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class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-13th_to_18th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#13th_to_18th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 13th to 18th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-13th_to_18th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Way_of_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Way_of_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Way of life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Way_of_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism_in_the_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_in_the_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Tourism in the 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 First World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evacuation_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evacuation_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Evacuation and aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evacuation_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Military occupation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st-century_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st-century_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 21st-century tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st-century_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Architecture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Architecture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Prehistoric buildings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_village" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_village"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Medieval village </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_village-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Medieval_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Medieval_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Post-Medieval structures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Medieval_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buildings_on_other_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings_on_other_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Buildings on other islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buildings_on_other_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna_and_flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna_and_flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Fauna and flora </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fauna_and_flora-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Fauna and flora subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Fauna_and_flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Wildlife </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soay_sheep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soay_sheep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Soay sheep </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soay_sheep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Nature conservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">St Kilda, Scotland</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" > 50 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="سانت كيلدا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سانت كيلدا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Сент-Кілда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сент-Кілда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Сейнт Килда – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сейнт Килда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiort" title="Hiort – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hiort" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kilda" title="Saint Kilda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saint Kilda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kilda_(pulo)" title="Saint Kilda (pulo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Saint Kilda (pulo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Kilda_(Skotsko)" title="St. Kilda (Skotsko) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="St. Kilda (Skotsko)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Kilda" title="Sant Kilda – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sant Kilda" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kilda_(Skotland)" title="St Kilda (Skotland) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="St Kilda (Skotland)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Kilda_(Schottland)" title="St. Kilda (Schottland) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="St. Kilda (Schottland)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Σεντ Κίλντα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σεντ Κίλντα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Kilda" title="San Kilda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="San Kilda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankta_Kildo" title="Sankta Kildo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sankta Kildo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kilda" title="St Kilda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="St Kilda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="سنت کیلدا (اسکاتلند) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنت کیلدا (اسکاتلند)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kilda" title="St Kilda – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="St Kilda" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Kilda" title="Saint-Kilda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saint-Kilda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Kilda" title="Sint-Kilda – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sint-Kilda" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiort" title="Hiort – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hiort" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heert%C3%A7h" title="Heertçh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Heertçh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiort" title="Hiort – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hiort" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Kilda" title="San Kilda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="San Kilda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B8%ED%8A%B8%ED%82%AC%EB%8B%A4_%EA%B5%B0%EB%8F%84" title="세인트킬다 군도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세인트킬다 군도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Kilda" title="St. Kilda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="St. Kilda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kilda" title="St Kilda – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="St Kilda" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Kilda" title="St. Kilda – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="St. Kilda" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kilda" title="Saint Kilda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saint Kilda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%94" title="סנט קילדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סנט קילדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2-%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="სენტ-კილდა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სენტ-კილდა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentkilda_salas" title="Sentkilda salas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sentkilda salas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sent_Kilda" title="Sent Kilda – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sent Kilda" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kilda-szigetcsoport" title="Saint Kilda-szigetcsoport – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Saint Kilda-szigetcsoport" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="سانت كيلدا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سانت كيلدا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kilda" title="St Kilda – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="St Kilda" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80" title="セント・キルダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セント・キルダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Kilda_(Skottland)" title="St. Kilda (Skottland) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="St. Kilda (Skottland)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kilda" title="St Kilda – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="St Kilda" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kilda" title="St Kilda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="St Kilda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kilda" title="Saint Kilda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saint Kilda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Сент-Килда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сент-Килда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kilda,_Scotland" title="St Kilda, Scotland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="St Kilda, Scotland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kilda" title="St Kilda – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="St Kilda" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Kilda" title="St. Kilda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="St. Kilda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Kilda" title="St. Kilda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="St. Kilda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" 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.geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Kilda,_Scotland&params=57_48_54_N_08_35_15_W_region:GB_type:isle">57°48′54″N 08°35′15″W / 57.81500°N 8.58750°W / 57.81500; -8.58750</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archipelago in Outer Hebrides, Scotland, United Kingdom</div> <style 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(August 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title">St Kilda</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Hiort</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[hirˠʃt̪]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0c\/Hiort.ogg\/Hiort.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Hiort.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Hiort.ogg/Hiort.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Hiort.ogg" title="File:Hiort.ogg">ⓘ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Possibly Hirtir<a href="#cite_note-Maclean_(1977)_page_33.-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;">Meaning of name</th><td class="infobox-data">Unknown, possibly Gaelic for "westland" or Norse for "stags"<a href="#cite_note-Maclean_(1977)_page_33.-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Kilda_20090611_Hirta_-_Village_Bay_overview.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Village Bay"><img alt="Village Bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Saint_Kilda_20090611_Hirta_-_Village_Bay_overview.jpg/255px-Saint_Kilda_20090611_Hirta_-_Village_Bay_overview.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Saint_Kilda_20090611_Hirta_-_Village_Bay_overview.jpg/383px-Saint_Kilda_20090611_Hirta_-_Village_Bay_overview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Saint_Kilda_20090611_Hirta_-_Village_Bay_overview.jpg/510px-Saint_Kilda_20090611_Hirta_-_Village_Bay_overview.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="473" /></a> Village Bay</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Location</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:255px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:255px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:255px"><a href="/wiki/File:Outer_Hebrides_UK_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Kilda is located in Outer Hebrides"><img alt="St Kilda is located in Outer Hebrides" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Outer_Hebrides_UK_relief_location_map.jpg/255px-Outer_Hebrides_UK_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Outer_Hebrides_UK_relief_location_map.jpg/383px-Outer_Hebrides_UK_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Outer_Hebrides_UK_relief_location_map.jpg/510px-Outer_Hebrides_UK_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2001" data-file-height="2632" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.316%;left:4.327%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="St Kilda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>St Kilda</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">St Kilda shown within the Outer Hebrides</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">OS grid reference</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Kilda,_Scotland&params=57.812601_N_8.580110_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=St+Kilda">NF095995</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Kilda,_Scotland&params=57_48_54_N_08_35_15_W_region:GB_type:isle">57°48′54″N 08°35′15″W / 57.81500°N 8.58750°W / 57.81500; -8.58750</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Physical geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;">Island group</th><td class="infobox-data label">St Kilda</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">3.3 square miles (8.5 km2)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">Conachair, 430 m (1,410 ft)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Administration</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">Council area</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_nan_Eilean_Siar" title="Comhairle nan Eilean Siar">Comhairle nan Eilean Siar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;">Sovereign state</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Scotland" title="Demographics of Scotland">Demographics</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">No permanent population since 1930</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;">Largest settlement</th><td class="infobox-data">Am Baile (the Village)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef"><img alt="Lymphad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lymphad3.svg/25px-Lymphad3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lymphad3.svg/39px-Lymphad3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lymphad3.svg/51px-Lymphad3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="174" /></th></tr><tr style="font-size:88%"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;">References</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-OS-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNEP-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <pre> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> </pre> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: iii, v; Natural: vii, ix, x</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/387">387</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1986 (10th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Extensions</th><td class="infobox-data">2004, 2005</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">24,201.4 hectares (59,803 acres)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> St Kilda (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: Hiort) is a remote <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> situated 35 nautical miles (65 km; 40 mi) west-northwest of <a href="/wiki/North_Uist" title="North Uist">North Uist</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic Ocean</a>. It contains the westernmost islands of the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a> of Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-7">[note 1]</a> The largest island is <a href="/wiki/Hirta" title="Hirta">Hirta</a>, whose sea cliffs are the highest in the United Kingdom; three other islands (<a href="/wiki/D%C3%B9n,_St_Kilda" class="mw-redirect" title="Dùn, St Kilda">Dùn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soay,_St_Kilda" title="Soay, St Kilda">Soay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boreray,_St_Kilda" title="Boreray, St Kilda">Boreray</a>) were also used for grazing and seabird hunting.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> The islands are administratively a part of the <a href="/wiki/Comhairle_nan_Eilean_Siar" title="Comhairle nan Eilean Siar">Comhairle nan Eilean Siar</a> local authority area.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a>: 254  The origin of the name St Kilda is a matter of conjecture. The islands' human heritage includes unique architectural features from the historic and prehistoric periods, although the earliest written records of island life date from the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>. The medieval village on Hirta was rebuilt in the 19th century, but illnesses brought by increased external contacts through tourism, and the upheaval of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, contributed to the island's evacuation in 1930.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Permanent habitation on the islands possibly extends back two millennia, the population probably never exceeding 180; its peak was in the late 17th century. The population waxed and waned, eventually dropping to 36 in 1930,<a href="#cite_note-nrs-11">[10]</a> when the remaining population was evacuated. Currently, the only year-round residents are military personnel; a variety of conservation workers, volunteers and scientists spend time there in the summer months.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC29810-12">[11]</a> The entire archipelago is owned by the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Scotland" title="National Trust for Scotland">National Trust for Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Cleit" title="Cleit">cleit</a> is a stone storage hut or <a href="/wiki/Bothy" title="Bothy">bothy</a> unique to St Kilda; there are known to be 1,260 cleitean on Hirta and a further 170 on the other group islands.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Two different early sheep types have survived on these remote islands: the <a href="/wiki/Soay_sheep" title="Soay sheep">Soay</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> type, and the <a href="/wiki/Boreray_(sheep)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreray (sheep)">Boreray</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> type. The islands are a breeding ground for many important <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabird</a> species including <a href="/wiki/Northern_gannet" title="Northern gannet">northern gannets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_puffin" title="Atlantic puffin">Atlantic puffins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_fulmar" title="Northern fulmar">northern fulmars</a>. The <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda_wren" title="St Kilda wren">St Kilda wren</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda_field_mouse" title="St Kilda field mouse">St Kilda field mouse</a> are endemic <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-4">[4]</a> It became one of <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in Scotland">Scotland</a>'s six <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in 1986, and is one of the few in the world to hold joint status for both its natural and cultural qualities.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-15">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_names">Origin of names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of names">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St-Kildans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/St-Kildans.jpg/220px-St-Kildans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/St-Kildans.jpg/330px-St-Kildans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/St-Kildans.jpg/440px-St-Kildans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>The Street in 1886</figcaption></figure> The name St Kilda, which is not used in Gaelic,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson192698-16">[15]</a> is of obscure origin, as there is no saint by the name Kilda. It occurs for the first time in Thresoor der Zeevaert ("Treasure of Navigation"), a pilot book published by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Waghenaer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucas Waghenaer">Lucas Waghenaer</a> in 1592. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Burt_Taylor" title="Alexander Burt Taylor">A. B. Taylor</a> suggests that it originated as a copying error for Skilda(r), a name that appears on <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Nicolay" title="Nicolas de Nicolay">Nicolas de Nicolay</a>'s 1583 map of Scotland, which Waghenaer used as a source. On Nicolay's map,<a href="#cite_note-18">[note 2]</a> the name denotes an island group closer to <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Harris" title="Lewis and Harris">Lewis and Harris</a> than St Kilda, possibly <a href="/wiki/Haskeir" title="Haskeir">Haskeir</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming200527-19">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gasker" title="Gasker">Gasker</a> or <a href="/wiki/Haskeir_Eagach" title="Haskeir Eagach">Haskeir Eagach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1968137-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Nicolay1583-21">[19]</a> Taylor notes that the latter two groups could be compared to shields lying flat upon the water, and gives the Norse word skildir (meaning "shields") as the etymon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1968137-20">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_of_Scotlande.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Carte_of_Scotlande.jpg/220px-Carte_of_Scotlande.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Carte_of_Scotlande.jpg/330px-Carte_of_Scotlande.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Carte_of_Scotlande.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>1580 Carte of Scotlande showing Hyrth (i.e. Hirta) at left and Skaldar to the north east</figcaption></figure> According to another theory, advanced by <a href="/wiki/William_J._Watson" title="William J. Watson">William J. Watson</a> and others, the name derives from Tobar Childa, an important well on Hirta. Childa is in fact a descendant of kelda, the Norse word for a well, but it is possible that visitors to the island (who would have used the well to take on fresh water) mistook it as the name of a local saint.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson192697–98-22">[20]</a> A number of other theories have been suggested in both the past and in modern times.<a href="#cite_note-26">[note 3]</a> <table class="mw-collapsible infobox mw-collapsed" style="width:280px; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;">Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width: 40%;"> </td> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>:</td> <td>Am Baile </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pronunciation:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[əm ˈpalə]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/83\/Ambaile.ogg\/Ambaile.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ambaile.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/83/Ambaile.ogg/Ambaile.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ambaile.ogg" title="File:Ambaile.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>:</td> <td>An Lag bhon Tuath </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pronunciation:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ə ˈlˠ̪ak vɔn̪ˠ ˈt̪ʰuə]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/53\/Anlagbhontuath.ogg\/Anlagbhontuath.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Anlagbhontuath.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/Anlagbhontuath.ogg/Anlagbhontuath.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Anlagbhontuath.ogg" title="File:Anlagbhontuath.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>:</td> <td>Bàgh a' Bhaile </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pronunciation:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈpaːɣ ə valə]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/12\/Baghabhaile.ogg\/Baghabhaile.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Baghabhaile.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Baghabhaile.ogg/Baghabhaile.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Baghabhaile.ogg" title="File:Baghabhaile.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>:</td> <td>cleitean </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pronunciation:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈkʰlehtʲan]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cf\/Cleitean.ogg\/Cleitean.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cleitean.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/Cleitean.ogg/Cleitean.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Cleitean.ogg" title="File:Cleitean.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>:</td> <td>Cleitean MacPhàidein </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pronunciation:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈkʰlehtʲan maxkˈfaːtʲɛɲ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6e\/Cleiteanmacphaidein.ogg\/Cleiteanmacphaidein.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cleiteanmacphaidein.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Cleiteanmacphaidein.ogg/Cleiteanmacphaidein.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Cleiteanmacphaidein.ogg" title="File:Cleiteanmacphaidein.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>:</td> <td>Cnatan nan Gall </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pronunciation:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈkʰɾãht̪an nəŋ ˈkaulˠ̪]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-7" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b3\/Cnatannangall.ogg\/Cnatannangall.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cnatannangall.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Cnatannangall.ogg/Cnatannangall.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Cnatannangall.ogg" title="File:Cnatannangall.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>:</td> <td>Conachair </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pronunciation:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈkʰɔnəxəɾʲ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-8" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f1\/Conachair.ogg\/Conachair.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Conachair.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/Conachair.ogg/Conachair.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Conachair.ogg" title="File:Conachair.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>:</td> <td>Dòirneagan Hiort </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pronunciation:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈt̪ɔːrˠɲakən ˈhirˠʃt̪]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-9" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/ad\/Doirneaganhiort.ogg\/Doirneaganhiort.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Doirneaganhiort.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/Doirneaganhiort.ogg/Doirneaganhiort.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Doirneaganhiort.ogg" title="File:Doirneaganhiort.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>:</td> <td>Dùn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pronunciation:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈt̪uːn]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-10" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b8\/Dun-hiort.ogg\/Dun-hiort.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Dun-hiort.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Dun-hiort.ogg/Dun-hiort.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Dun-hiort.ogg" title="File:Dun-hiort.