikipedia:Simple diff and link guide">Simple diff and link guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Complete_diff_and_link_guide" title="Wikipedia:Complete diff and link guide">Complete diff and link guide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Colon_trick" title="Help:Colon trick">Colon trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Link_color" title="Help:Link color">Link color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pipe_trick" title="Help:Pipe trick">Pipe trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:URL" title="Help:URL">URLs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media" class="mw-disambig" title="Wikipedia:Media">Media</a> files: images,<br/>videos and sounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">Media help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">Files</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Creation_and_usage_of_media_files" title="Help:Creation and usage of media files">Creation and usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Moving_files_to_Commons" title="Wikipedia:Moving files to Commons">Moving files to Commons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Images" title="Wikipedia:Images">Images</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_images_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to images with Wiki Markup/1">Introduction to images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pictures" title="Help:Pictures">Picture tutorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Preparing_images_for_upload" title="Wikipedia:Preparing images for upload">Preparing images for upload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uploading_images" title="Wikipedia:Uploading images">Uploading images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Options_to_hide_an_image" title="Help:Options to hide an image">Options to hide an image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_image_syntax" title="Wikipedia:Extended image syntax">Extended image syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SVG_help" title="Wikipedia:SVG help">SVG help</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Gallery_tag" title="Help:Gallery tag">Gallery tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphics_tutorials" title="Wikipedia:Graphics tutorials">Graphics tutorials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_bitmap_image_editing" title="Wikipedia:Basic bitmap image editing">Basic bitmap image editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_improve_image_quality" title="Wikipedia:How to improve image quality">How to improve image quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphics_Lab/Resources" title="Wikipedia:Graphics Lab/Resources">Graphics Lab resources</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Sound_file_markup" title="Help:Sound file markup">Sound file markup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Visual_file_markup" title="Help:Visual file markup">Visual file markup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Other graphics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Family_trees" title="Help:Family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphs_and_charts" title="Wikipedia:Graphs and charts">Graphs and charts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_create_charts_for_Wikipedia_articles" title="Wikipedia:How to create charts for Wikipedia articles">How to create</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Barchart" title="Help:Barchart">Barcharts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:To_scale_charts" title="Wikipedia:To scale charts">To scale charts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula" title="Help:Displaying a formula">Math formulas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Use_of_HTML_templates" title="Help:Displaying a formula">Math symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Score" title="Help:Score">Musical scores</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Musical_symbols" title="Help:Musical symbols">Musical symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Timeline" title="Wikipedia:Timeline">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:EasyTimeline_syntax" title="Help:EasyTimeline syntax">EasyTimeline syntax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:WikiHiero_syntax" title="Help:WikiHiero syntax">WikiHiero syntax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:A_quick_guide_to_templates" title="Help:A quick guide to templates">Templates</a> and<br/><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a> modules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">Templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advanced_template_coding" title="Wikipedia:Advanced template coding">Advanced template coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_documentation" title="Wikipedia:Template documentation">Template documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index" title="Wikipedia:Template index">Template index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Template_limits" title="Help:Template limits">Template limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_sandbox_and_test_cases" title="Wikipedia:Template sandbox and test cases">Template sandbox and test cases</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Lua" title="Help:Lua">Lua help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lua" title="Wikipedia:Lua">Lua project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lua/Resources" title="Wikipedia:Lua/Resources">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lua/To_do" title="Wikipedia:Lua/To do">To do</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Substitution" title="Help:Substitution">Substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Purge" title="Help:Purge">Purge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Job_queue" title="Help:Job queue">Job queue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">Transclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Labeled_section_transclusion" title="Help:Labeled section transclusion">Labeled section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Transclusion_costs_and_benefits" title="Wikipedia:Transclusion costs and benefits">Costs and benefits</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_Scribbling" title="Wikipedia:Guide to Scribbling">Guide to Scribbling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administration#Data_structure_and_development" title="Wikipedia:Administration">Data structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Namespace" title="Wikipedia:Namespace">Namespaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_is_an_article%3F" title="Wikipedia:What is an article?">Main/Article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Drafts" title="Wikipedia:Drafts">Draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">File</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:File_description_page" title="Help:File description page">File description page</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Help namespace">Help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal" title="Wikipedia:Portal">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">Project/Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">Talk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_a_talk_page" title="Help:Archiving a talk page">Archiving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_(plain_and_simple)" title="Help:Archiving (plain and simple)">Simple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">Template</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_page_design_guide" title="Wikipedia:User page design guide">User page design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:MediaWiki_namespace" title="Help:MediaWiki namespace">MediaWiki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bug_reports_and_feature_requests" title="Wikipedia:Bug reports and feature requests">Bug reports and feature requests</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TimedMediaHandler" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:TimedMediaHandler">TimedMediaHandler extension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lua" title="Wikipedia:Lua">Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Special_page" title="Help:Special page">Special</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> and <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Help:Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:HTML_in_wikitext" title="Help:HTML in wikitext">HTML in wikitext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Catalogue_of_CSS_classes" title="Wikipedia:Catalogue of CSS classes">Catalogue of CSS classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Common.js_and_common.css" title="Wikipedia:Common.js and common.css">Common.js and common.css</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mxt/User_CSS_for_a_monospaced_coding_font" title="Template:Mxt/User CSS for a monospaced coding font">User CSS for monospaced coding font</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Microformats/classes" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Microformats/classes">Classes in microformats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Markup_validation" title="Help:Markup validation">Markup validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Span_tags" title="Wikipedia:Span tags">Span tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Useful_styles" title="Help:Useful styles">Useful styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Customisation" title="Wikipedia:Customisation">Customisation</a><br/>and tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Preferences" title="Help:Preferences">Preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gadget" title="Wikipedia:Gadget">Gadgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Skin" title="Wikipedia:Skin">Skins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_tools" title="Help:Citation tools">Citation tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleaning_up_vandalism/Tools" title="Wikipedia:Cleaning up vandalism/Tools">Cleaning up vandalism tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Customizing_watchlists" title="Wikipedia:Customizing watchlists">Customizing watchlists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Hide_Pages_in_Watchlist" title="Help:Hide Pages in Watchlist">Hide