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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Data compliant with the terms of the FAIR Data Principles</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm/220px-seek%3D30-FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="217" data-mwtitle="FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AFREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AFREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /></video></span><figcaption>An introduction to FAIR data and <a href="/wiki/Persistent_identifier" title="Persistent identifier">persistent identifiers</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FAIR_data_principles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/FAIR_data_principles.jpg/220px-FAIR_data_principles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/FAIR_data_principles.jpg/330px-FAIR_data_principles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/FAIR_data_principles.jpg/440px-FAIR_data_principles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30880" data-file-height="10480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>FAIR data</b> is <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> which meets the <b>FAIR principles</b> of <a href="/wiki/Findability" title="Findability">findability</a>, accessibility, <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reusability" title="Reusability">reusability</a> (FAIR).<sup id="cite_ref-FAIR_principles_2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAIR_principles_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acronym and principles were defined in a March 2016 paper in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Data_(journal)" title="Scientific Data (journal)">Scientific Data</a></i> by a consortium of scientists and organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-FAIR_principles_2016_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAIR_principles_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FAIR principles emphasize machine-actionability (i.e., the capacity of computational systems to find, access, interoperate, and reuse data with none or minimal human intervention) because humans increasingly rely on computational support to deal with data as a result of the increase in the volume, complexity, and rate of production of data.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoSH-1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoSH-1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The abbreviation <b><span class="nowrap">FAIR/O data</span></b> is sometimes used to indicate that the dataset or database in question complies with the FAIR principles and also carries an explicit data‑capable <a href="/wiki/Open_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Open license">open license</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="FAIR_principles_published_by_GO_FAIR">FAIR principles published by GO FAIR</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FAIR_data&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: FAIR principles published by GO FAIR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-style:italic"><p><b>Findable</b> </p><p>The first step in (re)using data is to find them. <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a> and data should be easy to find for both humans and computers. <a href="/wiki/Machine-readable_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine-readable data">Machine-readable</a> metadata are essential for automatic <a href="/wiki/Data_discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Data discovery">discovery</a> of datasets and services, so this is an essential component of the FAIRification process. </p><p>F1. (Meta)data are assigned a globally unique and persistent identifier </p><p>F2. Data are described with rich metadata (defined by R1 below) </p><p>F3. Metadata clearly and explicitly include the identifier of the data they describe </p><p>F4. (Meta)data are registered or indexed in a searchable resource </p><p><b>Accessible</b> </p><p>Once the user finds the required data, they need to know how they can be accessed, possibly including <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authentication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Authorization" title="Authorization">authorisation</a>. </p><p>A1. (Meta)data are retrievable by their identifier using a standardised communications protocol </p><p>A1.1 The protocol is open, free, and universally implementable </p><p>A1.2 The protocol allows for an authentication and authorisation procedure, where necessary </p><p>A2. Metadata are accessible, even when the data are no longer available </p><p><b>Interoperable</b> </p><p>The data usually need to be integrated with other data. In addition, the data need to interoperate with applications or workflows for <a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_storage" title="Data storage">storage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Data_processing" title="Data processing">processing</a>. </p><p>I1. (Meta)data use a formal, accessible, shared, and broadly applicable language for knowledge representation. </p><p>I2. (Meta)data use <a href="/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary" title="Controlled vocabulary">vocabularies</a> that follow FAIR principles </p><p>I3. (Meta)data include qualified references to other (meta)data </p><p><b>Reusable</b> </p><p>The ultimate goal of FAIR is to optimise the reuse of data. To achieve this, metadata and data should be well-described so that they can be replicated and/or combined in different settings. </p><p>R1. (Meta)data are richly described with a plurality of accurate and relevant attributes </p><p>R1.1. (Meta)data are released with a clear and accessible data usage license </p><p>R1.2. (Meta)data are associated with detailed provenance </p><p>R1.3. (Meta)data meet domain-relevant community standards </p><p> The principles refer to three types of entities: data (or any digital object), metadata (information about that digital object), and infrastructure. For instance, principle F4 defines that both metadata and data are registered or indexed in a searchable resource (the infrastructure component).</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>GO FAIR Foundation, FAIR Principles, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.gofair.foundation/">https://www.gofair.foundation/</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acceptance_and_implementation">Acceptance and implementation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FAIR_data&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Acceptance and implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before FAIR a 2007 paper was the earliest paper discussing similar ideas related to data accessibility.