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>:</td> <td>Gleann Mòr </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pronunciation:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈklaun̪ˠ ˈmoːɾ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-11" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5b\/Gleannmor.ogg\/Gleannmor.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Gleannmor.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Gleannmor.ogg/Gleannmor.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Gleannmor.ogg" title="File:Gleannmor.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>:</td> <td>Ì Àrd </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pronunciation:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈiː ˈaːrˠt̪]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-12" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/64\/Iard.ogg\/Iard.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Iard.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/Iard.ogg/Iard.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Iard.ogg" title="File:Iard.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>:</td> <td>Loch Hiort </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pronunciation:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[lˠ̪ɔxˈhirˠʃt̪]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-13" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/14\/Lochhiort.ogg\/Lochhiort.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Lochhiort.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/Lochhiort.ogg/Lochhiort.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Lochhiort.ogg" title="File:Lochhiort.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>:</td> <td>Mullach Bìgh </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pronunciation:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈmulˠ̪əx ˈpiː]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-14" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f8\/Mullachbigh.ogg\/Mullachbigh.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Mullachbigh.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/Mullachbigh.ogg/Mullachbigh.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Mullachbigh.ogg" title="File:Mullachbigh.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>:</td> <td>Mullach Mòr </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pronunciation:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈmulˠ̪əx ˈmoːɾ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-15" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/13\/Mullachmor.ogg\/Mullachmor.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Mullachmor.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Mullachmor.ogg/Mullachmor.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Mullachmor.ogg" title="File:Mullachmor.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>:</td> <td>Oiseabhal </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pronunciation:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈɔʃəvəlˠ̪]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-16" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3d\/Oiseabhal.ogg\/Oiseabhal.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Oiseabhal.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Oiseabhal.ogg/Oiseabhal.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Oiseabhal.ogg" title="File:Oiseabhal.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>:</td> <td>Ruadhbhal </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pronunciation:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈrˠuəvəlˠ̪]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-17" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/ce\/Ruadhbhal.ogg\/Ruadhbhal.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ruadhbhal.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ce/Ruadhbhal.ogg/Ruadhbhal.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ruadhbhal.ogg" title="File:Ruadhbhal.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>:</td> <td>Seann Taigh </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pronunciation:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈʃaun̪ˠ ˈt̪ʰɤj]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-18" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fc\/Seanntaigh.ogg\/Seanntaigh.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Seanntaigh.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/Seanntaigh.ogg/Seanntaigh.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Seanntaigh.ogg" title="File:Seanntaigh.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>:</td> <td>Taigh an t-Sithiche </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pronunciation:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈt̪ʰɤj əɲ ˈtʰʲi.ɪçə]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-19" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f0\/Taighantsithiche.ogg\/Taighantsithiche.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Taighantsithiche.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Taighantsithiche.ogg/Taighantsithiche.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Taighantsithiche.ogg" title="File:Taighantsithiche.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>:</td> <td>Taigh Dugain </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pronunciation:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[t̪ʰɤjˈt̪ukɛɲ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-20" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a5\/Taighdugain.ogg\/Taighdugain.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Taighdugain.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/Taighdugain.ogg/Taighdugain.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Taighdugain.ogg" title="File:Taighdugain.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>:</td> <td>Taigh na Banaghaisgich </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pronunciation:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈt̪ʰɤj nə ˈpanaɣaʃkʲɪç]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-21" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0f\/Taighnabanaghaisgich.ogg\/Taighnabanaghaisgich.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Taighnabanaghaisgich.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Taighnabanaghaisgich.ogg/Taighnabanaghaisgich.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Taighnabanaghaisgich.ogg" title="File:Taighnabanaghaisgich.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>:</td> <td>Taigh Stallair </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pronunciation:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈt̪ʰɤj ˈs̪t̪alˠ̪əɾʲ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-22" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/78\/Taighstallair.ogg\/Taighstallair.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Taighstallair.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Taighstallair.ogg/Taighstallair.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Taighstallair.ogg" title="File:Taighstallair.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Street.jpg/220px-The_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Street.jpg/330px-The_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Street.jpg/440px-The_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>The Village Street showing restoration work</figcaption></figure> The origins of Hiort, and its anglicized form Hirta,which long pre-date St Kilda, are similarly obscure. Watson derives it from the Gaelic word (h)irt, meaning "death", noting that although <a href="/wiki/Alexander_MacBain" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander MacBain">Alexander MacBain</a> suggested "that the ancient Celts fancied this sunset isle to be the gate to their earthly paradise"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson192697-27">[24]</a> the connection was more likely to be to the dangers of living on St Kilda, which "in the Hebrides is regarded as a penitentiary rather than a gate to paradise".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson192697–98-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[note 4]</a> It has also been said to mean "the western land", from the Gaelic (na) h-iartìre although this theory presents difficulties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates199044–49-28">[25]</a> It may not be Gaelic in origin at all, but rather Norse. Taylor derives it from the Norse word hirtir, meaning "stags", on account of the islands' "jagged outlines". In support of this theory, he notes that Hirtir appears in the 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0mundar_saga_biskups" title="Guðmundar saga biskups">Prestssaga Guðmundar Arasonar</a> as a name for an island group in the Hebrides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1968120–123-30">[26]</a> As with St Kilda, a number of other theories have been offered.<a href="#cite_note-33">[note 5]</a> All the names of and on the islands are discussed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Coates" title="Richard Coates">Richard Coates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1990-34">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Kilda_archipelago_topographic_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Saint_Kilda_archipelago_topographic_map-en.svg/290px-Saint_Kilda_archipelago_topographic_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Saint_Kilda_archipelago_topographic_map-en.svg/435px-Saint_Kilda_archipelago_topographic_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Saint_Kilda_archipelago_topographic_map-en.svg/580px-Saint_Kilda_archipelago_topographic_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="1255" /></a><figcaption>The St Kilda archipelago</figcaption></figure> The islands are composed of <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> <a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">igneous</a> formations of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbro</a>, heavily weathered by the elements. The archipelago represents the remnants of a long-extinct ring volcano rising from a seabed plateau approximately 40 metres (130 ft) below sea level.<a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> At 670 hectares (1,700 acres) in extent, <a href="/wiki/Hirta" title="Hirta">Hirta</a> is the largest island in the group and comprises more than 78% of the land area of the archipelago. Next in size are <a href="/wiki/Soay,_St_Kilda" title="Soay, St Kilda">Soay</a> (English: "sheep island") at 99 hectares (240 acres) and <a href="/wiki/Boreray,_St_Kilda" title="Boreray, St Kilda">Boreray</a> ("the fortified isle"), which measures 86 hectares (210 acres).<a href="#cite_note-Smith-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNEP-5">[5]</a> Soay is 0.5 kilometres (0.3 mi) north-west of Hirta, Boreray 6 kilometres (4 mi) to the northeast. Smaller <a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">islets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">stacks</a> in the group include <a href="/wiki/Stac_an_Armin" title="Stac an Armin">Stac an Armin</a> ("warrior's stack"), <a href="/wiki/Stac_Lee" title="Stac Lee">Stac Lee</a> ("grey stack") and <a href="/wiki/Stac_Levenish" title="Stac Levenish">Stac Levenish</a> ("stream" or "torrent").<a href="#cite_note-Maclean_(1977)_page_33.-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a> The island of Dùn ('fort'), which protects Village Bay from the prevailing southwesterly winds, was at one time joined to Hirta by a natural arch. MacLean (1972) suggests that the arch was broken when struck by a <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleon</a> fleeing the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>, but other sources, such as Mitchell (1992) and Fleming (2005), suggest that the arch was simply swept away by one of the many fierce storms that batter the islands every winter.<a href="#cite_note-37">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a> The highest point in the archipelago, Conachair ("the beacon") at 430 metres (1,410 ft), is on Hirta, immediately north of the village. In the southeast is Oiseval ("east fell"), which reaches 290 metres (950 ft), and Mullach Mòr ("big hill summit") 361 metres (1,185 ft) is due west of Conachair. Ruival ("red fell") 137 metres (449 ft) and Mullach Bi ("pillar summit") 358 metres (1,175 ft) dominate the western cliffs. Boreray reaches 384 metres (1,260 ft) and Soay 378 metres (1,240 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Smith-4">[4]</a> The extraordinary Stac an Armin reaches 196 metres (643 ft), and Stac Lee, 172 metres (564 ft), making them the highest <a href="/wiki/Sea_stack" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea stack">sea stacks</a> in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a> In modern times, St Kilda's only settlement was at Village Bay (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: Bàgh a' Bhaile or Loch Hiort) on the east side of Hirta. Gleann Mòr on the north coast of Hirta and Boreray also contain the remains of earlier habitations.<a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a> The sea approach to Hirta into Village Bay suggests a small settlement flanked by high rolling hills in a semicircle behind it. This is misleading.<a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a> The whole north face of Conachair is a vertical cliff up to 427 metres (1,401 ft) high,<a href="#cite_note-Keay-43">[38]</a> falling sheer into the sea and constituting the highest sea cliff in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a> The archipelago is the site of many of the most spectacular sea cliffs in the British Isles. Baxter and Crumley (1988) suggest that St Kilda: "...is a mad, imperfect God's hoard of all unnecessary lavish landscape luxuries he ever devised in his madness. These he has scattered at random in Atlantic isolation 100 miles (160 km) from the corrupting influences of the mainland, 40 miles (64 km) west of the westmost Western Isles. He has kept for himself only the best pieces and woven around them a plot as evidence of his madness."<a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Staclevenish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Staclevenish.jpg/170px-Staclevenish.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Staclevenish.jpg/255px-Staclevenish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Staclevenish.jpg/340px-Staclevenish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Cliff face silhouette on <a href="/wiki/Stac_Levenish" title="Stac Levenish">Stac Levenish</a></figcaption></figure> Although 64 kilometres (40 mi) from the nearest land, St Kilda is visible from as far as the summit ridges of the <a href="/wiki/Skye" class="mw-redirect" title="Skye">Skye</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuillin" title="Cuillin">Cuillin</a>, some 129 kilometres (80 mi) distant.<a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a> The climate is oceanic with high rainfall, 1,400 millimetres (55 in), and high humidity. Temperatures are generally cool, averaging 5.6 °C (42.1 °F) in January and 11.8 °C (53.2 °F) in July. The prevailing winds, especially strong in winter, are southerly and southwesterly. Wind speeds average 13 kilometres per hour (8.1 mph) approximately 85 percent of the time and more than 24 kilometres per hour (15 mph) more than 30 percent of the time. Gale-force winds occur less than 2 percent of the time, but gusts of 185 kilometres per hour (115 mph) and more occur regularly on the high tops, and speeds of 209 kilometres per hour (130 mph) have occasionally been recorded near sea level.<a href="#cite_note-Darling-47">[42]</a> The tidal range is 2.9 metres (9.5 ft), and ocean swells of 5 metres (16 ft) frequently occur, which can make landings difficult or impossible at any time of year.<a href="#cite_note-UNEP-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Manplan-48">[43]</a> The oceanic location protects the islands from snow, which lies for only about a dozen days per year.<a href="#cite_note-Darling-47">[42]</a> The archipelago's remote location and oceanic climate are matched in the UK only by a few smaller outlying islands such as the <a href="/wiki/Flannan_Isles" title="Flannan Isles">Flannan Isles</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Rona" title="North Rona">North Rona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sula_Sgeir" title="Sula Sgeir">Sula Sgeir</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Barra_Isles" title="Barra Isles">Bishop's Isles</a> at the southern edge of the Outer Hebrides. Administratively, St Kilda was part of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Scotland" title="List of civil parishes in Scotland">parish</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harris,_Outer_Hebrides" title="Harris, Outer Hebrides">Harris</a> in the traditional county of <a href="/wiki/Inverness-shire" title="Inverness-shire">Inverness-shire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> Today it is incorporated in the <a href="/wiki/Comhairle_nan_Eilean_Siar" title="Comhairle nan Eilean Siar">Comhairle nan Eilean Siar</a> <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authority</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> (formerly Western Isles Islands Council). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleit_above_Village_Bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cleit_above_Village_Bay.jpg/220px-Cleit_above_Village_Bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cleit_above_Village_Bay.jpg/330px-Cleit_above_Village_Bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cleit_above_Village_Bay.jpg/440px-Cleit_above_Village_Bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>A cleit above Village Bay</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a>]</div> It has been known for some time that St Kilda was continuously inhabited for two millennia or more, from the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> to the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> In 2015, the first direct evidence of earlier <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> settlement emerged, <a href="/wiki/Potsherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Potsherd">sherds of pottery</a> of the Hebridean ware style, found to the east of the village. The subsequent discovery of a quarry for stone tools on Mullach Sgar above Village Bay led to finds of numerous stone hoe-blades, grinders and Skaill knives<a href="#cite_note-53">[note 6]</a> in the Village Bay cleitean, unique stone storage buildings (see below). These tools are also probably of Neolithic origin.<a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a> The potsherds appear to have been made of local material, rather than material brought from other islands in the Hebrides, suggesting that the islands were settled in the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium BC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a> Iron Age pottery is also known. Archaeologist Alan Hunter Blair reported that "the eastern end of Village Bay on St Kilda was occupied fairly intensively during the Iron Age period, although no house structures were found".<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="13th_to_18th_centuries">13th to 18th centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 13th to 18th centuries">edit</a>]</div> The first written record of St Kilda may date from 1202 when an Icelandic cleric wrote of taking shelter on "the islands that are called Hirtir".<a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a> Early reports mentioned finds of brooches, an iron sword and Danish coins, and the enduring Norse place names indicate a sustained Viking presence on Hirta, but the visible evidence has been lost.<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> In the late 14th century <a href="/wiki/John_of_Fordun" title="John of Fordun">John of Fordun</a> referred to it as "the isle of Irte (insula de Irte), which is agreed to be under the <a href="/wiki/Classical_compass_winds" title="Classical compass winds">Circius</a> and on the margins of the world".<a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a> The islands were historically part of the domain of the <a href="/wiki/Clan_MacLeod" title="Clan MacLeod">MacLeods</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harris,_Outer_Hebrides" title="Harris, Outer Hebrides">Harris</a>, whose steward was responsible for the collection of rents in kind and other duties. The first detailed report of a visit to the islands dates from 1549, when <a href="/wiki/Donald_Monro_(Dean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Monro (Dean)">Donald Munro</a> suggested that: "The inhabitants thereof ar simple poor people, scarce learnit in aney religion, but M'Cloyd of Herray, his stewart, or he quhom he deputs in sic office, sailes anes in the zear ther at midsummer, with some chaplaine to baptize bairnes ther."<a href="#cite_note-60">[note 7]</a> Coll MacDonald of <a href="/wiki/Colonsay" title="Colonsay">Colonsay</a> raided Hirta in 1615, removing 30 sheep and a quantity of barley.<a href="#cite_note-61">[54]</a> Thereafter, the islands developed a reputation for abundance. At the time of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Martin" title="Martin Martin">Martin Martin</a>'s visit in 1697 the population was 180 and the steward travelled with a "company" of up to 60 persons to which he "elected the most 'meagre' among his friends in the neighbouring islands, to that number and took them periodically to St Kilda to enjoy the nourishing and plentiful, if primitive, fare of the island, and so be restored to their wonted health and strength."<a href="#cite_note-Martin-23">[21]</a> According to Keay and Keay (1994), until the early 19th century the islanders' "close relationship with nature had taken the ritual form of <a href="/wiki/Druidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Druidism">Druidism</a>", whilst their understanding of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> shaped their relationships with one another: a combination of "natural devoutness and superstitious character".<a href="#cite_note-Keay-43">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Macaulay_(minister)" title="Kenneth Macaulay (minister)">Macauley</a> (1764) claimed the existence of a "druidic" circle of stones fixed perpendicularly in the ground near the Stallar House on <a href="/wiki/Boreray,_St_Kilda" title="Boreray, St Kilda">Boreray</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[55]</a> However, by 1875 all trace of this had gone and according to <a href="/wiki/John_Sands_(journalist)" title="John Sands (journalist)">John Sands</a> “the St Kildans seem never to have heard of it”.<a href="#cite_note-63">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Chiesley,_Lady_Grange" title="Rachel Chiesley, Lady Grange">Rachel Chiesley, Lady Grange</a> was held on St Kilda from 1734 to 1741.<a href="#cite_note-64">[57]</a> The church minister of Harris, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Macaulay_(minister)" title="Kenneth Macaulay (minister)">Kenneth Macaulay</a>, visited St Kilda in 1759 on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Society_in_Scotland_for_Propagating_Christian_Knowledge" title="Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge">Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge</a> (SSPCK), and published in 1764 The History of St Kilda, containing a Description of this Remarkable Island, the Manners and Customs of its Inhabitants, the Religious and Pagan Antiquities there found, with many other curious and interesting particulars.<a href="#cite_note-65">[58]</a> Visiting ships brought <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-4">[4]</a> In 1727, the loss of life was so high that too few residents remained to man the boats, and new families were brought in from <a href="/wiki/Harris,_Outer_Hebrides" title="Harris, Outer Hebrides">Harris</a> to replace them.<a href="#cite_note-66">[note 8]</a> By 1758 the population had risen to 88, and it had reached just under 100 by the end of the century. This figure remained fairly constant from the 18th century until 1852, when 36 islanders, with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Highland_and_Island_Emigration_Society" title="Highland and Island Emigration Society">Highland and Island Emigration Society</a>, emigrated to Australia on board the Priscilla; reducing the population to 70.<a href="#cite_note-Zanolla-67">[59]</a> Among the emigrants was <a href="/wiki/Ewen_Gillies" title="Ewen Gillies">Ewen Gillies</a>. The laird of St Kilda, Sir John MacLeod, tried to persuade some of the group to return to the island; when they were unconvinced, he paid for their voyage to Australia.<a href="#cite_note-Zanolla-67">[59]</a> Eighteen of the 36 St Kildans died of sickness on the ship or in quarantine.<a href="#cite_note-Zanolla-67">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richards-68">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[61]</a> The island never fully recovered from the population loss.The emigration was in part a response to the <a href="/wiki/Laird" title="Laird">laird</a>'s closure of the church and <a href="/wiki/Manse" title="Manse">manse</a> for several years during the <a href="/wiki/Disruption_of_1843" title="Disruption of 1843">Disruption</a> that created the <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843-1900)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Church of Scotland (1843-1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Outer_Hebrides" title="Religion in the Outer Hebrides">Religion in the Outer Hebrides</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insidestkildachurch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Insidestkildachurch.jpg/220px-Insidestkildachurch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Insidestkildachurch.jpg/330px-Insidestkildachurch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Insidestkildachurch.jpg/440px-Insidestkildachurch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>The interior of the church at Oiseabhal, St Kilda</figcaption></figure> A missionary called Alexander Buchan went to St Kilda in 1705, but despite his long stay, the idea of organised religion did not take hold. This changed when Rev. <a href="/wiki/John_Macdonald_(Apostle_of_the_North)" title="John Macdonald (Apostle of the North)">John MacDonald</a>, the "Apostle of the North", arrived in 1822. He set about his mission with zeal, preaching 13 lengthy sermons during his first 11 days. He returned regularly and raised funds on behalf of the St Kildans, although privately he was appalled by their lack of religious knowledge. The islanders took to him with enthusiasm and wept when he left for the last time eight years later. His successor, who arrived on 3 July 1830, was Rev. Neil Mackenzie, a resident <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> minister who greatly improved the conditions of the inhabitants. He reorganised island agriculture, was instrumental in the rebuilding of the village (see below) and supervised the building of a new church and <a href="/wiki/Manse" title="Manse">manse</a>. With help from the Gaelic School Society, MacKenzie and his wife introduced formal education to Hirta, beginning a daily school to teach reading, writing and arithmetic and a <a href="/wiki/Sunday_school" title="Sunday school">Sunday school</a> for religious education.<a href="#cite_note-72">[64]</a> Mackenzie left in 1844.<a href="#cite_note-73">[65]</a> No new minister was appointed for a decade and as a result, the school closed on the MacKenzie's departure and although he had achieved a great deal, the weakness of the St Kildans' dependence on external authority was exposed in 1865 with the arrival of Rev. John Mackay. Despite their fondness for Mackenzie, who stayed in the Church of Scotland, the St Kildans declared in favour of the new <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Disruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Disruption">Great Disruption</a>. Mackay, the new Free Church minister, placed an uncommon emphasis on religious observance. He introduced a routine of three two-to-three-hour services on Sunday at which attendance was effectively compulsory. One visitor noted in 1875 that: "The Sabbath was a day of intolerable gloom. At the clink of the bell, the whole flock hurry to Church with sorrowful looks and eyes bent upon the ground. It is considered sinful to look to the right or to the left."