Fifty Highlights from Fifty Years

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href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/2001/"> 2001 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> 1991–2000 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-168" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/2000/"> 2000 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/1999/"> 1999 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/1998/"> 1998 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/1997/"> 1997 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/1996/"> 1996 </a></li><li class=""><a 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href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/">Telescopes & Instruments<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-245" class="submenu-aim"> <li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/"> Paranal Observatory <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-246" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/"> Very Large Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-247" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/"> VLT Instruments <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-248" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/4lgsf/"> 4LGSF </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/amber/"> AMBER </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/crires/"> CRIRES </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/crires+/"> CRIRES+ </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/espresso/"> ESPRESSO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/eris/"> ERIS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/flames/"> FLAMES </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/fors/"> FORS1 and FORS2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/gravity/"> GRAVITY </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/hawk-i/"> HAWK-I </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/isaac/"> ISAAC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/kmos/"> KMOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/mad/"> MAD </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/matisse/"> MATISSE </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/midi/"> MIDI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/moons/"> MOONS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/muse/"> MUSE </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/naco/"> NACO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/naomi/"> NAOMI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/pionier/"> PIONIER </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/sinfoni/"> SINFONI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/sphere/"> SPHERE </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/uves/"> UVES </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vimos/"> VIMOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/visir/"> VISIR </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/x-shooter/"> X-shooter </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vtl-test-cameras/"> VLT Test Cameras </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vinci/"> VINCI </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/"> VLT Unit Telescopes Names <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-277" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/antu/"> Antu </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/kueyen/"> Kueyen </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/melipal/"> Melipal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/yepun/"> Yepun </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/auxiliarytelescopes/"> Auxiliary Telescopes </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/"> Survey Telescopes <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-283" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/"> VISTA <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-284" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/mirror/"> The VISTA mirror </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/camera/"> VIRCAM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/4most/"> 4MOST </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/surveys/"> The VISTA surveys </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/consortium/"> The VISTA consortium </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/"> VST <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-290" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/mirror/"> The VST mirrors </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/camera/"> OmegaCAM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/surveys/"> The VST surveys </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/speculoos/"> SPECULOOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/ngts/"> NGTS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/cta/"> Cherenkov Telescope Array </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/"> La Silla Observatory <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-297" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swedish/"> Swedish–ESO Submillimetre Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-298" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swedish/simba/"> SIMBA </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/"> New Technology Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-300" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/efosc2/"> EFOSC2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/emmi/"> EMMI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/irspec/"> IRSPEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/sofi/"> SOFI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/soxs/"> SOXS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/susi2/"> SUSI and SUSI2 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/"> ESO 3.6-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-307" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/adonis/"> ADONIS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/caspec/"> CASPEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/irspec/"> IRSPEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/harps/"> HARPS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/mefos/"> MEFOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/nirps/"> NIRPS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/optopus/"> OPTOPUS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/timmi2/"> TIMMI/2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/36-infrared-photometer-spectrophotometer/"> Infrared Photometer/Spectrophotometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/36-standard-photometer/"> Standard Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/infrared-specklegraph/"> Infrared Specklegraph </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/infrared-speckle-interferometer/"> Infrared Speckle Interferometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/efosc/"> EFOSC </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/"> MPG/ESO 2.2-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-321" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/feros/"> FEROS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/grond/"> GROND </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/irac2/"> IRAC & IRAC2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/pisco/"> PISCO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/wfi/"> WFI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/infrared-photometer-spectrophotometer/"> Infrared Photometer/Spectrophotometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss/"> Swiss 1.2-metre Leonhard Euler Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-328" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss/coralie/"> CORALIE </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/rem/"> Rapid Eye Mount telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/trappist/"> TRAnsiting Planets and PlanetesImals Small Telescope–South </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/"> Danish 1.54-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-332" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/coravel/"> CORAVEL </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/dfosc/"> DFOSC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/ccd/"> CCD camera </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/hb-photometer/"> Hβ Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/two-channel-photometer/"> Two-Channel Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/four-channel-photometer/"> Four-Channel Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/six-channel-photometer/"> Six-Channel uvby-Hβ Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/tarot/"> Télescope à Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1mschmidt/"> ESO 1-metre Schmidt telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/"> ESO 1.52-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-342" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/bandc/"> Boller and Chivens Spectrograph </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/coude/"> Coudé Spectrograph </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/echelec/"> ECHELEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/rv-cass-spectrograph/"> RV Cass Spectrograph </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/"> ESO 1-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-347" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/fideos/"> FIDEOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/infrared-photometer/"> Infrared Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/single-channel-photometer/"> Single-Channel Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/"> ESO 0.5-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-351" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/single-channel-photometer/"> Single-Channel Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/double-channel-photometer/"> Double-Channel Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/coude/"> Coudé Auxiliary Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-354" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/coude/ces/"> CES </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marly/"> MarLy 1-metre telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/09metre/"> Dutch 0.9-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-357" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/09metre/walraven/"> Walraven Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/t70/"> Swiss T70 telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/"> Bochum 0.61-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-360" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/bochum-scanner/"> Bochum Scanner </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/bochum-photometer/"> Bochum Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/"> Danish 0.5-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-363" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-two-channel-hb-photometer/"> Two-Channel Hβ Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-four-channel-uvby-photometer/"> Four-Channel uvby Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-six-channel-uvby-hb-photometer/"> Six-Channel uvby–Hβ Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/gpo/"> Grand Prisme Objectif telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss04/"> Swiss 0.4-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marseille/"> Marseille 0.36-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/grb/"> GRB Monitoring System </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mascara/"> MASCARA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/blackgem/"> BlackGEM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/extra/"> ExTrA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/test-bed/"> Test-Bed Telescope </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/"> APEX <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-375" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/artemis/"> ArTéMiS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/laboca/"> LABOCA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/saboca/"> SABOCA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/sepia/"> SEPIA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/apex-2a/"> APEX–2A </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/aszca/"> ASZCa </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/champ-plus/"> CHAMP+ </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/flash/"> FLASH </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/flash-plus/"> FLASH+ </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/mpi_11thz/"> MPI_1.1THz </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/p-artemis/"> P-ArTéMiS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/pi230/"> PI230 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/polka/"> PolKa </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/shefi/"> SHeFI </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/"> ALMA <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-390" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/antennas/"> Antennas </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/transporters/"> Transporters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/interferometry/"> Interferometry </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/receiver-bands/"> Receiver Bands </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/residencia/"> ALMA Residencia </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/"> ELT </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/"> Technology for Telescopes <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-397" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/active_optics/"> Active Optics </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/adaptive_optics/"> Adaptive Optics </a></li><li 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href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/press-evt/"> Press Events </a></li><li class="submenu current"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/"> Special Events <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-413" class="submenu-aim sublevel selected current"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann18065/"> Open House Day 2018 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/asteroid-day/"> Asteroid Day </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse17/"> Open House Day 2017 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann16071/"> Open House Day 2016 </a></li><li class=""><a 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href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2013/"> ASTRONET 2013 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-425" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2013/dates/"> Important Dates </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2013/registration/"> Registration, Fees and Payment </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2013/abstracts/"> Abstract Submission </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2013/venue/"> Workshop Venue </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2013/practical_information/"> 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href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/awesome-universe/organisers/"> For Exhibitors </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/iya2009/"> IYA 2009 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/100ha/"> 100 Hours of Astronomy </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/theeye/"> The Eye 3D </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/imax-hidden-universe/"> IMAX® 3D Film Hidden Universe </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse11/"> Open House Day 2011 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse09/"> Open House Day 2009 (German) </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/bond/"> Bond at Paranal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/lndw-2007eng/"> Long Night of Science 2007 </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse/"> Open House Day 2006 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-463" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse/ohd06-winnerslist/"> List of Prize Winners </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse/tdot06/"> Deutsche Fassung </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse/tdot06-gewinnerliste/"> Liste der Preisgewinner </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/pt-011203/"> Public Talks 2003 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/eso40years/"> ESO 40 Years (1962 - 2002) </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/exhibitions/"> Exhibitions <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-469" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/exhibitions/perma_exhibitions/"> ESO Permanent Exhibitions </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.esof.eu/"> EuroScience Open Forum (ESOF) </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://eas.unige.ch/EWASS2016/"> EWASS 2016 </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/https://aas.org/meetings/aas227"> AAS Winter 2016 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/"> Astronomical Events <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-474" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/solareclipse2019/"> Total Solar Eclipse 2019 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/mcnaught2007/"> The Comet McNaught 2007 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/deepimpact/"> Deep Impact - 04.07.2005 </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.vt-2004.org/"> The Venus Transit - 08.11.2004 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/leonids99/"> The Leonids - 17.11.1999 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/eclipse99/"> Solar Eclipse at ESO HQ - 11.08.1999 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/leonids98/"> The Leonids - 11.1998 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/pathfinder/"> Mars Pathfinder - 1997 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/hyakutake/"> Comet Hyakutake - 1997 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/sl9/"> SL-9 and Jupiter - 1994 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/hale-bopp/"> Comet Hale Bopp - 1994 </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/seminars/"> Astronomy Communication Seminars </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/">Outreach<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-487" class="submenu-aim"> <li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/"> Education <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-488" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/products/education/"> Educational Material </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.scienceinschool.org/" target="_blank"> Science in School </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.sterrenlab.com/camps/eso-astronomy-camp-2017/"> ESO Astronomy Camp 2017 </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/https://web.archive.org/web/20190722044743/http://www.sterrenlab.com/camps/eso-astronomy-camp-2016/"> ESO Astronomy Camp 2016 </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/https://web.archive.org/web/20190810160701/http://www.sterrenlab.com/camps/eso-astronomy-camp-2015/"> ESO Astronomy Camp 2015 </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/https://web.archive.org/web/20190321214717/http://www.sterrenlab.com/camps/eso-astronomy-camp-2014/"> ESO Astronomy Camp 2014 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/teacherschools/"> Teacher Schools </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/prev-programmes/"> Previous Programmes <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-496" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eaae-astronomy.org/catchastar/cas2013"> Catch a Star 2013 </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eaae-astronomy.org/catchastar/cas2011"> Catch a Star 2011 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2008/"> Catch a Star 2008 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2007/"> Catch a Star 2007 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2005/"> Catch a Star 2005 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2004/"> Catch a Star 2004 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2003/"> Catch a Star 2003 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2002/"> Catch a Star 2002 