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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Autentificare</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Cuprins" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Istoric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istoric</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istoric-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Istoric subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antichitate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antichitate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Antichitate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antichitate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secolele_XVII-XVIII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secolele_XVII-XVIII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Secolele XVII-XVIII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secolele_XVII-XVIII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secolul_XIX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secolul_XIX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Secolul XIX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secolul_XIX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descoperire_experimentală" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descoperire_experimentală"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Descoperire experimentală</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descoperire_experimentală-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tabelul periodic al elementelor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structură_și_proprietăți" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structură_și_proprietăți"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structură și proprietăți</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structură_și_proprietăți-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronul_solvatat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronul_solvatat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Electronul solvatat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronul_solvatat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clasificare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clasificare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Clasificare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clasificare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electron</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 163 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-163" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">163 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n" title="Electrón – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Electrón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रॉन – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="إلكترون – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إلكترون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="إليكطرون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إليكطرون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8" title="ইলেকট্ৰন – asameză" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইলেকট্ৰন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n" title="Electrón – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Electrón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="الکترون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکترون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ktron" title="Éléktron – balineză" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Éléktron" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alektruons" title="Alektruons – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alektruons" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електрон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रॉन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B2%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="အီလဲစ်ထရွန် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အီလဲစ်ထရွန်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8" title="ইলেকট্রন – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইলেকট্রন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – bugineză" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="bugineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3" title="Electró – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Electró" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%AAng-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Diêng-cṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Diêng-cṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86" title="ئێلیکترۆن – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێلیکترۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ηλεκτρόνιο – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρόνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletr%C3%B2un" title="Eletròun – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Eletròun" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrono" title="Elektrono – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektrono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n" title="Electrón – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Electrón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elektroi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="الکترون – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکترون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroni" title="Elektroni – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elektroni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – feroeză" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lectron" title="Électron – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Électron" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leictreon" title="Leictreon – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leictreon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lektron" title="Élektron – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Élektron" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n" title="Electrón – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Electrón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8" title="ઈલેક્ટ્રોન – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈલેક્ટ્રોન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אלקטרון – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלקטרון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रॉन – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektwon" title="Elektwon – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Elektwon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Էլեկտրոն – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrono" title="Elektrono – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Elektrono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafeind" title="Rafeind – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rafeind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elettrone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="電子 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilekchran" title="Ilekchran – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ilekchran" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dutydikca_kantu" title="dutydikca kantu – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dutydikca kantu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88l%C3%A8ktron" title="Èlèktron – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Èlèktron" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ელექტრონი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელექტრონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliktrun" title="Aliktrun – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aliktrun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naz%C9%A9y%CA%8A_pe_(%C3%A9lectron)" title="Nazɩyʊ pe (électron) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Nazɩyʊ pe (électron)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಎಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರಾನ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="전자 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%86%D9%86" title="گرٛۆن – cașmiră" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گرٛۆن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cașmiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletron" title="Eletron – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eletron" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettron" title="Elettron – liguriană" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Elettron" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettron" title="Elettron – lombardă" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Elettron" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A9ktron" title="Eléktron – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Eléktron" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87" title="ເອເລັກຕຣົງ – laoțiană" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເອເລັກຕຣົງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronas" title="Elektronas – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektronas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrons" title="Elektrons – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektrons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektr%C3%B4na" title="Elektrôna – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Elektrôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електрон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="ഇലക്ട്രോൺ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇലക്ട്രോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82" title="विजाणू – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विजाणू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettron" title="Elettron – malteză" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Elettron" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="အီလက်ထရွန် – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီလက်ထရွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रोन – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इलेक्ट्रोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रोन – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इलेक्ट्रोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrone" title="Elektrone – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Elektrone" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektiroonii" title="Elektiroonii – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Elektiroonii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8" title="ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରୋନ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରୋନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%82" title="ਬਿਜਲਾਣੂ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਿਜਲਾਣੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletron" title="Eletron – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Eletron" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الیکٹران – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیکٹران" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%84%DB%90%DA%A9%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="اېلېکټرون – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېلېکټرون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A9tron" title="Elétron – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elétron" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilikturun" title="Ilikturun – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ilikturun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Електрон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="विद्युदणुः – sanscrită" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विद्युदणुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrită" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletrone" title="Eletrone – sardiniană" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Eletrone" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettr%C3%B9ni" title="Elettrùni – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Elettrùni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%88" title="برقيو – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="برقيو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝනය – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektr%C3%B3n" title="Elektrón – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektrón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2" title="الیکٹرانز – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="الیکٹرانز" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhodzigetsi" title="Mhodzigetsi – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mhodzigetsi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektaroon" title="Elektaroon – somaleză" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Elektaroon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroni" title="Elektroni – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elektroni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електрон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ktron" title="Éléktron – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Éléktron" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroni" title="Elektroni – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elektroni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="எதிர்மின்னி – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எதிர்மின்னி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఎలక్ట్రాన్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎలక్ట్రాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="อิเล็กตรอน – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิเล็กตรอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електрон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C%DB%81" title="برقیہ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%82etron" title="Ełetron – venetă" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ełetron" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mb%C3%ABjfepp" title="Mbëjfepp – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mbëjfepp" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" title="电子 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – calmucă" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="calmucă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ii-electrons" title="Ii-electrons – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ii-electrons" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F" title="עלעקטראן – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עלעקטראן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%80l%E1%BA%B9%CC%81ktr%E1%BB%8D%CC%81n%C3%B9" title="Ẹ̀lẹ́ktrọ́nù – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀lẹ́ktrọ́nù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" title="电子 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="電子 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="電子" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-ch%C3%BA" title="Tiān-chú – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="電子 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INxelesi" title="INxelesi – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INxelesi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2225#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected 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href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Electron" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Electron" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fișier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&oldid=16491018" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Electron&id=16491018&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FElectron"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FElectron"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Electron"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Electron&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electrons" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2225" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:HAtomOrbitals.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/HAtomOrbitals.png/220px-HAtomOrbitals.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/HAtomOrbitals.png 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orbital_atomic" title="Orbital atomic">Orbitalii atomici</a> ai atomului de <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a>, aflați la diferite nivele de energie. Zonele mai luminoase sunt cele în care posibilitatea de a găsi un electron este maximă.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Electronul</b> este o <a href="/wiki/Particul%C4%83_subatomic%C4%83" title="Particulă subatomică">particulă subatomică</a> fundamentală cu sarcină electrică negativă, fiind simbolizat <b>e<sup>-</sup></b>. Este un tip de <a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">lepton</a> de spin ½ care participă la interacțiunile electromagnetice, masa acestuia fiind de aproximativ 1/1836 din cea a <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protonului</a>. Împreună cu nucleul atomic, electronii formează <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomul</a>. Interacțiunea lor cu nucleii adiacenți este principala cauză a <a href="/wiki/Leg%C4%83tur%C4%83_chimic%C4%83" title="Legătură chimică">legăturilor chimice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electron_de_valen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Electron de valență">electronii de valență</a> fiind cei care participă la formarea acestor legături. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istoric">Istoric</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istoric" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Istoric"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antichitate">Antichitate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Antichitate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Antichitate"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numele de electron provine de la cuvântul grecesc <b>chihlimbar</b>, ήλεκτρον. Acest material a jucat un rol esențial în descoperirea fenomenelor electrice. Grecii antici știau, de exemplu, că dacă o bucată de chihlimbar este frecată cu o bucată de blană, provoacă o sarcină electrică pe suprafața acestuia, care apoi poate crea o scânteie când este adus aproape de un obiect legat la sol. Împreună cu <a href="/wiki/Fulger" title="Fulger">fulgerele</a>, acest fenomen este una dintre cele mai vechi experiențe înregistrate de omenire în domeniul energiei electrice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secolele_XVII-XVIII">Secolele XVII-XVIII</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Secolele XVII-XVIII" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Secolele XVII-XVIII"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În textul său din 1600, <i>De Magnete</i>, omul de știință englez <a href="/wiki/William_Gilbert" title="William Gilbert">William Gilbert</a> a inventat noul termen latin <i>electricus</i>, referindu-se la această proprietate de a atrage obiecte mici după ce a fost frecat.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atât electric, cât și electricitate, sunt derivate din latinul <i>ēlectrum</i>, care provine din cuvântul grecesc pentru chihlimbar, ἤλεκτρον (<i>ēlektron</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Benjamin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benjamin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La începutul anilor 1700, Francis Hauksbee și chimistul francez Charles François du Fay au descoperit în mod independent ceea ce credeau că erau două tipuri de <a href="/wiki/Electricitate" title="Electricitate">electricitate</a> prin fricțiune - una generată de sticlă prin frecare, cealaltă din rășină prin frecare. Din aceasta, du Fay a susținut că electricitatea constă din două <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluide</a> electrice, vitreoase și rășinoase, care sunt separate prin frecare și care se neutralizează reciproc atunci când sunt combinate. <sup id="cite_ref-Benjamin_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benjamin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Omul de știință american Ebenezer Kinnersley mai târziu a ajuns, de asemenea, independent la aceeași concluzie.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Un deceniu mai târziu, Benjamin Franklin a propus ca electricitatea să nu fie din diferite tipuri de <a href="/wiki/Lichid" title="Lichid">lichid</a> electric, ci dintr-un singur lichid electric care prezintă un exces (+) sau un deficit (-).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El le-a dat numele modern de <a href="/wiki/Sarcin%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcină">sarcini</a> pozitive și negative respectiv. Franklin s-a gândit la transportul de sarcini ca fiind pozitiv, dar nu a identificat în mod corect care situație este un surplus al transportului de sarcini și care este un deficit.