<a href="#cite_note-74">[66]</a> Time spent in religious gatherings interfered seriously with the practical routines of the island. Old ladies and children who made noise in church were lectured at length and warned of dire punishments in the afterworld. During a period of food shortages on the island, a relief vessel arrived on a Saturday, but the minister said that the islanders had to spend the day preparing for church on the Sabbath, and it was Monday before supplies were landed. Children were forbidden to play games and required to carry a Bible wherever they went. Mackay remained minister on St Kilda for 24 years.<a href="#cite_note-75">[67]</a> The church and manse have recently been restored and further restoration is planned for the 200th anniversary of the church. Visitors can see how they may have appeared in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-76">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Way_of_life">Way of life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Way of life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ropingpeg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ropingpeg.jpg/220px-Ropingpeg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ropingpeg.jpg/330px-Ropingpeg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ropingpeg.jpg/440px-Ropingpeg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>St Kildans paid some of their rent by collecting seabirds; roping pegs – one of which can be seen in this photo – enabled them to <a href="/wiki/Abseiling" title="Abseiling">abseil</a> down to the nests.</figcaption></figure> Most modern commentators feel that the predominant theme of life on St Kilda was isolation. When <a href="/wiki/Martin_Martin" title="Martin Martin">Martin Martin</a> visited the islands in 1697,<a href="#cite_note-Martin-23">[21]</a> the only means of making the journey was by open boat, which could take several days and nights of rowing and sailing across the ocean and was next to impossible in autumn and winter. According to a St Kilda diarist writing in 1908, vicious storms could be expected at any time between September and March.<a href="#cite_note-77">[69]</a> More modern records from the National Trust for Scotland record gales for 75 days a year with peak winds around 144 mph (125 kn) whilst peak wave heights on the Scottish west coast have been recorded at 16 m (52 ft).<a href="#cite_note-78">[70]</a> In the mid 18th century the St Kildans are recorded as speaking a "very corrupt dialect of the Galic adulterated with a little mixture of the Norvegian tongue."<a href="#cite_note-79">[71]</a> Separated by distance and weather, the natives knew little of mainland and international politics. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Battle of Culloden</a> in 1746, it was rumoured that <a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Charles Edward Stuart">Prince Charles Edward Stuart</a> and some of his senior <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> aides had escaped to St Kilda. An expedition was launched, and in due course British soldiers were ferried ashore to Hirta. They found a deserted village, as the St Kildans, fearing pirates, had fled to caves to the west. When the St Kildans were persuaded to come down, the soldiers discovered that the isolated natives knew nothing of the prince and had never heard of <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">King George II</a> either.<a href="#cite_note-80">[72]</a> Even in the late 19th century, the islanders could communicate with the rest of the world only by lighting a bonfire on the summit of Conachair which would, weather permitting, be visible to those on the isles of Harris and the Uists, or by using the "St Kilda mailboat". This was the invention of <a href="/wiki/John_Sands_(journalist)" title="John Sands (journalist)">John Sands</a>, who visited in 1877. During his stay, a shipwreck left nine Austrian sailors marooned there, and by February supplies were running low. Sands attached a message to a <a href="/wiki/Lifebuoy" title="Lifebuoy">lifebuoy</a> salvaged from the Peti Dubrovacki and threw it into the sea.<a href="#cite_note-Sands-81">[73]</a> Nine days later it was picked up in <a href="/wiki/Birsay" title="Birsay">Birsay</a>, Orkney, and a rescue was arranged. The St Kildans, building on this idea, would fashion a piece of wood into the shape of a boat, attach it to a bladder made of sheepskin, and place in it a small bottle or tin containing a message. Launched when the wind came from the north-west, two-thirds of the messages were later found on the west coast of Scotland or in Norway.<a href="#cite_note-82">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Kilda_mailboat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/St_Kilda_mailboat.jpg/170px-St_Kilda_mailboat.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/St_Kilda_mailboat.jpg/255px-St_Kilda_mailboat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/St_Kilda_mailboat.jpg/340px-St_Kilda_mailboat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Launching the "St Kilda mailboat"</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diet">edit</a>]</div> Another significant feature of St Kilda life was diet. The islanders kept sheep and some cattle, and were able to grow a limited amount of food crops such as <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a> on the better-drained land in Village Bay; in many ways the islands can be seen as a large mixed farm. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> reported in the 18th century that <a href="/wiki/Domestic_sheep#As_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic sheep">sheep's milk</a> was made "into small cheeses" by the St Kildans.<a href="#cite_note-84">[76]</a> They generally eschewed fishing because of the heavy, northern seas and unpredictable weather.<a href="#cite_note-85">[77]</a> The mainstay of their food supplies was the profusion of island birds, especially <a href="/wiki/Gannet" title="Gannet">gannet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fulmar" title="Fulmar">fulmar</a>. These they harvested as eggs and young birds and ate both fresh and cured. Adult puffins were also caught using <a href="/wiki/Fowling" title="Fowling">fowling</a> rods.<a href="#cite_note-Keay-43">[38]</a> The method involved the use of a flexible pole with a noose on the end; a flick of the wrist would flip the noose over the puffin's head and it was killed before its struggles could alarm other birds.<a href="#cite_note-boag-86">[78]</a> A 1764 census described a daily consumption by the 90 inhabitants of "36 wildfoul eggs and 18 wildfoul" (i.e. seabirds).<a href="#cite_note-87">[79]</a> This feature of island life came at a price. When <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brougham,_1st_Baron_Brougham_and_Vaux" title="Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux">Henry Brougham</a> visited in 1799 he noted that "the air is infected by a stench almost insupportable – a compound of rotten fish, filth of all sorts and stinking seafowl".<a href="#cite_note-Cooper-88">[80]</a> An excavation of the Taigh an t-Sithiche (the "house of the faeries" – see below) in 1877 by Sands unearthed the remains of gannet, sheep, cattle, and limpets amidst various stone tools. The building is between 1,700 and 2,500 years old, which suggests that the St Kildan diet had changed little over the millennia. Indeed, the tools were recognised by the St Kildans, who could put names to them as similar devices were still in use.<a href="#cite_note-89">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Razorbill" title="Razorbill">Razorbill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guillemot" title="Guillemot">guillemot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fulmar" title="Fulmar">fulmar</a> eggs were collected before the late 1920s in St Kilda's islands by their men scaling the cliffs. The eggs were buried in St Kilda <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> ash to be eaten through the cold, northern winters. The eggs were considered to taste like <a href="/wiki/Duck_eggs" class="mw-redirect" title="Duck eggs">duck eggs</a> in taste and nourishment.<a href="#cite_note-90">[82]</a> These fowling activities involved considerable skills in climbing, especially on the precipitous sea stacks. An important island tradition involved the "Mistress Stone", a door-shaped opening in the rocks northwest of Ruival over-hanging a gully. Young men of the island had to undertake a ritual there to prove themselves on the crags and worthy of taking a wife. Martin Martin wrote: <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mistress_Stone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mistress_Stone.jpg/220px-Mistress_Stone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mistress_Stone.jpg/330px-Mistress_Stone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mistress_Stone.jpg/440px-Mistress_Stone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>The Mistress Stone</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In the face of the rock, south from the town, is the famous stone, known by the name of the mistress-stone; it resembles a door exactly; and is in the very front of this rock, which is 20 or 30 fathom [120 to 180 feet (37 to 55 m)] perpendicular in height, the figure of it being discernible about the distance of a mile; upon the lintel of this door, every bachelor-wooer is by ancient custom obliged in honour to give a specimen of his affection for the love of his mistress, and it is thus; he is to stand on his left foot, having the one half of his sole over the rock, and then he draws the right foot further out to the left, and in this posture bowing, he puts both his fists further out to the right foot; and then after he has performed this, he has acquired no small reputation, being always after it accounted worthy of the finest mistress in the world: they firmly believe that this achievement is always followed with the desired success. This being the custom of the place, one of the inhabitants very gravely desired me to let him know the time limited by me for trying of this piece of gallantry before I design'd to leave the place, that he might attend me; I told him this performance would have a quite contrary effect upon me, by robbing me both of my life and mistress at the same moment.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-23">[21]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Machias_Seal_Island_puffins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Machias_Seal_Island_puffins.jpg/220px-Machias_Seal_Island_puffins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Machias_Seal_Island_puffins.jpg/330px-Machias_Seal_Island_puffins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Machias_Seal_Island_puffins.jpg/440px-Machias_Seal_Island_puffins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_puffin" title="Atlantic puffin">Atlantic puffin</a> (Fratercula arctica). Seabirds were the mainstay of the St Kildan diet.</figcaption></figure> Another important aspect of St Kildan life was the daily "parliament". This was a meeting held in the street every morning after prayers and attended by all the adult males during the course of which they would decide upon the day's activities. No one led the meeting, and all men had the right to speak. According to Steel (1988), "Discussion frequently spread discord, but never in recorded history were feuds so bitter as to bring about a permanent division in the community".<a href="#cite_note-91">[83]</a> This notion of a free society influenced <a href="/wiki/Enric_Miralles" title="Enric Miralles">Enric Miralles</a>' vision for the new <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_Building" title="Scottish Parliament Building">Scottish Parliament Building</a>, opened in October 2004.<a href="#cite_note-92">[84]</a> Whatever the privations, the St Kildans were fortunate in some respects, for their isolation spared them some of the evils of life elsewhere. Martin noted in 1697 that the citizens seemed "happier than the generality of mankind as being almost the only people in the world who feel the sweetness of true liberty",<a href="#cite_note-Martin-23">[21]</a> and in the 19th century their health and well being was contrasted favourably with conditions elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[85]</a> Theirs was not a utopian society; the islanders had ingenious wooden locks for their property, and financial penalties were exacted for misdemeanours.<a href="#cite_note-94">[86]</a> Nonetheless, no resident St Kildan is known to have fought in a war, and in four centuries of history, no serious crime committed by an islander was recorded there.<a href="#cite_note-95">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[note 9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism_in_the_19th_century">Tourism in the 19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tourism in the 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Kilda,_Scotland,_circa_1890,_by_Alexander_Hutchison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/St._Kilda%2C_Scotland%2C_circa_1890%2C_by_Alexander_Hutchison.jpg/220px-St._Kilda%2C_Scotland%2C_circa_1890%2C_by_Alexander_Hutchison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/St._Kilda%2C_Scotland%2C_circa_1890%2C_by_Alexander_Hutchison.jpg/330px-St._Kilda%2C_Scotland%2C_circa_1890%2C_by_Alexander_Hutchison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/St._Kilda%2C_Scotland%2C_circa_1890%2C_by_Alexander_Hutchison.jpg/440px-St._Kilda%2C_Scotland%2C_circa_1890%2C_by_Alexander_Hutchison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1527" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of the residents by an Edinburgh-based amateur photographer, circa 1890</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Heathcote" title="Norman Heathcote">Norman Heathcote</a> visited the islands in 1898 and 1899 and wrote a book about his experiences.<a href="#cite_note-97">[88]</a> During the 19th century, steamers had begun to visit Hirta, enabling the islanders to earn money from the sale of <a href="/wiki/Tweed_(cloth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tweed (cloth)">tweeds</a> and birds' eggs but at the expense of their <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a> as the tourists regarded them as curiosities. It is also clear that the St Kildans were not so naïve as they sometimes appeared. "For example, when they boarded a yacht they would pretend they thought all the polished brass was gold, and that the owner must be enormously wealthy".<a href="#cite_note-98">[89]</a> The boats brought other previously unknown diseases, especially <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_tetanus" title="Neonatal tetanus">tetanus infantum</a>, which resulted in infant mortality rates as high as 80 per cent during the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Keay-43">[38]</a> The cnatan na gall or boat-cough, an illness that struck after the arrival of a ship off Hirta, became a regular feature of life.<a href="#cite_note-Sands-81">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-88">[80]</a> By the early 20th century, formal schooling had again become a feature of the islands, and in 1906 the church was extended to make a schoolhouse. The children all now learned English and their native <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Gaelic</a>. Improved <a href="/wiki/Midwifery" title="Midwifery">midwifery</a> skills, denied to the island by John Mackay, reduced the problems of <a href="/wiki/Childhood_tetanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood tetanus">childhood tetanus</a>. From the 1880s, <a href="/wiki/Commercial_trawler" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial trawler">trawlers</a> fishing the north Atlantic made regular visits, bringing additional trade. There was talk of an evacuation in 1875 during MacKay's time as minister, but despite occasional food shortages and a flu epidemic in 1913, the population was stable at between 75 and 80, and there was no obvious sign that within a few years the millennia-old occupation of the island was to end.<a href="#cite_note-99">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War">First World War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: First World War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gun_D%C3%B9n_St_Kilda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gun_D%C3%B9n_St_Kilda.jpg/220px-Gun_D%C3%B9n_St_Kilda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gun_D%C3%B9n_St_Kilda.jpg/330px-Gun_D%C3%B9n_St_Kilda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gun_D%C3%B9n_St_Kilda.jpg/440px-Gun_D%C3%B9n_St_Kilda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/QF_4_inch_naval_gun_Mk_I_%E2%80%93_III" class="mw-redirect" title="QF 4 inch naval gun Mk I – III">4-inch QF gun</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hirta" title="Hirta">Hirta</a> looking towards <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B9n,_St_Kilda" class="mw-redirect" title="Dùn, St Kilda">Dùn</a></figcaption></figure> Early in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> erected a <a href="/wiki/Transmitter_station" title="Transmitter station">signal station</a> on Hirta, and daily communications with the mainland were established for the first time. On the morning of 15 May 1918, the German submarine <a href="/wiki/SM_U-90" title="SM U-90">SM U-90</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[93]</a> arrived in Village Bay and, after issuing a warning, started shelling the island. Seventy-two shells were fired and the wireless station was destroyed. The manse, church, and jetty storehouse were damaged, but there was no loss of life.<a href="#cite_note-103">[94]</a> One eyewitness recalled: "It wasn't what you would call a bad submarine because it could have blowed every house down because they were all in a row there. He only wanted Admiralty property. One lamb was killed... all the cattle ran from one side of the island to the other when they heard the shots."<a href="#cite_note-104">[95]</a> As a result of this attack, a <a href="/wiki/QF_4-inch_naval_gun_Mk_I_%E2%80%93_III" title="QF 4-inch naval gun Mk I – III">4-inch Mark III QF gun</a> was erected on a promontory overlooking Village Bay, but it never saw action. Of greater significance to the islanders were the introduction of regular contact with the outside world and the development of a money-based economy. This made life easier for the St Kildans but also made them less self-reliant. Both were factors in the evacuation of the island little more than a decade later.<a href="#cite_note-105">[96]</a> "Ironically, things improved with the war, which brought a naval detachment and regular deliveries of mail and food from naval supply vessels but when these services were withdrawn at end of the war, the sense of isolation increased. Able bodied young islanders left for a better life, resulting in a breakdown of the island economy".<a href="#cite_note-Smyth-106">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evacuation_and_aftermath">Evacuation and aftermath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Evacuation and aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boreray_and_the_Stacs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Boreray_and_the_Stacs.jpg/310px-Boreray_and_the_Stacs.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Boreray_and_the_Stacs.jpg/465px-Boreray_and_the_Stacs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Boreray_and_the_Stacs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boreray,_St_Kilda" title="Boreray, St Kilda">Boreray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stac_Lee" title="Stac Lee">Stac Lee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stac_an_Armin" title="Stac an Armin">Stac an Armin</a> (left) from the heights of Conachair, the highest cliff in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.</figcaption></figure> Numerous factors led to the evacuation of St Kilda. The islands' inhabitants had existed for centuries in relative isolation until tourism and the presence of the military during the First World War led the islanders to seek alternatives to privations they routinely suffered. The changes made to the island by visitors in the 19th century disconnected the islanders from the way of life that had allowed their forebears to survive in this environment.<a href="#cite_note-107">[98]</a> Despite the construction of a small jetty in 1902, the islands remained at the weather's mercy.<a href="#cite_note-109">[note 10]</a> After the end of the Great War, most of the young men left the island, and the population fell from 73 in 1920 to 37 in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-Keay-43">[38]</a> After the death of four men from <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> in 1926, there was a succession of crop failures in the 1920s. Investigations by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a> into the soil where crops had been grown have shown that there had been contamination by <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and other pollutants, caused by the use of seabird carcasses and peat ash in the manure used on the fields. This occurred over a lengthy period of time, as manuring practices became more intensive, and may have been a factor in the evacuation.<a href="#cite_note-110">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[101]</a> The last straw came with the death of a young woman, Mary Gillies, who fell ill with <a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">appendicitis</a> in January 1930 and was taken to the mainland for treatment. She died in hospital, having given birth to a daughter who also died. It was assumed that she had died of appendicitis, but her son Norman John Gillies discovered in 1991 that she had died of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[102]</a> All the cattle and sheep were taken off the island two days before the evacuation by the tourist boat Dunara Castle for sale on the mainland. However, all the island's working dogs were drowned in the bay because they could not be taken.<a href="#cite_note-113">[103]</a> Although the cats were left behind, many did not survive the winter. In 1931, the remaining cats were shot to protect the native birds and rodents.<a href="#cite_note-114">[104]</a> On 29 August 1930, the ship <a href="/wiki/Anchusa-class_sloop" title="Anchusa-class sloop">HMS Harebell</a> took the remaining 36 inhabitants to <a href="/wiki/Morvern" title="Morvern">Morvern</a> on the Scottish mainland, a decision they took collectively themselves. <blockquote>The morning of the evacuation promised a perfect day. The sun rose out of a calm and sparkling sea and warmed the impassive cliffs of Oiseval. The sky was hopelessly blue and the sight of Hirta, green and pleasant as the island of so many careless dreams, made parting all the more difficult. Observing tradition the islanders left an open Bible and a small pile of oats in each house, locked all the doors and at 7 am boarded the Harebell. Although exhausted by the strain and hard work of the last few days, they were reported to have stayed cheerful throughout the operation. But as the long antler of Dun fell back onto the horizon and the familiar outline of the island grew faint, the severing of an ancient tie became a reality and the St Kildans gave way to tears.<a href="#cite_note-115">[105]</a> </blockquote> One source states that "officials found forestry work for the men, and most of them were settled at <a href="/wiki/Lochaline" title="Lochaline">Lochaline</a> near Oban, while other families went to live at <a href="/wiki/Strome_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="Strome Ferry">Strome Ferry</a>, Ross-shire, <a href="/wiki/Culcabock" title="Culcabock">Culcabock</a> near Inverness, and at <a href="/wiki/Culross" title="Culross">Culross</a>, Fife".<a href="#cite_note-116">[106]</a> Barclay visited the resettled islanders and found that some were experiencing difficulties with disillusionment and adjustment, which she reported to the Scottish Department of Health.<a href="#cite_note-:0-117">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-118">[108]</a> The last of the native St Kildans, Rachel Johnson, died in 2016 at the age of 93, having been evacuated at the age of eight.<a href="#cite_note-119">[109]</a> In 1931, the laird, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_MacLeod_of_MacLeod" title="Reginald MacLeod of MacLeod">Sir Reginald MacLeod of MacLeod</a>, sold the islands to <a href="/wiki/John_Crichton-Stuart,_5th_Marquess_of_Bute" title="John Crichton-Stuart, 5th Marquess of Bute">Lord Dumfries</a>, later the 5th <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Bute" title="Marquess of Bute">Marquess of Bute</a>. For the next 26 years they saw few people, save for the occasional summer visitors or a returning St Kildan family.<a href="#cite_note-120">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[111]</a> Lord Dumfries was an <a href="/wiki/Ornithologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithologist">ornithologist</a> and bought the islands to preserve them as a bird sanctuary, leaving them to the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Scotland" title="National Trust for Scotland">National Trust for Scotland</a> on his death in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-122">[112]</a> The story of St Kilda has attracted artistic interpretations, including <a href="/wiki/Michael_Powell" title="Michael Powell">Michael Powell</a>'s 1937 film <a href="/wiki/The_Edge_of_the_World" title="The Edge of the World">The Edge of the World</a> and an opera.<a href="#cite_note-123">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_occupation">Military occupation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Military occupation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blotonstkilda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Blotonstkilda.jpg/220px-Blotonstkilda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Blotonstkilda.jpg/330px-Blotonstkilda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Blotonstkilda.jpg/440px-Blotonstkilda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>The tracking tower on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mullach_Sgar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mullach Sgar (page does not exist)">Mullach Sgar</a></figcaption></figure> The islands saw no military activity during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, remaining uninhabited,<a href="#cite_note-124">[114]</a> but three aircraft crash sites remain from that period. A <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Beaufighter" title="Bristol Beaufighter">Bristol Beaufighter</a> LX798 based at <a href="/wiki/Islay_Airport" title="Islay Airport">RAF Port Ellen</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islay" title="Islay">Islay</a> crashed into Conachair within 100 metres (330 ft) of the summit on the night of 3–4 June 1943. A year later, just before midnight on 7 June 1944, the day after <a href="/wiki/Normandy_Landings" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandy Landings">D-Day</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Short_Sunderland" title="Short Sunderland">Short Sunderland</a> <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boat</a> ML858 was wrecked at the head of Gleann Mòr. A small plaque in the church is dedicated to those who died in this accident.<a href="#cite_note-125">[115]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Vickers Wellington</a> <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bomber</a> crashed on the south coast of Soay in 1942 or 1943. Not until 1978 was any formal attempt made to investigate the wreck, and its identity has not been absolutely determined. Amongst the wreckage, a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> cap badge was discovered, which suggests it may have been HX448 of <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Command_Anti_U-Boat_Devices_School_RAF" title="Coastal Command Anti U-Boat Devices School RAF">7 Operational Training Unit</a> which went missing on a navigation exercise on 28 September 1942. Alternatively, it has been suggested that the Wellington is LA995 of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ferry_units_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="List of ferry units of the Royal Air Force">303 Ferry Training Unit</a> which was lost on 23 February 1943.