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/liu/"> Life in the Universe </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/pos/"> Physics On Stage </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/seaspace/docs/"> Sea & Space </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://kids.alma.cl/?lang=en"> ALMA Kids </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/"> Partnerships <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-509" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/translators/"> Volunteer Translators </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/eson/"> ESO Science Outreach Network </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/chile/"> Collaborations in Chile <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-512" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/chile/2010/"> 2010 </a></li><li class=""><a 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/comparisons/" class="navlink">PICTURES</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.flickr.com/groups/youresopictures/" class="navlink">ESO MEMORIES</a> | <a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/competitions.html" class="navlink">COMPETITIONS</a><br/> <br/> <a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/twitter.html" class="navlink">TWITTER FEED</a> | <a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/50years/webcast.html" class="navlink">WEBCAST</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/mailto:information@eso.org" class="navlink">CONTACT</a></div> </div> <p> </p> <h1>Fifty Highlights from Fifty Years</h1> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/products/logos/eso50thlogo/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/logos/medium/eso50thlogo.jpg" border="0" alt="eso50thlogo.jpg" width="320" height="185" style="float: right; border: 0px;"/></a></p> <p>The year 2012 marks the 50th anniversary of the European Southern Observatory (ESO), the foremost intergovernmental astronomy organisation in the world. This very special year provides a great opportunity to look back at ESO’s history through its most important milestones, as it celebrates 50 years of reaching new heights in astronomy. Fifty selected highlights from the first 50 years of ESO’s history are marked below with superscripts. For a comprehensive timeline of ESO’s milestones see<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/timeline.html"> this</a>.</p> <p>A presentation with 50 selected highlights is available <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/products/presentations/eso50highlights/">here</a>.</p> <div class="primage_left"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/vkourganoff-jhoort-hspencer/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/vkourganoff-jhoort-hspencer.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="83" style="border: 0px;"/></a><br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/final_convention_paper/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/final_convention_paper.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="101" style="border: 0px;"/></a></div> <p>The idea of a shared European observatory was discussed for the first time in late spring 1953<sup>1</sup> by a group of astronomers in Leiden, the Netherlands. They included Walter Baade and Jan Oort, Adrian Blaauw and Otto Heckmann. Oort would later become President of the ESO Committee and Heckmann and Blaauw ESO’s first and second Directors General respectively. From the start, they intended to build an observatory in the southern hemisphere. On 5 October 1962, representatives from five European countries — Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden — signed the ESO Convention in Paris<sup>2</sup>. Their signatures represented a formal commitment to establish the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere, today commonly referred to as the European Southern Observatory.</p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0912d/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/eso0912d.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="82" style="float: right; border: 0px;"/></a>In late 1963, Heckmann, then acting as ESO’s Director General, concluded an agreement with the Chilean government to establish ESO’s observatory in Chile<sup>3</sup>. ESO had originally planned to establish itself in South Africa, but site testing indicated that atmospheric conditions were better in the high and dry mountainous regions of the Chilean Atacama Desert. ESO was now set to build the observatory it had planned.</p> <p>In spring 1964, after site testing, the exact site of the observatory was chosen<sup>4</sup>, a 2400-metre-high mountain, 600 kilometres north of Santiago de Chile. The site was nicknamed La Silla — the chair — due to its particular shape. The same year, ESO bought the land around the mountain<sup>5</sup> from the Chilean government and was given a site in the capital Santiago to build its Chilean headquarters, next to the UN offices in the Vitacura district. In late November 1966, the observatory’s first telescope, 1 metre in diameter, started operations at La Silla<sup>6</sup>. Others would follow over the next few years, until the official inauguration of the observatory<sup>7</sup> by the President of the Republic of Chile, Eduardo Frei Montalva, on 25 March 1969. ESO now officially had its observatory in the southern hemisphere. Yet, even before this, ESO grew, with Denmark joining as the sixth Member State in 1967<sup>8</sup>.</p> <div class="primage_left"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/la/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/la.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="57" style="border: 0px;"/></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/lso-eso-1-m/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/lso-eso-1-m.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="106" style="border: 0px;"/></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/lso_inauguration_03-69_2/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/lso_inauguration_03-69_2.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="87" style="border: 0px;"/></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/lso_schmidt_pizarro/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/lso_schmidt_pizarro.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="104" style="border: 0px;"/></a></div> <p>Moving forward to the 1970s, the Organisation passed a number of major milestones. In November 1976, the 3.6-metre telescope, the jewel in the La Silla crown, envisioned since the inception of ESO,<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/sci/publications/messenger/archive/no.7-dec76/messenger-no7-2-3.pdf"> started operations</a><sup>9</sup>. This had been made possible thanks to a close cooperation with CERN in Switzerland, where ESO’s technical staff had moved in 1970. In 1978, the Quick Blue Survey was completed<sup>10</sup> using the 1-metre Schmidt telescope, at La Silla, one of the original telescopes planned for in 1953. This survey was the first of its kind in the southern hemisphere, mapping the sky in detail and providing a basis for future observations. ESO had now completed its original mission to build and equip its observatory in the southern hemisphere with world-class telescopes.