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/2016_G20_Hangzhou_summit" title="2016 G20 Hangzhou summit">2016 G20 Hangzhou summit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a> leaders issued a statement endorsing the application of FAIR principles to research.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2016, a group of Australian organisations developed a Statement on FAIR Access to Australia's Research Outputs, which aimed to extend the principles to research outputs more generally.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, Germany, Netherlands and France agreed to establish<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an international office to support the FAIR initiative, the GO FAIR International Support and Coordination Office.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Implementing_FAIR_Data_Principles_-_The_Role_of_Libraries.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Implementing_FAIR_Data_Principles_-_The_Role_of_Libraries.pdf/page1-220px-Implementing_FAIR_Data_Principles_-_The_Role_of_Libraries.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Implementing_FAIR_Data_Principles_-_The_Role_of_Libraries.pdf/page1-330px-Implementing_FAIR_Data_Principles_-_The_Role_of_Libraries.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Implementing_FAIR_Data_Principles_-_The_Role_of_Libraries.pdf/page1-440px-Implementing_FAIR_Data_Principles_-_The_Role_of_Libraries.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption>"Implementing FAIR Data Principles – The Role of Libraries", a guide</figcaption></figure> <p>Other international organisations active in the research data ecosystem, such as <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Data_for_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on Data for Science and Technology">CODATA</a> or <a href="/wiki/Research_Data_Alliance" title="Research Data Alliance">Research Data Alliance</a> (RDA) also support FAIR implementations by their communities. FAIR principles implementation assessment is being explored by FAIR Data Maturity Model Working Group of RDA,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CODATA's strategic Decadal Programme "Data for Planet: Making data work for cross-domain challenges"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mentions FAIR data principles as a fundamental enabler of data driven science. The <a href="/wiki/Association_of_European_Research_Libraries" title="Association of European Research Libraries">Association of European Research Libraries</a> recommends the use of FAIR principles.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2017 paper by advocates of FAIR data reported that awareness of the FAIR concept was increasing among various researchers and institutes, but also, understanding of the concept was becoming confused as different people apply their own differing perspectives to it.<sup id="cite_ref-cloudy_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cloudy-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guides on implementing FAIR data practices state that the cost of a <a href="/wiki/Data_management_plan" title="Data management plan">data management plan</a> in compliance with FAIR data practices should be 5% of the total research budget.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019 the Global Indigenous Data Alliance (GIDA) released the <a href="/wiki/CARE_Principles_for_Indigenous_Data_Governance" title="CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance">CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance</a> as a complementary guide.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CARE principles extend principles outlined in FAIR data to include Collective benefit, Authority to control, Responsibility, and Ethics to ensure data guidelines address historical contexts and power differentials. The CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance were drafted at the International Data Week and Research Data Alliance Plenary co-hosted event, "Indigenous Data Sovereignty Principles for the Governance of Indigenous Data Workshop", held 8 November 2018, in <a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a>, Botswana.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lack of information on how to implement the guidelines have led to inconsistent interpretations of them.<sup id="cite_ref-considerations_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-considerations-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2020, representatives of nine groups of universities around the world produced the <i>Sorbonne declaration on research data rights</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which included a commitment to FAIR data, and called on governments to provide support to enable it.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, researchers identified the FAIR principles as a conceptual component of data catalog software tools, with the other components being metadata management, business context and data responsibility roles.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2022, Matthias Scheffler and colleagues argued in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> that FAIR principles are "a must" so that <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> can extract useful scientific information from the data.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, making data (and research outcomes) FAIR is a challenging task, and it is challenging to assess the FAIRness.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FAIR_data&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management">Data management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a> – datasets and databases carrying an explicit data‑capable <a href="/wiki/Open_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Open license">open license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">Remix culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FAIR_data&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FAIR_principles_2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAIR_principles_2016_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAIR_principles_2016_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMark_D._WilkinsonMichel_DumontierIJsbrand_Jan_AalbersbergGabrielle_Appleton2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mark D. 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