<a href="#cite_note-126">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[117]</a> In 1955 the British government decided to incorporate St Kilda into a <a href="/wiki/Deep_Sea_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Sea Range">missile-tracking range</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Benbecula" title="Benbecula">Benbecula</a>, where test firings and flights are carried out. Thus in 1957 St Kilda became permanently inhabited once again. A variety of military buildings and masts have since been erected, including a canteen (which is not open to the public), the Puff Inn.<a href="#cite_note-128">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a> (MOD) leases St Kilda from the National Trust for Scotland for a nominal fee.<a href="#cite_note-129">[119]</a> Hirta is still occupied year-round by a small number of civilians employed by defence contractor <a href="/wiki/QinetiQ" class="mw-redirect" title="QinetiQ">QinetiQ</a> working in the military base (<a href="/wiki/MOD_Hebrides" title="MOD Hebrides">MOD Hebrides</a>) on a monthly rotation.<a href="#cite_note-BBC29810-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[120]</a> In 2009 the MOD announced that it was considering closing down its missile-testing ranges in the Western Isles, potentially leaving the Hirta base unmanned.<a href="#cite_note-SKday-131">[121]</a> In 2015 the base had to be temporarily evacuated due to adverse weather conditions.<a href="#cite_note-132">[122]</a> In summer 2018, the MOD facilities were being restored as part of building a new base; one report stated that the project included "replacing aged generators and accommodation blocks".<a href="#cite_note-133">[123]</a> With no permanent population, the island population can vary between 20 and 70, most living here temporarily. These inhabitants include MOD employees, National Trust for Scotland employees, and several scientists working on a <a href="/wiki/Soay_sheep" title="Soay sheep">Soay sheep</a> research project.<a href="#cite_note-134">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st-century_tourism">21st-century tourism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 21st-century tourism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Village,_Hirta,_St_Kilda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Village%2C_Hirta%2C_St_Kilda.jpg/220px-Village%2C_Hirta%2C_St_Kilda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Village%2C_Hirta%2C_St_Kilda.jpg/330px-Village%2C_Hirta%2C_St_Kilda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Village%2C_Hirta%2C_St_Kilda.jpg/440px-Village%2C_Hirta%2C_St_Kilda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Village Bay (St Kilda Village), Hirta; 2010</figcaption></figure> Visits to St Kilda were encouraged until facilities closed due to the worldwide <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> in 2020; as of early February 2021 the toilets, campsite, and shopping facilities on Hirta were all closed. The National Trust for Scotland has improved the village on Hirta over the years. "They have reroofed the cottages on the main street, restored the church, and re-stacked stones that years of gales had toppled from the cleits, or bothies, that dot the volcanic landscape".<a href="#cite_note-135">[125]</a> One cottage, #3 on "The Street" has been more extensively restored and turned into the museum.<a href="#cite_note-136">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[127]</a> However, a full restoration of the other cottages is not expected.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-138">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-140">[130]</a> The Historic Environment Scotland website states that "the plain, two-bay church, with the schoolroom added to its north west in 1898" was "restored as they might have appeared in the 1920s." The site also explains that the "arrangement of St Kilda Village along a curving street is the result of mid-19th century improvement ... Distinctive drystone storage structures, known as cleitan, are scattered throughout the landscape. There are over 1,400 cleitan known throughout the St Kilda archipelago, but they are concentrated in the area around the village".<a href="#cite_note-canmore-141">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Cleit_On_St_Kilda_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1379478.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/A_Cleit_On_St_Kilda_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1379478.jpg/220px-A_Cleit_On_St_Kilda_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1379478.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/A_Cleit_On_St_Kilda_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1379478.jpg/330px-A_Cleit_On_St_Kilda_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1379478.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/A_Cleit_On_St_Kilda_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1379478.jpg/440px-A_Cleit_On_St_Kilda_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1379478.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>A Cleit (storage shed)</figcaption></figure> The National Trust for Scotland suggests that there is a great deal of interest in diving in the area as well as viewing of seabirds in "Europe's most important seabird colony, and one of the major seabird breeding stations in the North Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-auto-140">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[132]</a> Before the closure, day trips for tourists were readily available, by boat, leaving from Stein Jetty, Skye.<a href="#cite_note-143">[133]</a> A review of St Kilda, written before facilities closed, warned that landing at the pier can be difficult in rough seas.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-138">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_buildings">Prehistoric buildings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Prehistoric buildings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Kilda-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/St_Kilda-2.jpg/220px-St_Kilda-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/St_Kilda-2.jpg/330px-St_Kilda-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/St_Kilda-2.jpg/440px-St_Kilda-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Ruins in Gleann Mòr</figcaption></figure> The oldest structures on St Kilda are the most enigmatic. Large <a href="/wiki/Sheepfold" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheepfold">sheepfolds</a> lie inland from the existing village at An Lag Bho'n Tuath (English: the hollow in the north) and contain curious "boat-shaped" stone rings, or "settings". Soil samples suggest a date of 1850 BC, but they are unique to St Kilda, and their purpose is unknown. In Gleann Mòr, (north-west of Village Bay beyond Hirta's central ridge), there are 20 "horned structures", essentially ruined buildings with a main court measuring about 3 by 3 metres (10 by 10 ft), two or more smaller cells and a forecourt formed by two curved or horn-shaped walls. Again, nothing like them exists anywhere else in Europe, and their original use is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-144">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[135]</a> Also in Gleann Mòr is Taigh na Banaghaisgeich, the "Amazon's House". As Martin (1703) reported, many St Kilda tales are told about this female warrior. <blockquote> This Amazon is famous in their traditions: her house or dairy of stone is yet extant; some of the inhabitants dwell in it all summer, though it be some hundred years old; the whole is built of stone, without any wood, lime, earth, or mortar to cement it, and is built in form of a circle pyramid-wise towards the top, having a vent in it, the fire being always in the centre of the floor; the stones are long and thin, which supplies the defect of wood; the body of this house contains not above nine persons sitting; there are three beds or low vaults that go off the side of the wall, a pillar betwixt each bed, which contains five men apiece; at the entry to one of these low vaults is a stone standing upon one end fix'd; upon this they say she ordinarily laid her helmet; there are two stones on the other side, upon which she is reported to have laid her sword: she is said to have been much addicted to hunting, and that in her time all the space betwixt this isle and that of Harries, was one continued tract of dry land.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-23">[21]</a> </blockquote> Similar stories of a female warrior who hunted the now-submerged land between the Outer Hebrides and St Kilda are reported from <a href="/wiki/Harris,_Outer_Hebrides" title="Harris, Outer Hebrides">Harris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[136]</a> The structure's forecourt is akin to the other "horned structures" in the immediate area, but like Martin's "Amazon" its original purpose is the stuff of legend rather than archaeological fact. Much more is known of the hundreds of unique <a href="/wiki/Cleit" title="Cleit">cleitean</a> that decorate the archipelago. These dome-shaped structures are constructed of flat boulders with a cap of turf on the top. This enables the wind to pass through the cavities in the wall but keeps the rain out. They were used for storing peat, nets, <a href="/wiki/Food_grain" class="mw-redirect" title="Food grain">grain</a>, preserved flesh and eggs, manure, and hay, and as a shelter for lambs in winter. The date of origin of this St Kildan invention is unknown, but they were in continuous use from prehistoric times until the 1930 evacuation. More than 1,200 ruined or intact cleitean remain on Hirta and a further 170 on the neighbouring islands.<a href="#cite_note-147">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[138]</a> House no. 16 in the modern village has an early Christian stone cross built into the front wall, which may date from the 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-149">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_village">Medieval village</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Medieval village">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Kilda_village.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/St_Kilda_village.jpg/220px-St_Kilda_village.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/St_Kilda_village.jpg/330px-St_Kilda_village.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/St_Kilda_village.jpg/440px-St_Kilda_village.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>The Village. The Head Wall surrounds the site, with Tobar Childa top left, the 19th-century Street at the centre and the new military base to the right.</figcaption></figure> A medieval village lay near Tobar Childa, about 350 metres (1,150 ft) from the shore, at the foot of the slopes of Conachair. The oldest building is an underground passage with two small annexes called Taigh an t-Sithiche (house of the faeries) which dates to between 500 BC and 300 AD. The St Kildans believed it was a house or hiding place, although a more recent theory suggests that it was an <a href="/wiki/Ice_house_(building)" title="Ice house (building)">ice house</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[140]</a> Extensive ruins of field walls and cleitean and the remnants of a <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> "house" with a beehive-shaped annexe remain. Nearby is the "Bull's House", a roofless rectangular structure in which the island's bull was kept during winter. Tobar Childa itself is supplied by two springs that lie just outside the Head Wall that was constructed around the Village to prevent sheep and cattle gaining access to the cultivated areas within its boundary.<a href="#cite_note-Quine_(2000)_page_30.-151">[141]</a> There were 25 to 30 houses altogether. Most were <a href="/wiki/Blackhouse" title="Blackhouse">blackhouses</a> of typical Hebridean design, but some older buildings were made of corbelled stone and turfed rather than thatched. The turf was used to prevent the ingress of wind and rain, and the older "beehive" buildings resembled green hillocks rather than dwellings.<a href="#cite_note-152">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Medieval_structures">Post-Medieval structures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Post-Medieval structures">edit</a>]</div> The Head Wall was built in 1834 when the medieval village was abandoned and a new one planned between Tobar Childa and the sea some 700 feet (210 m) down the slope. This came about as the result of a visit by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Dyke_Acland,_10th_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 10th Baronet">Sir Thomas Dyke Ackland</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Devon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Devon (UK Parliament constituency)">Devon</a>. Appalled by the primitive conditions, he gave money for the building of a completely new settlement of thirty new <a href="/wiki/Blackhouse" title="Blackhouse">blackhouses</a>. These houses were made of <a href="/wiki/Dry_stone" title="Dry stone">dry stone</a>, had thick walls, and were roofed with turf. Each typically had only one tiny window and a small opening for letting out smoke from the peat fire that burnt in the middle of the room. As a result, the interiors were blackened by soot. The cattle occupied one end of the house in winter, and once a year the straw from the floor was stripped out and spread on the ground.<a href="#cite_note-153">[143]</a> In October 1860, several of the new dwellings were damaged by a severe gale, and repairs were sufficient only to make them suitable for use as <a href="/wiki/Byre" class="mw-redirect" title="Byre">byres</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Alpin_MacGregor" title="Alasdair Alpin MacGregor">Alasdair MacGregor</a>'s analysis of the settlement, the sixteen modern, zinc-roofed cottages amidst the black houses and new <a href="/wiki/Factor_(Scotland)" title="Factor (Scotland)">Factor's</a> house seen in most photographs of the native islanders were constructed around 1862.<a href="#cite_note-154">[144]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Featherstorestkilda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Featherstorestkilda.jpg/220px-Featherstorestkilda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Featherstorestkilda.jpg/330px-Featherstorestkilda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Featherstorestkilda.jpg/440px-Featherstorestkilda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>The Feather Store, where fulmar and gannet feathers were kept, and sold to pay the rent</figcaption></figure> One of the more poignant ruins on Hirta is the site of "Lady Grange's House". <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Chiesley,_Lady_Grange" title="Rachel Chiesley, Lady Grange">Lady Grange</a> had been married to the <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> sympathiser <a href="/wiki/James_Erskine,_Lord_Grange" title="James Erskine, Lord Grange">James Erskine, Lord Grange</a>, for 25 years when he decided that she might have overheard too many of his treasonable plottings. He had her kidnapped and secretly confined in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> for six months. From there she was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Monach_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Monach Isles">Monach Isles</a>, where she lived in isolation for two years. She was then taken to Hirta from 1734 to 1740, which she described as "a vile neasty, stinking poor isle". After a failed rescue attempt, she was removed on her husband's orders to the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Skye" title="Isle of Skye">Isle of Skye</a>, where she died. The "house" on Hirta which carries her name is a large cleit in the Village meadows.<a href="#cite_note-155">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">Boswell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a> discussed the subject during their 1773 tour of the Hebrides. Boswell wrote: "After dinner to-day, we talked of the extraordinary fact of Lady Grange's being sent to St Kilda, and confined there for several years, without any means of relief. Dr Johnson said, if M'Leod would let it be known that he had such a place for naughty ladies, he might make it a very profitable island."<a href="#cite_note-159">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Notquiteheathrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Notquiteheathrow.jpg/220px-Notquiteheathrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Notquiteheathrow.jpg/330px-Notquiteheathrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Notquiteheathrow.jpg/440px-Notquiteheathrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>This "International Sea & Airport Lounge" is situated adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Helipad" title="Helipad">helipad</a> and landing craft slipway.</figcaption></figure> In the 1860s unsuccessful attempts were made to improve the landing area by blasting rocks. A small <a href="/wiki/Jetty" title="Jetty">jetty</a> was erected in 1877, but it was washed away in a storm two years later. In 1883 representations to the <a href="/wiki/Napier_Commission" title="Napier Commission">Napier Commission</a> suggested the building of a replacement, but it was 1901 before the <a href="/wiki/Congested_Districts_Board_(Scotland)" title="Congested Districts Board (Scotland)">Congested Districts Board</a> provided an engineer to enable one to be completed the following year. Nearby on the shoreline are some huge boulders which were known throughout the <a href="/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands" title="Highlands and Islands">Highlands and Islands</a> in the 19th century as Doirneagan Hirt, Hirta's pebbles.<a href="#cite_note-160">[150]</a> At one time, three churches stood on Hirta. Christ Church, in the site of the graveyard at the centre of the village, was in use in 1697 and was the largest, but this thatched-roof structure was too small to hold the entire population, and most of the congregation had to gather in the churchyard during services. St Brendan's Church lay over a kilometre away on the slopes of Ruival, and St Columba's at the west end of the village street, but little is left of these buildings. A new <a href="/wiki/Kirk" title="Kirk">kirk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rectory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectory">manse</a> were erected at the east end of the village in 1830 and a <a href="/wiki/Factor_(Scotland)" title="Factor (Scotland)">Factor's</a> house in 1860.<a href="#cite_note-161">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buildings_on_other_islands">Buildings on other islands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Buildings on other islands">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dun,_St_Kilda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dun%2C_St_Kilda.jpg/220px-Dun%2C_St_Kilda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dun%2C_St_Kilda.jpg/330px-Dun%2C_St_Kilda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dun%2C_St_Kilda.jpg/440px-Dun%2C_St_Kilda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B9n,_St_Kilda" class="mw-redirect" title="Dùn, St Kilda">Dùn</a> from Ruival with <a href="/wiki/Stac_Levenish" title="Stac Levenish">Stac Levenish</a> in the background at left</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B9n,_St_Kilda" class="mw-redirect" title="Dùn, St Kilda">Dùn</a> means "fort", and there is but a single ruined wall of a structure said to have been built in the far-distant past by the <a href="/wiki/Fir_Bolg" title="Fir Bolg">Fir Bolg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[153]</a> The only "habitation" is Sean Taigh (old house), a natural cavern sometimes used as a shelter by the St Kildans when they were tending the sheep or catching birds.<a href="#cite_note-164">[154]</a> Soay has a primitive hut known as Taigh Dugan (Dugan's house). This is little more than an excavated hole under a massive stone with two crude walls on the sides. The story of its creation relates to two sheep-stealing brothers from <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis" title="Isle of Lewis">Lewis</a> who came to St Kilda only to cause further trouble. Dugan was exiled to Soay, where he died; the other, called Fearchar Mòr, was sent to Stac an Armin, where he found life so intolerable he cast himself into the sea.<a href="#cite_note-165">[155]</a> Boreray boasts the Cleitean MacPhàidein, a "cleit village" of three small bothies used on a regular basis during fowling expeditions. Here too are the ruins of Taigh Stallar (the steward's house), which was similar to the Amazon's house in Gleann Mòr although somewhat larger, and which had six bed spaces. The local tradition was that it was built by the "Man of the Rocks", who led a rebellion against the landlord's steward.<a href="#cite_note-166">[156]</a> It may be an example of an <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Wheelhouse_(archaeology)" title="Wheelhouse (archaeology)">wheelhouse</a> and the associated remains of an agricultural field system were discovered in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-167">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[159]</a> As a result of a smallpox outbreak on Hirta in 1724, three men and eight boys were marooned on Boreray until the following May.<a href="#cite_note-170">[160]</a> No fewer than 78 storage cleitean exist on <a href="/wiki/Stac_an_Armin" title="Stac an Armin">Stac an Armin</a> and a small <a href="/wiki/Bothy" title="Bothy">bothy</a>. A small bothy exists on the precipitous <a href="/wiki/Stac_Lee" title="Stac Lee">Stac Lee</a> too, also used by fowlers.<a href="#cite_note-171">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fauna_and_flora">Fauna and flora</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fauna and flora">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Wildlife">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_the_Outer_Hebrides" title="Flora and fauna of the Outer Hebrides">Flora and fauna of the Outer Hebrides</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inselsoay.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Inselsoay.JPG/220px-Inselsoay.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Inselsoay.JPG/330px-Inselsoay.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Inselsoay.JPG/440px-Inselsoay.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soay,_St_Kilda" title="Soay, St Kilda">Soay</a> shrouded in mist</figcaption></figure> St Kilda is a breeding ground for many important <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabird</a> species. One of the world's largest colonies of <a href="/wiki/Northern_gannet" title="Northern gannet">northern gannets</a>, totalling 30,000 pairs, amount to 24 per cent of the global population. There are 49,000 breeding pairs of <a href="/wiki/Leach%27s_storm-petrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Leach's storm-petrel">Leach's petrels</a>, up to 90 per cent of the European population; 136,000 pairs of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_puffin" title="Atlantic puffin">Atlantic puffins</a>, about 30 per cent of the UK total breeding population, and 67,000 <a href="/wiki/Northern_fulmar" title="Northern fulmar">northern fulmar</a> pairs, about 13 per cent of the UK total.<a href="#cite_note-Benvie-172">[162]</a> Dùn is home to the largest colony of <a href="/wiki/Fulmars" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulmars">fulmars</a> in <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">Britain</a>. Before 1828, St Kilda was their only UK breeding ground, but they have since spread and established colonies elsewhere, such as <a href="/wiki/Fowlsheugh" title="Fowlsheugh">Fowlsheugh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[163]</a> The last <a href="/wiki/Great_auk" title="Great auk">great auk</a> (Pinguinus impennis) seen in Britain was killed on Stac an Armin in July 1840.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-4">[4]</a> Unusual behaviour by St Kilda's <a href="/wiki/Great_skua" title="Great skua">bonxies</a> was recorded in 2007 during research into recent falls in the Leach's petrel population. Using night-vision gear, ecologists observed the skuas hunting petrels at night, a remarkable strategy for a seabird.<a href="#cite_note-174">[164]</a> The St Kilda archipelago has been recognised as an <a href="/wiki/Important_Bird_Area" title="Important Bird Area">Important Bird Area</a> (IBA) by <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> for its <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabird</a> <a href="/wiki/Bird_colony" title="Bird colony">colonies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bli-175">[165]</a> Two wild animal taxa are unique to St Kilda: the <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda_wren" title="St Kilda wren">St Kilda wren</a> (Troglodytes troglodytes hirtensis), which is a subspecies of the <a href="/wiki/Troglodytes_troglodytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Troglodytes troglodytes">Eurasian wren</a>, and a subspecies of <a href="/wiki/Wood_mouse" title="Wood mouse">wood mouse</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda_field_mouse" title="St Kilda field mouse">St Kilda field mouse</a> (Apodemus sylvaticus hirtensis). A third taxon <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to St Kilda, a subspecies of <a href="/wiki/House_mouse" title="House mouse">house mouse</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda_house_mouse" title="St Kilda house mouse">St Kilda house mouse</a> (Mus musculus muralis), vanished entirely after the departure of human inhabitants, as it was strictly associated with settlements and buildings.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-4">[4]</a> It had several traits in common with a sub-species (Mus musculus mykinessiensis) found on <a href="/wiki/Mykines,_Faroe_Islands" title="Mykines, Faroe Islands">Mykines</a> island in the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[166]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gray_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray seal">grey seal</a> (Halichoerus grypus) now breeds on Hirta but did not do so before the 1930 evacuation.<a href="#cite_note-Darling-47">[42]</a> The archipelago's isolation has resulted in a lack of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. The most successful <a href="/wiki/Insect_migration" title="Insect migration">colonists</a> with nearly two hundred species are the <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">flies</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a> with approximately 140 species. There are no <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a> on the islands, so flies are probably important <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinators</a> of plants. One beetle, the rare and endangered <a href="/wiki/Weevil" title="Weevil">weevil</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceutorhynchus_insularis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceutorhynchus insularis (page does not exist)">Ceutorhynchus insularis</a>, is known from only <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B9n,_St_Kilda" class="mw-redirect" title="Dùn, St Kilda">Dùn</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vestmannaeyjar" title="Vestmannaeyjar">Westmann Islands</a>, an archipelago off the south-west coast of <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Love-177">[167]</a> Less than one hundred species of <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterfly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moth</a> occur, compared to 367 recorded on the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Western Isles</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_atalanta" title="Vanessa atalanta">Red admiral</a> (Vanessa atalanta) and <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_cardui" title="Vanessa cardui">painted lady</a> (Vanessa cardui) are two of only seven species of butterflies, both well known and common <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera_migration" title="Lepidoptera migration">migrants</a>. Common summer moths are the <a href="/wiki/Cerapteryx_graminis" title="Cerapteryx graminis">antler</a> (Cerapteryx graminis), <a href="/wiki/Dark_arches" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark arches">dark arches</a> (Apamea monoglypha) and the migrant <a href="/wiki/Silver_Y" title="Silver Y">silver Y</a> (Autographa gamma). One unusual moth recorded is the <a href="/wiki/Idaea_rusticata" title="Idaea rusticata">least carpet</a> (Idaea rusticata), an occasional migrant, and in the UK, usually recorded in the south-east of England.