</p> <div class="primage_right"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso-hq-aerial/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/eso-hq-aerial.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="94" style="border: 0px;"/></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/esopia00001sites/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/esopia00001sites.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="67" style="border: 0px;"/></a></div> <p>In 1975, the Council, ESO’s sovereign body, decided to build the<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/sci/publications/messenger/archive/no.4-mar76/messenger-no4-1-1.pdf"> new headquarters in Garching bei München</a><sup>11</sup>, Germany, following an offer by the German government to host ESO. The move was meant to gather all of ESO’s European staff, which was spread out between Geneva and Hamburg, where ESO’s administration had been located since the creation of the Organisation.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/sci/publications/messenger/archive/no.15-dec78/messenger-no15-25-25.pdf"> Construction began</a> even before the German government and ESO formally agreed on the project in 1979, and<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/sci/publications/messenger/archive/no.24-jun81/messenger-no24-1-4.pdf"> the new offices, of a very original design, were inaugurated in 1981</a><sup>12</sup> in the presence of senior representatives from ESO and its Member States. The move in many ways transformed ESO into a full-fledged intergovernmental organisation, going beyond the role of providing a shared observatory to its Member States.</p> <div class="primage_left"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/esopia00046teles/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/esopia00046teles.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="172" style="border: 0px;"/></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0912b/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/eso0912b.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="153" style="border: 0px;"/></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/council87/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/council87.jpg" border="0" style="border: 0px;"/></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/paranal-91/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/paranal-91.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="126" style="border: 0px;"/></a></div> <p>In 1982, two new states joined the Organisation:<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/sci/publications/messenger/archive/no.27-mar82/messenger-no27-1-1.pdf"> Switzerland</a><sup>13</sup> and<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/sci/publications/messenger/archive/no.28-jun82/messenger-no28-1-1.pdf"> Italy</a><sup>14</sup>. Two new major telescopes were also added to the La Silla Observatory.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/sci/publications/messenger/archive/no.34-dec83/messenger-no34-15-16.pdf"> In 1983, the MPG/ESO 2.2-metre telescope started operations</a><sup>15</sup>, and continues today to deliver stunning images thanks to the quality of its instruments.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso8903/"> In 1989, the New Technology Telescope (NTT) arrived</a><sup>16</sup>, the first telescope in the world to be equipped with a computer-controlled mirror. This technology, known as active optics, was developed at ESO and is now applied to most of the world's large telescopes. Today, the NTT continues to provide high-quality observations.</p> <p>The NTT was key to testing the viability of ESO’s new flagship project: the Very Large Telescope array (VLT), designed to be the world’s biggest optical telescope.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso8717/"> The ESO Council approved the project in 1987</a><sup>17</sup> and<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso9015/"> Cerro Paranal was selected as its home in 1990</a><sup>18</sup>, after the Chilean government had donated the land around it to ESO in 1988<sup>19</sup>. Cerro Paranal is an isolated 2600-metre-high mountain in the Atacama Desert, one of the driest in the world.</p> <div class="primage_right"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso9822a/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/eso9822a.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="161" style="border: 0px;"/></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/paranal_16-nov1999/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/paranal_16-nov1999.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="124" style="border: 0px;"/></a></div> <p>As the 1980s concluded, ESO had a fully equipped and functional observatory at La Silla, and was already planning its next observatory, set to become a reference in the world of ground-based astronomy. It took ESO ten years to build the highly complex VLT, whose first telescope, named Antu — the Sun in the Mapuche language —<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso9820/"> saw First Light in May 1998</a><sup>20</sup>. The official inauguration of the new observatory followed shortly afterwards and<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso9921/"> on 5 March 1999, the VLT was officially opened</a><sup>21</sup> in the presence of the President of the Republic of Chile, Don Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle. The VLT was now ready to make its contribution.</p> <p>At the turn of the century, ESO had reached the forefront of astronomy and was ready to enter the 21st century. Confirming this status, events picked up pace. No less than seven new members would decide to join ESO during the next decade:<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0022/"> Portugal in 2001</a><sup>22</sup>,<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0218/"> the UK in 2002</a><sup>23</sup>,<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0403/"> Finland in 2004</a><sup>24</sup>,<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0605/"> Spain</a><sup>25</sup> and<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0652/"> the Czech Republic</a><sup>26</sup> in 2007 and<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0820/"> Austria in 2009</a><sup>27</sup>.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1050/"> Brazil signed the accession agreement at the end of 2010</a><sup>28</sup> and upon parliamentary ratification will become the first non-European member State and bring the total number of Member States to 15.