pages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Scripts" title="Wikipedia:Scripts">IRC Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_scripts" title="Wikipedia:User scripts">User scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_scripts/Guide" title="Wikipedia:User scripts/Guide">Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_scripts/List" title="Wikipedia:User scripts/List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_scripts/Techniques" title="Wikipedia:User scripts/Techniques">Techniques</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:User_style" title="Help:User style">User style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools" title="Wikipedia:Tools">Tools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Alternative_browsing" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Alternative browsing">Alternative browsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Browser_tools" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Browser tools">Browser tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Editing_tools" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Editing tools">Editing tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_shortcuts" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation shortcuts">Navigation shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Optimum_tool_set" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Optimum tool set">Optimum tool set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_Cloud_Services" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia Cloud Services">Wikimedia Cloud Services</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Beta_Features" class="extiw" title="mw:Beta Features">Beta Features at MediaWiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Automated editing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Helper_script" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Articles for creation/Helper script">AfC helper script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AntiVandal" title="Wikipedia:AntiVandal">AntiVandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser" title="Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser">AutoWikiBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bots" title="Wikipedia:Bots">Bots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Creating_a_bot" title="Help:Creating a bot">Creating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:History_of_Wikipedia_bots" title="Wikipedia:History of Wikipedia bots">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:HotCat" title="Wikipedia:HotCat">HotCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Huggle" title="Wikipedia:Huggle">Huggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation popups">Navigation popups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RedWarn" title="Wikipedia:RedWarn">RedWarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Twinkle" title="Wikipedia:Twinkle">Twinkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ultraviolet" title="Wikipedia:Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WPCleaner" title="Wikipedia:WPCleaner">WPCleaner</a></li> <li>Inactive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Igloo" title="Wikipedia:Igloo">igloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:STiki" title="Wikipedia:STiki">STiki</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li>See also: <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_how-to" title="Category:Wikipedia how-to">Category:Wikipedia how-to</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_information_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia information pages">Category:Wikipedia information pages</a></b><br/>Further navigation at: <a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Template:Wikipedia help pages">Help pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrators%27_guide" title="Template:Administrators' guide">Administrators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Accessibility/Navigation_menu" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility/Navigation menu">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_accounts" title="Template:Wikipedia accounts">Accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Botnav" title="Template:Botnav">Bots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template:Wikipedia referencing">Referencing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_metadata_navbox" title="Template:Citation metadata navbox">Citation metadata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_templates" title="Template:Wikipedia templates">Templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_scripts/Navbox" title="Wikipedia:User scripts/Navbox">User scripts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-b49cm","wgBackendResponseTime":139,"wgDiscussionToolsPageThreads":[{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Use_in_footnotes","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Using_the_same_footnote_multiple_times","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Using_multiple_pages_from_the_same_source","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Creating_links_to_citations","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Using_commas_rather_than_periods","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Examples","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Harvard_reference_and_shortened_footnote_examples","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Variations","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Discussing_citations_on_talk_pages","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-See_also","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Notes","replies":[]}],"wgPageParseReport":{"discussiontools":{"limitreport-timeusage":"0.091"},"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.346","walltime":"1.574","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7685,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":180471,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8309,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":142573,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":3,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1190.280 1 -total"," 9.85% 117.293 1 Template:Cite_Q"," 9.67% 115.048 3 Template:Cite_book"," 7.48% 89.055 1 Template:Wikipedia_referencing"," 7.31% 86.991 1 Template:Navbox"," 7.26% 86.456 6 Template:Harvnb"," 6.90% 82.141 12 Template:Citation"," 6.76% 80.511 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.70% 79.785 1 Template:Wikipedia_how-to"," 5.59% 66.553 1 Template:Ombox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.687","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8859392,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAndersenWitter2006\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFBaileyBorweinBorwein1997\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFBreyer1972\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFCordellGrubbNoonan2001\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFDegermarkBrodnikCarlssonPink2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEvansSchaeferBondKarovska2006\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFFinn1998\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFGary_S._Terhune2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHansenRuedySatoLo2005\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFKansas_Departmen...2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKansas_Department_of_Transportation2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer1999\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFMumford1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMumford1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMumford1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMumford1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurdock1995\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRoithmayr2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSkelly_Oil_CompanyDiversified_Map_Co1966\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSpiegel\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFTrodel2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTurkPentland1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTurkPet...1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurkPetland1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebst...1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebster1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinkler_Pri...1882\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWinkler_Prins1882\"] = 2,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Bots\"] = 1,\n [\"Category see also\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 30,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite Q\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite comic\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite court\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite mailing list\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite map\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite newsgroup\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite patent\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite video game\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite xxx\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Code\"] = 2,\n [\"Cs1\"] = 6,\n [\"Fake heading\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Harv\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvard citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvcol\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvcolnb\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvcoltxt\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 6,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 1,\n [\"Keypress\"] = 1,\n [\"Para\"] = 11,\n [\"Pre\"] = 3,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Self reference\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Tag\"] = 12,\n [\"Tl\"] = 67,\n [\"Tlx\"] = 4,\n [\"VE documentation\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikipedia help pages\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikipedia how-to\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikipedia referencing\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikipedia technical help\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n1 1 Albert Einstein\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-d5bgd","timestamp":"20241124055644","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>