<a href="#cite_note-Love-177">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[168]</a> On 4 September 2014 a rare <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy_(biology)" title="Vagrancy (biology)">vagrant</a> <a href="/wiki/Oleander_hawk-moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleander hawk-moth">oleander hawk-moth</a> (Daphnis nerii) was recorded.<a href="#cite_note-179">[169]</a> Oleander is not found in the UK every year, and the larva has never been recorded in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-180">[170]</a> Its plant life is heavily influenced by island's natural environment such as the salt spray, strong winds and acidic <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peaty</a> soils. No trees grow on the archipelago, although there are more than 130 different flowering plants, 162 species of <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> and 160 <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a>. Several rarities exist amongst the 194 <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a> species. <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">Kelp</a> thrives in the surrounding seas, which contain a diversity of unusual marine invertebrates.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNEP-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda_dandelion" class="mw-redirect" title="St Kilda dandelion">St Kilda dandelion</a> (Taraxacum pankhurstianum) is an endemic species of <a href="/wiki/Taraxacum" title="Taraxacum">dandelion</a>, identified in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-RBGE-181">[171]</a> The beach at Village Bay is unusual in that its short stretch of summer sand recedes in winter, exposing the large boulders on which it rests. A survey of the beach in 1953 found only a single resident species, the crustacean <a href="/wiki/Isopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopod">isopod</a> <a href="/wiki/Eurydice_pulchra" title="Eurydice pulchra">Eurydice pulchra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soay_sheep">Soay sheep</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Soay sheep">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soaysheepkilda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Soaysheepkilda.jpg/220px-Soaysheepkilda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Soaysheepkilda.jpg/330px-Soaysheepkilda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Soaysheepkilda.jpg/440px-Soaysheepkilda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Soay <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">ram</a> on Hirta</figcaption></figure> On the inaccessible island of Soay are sheep of a unique type, which lived as <a href="/wiki/Feral" title="Feral">feral</a> animals and belonged to the owner of the islands, not to the islanders. These <a href="/wiki/Soay_sheep" title="Soay sheep">Soay sheep</a> are believed to be remnants of the earliest sheep kept in Europe in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic Era">Neolithic Era</a>, and are small, short-tailed, usually brown with white bellies, and have naturally <a href="/wiki/Moulting" title="Moulting">moulting</a> fleeces. About 200 Soay sheep remain on Soay itself, and soon after the evacuation a second feral population of them was established on Hirta, which at that time had no sheep; in 1994 these numbered between 600 and 1,700.<a href="#cite_note-Keay-43">[38]</a> A few Soays have been exported to form breeding populations in other parts of the world, where they are valued for their hardiness, small size and unusual appearance.<a href="#cite_note-183">[173]</a> On Hirta and Soay, the sheep prefer the <a href="/wiki/Plantago" title="Plantago">Plantago</a> pastures, which grow well in locations exposed to <a href="/wiki/Sea_spray" title="Sea spray">sea spray</a> and include red fescue (<a href="/wiki/Festuca_rubra" title="Festuca rubra">Festuca rubra</a>), sea plantain (<a href="/wiki/Plantago_maritima" title="Plantago maritima">Plantago maritima</a>) and sea pink (<a href="/wiki/Armeria_maritima" title="Armeria maritima">Armeria maritima</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Darling-47">[42]</a> The St Kildans kept up to 2,000 of a different type of sheep on the islands of Hirta and Boreray. These were a Hebridean variety of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Dunface" title="Scottish Dunface">Scottish Dunface</a>, a primitive sheep probably similar to those kept throughout Britain during the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. During the evacuation, all the islanders' sheep were removed from Hirta, but those on Boreray were left to become feral. These sheep are now regarded as a breed in their own right, the <a href="/wiki/Boreray_(sheep)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreray (sheep)">Boreray</a>. The Boreray is one of the rarest British sheep and is one of the few remaining descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Dunface" title="Scottish Dunface">Dunface</a> (although some <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Blackface" title="Scottish Blackface">Scottish Blackface</a> blood was introduced in the 19th century).<a href="#cite_note-rbst.org.uk-184">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nature_conservation">Nature conservation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Nature conservation">edit</a>]</div> On his death on 14 August 1956, the <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Bute" title="Marquess of Bute">Marquess of Bute</a>'s will bequeathed the archipelago to the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Scotland" title="National Trust for Scotland">National Trust for Scotland</a> provided they accepted the offer within six months. After much soul-searching, the executive committee agreed to do so in January 1957. The slow renovation and conservation of the village began, much of it undertaken by summer volunteer work parties.<a href="#cite_note-185">[175]</a> In addition, scientific research began on the feral Soay sheep population and other aspects of the natural environment. In 1957 the area was designated a <a href="/wiki/National_nature_reserve_(United_Kingdom)" title="National nature reserve (United Kingdom)">national nature reserve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[176]</a> In 1986 the islands became the first place in Scotland to be inscribed as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, for its terrestrial natural features.<a href="#cite_note-187">[177]</a> In 2004, the WHS was extended to include a large amount of the surrounding marine features as well as the islands themselves.<a href="#cite_note-188">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[179]</a> In 2005 St Kilda became one of only two dozen global locations to be awarded mixed World Heritage Status for both "natural" and "cultural" significance. The islands share this honour with internationally important sites such as <a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a> in Greece and the Ukhahlamba/<a href="/wiki/Drakensberg" title="Drakensberg">Drakensberg Park</a> in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-190">[180]</a> St Kilda is a <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled Monument">Scheduled Ancient Monument</a>, a <a href="/wiki/National_Scenic_Area_(Scotland)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Scenic Area (Scotland)">National Scenic Area</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" title="Site of Special Scientific Interest">Site of Special Scientific Interest</a>, and was a European Union <a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Area" title="Special Protection Area">Special Protection Area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[181]</a> Visiting yachts may find shelter in Village Bay, but those wishing to land are told to contact the National Trust for Scotland in advance. Concern exists about the introduction of non-native animal and plant species into such a fragile environment.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-4">[4]</a> In 2008 the National Trust for Scotland received the support of Scotland's <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Environment">Minister for Environment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Russell_(Scottish_politician)" title="Michael Russell (Scottish politician)">Michael Russell</a> for their plan to ensure no rats came ashore from the Spinningdale, a UK-registered/Spanish-owned <a href="/wiki/Fishing_trawler" title="Fishing trawler">fishing trawler</a> which grounded on Hirta on 1 February.<a href="#cite_note-Feb1-1-192">[182]</a> There was concern that bird life on the island could be seriously affected.<a href="#cite_note-193">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[184]</a> Fortunately, potential contaminants from the vessel including fuel, oils, bait and stores were successfully removed by Dutch salvage company <a href="/wiki/Mammoet" title="Mammoet">Mammoet</a> before the bird breeding season in early April.<a href="#cite_note-195">[185]</a> St Kilda's marine environment of underwater caves, arches and chasms, offers a very challenging but superlative diving experience.<a href="#cite_note-196">[186]</a> Such is the power of the North Atlantic swell that the effects of the waves can be detected 70 metres (230 ft) below sea level.<a href="#cite_note-197">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Britain%27s_Loneliest_Isle" title="St Kilda, Britain's Loneliest Isle">St Kilda, Britain's Loneliest Isle</a> (1928 silent film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_St_Kilda" title="Lady of St Kilda">Lady of St Kilda</a>, ship that gave its name to <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Victoria" title="St Kilda, Victoria">St Kilda, Victoria</a>; wrecked in 1844</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingulay" title="Mingulay">Mingulay</a> – the "near St Kilda"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sands_(journalist)" title="John Sands (journalist)">John Sands</a>, a Scottish journalist mockingly described by his enemies as "the MP for St Kilda"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarp,_Scotland" title="Scarp, Scotland">Scarp</a> – a Hebridean island that had a "parliament" similar to St Kilda's</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Rona" title="North Rona">North Rona</a> – most remote island in the UK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in Scotland">World Heritage Sites in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_outlying_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of outlying islands of Scotland">List of outlying islands of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Important_Bird_Areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of Important Bird Areas in the United Kingdom">List of Important Bird Areas in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Excluding the isolated pinnacle <a href="/wiki/Rockall" title="Rockall">Rockall</a>, the status of which is a matter of international dispute. See, for example, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2007" class="citation journal cs1">MacDonald, Fraser (1 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305748805001635">"The last outpost of Empire: Rockall and the Cold War"</a>. Journal of Historical Geography. 32 (3): 627–647. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhg.2005.10.009">10.1016/j.jhg.2005.10.009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historical+Geography&rft.atitle=The+last+outpost+of+Empire%3A+Rockall+and+the+Cold+War&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=627-647&rft.date=2007-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhg.2005.10.009&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Fraser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0305748805001635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> And on two other 16th-century maps, all three of which may derive from a 1540 original by Alexander Lindsay, a Scottish pilot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1968136-17">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Martin" title="Martin Martin">Martin Martin</a>, who visited in 1697, believed that the name "is taken from one Kilder, who lived here; and from him the large well Toubir-Kilda has also its name".<a href="#cite_note-Martin-23">[21]</a> Maclean (1972) similarly suggests it comes from a corruption of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> name for the spring on Hirta, Childa, and states that a 1588 map identifies the archipelago as Kilda. He also speculates that it refers to the <a href="/wiki/Culdee" class="mw-redirect" title="Culdee">Culdees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anchorite" title="Anchorite">anchorites</a> who might have brought Christianity to the island, or be a corruption of the Gaelic name, Hirta, for the main island of the group, since the islanders tended to pronounce r as l, and thus habitually referred to the island as Hilta.<a href="#cite_note-Maclean_(1977)_page_33.-1">[1]</a> Steel (1988) adds weight to the idea, noting that the islanders pronounced the H with a "somewhat guttural quality", making the sound they used for Hirta "almost" Kilta.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> Similarly, St Kilda speakers interviewed by the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Scottish_Studies" title="School of Scottish Studies">School of Scottish Studies</a> in the 1960s show individual speakers using t-initial forms, <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">leniting</a> to /h/, e.g. ann an Tirte (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈan̪ˠən̪ˠ ˈtʰʲirˠʃt̪ʲə]</a>) and gu Hirte (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[kə ˈhirˠʃt̪ʲə]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Watson notes that in the <a href="/wiki/Uist" title="Uist">Uists</a> the Gaelic for "in Hirta" is an t-Irt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson192697-27">[24]</a> However, Coates dismisses Watson's connection to (h)irt as "totally implausible".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates199044–49-28">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Martin (1703) averred that "Hirta is taken from the Irish Ier, which in that language signifies west".<a href="#cite_note-Martin-23">[21]</a> Steel (1998) quotes the view of Reverend Neil Mackenzie, who lived there from 1829 to 1844, that the name is from the Gaelic Ì Àrd ('high island'), and a further possibility that it is from the Norse Hirt ('shepherd').<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> In a similar vein, Murray (1966) speculates that the Norse Hirðö, pronounced 'Hirtha' ('herd island'), could be the origin of the name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1966196,_236-32">[28]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> A flaked stone with a sharp edge used for cutting. This neolithic tool is named after <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skaill_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skaill Bay (page does not exist)">Skaill Bay</a>, the location of World Heritage Site <a href="/wiki/Skara_Brae" title="Skara Brae">Skara Brae</a> in Orkney.<a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Monro (1549) "Hirta" No. 158. English translation from <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Lowland Scots</a>: "The inhabitants are simple poor people, hardly educated in any religion, but the steward of MacLeod of Harris, or his deputy, sails there once a year at midsummer with a chaplain to baptise the children". </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> This is the date provided by Quine (2000) for the marooning of the group on Stac an Armin, (see "Buildings on other islands" above), although Steel (1988) states that the outbreak took place in 1724. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> A 19th-century commentator wrote: "If St Kilda is not the Eutopia so long sought, where will it be found? Where is the land which has neither arms, money, care, physic, politics, nor taxes? That land is St Kilda". Maclean, Lachlan (1838) Sketches on the Island of St Kilda. McPhun. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Even in the 21st century this is a problem. The National Trust reported in 2006 that it was cancelling 2007 work parties as "adverse weather conditions resulted in our supplies failing to reach St Kilda and our next opportunity to get supplies out is May 2007."<a href="#cite_note-108">[99]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Maclean_(1977)_page_33.-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maclean_(1977)_page_33._1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maclean_(1977)_page_33._1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maclean_(1977)_page_33._1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maclean_(1977)_page_33._1-3">d</a> Maclean (1977) page 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeneral_Register_Office_for_Scotland2003" class="citation journal cs1">General Register Office for Scotland (28 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080827172139/http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/occasional-paper-10-inhabited-islands.pdf">"Statistics for Inhabited Islands"</a> (PDF). Occasional Paper No 10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/occasional-paper-10-inhabited-islands.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 25 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occasional+Paper+No+10&rft.atitle=Statistics+for+Inhabited+Islands&rft.date=2003-11-28&rft.au=General+Register+Office+for+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gro-scotland.gov.uk%2Ffiles1%2Fstats%2Foccasional-paper-10-inhabited-islands.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OS-3"><a href="#cite_ref-OS_3-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">Grid reference</a> <a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Kilda,_Scotland&params=57.812601_N_8.580110_W_region:GB_scale:25000">NF095995</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_4-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaswell-Smith2004" class="citation book cs1">Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bXFwKl5gVqwC">The Scottish Islands</a>. Edinburgh: Canongate. pp. 314–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84195-454-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84195-454-7"><bdi>978-1-84195-454-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scottish+Islands&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=314-26&rft.pub=Canongate&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84195-454-7&rft.aulast=Haswell-Smith&rft.aufirst=Hamish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbXFwKl5gVqwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNEP-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNEP_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNEP_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNEP_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNEP_5-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/stkilda.html">"Protected Areas and World Heritage—St Kilda".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070705053252/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/stkilda.html">Archived</a> 5 July 2007 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> United Nations Environment Programme: World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Retrieved 18 March 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Mac an Tàilleir, Iain (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.scot/gd/visitandlearn/40900.aspx">Ainmean-àite/Placenames</a>. (pdf) <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Pàrlamaid na h-Alba</a>. Retrieved 26 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiltner2021" class="citation news cs1">Hiltner, Stephen (11 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/11/travel/st-kilda-scotland.html">"Agony and Ecstasy on the Scottish Archipelago of St. Kilda"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Agony+and+Ecstasy+on+the+Scottish+Archipelago+of+St.+Kilda&rft.date=2021-10-11&rft.aulast=Hiltner&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F10%2F11%2Ftravel%2Fst-kilda-scotland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Steel (1988) </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> See especially Maclean (1977), Steel (1988), Fleming (2005). </li> <li id="cite_note-nrs-11"><a href="#cite_ref-nrs_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/research/learning/features/stories-from-st-kilda">"Stories from St Kilda"</a>. National Records of Scotland. 31 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208114918/https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/research/learning/features/stories-from-st-kilda">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Records+of+Scotland&rft.atitle=Stories+from+St+Kilda&rft.date=2013-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrscotland.gov.uk%2Fresearch%2Flearning%2Ffeatures%2Fstories-from-st-kilda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC29810-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC29810_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC29810_12-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-11101243">"The new residents of St Kilda archipelago"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181111130803/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-11101243">Archived</a> 11 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (29 August 2010). BBC News. Retrieved 29 August 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> National Trust for Scotland. Guide. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130311104810/http://www.kilda.org.uk/weekildaguide/guide17.htm">"St Kilda Houses"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kilda.org.uk/weekildaguide/guide17.htm">the original</a> on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Kilda+Houses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kilda.org.uk%2Fweekildaguide%2Fguide17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> St Kilda – David Quine (Colin Baxter Island Guides) 1995 </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-15"><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_15-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gb">"World Heritage: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120228174539/http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gb">Archived</a> 28 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. UNESCO. Retrieved 3 January 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson192698-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson192698_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson1926">Watson 1926</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1968136-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1968136_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1968">Taylor 1968</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming200527-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming200527_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleming2005">Fleming 2005</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1968137-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1968137_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1968137_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1968">Taylor 1968</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Nicolay1583-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Nicolay1583_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Nicolay1583">de Nicolay 1583</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson192697–98-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson192697–98_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson192697–98_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson1926">Watson 1926</a>, pp. 97–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_23-6">g</a> Martin, Martin (1703). </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Steel (1988) p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Bruford, A. (ed.) Tocher Vol 36–37 (1982) <a href="/wiki/School_of_Scottish_Studies" title="School of Scottish Studies">School of Scottish Studies</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson192697-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson192697_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson192697_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson1926">Watson 1926</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates199044–49-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates199044–49_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates199044–49_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoates1990">Coates 1990</a>, pp. 44–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1968120–123-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1968120–123_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1968">Taylor 1968</a>, pp. 120–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Steel (1988) pp. 26–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1966196,_236-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1966196,_236_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurray1966">Murray 1966</a>, pp. 196, 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1990-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1990_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoates1990">Coates 1990</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/trends/seas/Seas_Part1.pdf">"Knowledge of the marine environment"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070709200108/http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/trends/seas/Seas_Part1.pdf">Archived</a> 9 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF) Scottish Natural Heritage. Retrieved 2 January 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Quine (2000) pages 99, 109, 111, 125, 137, 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Maclean (1977) page 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Fleming (2005) page 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kilda.org.uk/frame26.htm">"Dual World Heritage Status For Unique Scottish Islands"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061002160717/http://www.kilda.org.uk/frame26.htm">Archived</a> 2 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. National Trust for Scotland. Retrieved 6 January 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> The heights are from Haswell-Smith (2004), although the National Trust website states 191 metres (627 ft) and 165 metres (541 ft) respectively. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Maclean (1977) page 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Baxter and Crumley (1988) page 87. "Village Bay and its hills... a stupendous sham, a masterly St Kildan deception." </li> <li id="cite_note-Keay-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keay_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keay_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keay_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keay_43-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keay_43-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keay_43-5">f</a> Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. London. HarperCollins. Pages 840–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> This is noted by several authorities including Steel (1988), p. 27, although Keay (1994) erroneously states they are the "highest in Europe". Croaghaun on <a href="/wiki/Achill_Island" title="Achill Island">Achill Island</a> is considerably higher at 668 metres (2,192 ft); see for example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/geography/extremities.html">"Geographical Facts and Figures".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151219155333/http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/geography/extremities.html">Archived</a> 19 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Wesleyjohnston.com. Retrieved on 9 September 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Baxter and Crumley (1988) page 7. The lower case pronouns for the deity are in the original text. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Murray (1966) page 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-Darling-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Darling_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darling_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darling_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darling_47-3">d</a> Fraser Darling, F. and Boyd, J.M. (1969) Natural History in the Highlands and Islands. London. Bloomsbury. </li> <li id="cite_note-Manplan-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Manplan_48-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kilda.org.uk/StkildaManagementPlan.pdf">"St Kilda World Heritage Site Management Plan 2003 – 2008"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529185218/http://www.kilda.org.uk/StKildaManagementPlan.pdf">Archived</a> 29 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF) National Trust for Scotland. Retrieved 24 January 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Steel (1988) page 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 460, North Lewis/Ceann a Tuath Leòdhais. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kilda.org.uk/StKildaCultHerExtractFINALB38477.pdf">St Kilda: Revised Nomination of St Kilda for inclusion in the World Heritage Site List</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703131509/http://www.kilda.org.uk/StKildaCultHerExtractFINALB38477.pdf">Archived</a> 3 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (January 2003) (pdf) National Trust for Scotland. Retrieved 21 March 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nms.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-100-103-335-C">"Skaill knife"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227193131/http://nms.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-100-103-335-C">Archived</a> 27 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> National Museums Scotland. Retrieved 27 February 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Fleming (2005) pages 37–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopper2017" class="citation journal cs1">Copper, Michael (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3366/saj.2017.0079">"Neolithic sherds from St Kilda"</a>. Scottish Archaeological Journal. 39 (1): 95–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fsaj.2017.0079">10.3366/saj.2017.0079</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-5767">1471-5767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=Neolithic+sherds+from+St+Kilda&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-100&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fsaj.2017.0079&rft.issn=1471-5767&rft.aulast=Copper&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.3366%2Fsaj.2017.0079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-55995799">"Evidence St Kilda was inhabited 2,000 years ago"</a>. BBC News. 9 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209132408/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-55995799">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021. <q>These few clues tell us that people were well established on St Kilda as part of the wider settlement of the Western Isles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Evidence+St+Kilda+was+inhabited+2%2C000+years+ago&rft.date=2021-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-highlands-islands-55995799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Fleming (2005) page 27 quoting Taylor, A.B. (1968) "The Norsemen in St Kilda". Saga book of the Viking Society. 17. 116–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Fleming (2005) page 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Maclean (1972) page 34 quoting <a href="/wiki/John_of_Fordun" title="John of Fordun">John of Fordun</a>'s Scotichronicon of c. 1380. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Fleming (2005) page 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacaulay,_Kenneth1764" class="citation book cs1">Macaulay, Kenneth (1764). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_the-history-of-st-kilda_macaulay-kenneth_1764/mode/2up">The history of St. Kilda</a>. pp. 53–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+St.+Kilda&rft.pages=53-58&rft.date=1764&rft.au=Macaulay%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbim_eighteenth-century_the-history-of-st-kilda_macaulay-kenneth_1764%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canmore.org.uk/site/3969/st-kilda-boreray-taigh-stallair">"St Kilda, Boreray, Taigh Stallair"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canmore_(database)" title="Canmore (database)">Canmore</a>. Retrieved 24 March 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyscotland.com/history/winter-storm-exposes-the-secrets-of-lady-granges-house-at-st-kilda/">"Winter storm exposes the secrets of Lady Grange's House at St Kilda"</a>. Historyscotland.com. 14 February 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacaulay1764" class="citation book cs1">Macaulay, Kenneth (1764). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b30545225">The history of St. Kilda</a>. London: T. Becket and P. A. DeHondt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+St.+Kilda&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.+Becket+and+P.+A.+DeHondt&rft.date=1764&rft.aulast=Macaulay&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb30545225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zanolla-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zanolla_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zanolla_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zanolla_67-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberto_Zanolla2017" class="citation book cs1">Roberto Zanolla (5 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9lMxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT90">LAND OF BIRD-MEN - History of St Kilda</a>. Lulu Press, Inc. pp. 90–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-244-62212-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-244-62212-1"><bdi>978-0-244-62212-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LAND+OF+BIRD-MEN+-+History+of+St+Kilda&rft.pages=90-&rft.pub=Lulu+Press%2C+Inc&rft.date=2017-08-05&rft.isbn=978-0-244-62212-1&rft.au=Roberto+Zanolla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9lMxDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Richards_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Richards1992" class="citation journal cs1">Eric Richards (1992). "St Kilda and Australia: Emigrants at Peril, 1852-3". The Scottish Historical Review. 71 (191/192). Edinburgh University Press: 129–155. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-9241">0036-9241</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25530537">25530537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scottish+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=St+Kilda+and+Australia%3A+Emigrants+at+Peril%2C+1852-3&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=191%2F192&rft.pages=129-155&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25530537%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0036-9241&rft.au=Eric+Richards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/ns/bkeddy/HIES/priscilla.html">"Highland and Island Emigration Society, HIES "PRISCILLA""</a>. Retrieved 5 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Highland+and+Island+Emigration+Society%2C+HIES+%22PRISCILLA%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fns%2Fbkeddy%2FHIES%2Fpriscilla.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Maclean (1977) page 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Fleming (2005) page 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Maclean (1977) pages 115–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Maclean (1977) page 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Sands_(journalist)" title="John Sands (journalist)">John Sands</a>, quoted in Maclean (1977) page 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Maclean (1977) pages 116–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nts.org.uk/visit/places/st-kilda/highlights/church-and-museum#:~:text=Church%20and%20museum.%20The%20museum,%20which%20is%20in">https://www.nts.org.uk/visit/places/st-kilda/highlights/church-and-museum#:~:text=Church%20and%20museum.%20The%20museum,%20which%20is%20in</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2014" class="citation web cs1">James (4 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.nottingham.ac.uk/weatherextremes/2014/08/04/st-kilda-extreme-weather-on-the-edge-of-the-world/">"St Kilda: Extreme Weather on the Edge of the World"</a>. University of Nottingham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103002713/http://blogs.nottingham.ac.uk/weatherextremes/2014/08/04/st-kilda-extreme-weather-on-the-edge-of-the-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Nottingham&rft.atitle=St+Kilda%3A+Extreme+Weather+on+the+Edge+of+the+World&rft.date=2014-08-04&rft.au=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nottingham.ac.uk%2Fweatherextremes%2F2014%2F08%2F04%2Fst-kilda-extreme-weather-on-the-edge-of-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-30402293">"Power restored as 'weather bomb' storm subsides"</a>. BBC Scotland. 11 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031101821/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-30402293">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Scotland&rft.atitle=Power+restored+as+%27weather+bomb%27+storm+subsides&rft.date=2014-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-30402293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacaulay,_Kenneth1764" class="citation book cs1">Macaulay, Kenneth (1764). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_the-history-of-st-kilda_macaulay-kenneth_1764/mode/2up">The history of St. Kilda</a>. pp. 214–215.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+St.+Kilda&rft.pages=214-215&rft.date=1764&rft.au=Macaulay%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbim_eighteenth-century_the-history-of-st-kilda_macaulay-kenneth_1764%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Steel (1988) page 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sands-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sands_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sands_81-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.widegrin.com/vicmisc/st_kilda.htm">"Life in St. Kilda"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929070713/http://www.widegrin.com/vicmisc/st_kilda.htm">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, an account by J. Sands in Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science and Art, 1877. Retrieved 1 April 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Maclean (1977) pages 136–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/keacam/keacam0109.htm">"St Kilda mailboat"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611105325/http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/keacam/keacam0109.htm">Archived</a> 11 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Glasgow Digital Library. Retrieved 4 March 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Johnson, Samuel (1775) A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland. Republished, Chapman & Dodd, London, 1924. Page 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> The St Kildans fished from the rocks and even organised fishing trips from their boats from time to time, but these were occasional events, sometimes undertaken to pay rent, rather than crucial aspects of day-to-day island life. See Maclean (1977) pp 102–03, who also quotes J. MacCulloch's 1824 Description of the Western Islands of Scotland as stating "The neglect of fishing proceeds from the wealth of the inhabitants. They possess already as much food as they can consume, and are under no temptation to augment it by another perilous and laborious employment". </li> <li id="cite_note-boag-86"><a href="#cite_ref-boag_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoagAlexander1995" class="citation book cs1">Boag, David; Alexander, Mike (1995). The Puffin. London: Blandford. pp. 112–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7137-2596-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7137-2596-6"><bdi>0-7137-2596-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Puffin&rft.place=London&rft.pages=112-113&rft.pub=Blandford&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7137-2596-6&rft.aulast=Boag&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> BBC News – Census find sheds new light on St Kilda's history (29 December 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-38450471">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505184401/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-38450471">Archived</a> 5 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. London. The BBC. Retrieved 29 December' 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_88-1">b</a> Cooper, Derek (1979) Road to the Isles: Travellers in the Hebrides 1770–1914. London. Routledge & Kegan Paul. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Maclean (1977) page 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> The Daily Mail April 18, 1930: article by Susan Rachel Ferguson </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Steel (1988) pages 44–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Balfour, Alan, and McCrone, David (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alanbalfour.com/books/parliament/chapter1/index.html">Creating a Scottish Parliament</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828040922/http://www.alanbalfour.com/books/parliament/chapter1/index.html">Archived</a> 28 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Edinburgh. StudioLR. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9550016-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9550016-0-9">0-9550016-0-9</a>. Retrieved 4 January 2008. Miralles wrote: <dl><dd>"Late XIX St Kilda Parliament</dd> <dd>To Remember this is not an archaic activity</dd> <dd>My generation (myself) has experienced that emotion</dd> <dd>Consider how different movements exist in present times</dd> <dd>Architecture should be able to talk about this."</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> See for example Steel (1988) page 71 quoting Macauley in 1756, MacCulloch in 1819 and Ross in 1887. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Fleming (2005) pages 107 and 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Steel (1988) pages 33–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeathcote1900" class="citation book cs1">Heathcote, Norman (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stkilda00heatgoog">St Kilda</a>. London: Longmans, Green & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St+Kilda&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Heathcote&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstkilda00heatgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Rev. Neil MacKenzie, quoted by Fleming (2005), p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Steel (1988), pp. 150–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Maclean (1977) p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Fleming (2005) p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnb.seekrieg14-18.de/MNB_004_IV-2010.htm">"Das Marine-Nachrichtenblatt"</a>. mnb.seekrieg14-18.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110319081434/http://www.mnb.seekrieg14-18.de/MNB_004_IV-2010.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mnb.seekrieg14-18.de&rft.atitle=Das+Marine-Nachrichtenblatt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnb.seekrieg14-18.de%2FMNB_004_IV-2010.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Steel (1988) p. 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Neil Gilles, quoted in Steel (1988) p. 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Steel (1988), p. 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-Smyth-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Smyth_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth2019" class="citation web cs1">Smyth, Kirsty (15 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scottishfield.co.uk/culture/remote-possibilities-when-people-lived-on-st-kilda/">"Remote Possibilities When People Lived on St Kilda"</a>. Scottish Field. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210503171131/https://www.scottishfield.co.uk/culture/remote-possibilities-when-people-lived-on-st-kilda/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Field&rft.atitle=Remote+Possibilities+When+People+Lived+on+St+Kilda&rft.date=2019-11-15&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Kirsty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottishfield.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fremote-possibilities-when-people-lived-on-st-kilda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kilda.org.uk/frame1.htm">The Evacuation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100831172220/http://www.kilda.org.uk/frame1.htm">Archived</a> 31 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> kilda.org.uk Accessed 2 December 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kilda.org.uk/frame26.htm">"Work party information"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061002160717/http://www.kilda.org.uk/frame26.htm">Archived</a> 2 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> National Trust for Scotland. Retrieved 18 March 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kilda.org.uk/latestnews.htm#Poison">"Poison in Paradise"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205145818/http://www.kilda.org.uk/latestnews.htm#Poison">Archived</a> 5 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> National Trust for Scotland. Retrieved 20 June 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehargDeaconEdwardsDonaldson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Meharg, Andrew A.; Deacon, Clare; Edwards, Kevin J.; Donaldson, Margaret; Davidson, Donald A.; Spring, Christian; Scrimgeour, Charles M.; Feldmann, Jörg; Rabb, A. (2006). "Ancient manuring practices pollute arable soils at the St Kilda World Heritage Site, Scottish North Atlantic". Chemosphere. 64 (11): 1818–1828. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Chmsp..64.1818M">2006Chmsp..64.1818M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2006.01.076">10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.076</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16542706">16542706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemosphere&rft.atitle=Ancient+manuring+practices+pollute+arable+soils+at+the+St+Kilda+World+Heritage+Site%2C+Scottish+North+Atlantic&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1818-1828&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16542706&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2006.01.076&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Chmsp..64.1818M&rft.aulast=Meharg&rft.aufirst=Andrew+A.&rft.au=Deacon%2C+Clare&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Kevin+J.&rft.au=Donaldson%2C+Margaret&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Donald+A.&rft.au=Spring%2C+Christian&rft.au=Scrimgeour%2C+Charles+M.&rft.au=Feldmann%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Rabb%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Rix, Juliet (24 March 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/mar/24/last-man-st-kilda-evacuation?INTCMP=SRCH">"St Kilda: On the street where we lived"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829170634/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/mar/24/last-man-st-kilda-evacuation?INTCMP=SRCH">Archived</a> 29 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. London. The Guardian. Retrieved 28 March 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829162733/http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/eighty-years-ago-st-kilda-was-evacuated-today-one-of-only-two-survivors-remembers-leaving-the-islands-1-821248">"Eighty years ago St Kilda was evacuated. Today one of only two survivors remembers leaving the islands"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a>. 11 August 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/eighty-years-ago-st-kilda-was-evacuated-today-one-of-only-two-survivors-remembers-leaving-the-islands-1-821248">the original</a> on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Eighty+years+ago+St+Kilda+was+evacuated.+Today+one+of+only+two+survivors+remembers+leaving+the+islands.&rft.date=2010-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Flifestyle%2Feighty-years-ago-st-kilda-was-evacuated-today-one-of-only-two-survivors-remembers-leaving-the-islands-1-821248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonplacefacts.com/2024/07/24/the-evacuation-of-st-kilda-a-story-of-isolation-resilience-and-change/">"The Evacuation of St Kilda: A Story of Isolation, Resiliance, and Change"</a>. 24 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evacuation+of+St+Kilda%3A+A+Story+of+Isolation%2C+Resiliance%2C+and+Change&rft.date=2024-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonplacefacts.com%2F2024%2F07%2F24%2Fthe-evacuation-of-st-kilda-a-story-of-isolation-resilience-and-change%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Maclean (1977), p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/research/learning/features/stories-from-st-kilda">"Stories from St Kilda"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scotsman.com&rft.atitle=St+Kilda+and+the+seas+of+change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Flifestyle-2-15039%2Fst-kilda-and-the-seas-of-change-1-465588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> BBC News – Last surviving St Kildan Rachel Johnson dies (7 April 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-35985243">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505175625/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-35985243">Archived</a> 5 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. London. The BBC. 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Retrieved 13 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5th+Marquess+of+Bute%2C+John+Crichton-Stuart+%281907%E2%80%931956%29&rft.pub=Mount+Stuart%2C+Isle+of+Bute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountstuart.com%2Fhistory-and-heritage%2Fbute-family%2F5th-marquess%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> McMillan, Joyce (3 March 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/opinion.cfm?id=336112007">"St Kilda the Opera brings out the bully-boys"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102160545/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/opinion.cfm?id=336112007">Archived</a> 2 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Edinburgh. The Scotsman. Retrieved 3 March 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Steel (1988) page 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Quine (2000), p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Steel (1988), p. 236 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Barry, John C. (1980) "Wartime Wrecks on St. Kilda" After the Battle. 30 p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kilda.org.uk/puffinnstatement.htm">"Puff Inn statement"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311083300/http://www.kilda.org.uk/puffinnstatement.htm">Archived</a> 11 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Provided by QinetiQ, approved by the MOD and published by the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Scotland" title="National Trust for Scotland">National Trust for Scotland</a>. Retrieved 18 October 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Steel (1988) pp. 238–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kilda.org.uk/visitor-advice.htm">"Advice for visitors"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070416054436/http://www.kilda.org.uk/visitor-advice.htm">Archived</a> 16 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2004) National Trust for Scotland. Retrieved 18 March 2007. 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Retrieved 10 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Historic+evacuation+of+islands+will+be+commemorated+on+St+Kilda+Day&rft.date=2009-07-31&rft.au=Ross%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.scotsman.com%2Finverness%2FIn-1930-the-last-islanders.5511585.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ampaipear.org.uk/qinetiq-st-kilda-recovery-plan-already-motion/">"Qinetiq: St Kilda recovery plan already in motion"</a>. 12 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161121181951/http://www.ampaipear.org.uk/qinetiq-st-kilda-recovery-plan-already-motion/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2016. 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Atropos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140913151023/http://www.atropos.info/flightarrivals//index.php">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atropos&rft.atitle=Flight+Arrivals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atropos.info%2Fflightarrivals%2F%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimber" class="citation web cs1">Kimber, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140913150552/http://ukmoths.org.uk/show.php?id=6335">"1985 Oleander Hawk-moth Daphnis nerii"</a>. UKmoths. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukmoths.org.uk/show.php?id=6335">the original</a> on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UKmoths&rft.atitle=1985+Oleander+Hawk-moth+Daphnis+nerii&rft.aulast=Kimber&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukmoths.org.uk%2Fshow.php%3Fid%3D6335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RBGE-181"><a href="#cite_ref-RBGE_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Botanical_Garden_Edinburgh" class="citation web cs1">Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170926054125/http://www.rbge.org.uk/about-us/news/stories/new-dandelion-found">"New Dandelion Found"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rbge.org.uk/about-us/news/stories/new-dandelion-found">the original</a> on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Dandelion+Found&rft.au=Royal+Botanical+Garden+Edinburgh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbge.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fnews%2Fstories%2Fnew-dandelion-found&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Gauld, R. Bagenal, T.E. and Connell, J.H. (1953) "The marine fauna and flora of St. Kilda, 1952". Scottish Naturalist 65 pp 29–49, quoted in Darling and Boyd (1969) page 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010817041448/http://www.soaysofamerica.org/">"Soays of America"</a> soaysofamerica.org Retrieved 24 December 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-rbst.org.uk-184"><a href="#cite_ref-rbst.org.uk_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406034136/https://www.rbst.org.uk/watch-list/sheep/boreray">"Sheep"</a>. Rare Breeds Watchlist. Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rbst.org.uk/watch-list/sheep/boreray">the original</a> on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rare+Breeds+Watchlist&rft.atitle=Sheep&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbst.org.uk%2Fwatch-list%2Fsheep%2Fboreray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Steel (1988) pages 256–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nnr-scotland.org.uk/reserve.asp?NNRId=5">"Scotland's National Nature Reserves—St Kilda"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515231414/http://www.nnr-scotland.org.uk/reserve.asp?NNRId=5">Archived</a> 15 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> National Trust for Scotland. Retrieved 16 March 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snh.org.uk/nnr-scotland/news_detail.asp?newsID=12">"Scotland's National Nature Reserves—News and Events"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090112220128/http://www.snh.org.uk/nnr-scotland/news_detail.asp?newsID=12">Archived</a> 12 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (9 December 2004) National Trust for Scotland. Retrieved 17 March 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kilda.org.uk/frame2.htm">Marine Environment gains World Heritage Protection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603050143/http://www.kilda.org.uk/frame2.htm">Archived</a> 3 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2 July 2004) The National Trust for Scotland. Retrieved 4 December 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/research/pdf_res_notes/rn01-73.pdf">"World Heritage Sites in Scotland"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529185217/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/research/pdf_res_notes/rn01-73.pdf">Archived</a> 29 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (21 July 2007) Scottish Parliament Information Centre. Research Note RN 01/73. Retrieved 3 January 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kilda.org.uk/frame26.htm">"Dual World Heritage Status For Unique Scottish Islands"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061002160717/http://www.kilda.org.uk/frame26.htm">Archived</a> 2 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (14 July 2005) National Trust for Scotland. Retrieved 6 January 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nts.org.uk/Property/55/Details/">"St Kilda National Nature Reserve"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021335/http://www.nts.org.uk/Property/55/Details/">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> National Trust for Scotland. Retrieved 16 March 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-Feb1-1-192"><a href="#cite_ref-Feb1-1_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/7221597.stm">"Crew rescued from stricken boat"</a>. BBC News online. Retrieved 1 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Crew+rescued+from+stricken+boat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fscotland%2Fhighlands_and_islands%2F7221597.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscobales2008" class="citation news cs1">Escobales, Roxanne (5 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/feb/05/conservation1">"Trawler rats threaten St Kilda seabirds"</a>. London: Guardian Newspapers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006193717/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/feb/05/conservation1">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trawler+rats+threaten+St+Kilda+seabirds&rft.date=2008-02-05&rft.aulast=Escobales&rft.aufirst=Roxanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2008%2Ffeb%2F05%2Fconservation1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/7227563.stm">"Rats probe under way on St Kilda"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080208161443/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/7227563.stm">Archived</a> 8 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC. Retrieved 10 February 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaston2008" class="citation news cs1">Gaston, Jack (29 May 2008). "Early bird saves UK heritage site". Lloyd's List Daily Commercial News. Informa Australia Pty Ltd. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lloyd%27s+List+Daily+Commercial+News&rft.atitle=Early+bird+saves+UK+heritage+site&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2008-05-29&rft.aulast=Gaston&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Booth, Richard <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsac.com/diverreports.asp?section=1248&sectionTitle=UK&itemid=2275">"St Kilda: The Holy Grail of UK Diving?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120603184649/http://www.bsac.com/diverreports.asp?section=1248&sectionTitle=UK&itemid=2275">Archived</a> 3 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (July 2005) BSAC Travel Club. Retrieved 18 March 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> McKirdy, Alan Gordon, John & Crofts, Roger (2007) Land of Mountain and Flood: The Geology and Landforms of Scotland. Edinburgh. Birlinn. Page 220. </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Baxter, Colin and Crumley, Jim (1998) St Kilda: A portrait of Britain's remotest island landscape, Biggar, Colin Baxter Photography <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948661-03-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-948661-03-8">0-948661-03-8</a></li> <li>Buchanan, Margaret (1983) St Kilda: a Photographic Album, W. Blackwood, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85158-162-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85158-162-5">0-85158-162-5</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Coates" title="Richard Coates">Coates, Richard</a> (1990). The Place-Names of St Kilda: Nomina Hirtensia. Lewiston, New York: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88946-077-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88946-077-9"><bdi>0-88946-077-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Place-Names+of+St+Kilda%3A+Nomina+Hirtensia&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-88946-077-9&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fraser_Darling" title="Frank Fraser Darling">Fraser Darling, F.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Morton_Boyd" title="John Morton Boyd">Boyd, J.M.</a> (1969) Natural History in the Highlands and Islands, London, Bloomsbury <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870630-98-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-870630-98-X">1-870630-98-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2005" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Andrew (2005). St. Kilda and the Wider World: Tales of an Iconic Island. Windgather Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-905119-00-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-905119-00-3"><bdi>1-905119-00-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Kilda+and+the+Wider+World%3A+Tales+of+an+Iconic+Island&rft.pub=Windgather+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-905119-00-3&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Harvie-Brown, J.A. and Buckley, T. E. (1888), A Vertebrate Fauna of the Outer Hebrides. Pub. David Douglas., Edinburgh.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaswell-Smith2004" class="citation book cs1">Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bXFwKl5gVqwC">The Scottish Islands</a>. Edinburgh: Canongate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84195-454-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84195-454-7"><bdi>978-1-84195-454-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scottish+Islands&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Canongate&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84195-454-7&rft.aulast=Haswell-Smith&rft.aufirst=Hamish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbXFwKl5gVqwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Keay, J., and Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland, London, HarperCollins <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-255082-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-255082-2">0-00-255082-2</a></li> <li>Maclean, Charles (1977) Island on the Edge of the World: the Story of St. Kilda, Edinburgh, Canongate <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903937-41-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-903937-41-7">0-903937-41-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Alpin_MacGregor" title="Alasdair Alpin MacGregor">MacGregor, Alasdair Alpin</a> (1969) The Farthest Hebrides, London, Michael Joseph Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7181-0691-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7181-0691-1">0-7181-0691-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Martin" title="Martin Martin">Martin, Martin</a> (1703) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313003106/http://www.appins.org/martin.htm">A Voyage to St. Kilda</a>" in A Description of The Western Islands of Scotland, Appin Regiment/Appin Historical Society. Retrieved 3 March 2007</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Monro_(dean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Monro (dean)">Monro, Sir Donald</a> (1549) <a href="/wiki/Description_of_the_Western_Isles_of_Scotland" title="Description of the Western Isles of Scotland">Description of the Western Isles of Scotland</a>. William Auld. Edinburgh - 1774 edition.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W.H._Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="W.H. Murray">Murray, W.H.</a> (1966). The Hebrides. London: Heinemann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrides&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=W.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Nicolay1583" class="citation book cs1">de Nicolay, Nicholas (1583). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.nls.uk/coasts/chart/169">Vraye & exacte description Hydrographique des costes maritimes d'Escosse & des Isles Orchades Hebrides avec partie d'Angleterre & d'Irlande servant a la navigation</a>. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland" title="National Library of Scotland">National Library of Scotland</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200117233252/https://maps.nls.uk/coasts/chart/169">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vraye+%26+exacte+description+Hydrographique+des+costes+maritimes+d%27Escosse+%26+des+Isles+Orchades+Hebrides+avec+partie+d%27Angleterre+%26+d%27Irlande+servant+a+la+navigation&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Scotland&rft.date=1583&rft.aulast=de+Nicolay&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.nls.uk%2Fcoasts%2Fchart%2F169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Quine, David (2000) St Kilda, Grantown-on-Spey, Colin Baxter Island Guides <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84107-008-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84107-008-4">1-84107-008-4</a></li> <li>Steel, Tom (1988) The Life and Death of St. Kilda, London, Fontana <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-637340-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-637340-2">0-00-637340-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1968" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Burt_Taylor" title="Alexander Burt Taylor">Taylor, A. B.</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48613119">"The Norsemen in St. Kilda"</a>. Saga-Book. 17. JSTOR/Viking Society for Northern Research: 116–144. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48613119">48613119</a>. Retrieved 24 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saga-Book&rft.atitle=The+Norsemen+in+St.+Kilda&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=116-144&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48613119%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48613119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1926" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Watson" title="William J. Watson">Watson, William J.</a> (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofcelticp0000unse/page/97">The History of the Celtic Place-Names of Scotland</a>. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Celtic+Place-Names+of+Scotland&rft.place=Edinburgh+and+London&rft.pub=William+Blackwood+and+Sons&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofcelticp0000unse%2Fpage%2F97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Kilda%2C+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Williamson" title="Kenneth Williamson">Williamson, Kenneth</a>; & Boyd, J. Morton. (1960). St Kilda Summer. London. Hutchinson.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Atkinson, Robert Island going to the remoter isles, chiefly uninhabited, off the north-west corner of Scotland, William Collins, 1949. (Reprinted Birlinn, 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874744-31-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-874744-31-9">1-874744-31-9</a>)</li> <li>Charnley, Bob Last Greetings of St. Kilda, Richard Stenlake, 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872074-02-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-872074-02-2">1-872074-02-2</a></li> <li>Coates, Richard The Place-Names of St. Kilda, <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>, 1990 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88946-077-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88946-077-9">0-88946-077-9</a></li> <li>Crichton, Torcuil (26 June 2005) "The Last of the St Kildans". Glasgow. Sunday Herald. A report of a surviving St Kildan re-visiting the islands.</li> <li>Gilbert, O. The Lichen Hunters. St Kilda: Lichens at the Edge of the World, The Book Guild Ltd., England, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85776-930-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85776-930-9">1-85776-930-9</a></li> <li>Gillies, Donald John, and Randall, John (Editor) The Truth about St Kilda. An Islander's Memoir, John Donald, Edinburgh, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906566-07-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906566-07-4">978-1-906566-07-4</a></li> <li>Harden, Jill and Lelong, Olivia "Winds of Change, the Living Landscapes of Hirta, St Kilda", Edinburgh, Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903903-29-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903903-29-5">978-0-903903-29-5</a></li> <li>Harman, Mary An Isle Called Hirte: History and Culture of St. Kilda to 1930, MacLean Press, 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899272-03-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-899272-03-8">1-899272-03-8</a></li> <li>Kearton, Richard <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/keacam/index.html">With Nature and a Camera</a>, Cassell and Company, London, 1898</li> <li>Macaulay, Kenneth (1764), The History of St Kilda, T Becket and P A De Hondt, London (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b30545225">Internet Archive</a>)</li> <li>Macauley, Margaret (2009) The Prisoner of St Kilda: The true story of the unfortunate Lady Grange, Edinburgh, Luath <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906817-02-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906817-02-2">978-1-906817-02-2</a></li> <li>McCutcheon, Campbell St. Kilda: a Journey to the End of the World, Tempus, 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-2380-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-2380-0">0-7524-2380-0</a></li> <li>Stell, Geoffrey P., and Mary Harman Buildings of St Kilda, <a href="/wiki/RCAHMS" class="mw-redirect" title="RCAHMS">RCAHMS</a>, 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-493391-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-11-493391-X">0-11-493391-X</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Kilda,_Scotland&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:St_Kilda,_Scotland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:St Kilda, Scotland">St Kilda</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/St_Kilda#Q166479" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:St Kilda">St Kilda</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/St_Kilda_(Scotland)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/St Kilda (Scotland)">St Kilda (Scotland)</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.nls.uk/scotlandspages/timeline/1930.html">1930 – evacuation of St Kilda</a> (29 August 1930) <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland" title="National Library of Scotland">National Library of Scotland</a> reprint of report from The Times. London. Retrieved 28 December 2007.</li> <li>Digitised manuscript map of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.nls.uk/counties/detail.cfm?id=659">St Kilda</a> drawn by the Scottish civil engineer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stevenson_(civil_engineer)" title="Robert Stevenson (civil engineer)">Robert Stevenson</a> in approximately 1818</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssa.nls.uk/search.cfm?search_sort_order=Film.dateRelease%2CFilm.name&search_sort_direction=ASC&search_term=st+kilda&search_fields=2&search_join_type=AND&search_fuzzy=yes&videos_only=1&search_mode=Advanced&submit=Search+%3E%3E%3E">Archive films about St Kilda</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Screen#The_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Screen">Scottish Screen Archive</a> at <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland" title="National Library of Scotland">National Library of Scotland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abandonedcommunities.co.uk/page39.html">abandonedcommunities.co.uk</a> Retrieved 28 December 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kilda.org.uk/StKildaCultHerExtractFINALB38477.pdf">Revised nomination of St Kilda for inclusion on the World Heritage Site List</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703131509/http://www.kilda.org.uk/StKildaCultHerExtractFINALB38477.pdf">Archived</a> 3 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (January 2003) (pdf) Retrieved 28 December 2007. Includes a detailed map.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nrscotland.gov.uk/20190127025030/http://www2.gov.scot/Publications/2003/05/16738/19671">archive of "Revised Nomination of St Kilda for inclusion in the World Heritage Site List"</a>. (12 May 2003) The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Executive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utopia-britannica.org.uk/pages/StKilda.htm">"St Kilda – Death of an Island Republic"</a> Utopia Britannica: British Utopian Experiments 1325 – 1945. Retrieved 28 December 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160110172858/http://www.kilda.org.uk/">"St Kilda"</a> National Trust for Scotland. Retrieved 28 December 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://protectedplanet.net/sites/St_Kilda_World_Heritage_Site">Protected Planet Factsheet about St Kilda</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227104827/http://protectedplanet.net/sites/St_Kilda_World_Heritage_Site">Archived</a> 27 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pierreseche.com/cleitean_of_saint-kilda.htm">The cleitean of the St Kilda Archipelago</a>. An architectural and historical account by Christian Lassure. Retrieved 28 December 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/St_Kilda_(Hirta)_National_Nature_Reserve,_United_Kingdom">St Kilda (Hirta) National Nature Reserve, United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/8226450.stm">Abandonment of St Kilda recalled</a> BBC News 28 August 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4pBDwJi_kw">St Kilda: A Wildlife Mystery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SDVV4Vz2kI">St. Kilda, Its People and Birds (1908) – extract</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W-CpkFgxx2I">St Kilda: Britain's Loneliest Isle (1928)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21588052-norman-john-gillies-last-voice-st-kilda-died-september-29th-aged-88-norman-john">Obituary of Norman John Gillies, the last voice of St Kilda, died on 29 September 2013, aged 88. The Economist.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islands_of_St_Kilda_(Hiort)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:St_Kilda" title="Template:St Kilda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:St_Kilda" title="Template talk:St Kilda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:St_Kilda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:St Kilda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islands_of_St_Kilda_(Hiort)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Islands</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">St Kilda</a> (Hiort)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boreray,_St_Kilda" title="Boreray, St Kilda">Boreray / Boraraigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B9n" title="Dùn">Dùn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirta" title="Hirta">Hirta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soay,_St_Kilda" title="Soay, St Kilda">Soay / Soaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stac_an_Armin" title="Stac an Armin">Stac an Armin / Stac an Àrmainn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stac_Biorach" title="Stac Biorach">Stac Biorach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stac_Lee" title="Stac Lee">Stac Lee / Stac Lì</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stac_Levenish" title="Stac Levenish">Stac Levenish / Stac Leibhinis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Endemic species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taraxacum_pankhurstianum" title="Taraxacum pankhurstianum">St Kilda dandelion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Kilda_field_mouse" title="St Kilda field mouse">St Kilda field mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Kilda_house_mouse" title="St Kilda house mouse">St Kilda house mouse</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Kilda_wren" title="St Kilda wren">St Kilda wren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unique sheep breeds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boreray_sheep" title="Boreray sheep">Boreray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soay_sheep" title="Soay sheep">Soay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clan_MacLeod" title="Clan MacLeod">Clan MacLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Chiesley,_Lady_Grange" title="Rachel Chiesley, Lady Grange">Lady Grange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_Western_Isles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_Western_Isles" title="Template:Prehistoric Western Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_Western_Isles" title="Template talk:Prehistoric Western Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_Western_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric Western Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_Western_Isles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prehistoric Western Isles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Callanish Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Callanish_Stones" title="Callanish Stones">Callanish I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callanish_II" title="Callanish II">Callanish II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callanish_III" title="Callanish III">Callanish III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callanish_IV" title="Callanish IV">Callanish IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Callanish_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Callanish V (page does not exist)">Callanish V</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Callanish_VI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Callanish VI (page does not exist)">Callanish VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callanish_VIII" title="Callanish VIII">Callanish VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callanish_X" title="Callanish X">Callanish X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Neolithic Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barpa_Langass" title="Barpa Langass">Barpa Langass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinish" title="Carinish">Carinish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clach_an_Trushal" title="Clach an Trushal">Clach an Trushal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eilean_D%C3%B2mhnuill" title="Eilean Dòmhnuill">Eilean Dòmhnuill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fir_Bhreige" class="mw-redirect" title="Fir Bhreige">Fir Bhreige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pobull_Fhinn" title="Pobull Fhinn">Pobull Fhinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinacleit" title="Steinacleit">Steinacleit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Prehistory">St Kilda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bronze and Iron Age Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allasdale" title="Allasdale">Allasdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladh_Hallan" title="Cladh Hallan">Cladh Hallan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dun_an_Sticir" title="Dun an Sticir">Dun an Sticir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dun_Bharabhat,_Great_Bernera" title="Dun Bharabhat, Great Bernera">Dun Bharabhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dun_Carloway" title="Dun Carloway">Dun Carloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B9n_%C3%88istean" title="Dùn Èistean">Dùn Èistean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dun_Vulan" title="Dun Vulan">Dun Vulan</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islands_of_Scotland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islands_of_Scotland" title="Template:Islands of Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islands_of_Scotland" title="Template talk:Islands of Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islands_of_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islands of Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islands_of_Scotland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Islands of Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geography</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shetland_islands" title="List of Shetland islands">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Orkney_islands" title="List of Orkney islands">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Outer_Hebrides" title="List of Outer Hebrides">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Inner_Hebrides" title="List of Inner Hebrides">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St Kilda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde" title="Islands of the Clyde">Islands of the Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Forth" title="Islands of the Forth">Islands of the Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_islands_in_Scotland" title="List of freshwater islands in Scotland">Freshwater Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_outlying_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of outlying islands of Scotland">Outlying Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sea_stacks_in_Scotland" title="List of sea stacks in Scotland">Sea Stacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Boreray_and_the_Stacs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boreray and the Stacs"><img alt="Boreray and the Stacs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Boreray_and_the_Stacs.jpg/80px-Boreray_and_the_Stacs.