</p> <div class="primage_right"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/hq-flags-hh-2011/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/newsmini/hq-flags-hh-2011.jpg" border="0" width="60" height="90" style="float: left; border: 0px;"/></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0111f/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/eso0111f.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="79" style="border: 0px;"/></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/vlt-brunier-nuit/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/vlt-brunier-nuit.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="122" style="border: 0px;"/></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/vista-gerd-hd/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/vista-gerd-hd.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="122" style="border: 0px;"/></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1119c/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/eso1119c.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="186" style="border: 0px;"/></a></div> <p> </p> <p>At Paranal, once all four major telescopes had been installed,<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0111/"> the VLT Interferometer (VLTI) started operations in 2001</a><sup>29</sup>, combining light from the telescopes for the first time. The VLTI is the only regularly operated large optical and infrared interferometric telescope in the world. In 2006, a bright yellow laser shot into the night sky from the VLT’s fourth telescope, Yepun, inaugurating<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0607/"> the Organisation’s first laser guide star</a><sup>30</sup>.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0949/"> In 2009, a new telescope named VISTA joined Paranal</a><sup>31</sup>. VISTA is the world’s largest survey telescope, designed to map the night sky with high precision in near-infrared light. Finally<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1119/"> in 2011, the VLT Survey Telescope, the VST, opened at Paranal</a><sup>32</sup>, as the world’s largest telescope surveying the sky in visible light. This arsenal of front-line telescopes combined with a plan to upgrade technologies including instruments built by institutes in the Member States, created the most advanced ground-based optical observatory in the world.</p> <p>La Silla meanwhile saw a number of new instruments being added to its telescopes, among which is HARPS, the leading exoplanet hunter, which <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0308/">started operating in 2003</a><sup>33</sup>.</p> <p>In 2005, together with the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy and Onsala Space Observatory, ESO built a new telescope, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0522/">APEX, the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment</a><sup>34</sup>, partly based on experience gained from the<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/sci/publications/messenger/archive/no.48-jun87/messenger-no48-2-6.pdf"> Swedish-ESO Submillimetre Telescope (SEST)</a> at La Silla in the 80s and 90s. These were ESO’s first steps in millimetre radio astronomy. APEX is designed to study the skies in submillimetre wavelengths. Located on the Chajnantor Plateau at 5000-metre altitude in the Atacama Desert of Chile, APEX was designed as a precursor to a much larger project, ALMA, the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array.</p> <div class="primage_right"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0624a/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/eso0624a.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="81" style="float: left; border: 0px;"/></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1137g/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/eso1137g.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="80" style="border: 0px;"/></a></div> <p> </p> <p>In 2001, ESO signed an agreement with North America to build ALMA<sup>35</sup> on the Chajnantor Plateau (Japan joined in 2004). This gigantic project came as a merger of three individual observatory projects following site testing from 1995 and onwards. ALMA is the world’s largest observatory project and will be a single telescope composed of 66 high-precision antennas that will study the Universe at millimetre and submillimetre wavelengths. In 2003, the Republic of Chile granted free concession of the land on Chajnantor for the execution of the ALMA project<sup>36</sup>. In 2006, it was decided that ESO would build ALMA’s headquarters next to ESO’s own Santiago offices in the Vitacura district. ALMA's construction will be completed in 2013, but<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1137/"> early scientific observations with a partial array began on 30 September 2011</a><sup>37</sup>, providing the world with a taster of ALMA’s full capability.</p> <div class="primage_left"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/eely_wcar_potw/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/eely_wcar_potw.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="69" style="border: 0px;"/></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1018d/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/eso1018d.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="81" style="border: 0px;"/></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1139a/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/eso1139a.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="69" style="border: 0px;"/></a></div> <p>In parallel with, and building on, this collaboration project, in 2006, ESO set plans in motion to build its new flagship observatory, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0646/">the Extremely Large Telescope</a><sup>38</sup> or<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/"> ELT</a>. With its 40-metre-class optical/near-infrared telescope, the ELT will become “the world’s biggest eye on the sky. In April 2010, Mount Armazones, located 20 kilometres from Paranal, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1018/">was chosen as the site for the Observatory</a><sup>39</sup> and in October 2011, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1139/">the Chilean government donated the land surrounding the mountain to ESO</a><sup>40</sup>. With the start of operations planned for early in the next decade, the ELT will tackle some of the biggest scientific challenges of our time, and surely revolutionise astronomy in ways we cannot even imagine yet.