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secolul_XIX">Secolul XIX</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Secolul XIX" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Secolul XIX"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Între anii 1838 și 1851, filosoful natural britanic Richard Laming a dezvoltat ideea că un <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> este compus dintr-un nucleu de materie înconjurat de particule subatomice care au încărcături electrice unitare.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Începând cu anul 1846, fizicianul german William Weber a susținut că electricitatea este compusă din fluide încărcate pozitiv și negativ, iar interacțiunea lor este guvernată de legea inverselor pătratice. </p><p>Fizicianul german <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Hittorf" title="Johann Wilhelm Hittorf">Johann Wilhelm Hittorf</a> a studiat conductivitatea electrică în <a href="/wiki/Gaz" title="Gaz">gazele</a> rare: în 1869, el a descoperit o strălucire emisă de catod care a crescut în intensitate cu scăderea presiunii gazului. </p><p>În 1876, fizicianul german Eugen Goldstein a arătat că razele de la această strălucire lasă o urmă și a numit razele ca fiind raze catodice. </p><p>În anii 1870, chimistul și fizicianul englez Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a> a dezvoltat primul tub cu <a href="/wiki/Catod" title="Catod">catod</a> cu raze pentru în vid. Apoi a arătat că razele luminescente care apar în interiorul tubului transportă energia și se mută de la catod la <a href="/wiki/Anod" title="Anod">anod</a>. Mai mult, prin aplicarea unui <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mp_magnetic" title="Câmp magnetic">câmp magnetic</a>, el a reușit să deflecte razele, demonstrând astfel că fasciculul s-a comportat ca și cum ar fi încărcat negativ. În 1879, el a propus ca aceste proprietăți să poată fi explicate prin ceea ce el numea "materie radiantă". El a sugerat că aceasta este o a patra stare de materie, constând din molecule încărcate negativ care au fost proiectate cu viteză ridicată de la catod. </p><p>George Johnstone Stoney a sugerat existența unei "cantități singulare definite de energie electrică", sarcina unui ion monovalent. A fost capabil să estimeze valoarea acestei încărcări elementare <i>e</i> prin <a href="/wiki/Legile_lui_Faraday_ale_electrolizei" title="Legile lui Faraday ale electrolizei">legile lui Faraday ale electrolizei</a>. Totuși, Stoney credea că aceste sarcini sunt atașate permanent atomilor și nu puteau fi îndepărtate. </p><p>În 1881, fizicianul german <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> a susținut că atât sarcinile pozitive cât și cele negative sunt divizate în părți elementare, fiecare dintre ele "se comportă ca atomi de <a href="/wiki/Energie_electric%C4%83" title="Energie electrică">energie electrică</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stoney inițial a inventat termenul <i>electrolion</i> în 1881. Zece ani mai târziu, el a trecut la electron pentru a descrie aceste sarcini elementare, scriind în 1894: "... s-a făcut o estimare a valorii reale a celei mai remarcabile unități fundamentale de energie electrică, pentru care de atunci m-am aventurat să sugerez numele de electron ". </p><p>Electronul poartă o <a href="/wiki/Sarcin%C4%83_electric%C4%83" title="Sarcină electrică">sarcină electrică</a> negativă și este considerată ca o unitate elementară (<a href="/wiki/Cuant%C4%83" title="Cuantă">cuantă</a>) de sarcină electrică a cărei valoare rezultă din legea electrolizei a lui Faraday.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Considerarea electronului drept particulă elementară purtătoare de sarcină electrică negativă a fost susținută de către fizicianul irlandez George Johnstone Stoney în 1874, care a inventat și termenul de electron în 1894<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>În timpul anilor 1890, un număr de fizicieni afirmau că <a href="/wiki/Electricitate" title="Electricitate">electricitatea</a> poate fi concepută ca fiind formată din unități individuale, cărora li s-au dat diferite nume. Aceste unități individuale nu au fost confirmate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descoperire_experimentală"><span id="Descoperire_experimental.C4.83"></span>Descoperire experimentală</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Descoperire experimentală" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Descoperire experimentală"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fizicianul britanic născut în Germania, Arthur Schuster, a extins experimentele lui Crookes plasând plăci metalice paralele cu razele catodice și aplicând un <a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_electric" title="Potențial electric">potențial electric</a> între plăci.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Câmpul a deviat razele spre placa încărcată pozitiv, furnizând dovezi suplimentare că razele sunt încărcate negativ. Prin măsurarea cantității de deflexie pentru un anumit nivel de curent, în 1890 Schuster a putut să estimeze raportul <a href="/wiki/Sarcin%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcină">sarcină</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mas%C4%83" title="Masă">masă</a> a componentelor razei. Dar aceasta a produs o valoare care a fost mai mult de o mie de ori mai mare decât era de așteptat, astfel încât calculele sale erau la fel de puțin creditate. </p><p>În 1892, <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> a sugerat că masa acestor particule (electroni) ar putea fi o consecință a sarcinii lor electrice.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Descoperirea electronului ca fiind o <a href="/wiki/Particul%C4%83_subatomic%C4%83" title="Particulă subatomică">particulă subatomică</a> a fost făcută în 1897 de <a href="/wiki/J.J._Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="J.J. Thomson">J.J. Thomson</a> la Laboratorul Cavendish, la Universitatea Cambridge, în timp ce studia tuburile emițătoare de radiații catodice.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Un tub generator de radiații catodice este un cilindru de sticlă etanș si vidat, în care doi electrozi sunt separați la o anumită distanță. Când este aplicată o diferență de potențial între electrozi, sunt generate radiații (raze) catodice ceea ce face ca tubul să strălucească. Prin acest experiment, Thomson a descoperit că radiațiile catodice pot fi deviate atât de un câmp electric, cât și de unul magnetic. El a dedus că aceste raze, care se credeau a fi unde, erau mai degrabă particule încărcate negativ, pe care le-a numit “corpusculi” (electroni). El le-a măsurat <b>raportul masă-sarcină electrică</b> și a descoperit că este de peste o mie de ori mai mic decât același raport în cazul unui ion de hidrogen, sugerând că fie erau foarte încărcați electric, fie aveau o masă foarte mică. Experimentele ulterioare ale altor oameni de știință au confirmat concluzia din urmă. Proporția masei sarcinii electrice a fost și la ei independentă de alegerea materialului catodului și a gazului din tubul cu vid. Aceasta l-a făcut pe Thomson să realizeze că ele sunt universale printre toate celelalte materiale. </p><p>În timpul studierii mineralelor fluorescente naturale în 1896, fizicianul francez <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> a descoperit că au emis radiații fără expunere la o sursă externă de energie.