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Boreray_and_the_Stacs.jpg/120px-Boreray_and_the_Stacs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Boreray_and_the_Stacs.jpg/160px-Boreray_and_the_Stacs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="451" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prehistory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prehistory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Orkney" title="Prehistoric Orkney">Prehistoric Orkney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Neolithic_Orkney" title="Heart of Neolithic Orkney">Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeshowe" title="Maeshowe">Maeshowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Ness of Brodgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Brodgar" title="Ring of Brodgar">Ring of Brodgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skara_Brae" title="Skara Brae">Skara Brae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Stones_of_Stenness" title="Standing Stones of Stenness">Standing Stones of Stenness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Shetland" title="Prehistoric Shetland">Prehistoric Shetland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zenith_of_Iron_Age_Shetland" title="Zenith of Iron Age Shetland">Zenith of Iron Age Shetland</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch_of_Mousa" title="Broch of Mousa">Broch of Mousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarlshof" title="Jarlshof">Jarlshof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Scatness" title="Old Scatness">Old Scatness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric Western Isles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Callanish_Stones" title="Callanish Stones">Callanish Stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dun_Carloway" title="Dun Carloway">Dun Carloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubha_an_D%C3%B9nain" title="Rubha an Dùnain">Rubha an Dùnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dun_Nosebridge" title="Dun Nosebridge">Dun Nosebridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columba" title="Columba">Columba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinba" title="Hinba">Hinba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scandinavian Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rulers_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles">Rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_the_Isles" title="Bishop of the Isles">Bishop of the Isles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Isles" title="Lord of the Isles">Lordship of the Isles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Perth" title="Treaty of Perth">Treaty of Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Westminster_(1462)" title="Treaty of Westminster (1462)">Treaty of Ardtornish-Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlaggan" title="Finlaggan">Finlaggan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Orkney" title="Earl of Orkney">Earldom of Orkney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckquoy_spindle-whorl" title="Buckquoy spindle-whorl">Buckquoy spindle-whorl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udal_law" title="Udal law">Udal law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th Century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_risings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite risings">Jacobite risings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_MacDonald" title="Flora MacDonald">Flora MacDonald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orkneyinga_saga" title="Orkneyinga saga">Orkneyinga Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Description_of_the_Western_Isles_of_Scotland" title="Description of the Western Isles of Scotland">Description of the Western Isles of Scotland</a> (Monro)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Martin" title="Martin Martin">A Description of the Western Isles of Scotland</a> (Martin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Journey_to_the_Western_Islands_of_Scotland" title="A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland">A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland</a> (Johnson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_a_Tour_to_the_Hebrides" title="The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides">The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides</a> (Boswell)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Etymology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Etymology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_island_names" title="Scottish island names">Scottish island names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles#Island_names" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides#Etymology" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainmean-%C3%80ite_na_h-Alba" title="Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba">Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Arran#Etymology" title="Isle of Arran">Arran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigha#Etymology" title="Gigha">Gigha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islay#Name" title="Islay">Islay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Skye" title="Etymology of Skye">Skye</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Origin_of_names">St Kilda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwall" title="Kirkwall">Kirkwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerwick" title="Lerwick">Lerwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothesay" title="Rothesay">Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stornoway" title="Stornoway">Stornoway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromness" title="Stromness">Stromness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_Energy_Scotland" title="Community Energy Scotland">Community Energy Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crofters_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Crofters Commission">Crofters Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands_Enterprise" title="Highlands and Islands Enterprise">Highlands and Islands Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Islands_Federation" title="Scottish Islands Federation">Scottish Islands Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">Oil industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flotta" title="Flotta">Flotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullom_Voe" title="Sullom Voe">Sullom Voe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shetland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aly_Bain" title="Aly Bain">Aly Bain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fraser_(singer)" title="Thomas Fraser (singer)">Thomas Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerie_Willie_Johnson" title="Peerie Willie Johnson">Peerie Willie Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_Amenity_Trust" title="Shetland Amenity Trust">Shetland Amenity Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_Helly_Aa" title="Up Helly Aa">Up Helly Aa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagaland" title="Vagaland">Vagaland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orkney</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Mackay_Brown" title="George Mackay Brown">George Mackay Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Maxwell_Davies" title="Peter Maxwell Davies">Peter Maxwell Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Marian_McNeill" title="F. Marian McNeill">F. Marian McNeill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwall_Ba_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkwall Ba game">Kirkwall Ba game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney_Heritage_Society" title="Orkney Heritage Society">Orkney Heritage Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Magnus_Festival" title="St Magnus Festival">St Magnus Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outer Hebrides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Mackenzie" title="Compton Mackenzie">Compton Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8is_Bharraigh" title="Fèis Bharraigh">Fèis Bharraigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(since_1900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (since 1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Crichton_Smith" title="Iain Crichton Smith">Iain Crichton Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inner Hebrides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islay_whisky" class="mw-redirect" title="Islay whisky">Islay whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runrig" title="Runrig">Runrig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorley_MacLean" title="Sorley MacLean">Sorley MacLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Highland_Free_Press" title="West Highland Free Press">West Highland Free Press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Local_authorities" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_Islands_Council" title="Shetland Islands Council">Shetland Islands Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands_Council" title="Orkney Islands Council">Orkney Islands Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_nan_Eilean_Siar" title="Comhairle nan Eilean Siar">Comhairle nan Eilean Siar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Council" title="Highland Council">Highland Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute" title="Argyll and Bute">Argyll and Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ayrshire" title="North Ayrshire">North Ayrshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Wildlife" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wildlife</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Isle_wren" title="Fair Isle wren">Fair Isle wren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney_vole" title="Orkney vole">Orkney vole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_wren" title="Shetland wren">Shetland wren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Kilda_field_mouse" title="St Kilda field mouse">St Kilda field mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Kilda_wren" title="St Kilda wren">St Kilda wren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_whitebeams" title="Arran whitebeams">Arran whitebeams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primula_scotica" title="Primula scotica">Scottish Primrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerastium_nigrescens" title="Cerastium nigrescens">Shetland Mouse-ear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domesticated animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairn_Terrier" title="Cairn Terrier">Cairn Terrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriskay_Pony" title="Eriskay Pony">Eriskay Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boreray_(sheep)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreray (sheep)">Hebridean Blackface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luing_cattle" title="Luing cattle">Luing cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ronaldsay_sheep" title="North Ronaldsay sheep">North Ronaldsay sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Terrier" title="Scottish Terrier">Scottie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_Sheepdog" title="Shetland Sheepdog">Sheltie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_(cattle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland (cattle)">Shetland cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_Goose" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland Goose">Shetland Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_pony" title="Shetland pony">Shetland pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_sheep" title="Shetland sheep">Shetland sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soay_sheep" title="Soay sheep">Soay sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Highland_White_Terrier" title="West Highland White Terrier">Westie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shetland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geopark_Shetland" title="Geopark Shetland">Geopark Shetland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Orkney" title="Geology of Orkney">Geology of Orkney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eday_Group" title="Eday Group">Eday Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcadian_Basin" title="Orcadian Basin">Orcadian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesnaby_Sandstone_Group" title="Yesnaby Sandstone Group">Yesnaby Sandstone Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hebrides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonsay_Group" title="Colonsay Group">Colonsay Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Estuarine_Group" title="Great Estuarine Group">Great Estuarine Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Terrane" title="Hebridean Terrane">Hebridean Terrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewisian_complex" title="Lewisian complex">Lewisian complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorne_plateau_lavas" title="Lorne plateau lavas">Lorne plateau lavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moine_Supergroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Moine Supergroup">Moine Supergroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moine_Thrust_Belt" title="Moine Thrust Belt">Moine Thrust Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Isle_of_Mull" title="Geology of the Isle of Mull">Mull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinns_complex" title="Rhinns complex">Rhinns complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Isle_of_Skye" title="Geology of the Isle of Skye">Skye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staffa#Geology_and_pre-history" title="Staffa">Staffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torridonian" title="Torridonian">Torridonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands of the Clyde</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Boundary_Fault" title="Highland Boundary Fault">Highland Boundary Fault</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_scenic_areas_in_Scotland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#9BCB65;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NSAs_in_Scotland" title="Template:NSAs in Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NSAs_in_Scotland" title="Template talk:NSAs in Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NSAs_in_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NSAs in Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_scenic_areas_in_Scotland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_scenic_area_(Scotland)" title="National scenic area (Scotland)">National scenic areas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Aberdeenshire" title="River Dee, Aberdeenshire">Deeside</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lochnagar" title="Lochnagar">Lochnagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute" title="Argyll and Bute">Argyll and Bute</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jura,_Scotland" title="Jura, Scotland">Jura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Nevis_and_Glen_Coe_National_Scenic_Area" title="Ben Nevis and Glen Coe National Scenic Area">Ben Nevis and Glen Coe</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knapdale" title="Knapdale">Knapdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyles_of_Bute" title="Kyles of Bute">Kyles of Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Lomond" title="Loch Lomond">Loch Lomond</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loch_na_Keal" title="Loch na Keal">Loch na Keal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lismore,_Scotland" title="Lismore, Scotland">Lynn of Lorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarba,_Lunga_and_the_Garvellachs_National_Scenic_Area" title="Scarba, Lunga and the Garvellachs National Scenic Area">Scarba, Lunga and the Garvellachs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway" title="Dumfries and Galloway">Dumfries and Galloway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rough_Firth" title="Rough Firth">East Stewartry Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_of_Fleet" title="Water of Fleet">Fleet Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Nith" title="River Nith">Nith Estuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Highland_(council_area)" title="Highland (council area)">Highland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assynt" title="Assynt">Assynt</a>-<a href="/wiki/Coigach" title="Coigach">Coigach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Nevis_and_Glen_Coe_National_Scenic_Area" title="Ben Nevis and Glen Coe National Scenic Area">Ben Nevis and Glen Coe</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairngorms" title="Cairngorms">Cairngorms</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuillin" title="Cuillin">Cuillin Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornoch_Firth" title="Dornoch Firth">Dornoch Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Affric" title="Glen Affric">Glen Affric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Strathfarrar" title="Glen Strathfarrar">Glen Strathfarrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintail" title="Kintail">Kintail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoydart" title="Knoydart">Knoydart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_of_Tongue" title="Kyle of Tongue">Kyle of Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Shiel" title="Loch Shiel">Loch Shiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morar,_Moidart_and_Ardnamurchan_National_Scenic_Area" title="Morar, Moidart and Ardnamurchan National Scenic Area">Morar, Moidart and Ardnamurchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_Sutherland_National_Scenic_Area" title="North West Sutherland National Scenic Area">North West Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Isles" title="Small Isles">Small Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotternish" title="Trotternish">Trotternish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wester_Ross" title="Wester Ross">Wester Ross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moray" title="Moray">Moray</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairngorms" title="Cairngorms">Cairngorms</a> (part)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Na h-Eileanan Siar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lewis,_Harris_and_North_Uist_National_Scenic_Area" title="South Lewis, Harris and North Uist National Scenic Area">South Lewis, Harris and North Uist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Uist" title="South Uist">South Uist Machair</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St Kilda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Ayrshire" title="North Ayrshire">North Ayrshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Arran" title="Isle of Arran">North Arran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoy_and_West_Mainland_National_Scenic_Area" title="Hoy and West Mainland National Scenic Area">Hoy and West Mainland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Perth_and_Kinross" title="Perth and Kinross">Perth and Kinross</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Nevis_and_Glen_Coe_National_Scenic_Area" title="Ben Nevis and Glen Coe National Scenic Area">Ben Nevis and Glen Coe</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Rannoch_and_Glen_Lyon_National_Scenic_Area" title="Loch Rannoch and Glen Lyon National Scenic Area">Loch Rannoch and Glen Lyon</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Tummel" title="Loch Tummel">Loch Tummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Earn" title="River Earn">River Earn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Comrie,_Perth_and_Kinross" title="Comrie, Perth and Kinross">Comrie</a> to <a href="/wiki/St_Fillans" title="St Fillans">St Fillans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tay" title="River Tay">River Tay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dunkeld" title="Dunkeld">Dunkeld</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Borders" title="Scottish Borders">Scottish Borders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eildon_Hill" title="Eildon Hill">Eildon and Leaderfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tweeddale_National_Scenic_Area" title="Upper Tweeddale National Scenic Area">Upper Tweeddale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stirling_(council_area)" title="Stirling (council area)">Stirling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Lomond" title="Loch Lomond">Loch Lomond</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Rannoch_and_Glen_Lyon_National_Scenic_Area" title="Loch Rannoch and Glen Lyon National Scenic Area">Loch Rannoch and Glen Lyon</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trossachs" title="Trossachs">The Trossachs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Dunbartonshire" title="West Dunbartonshire">West Dunbartonshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Lomond" title="Loch Lomond">Loch Lomond</a> (part)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> <ul><li>as part of <a href="/wiki/Great_Spa_Towns_of_Europe" title="Great Spa Towns of Europe">Great Spa Towns of Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Abbey" title="St Augustine's Abbey">St Augustine's Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Canterbury" title="St Martin's Church, Canterbury">St Martin's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_and_West_Devon_Mining_Landscape" title="Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape">Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derwent_Valley_Mills" title="Derwent Valley Mills">Derwent Valley Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Castle" title="Durham Castle">Durham Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironbridge_Gorge" title="Ironbridge Gorge">Ironbridge Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodrell_Bank_Observatory" title="Jodrell Bank Observatory">Jodrell Bank Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Coast" title="Jurassic Coast">Jurassic Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens" title="Kew Gardens">Kew Royal Botanic Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Maritime Greenwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> including <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">St Margaret's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltaire" title="Saltaire">Saltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge,_Avebury_and_Associated_Sites" title="Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites">Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studley_Royal_Park" title="Studley Royal Park">Studley Royal Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fountains_Abbey" title="Fountains Abbey">Fountains Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/100px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/150px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/200px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="355" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Edinburgh" title="Old Town, Edinburgh">Edinburgh Old Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Edinburgh" title="New Town, Edinburgh">New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_Bridge" title="Forth Bridge">Forth Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Neolithic_Orkney" title="Heart of Neolithic Orkney">Heart of Neolithic Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St Kilda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Wales" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaenavon_Industrial_Landscape" title="Blaenavon Industrial Landscape">Blaenavon Industrial Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castles_and_Town_Walls_of_King_Edward_in_Gwynedd" title="Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd">Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaumaris_Castle" title="Beaumaris Castle">Beaumaris Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_Castle" title="Caernarfon Castle">Caernarfon Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_town_walls" title="Caernarfon town walls">Town Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conwy_Castle" title="Conwy Castle">Conwy Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conwy_town_walls" title="Conwy town walls">Town Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlech_Castle" title="Harlech Castle">Harlech Castle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct" title="Pontcysyllte Aqueduct">Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway" title="Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Overseas Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorham%27s_Cave" title="Gorham's Cave">Gorham's Cave Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inaccessible_Island" title="Inaccessible Island">Inaccessible Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson_Island_(Pitcairn_Islands)" title="Henderson Island (Pitcairn Islands)">Henderson Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Bermuda" title="St. George's, Bermuda">Town of St George and Related Fortifications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Former_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" title="Former UNESCO World Heritage Sites">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Maritime_Mercantile_City" title="Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City">Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_nature_reserves_of_Scotland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_nature_reserves_of_Scotland" title="Template:National nature reserves of Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_nature_reserves_of_Scotland" title="Template talk:National nature reserves of Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_nature_reserves_of_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National nature reserves of Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_nature_reserves_of_Scotland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_nature_reserve_(Scotland)" title="National nature reserve (Scotland)">National nature reserves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abernethy_Forest" title="Abernethy Forest">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariundle_Oakwood" title="Ariundle Oakwood">Ariundle Oakwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beinn_Eighe" title="Beinn Eighe">Beinn Eighe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loch_Maree" title="Loch Maree">Loch Maree Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Lawers" title="Ben Lawers">Ben Lawers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Wyvis" title="Ben Wyvis">Ben Wyvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blawhorn_Moss" title="Blawhorn Moss">Blawhorn Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerlaverock_National_Nature_Reserve" title="Caerlaverock National Nature Reserve">Caerlaverock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairnsmore_of_Fleet" title="Cairnsmore of Fleet">Cairnsmore of Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Valley_Woodlands_National_Nature_Reserve" title="Clyde Valley Woodlands National Nature Reserve">Clyde Valley Woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrie_Fee" title="Corrie Fee">Corrie Fee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrieshalloch_Gorge" title="Corrieshalloch Gorge">Corrieshalloch Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craigellachie_National_Nature_Reserve" title="Craigellachie National Nature Reserve">Craigellachie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creag_Meagaidh" title="Creag Meagaidh">Creag Meagaidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanders_Moss" title="Flanders Moss">Flanders Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forsinard_Flows_National_Nature_Reserve" title="Forsinard Flows National Nature Reserve">Forsinard Flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forvie_National_Nature_Reserve" title="Forvie National Nature Reserve">Forvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasdrum_Wood" title="Glasdrum Wood">Glasdrum Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Affric" title="Glen Affric">Glen Affric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Coe" title="Glen Coe">Glen Coe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Nant" title="Glen Nant">Glen Nant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Roy" title="Glen Roy">Glen 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