</p> <p>These milestones in ESO’s history have led to a number of major scientific breakthroughs which were made possible thanks to the dedication of ESO’s teams, the quality of its instruments and the ingenuity of the astronomical community. Of these, ten stand out for their significance. They are bound to change over time as ALMA and the ELT become operational, but they are a testimony to the quality of ESO’s various observatories as it celebrates its 50th anniversary.</p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/images/ann1035a/"><img src="/web/20210417111749im_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/thumbs/ann1035a.jpg" border="0" width="122" height="78" style="float: right; border: 0px;"/></a>In December 1998, two independent research teams studying exploding stars partly with the 3.6-metre and the NTT telescope at La Silla showed that<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso9861/"> the expansion of the Universe is accelerating</a><sup>41</sup>.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann11069/"> They were awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for this result.</p> <p>The year 2004 was rich in discoveries. In April, after more than 1000 nights of observations at La Silla spread over 15 years,<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0411/"> astronomers determined the motions of more than 14 000 Sun-like stars</a><sup>42</sup> in the neighbourhood of the Sun, showing that our home galaxy has led a much more turbulent and chaotic life than previously assumed. In August of the same year<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0425/"> astronomers measured the age of the oldest star known in the Milky Way</a><sup>43</sup>: 13.2 billion years old, and in September,<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0428/"> the VLT obtained the first-ever image of a planet outside the Solar System</a><sup>44</sup>.</p> <p>In 2005, ESO telescopes provided definitive proof that<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0533/"> long gamma-ray bursts are linked with the ultimate explosions of massive stars</a><sup>45</sup>, solving a long-standing puzzle which had started with NTT observations of a similar object in 1998.</p> <p>The year 2008 was also filled with new results, with the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0813/">VLT detecting carbon monoxide molecules in a galaxy seen as it was almost 11 billion years ago</a><sup>46</sup> for the first time, allowing astronomers to obtain the most precise measurement of the cosmic temperature at such a remote epoch. In November,<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0841/"> the VLT and APEX teamed up to study violent flares from the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way</a><sup>47</sup> revealing material being stretched out as it orbits in the intense gravity close to the central black hole and in December,<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0846/"> several of ESO’s flagship telescopes concluded a 16-year-long study to obtain the most detailed view ever of the surroundings of the supermassive black hole lurking at the heart of our galaxy</a><sup>48</sup>.</p> <p>In January 2010 the<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1002/"> first direct spectrum of an exoplanet</a><sup>49</sup> and its atmosphere was obtained using the VLT, and in August 2010,<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1035/"> astronomers using HARPS discovered the richest planetary system so far</a><sup>50</sup>, containing at least five planets around the Sun-like star HD 10180.</p> <p>ESO’s history is filled with many milestones, evidence of the passion and vision of its founding fathers, staff, and the community throughout the years. Over 50 years, ESO has grown beyond its original mission to become the world’s most productive observatory. It carries out an ambitious programme focused on the design, construction and operation of powerful ground-based observing facilities enabling astronomers to make important scientific discoveries and plays a leading role in promoting and organising cooperation in astronomical research. This vision is ESO’s trademark and it is sure to remain the driving force at the heart of ESO’s activities as ESO aims to reach new heights in astronomy in 2012 and beyond.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="row footernote"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/mailto:information@eso.org">Send us your comments!</a> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/newsletters/esonews/">Subscribe to receive news from ESO in your language</a> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/https://www.cdn77.com/">Accelerated by CDN77</a> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="/web/20210417111749/https://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/privacy/">Terms & Conditions</a> </div> </div> <link href="/web/20210417111749cs_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/djp/css/extras.166b25c68b97.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <script type="text/javascript">var MEDIA_URL = "/public/archives/"</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20210417111749js_/https://www.eso.org/public/archives/djp/js/main.86f0f17c90d3.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div>  <div id="social-share" class="hidden-print"> <div class="link facebook" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share on Facebook"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/50highlights50years/" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> <div class="link twitter" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share on Twitter"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/50highlights50years/&text=Fifty Highlights from Fifty Years&via=ESO" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> <div class="link pinterest" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share on Pinterest"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/50highlights50years/&media=&description=Fifty Highlights from Fifty Years" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-pinterest" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> <div class="link print" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Print"> <a href="javascript:window.print()" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-print" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> <div class="link email" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share by email"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111749/mailto:%20?subject=ESO — Fifty Highlights from Fifty Years&body=https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/50highlights50years/" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> <script> $('[data-toggle="tooltip"]').tooltip(); </script> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="igjhuWLBNRbcjPjfPxGzfyXl5XbNy9L75BXaSs7GGGFNseW5q83d0Dq7P3NPqOsU"/> </body> </html>

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Fifty Highlights from Fifty Years | ESO