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aceste materiale radioactive au devenit obiectul unui mare interes de către oamenii de știință, inclusiv fizicianul din Noua Zeelandă <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>, care a descoperit că au emis particule. El a desemnat aceste particule alfa și beta, pe baza capacității lor de a penetra materia. În 1900, Becquerel a arătat că razele beta emise de radiații ar putea fi deflectate de un câmp electric și că raportul lor masă-sarcină este același ca și în cazul razelor catodice. Această dovadă a întărit opinia că electronii există sub formă de componente ale atomilor. </p><p>O propunere de schimbare la <i>electrion</i> din 1906 a eșuat, deoarece Hendrik Lorentz a preferat să păstreze <i>electronul</i>. Cuvântul <i>electron</i> este o combinație a cuvintelor <i>electric</i> și <i>ion</i>. Sufixul -<i>on</i> care este folosit acum pentru a desemna alte particule subatomice, cum ar fi un proton sau un neutron, este la rândul său derivat din electron. </p><p>La începutul secolului al XX-lea s-a constatat că, în anumite condiții, o <a href="/wiki/Particul%C4%83" title="Particulă">particulă</a> încărcată care se mișcă rapid a provocat o condensare a vaporilor de apă suprasaturați de-a lungul căii sale. În 1911, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Wilson">Charles Wilson</a> a folosit acest principiu pentru a-și construi camera cu ceață, pentru a putea fotografia urmele particulelor încărcate, cum ar fi electronii care se mișcă rapid. </p><p>Sarcina electronilor a fost măsurată mai atent de fizicienii americani <a href="/wiki/Robert_Millikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Millikan">Robert Millikan</a> și Harvey Fletcher în experimentul lor cu picătura de petrol din 1909, rezultatele fiind publicate în 1911. Acest experiment a folosit un câmp electric pentru a preveni căderea unei picături de <a href="/wiki/Petrol" title="Petrol">petrol</a> încărcate ca rezultat al <a href="/wiki/Gravita%C8%9Bie" title="Gravitație">gravitației</a>. Acest dispozitiv ar putea măsura sarcina electrică de la 1-150 <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ioni</a>, cu o marjă de eroare mai mică de 0,3%. </p><p>Sarcina electronului a fost atent măsurată de <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">R. A. Millikan</a> cu eroare de 1% în experimentul lui numit picătura de ulei în 1909, rezultatele fiind publicate în 1911<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Acest experiment a folosit un câmp electric pentru a preveni căderea unei picături de petrol încărcate ca rezultat al gravitației. Acest dispozitiv ar putea măsura sarcina electrică de la 1-150 ioni, cu o marjă de eroare mai mică de 0,3%. </p><p>În 1911 Abram Ioffe, care a obținut în mod independent același rezultat ca Millikan folosind microparticule încărcate de metale, publicând rezultatele în 1913. Cu toate acestea, picăturile de <a href="/wiki/Ulei" title="Ulei">ulei</a> au fost mai stabile decât picăturile de <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83" title="Apă">apă</a> din cauza ratei mai scăzute de evaporare și, prin urmare, mai potrivite pentru experimentarea precisă pe perioade mai lungi de timp.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor">Tabelul periodic al elementelor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Tabelul periodic al elementelor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Tabelul periodic al elementelor"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Legea periodicității afirmă că proprietățile chimice ale elementelor se repetă periodic și este fundamentul tabelului periodic al elementelor. Legea în sine a fost explicată inițial de masa atomică a elementului. Deși tabelul periodic al elementelor prezintă și câteva anomalii, s-au făcut eforturi pentru a le explica cât mai bine. În 1913, Henry Moseley a introdus conceptul numărului atomic și a explicat legea periodicității din perspectiva numărului de protoni al fiecărui element. În același an, Niels Bohr a demonstrat că electronii sunt de fapt cei care stau la baza tabelului. În 1916, Gilbert Newton Lewis a explicat reacția chimică a elementelor prin interacțiuni electronice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structură_și_proprietăți"><span id="Structur.C4.83_.C8.99i_propriet.C4.83.C8.9Bi"></span>Structură și proprietăți</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Structură și proprietăți" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Structură și proprietăți"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Existența momentelor de spin la electron e corelată cu modelele de structură geometrică ale acestuia (raza electronului). Aceasta e o chestiune nebanală care nu e decisă până în prezent. Unele modele care admit electronul ca punctiform (rază nulă) presupun că momentele de spin se datorează conceptului de Zitterbewegung generat prin transformarea Foldy-Wuithuisen. </p><p>Modelul structural proton electron al neutronului necesită existența unei forțe atractive care să contracareze paradoxul Klein rezultat pe baza relației de nedeterminare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electronul_solvatat">Electronul solvatat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Electronul solvatat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Electronul solvatat"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Este relativ stabil în solvenți ca amoniac ca săruri ale metalelor alcaline, dar și în <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">soluții apoase alcaline</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clasificare">Clasificare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Clasificare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Clasificare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electronul face parte din clasa particulelor subatomice numite leptoni, despre care se crede că sunt particule fundamentale. <a href="/wiki/Raza_clasic%C4%83_a_electronului" title="Raza clasică a electronului">Raza clasică a electronului</a> poate fi calculată din considerente relativiste. </p><p>Ca aproape toate particulele, electronii se pot comporta ca niște unde. Acest lucru este numit dualismul particule-unde, cunoscut mai mult sub numele de complementaritate propus de Niels Bohr, și poate fi demonstrat prin experimentul fantei duble. </p><p>Antiparticula electronului este <a href="/wiki/Pozitron" title="Pozitron">pozitronul</a>, care este o particulă cu sarcină electrică pozitivă. Cel care a descoperit pozitronul, Carl D. Anderson, a propus ca electronii standard să fie numiți negatroni, și să se folosească termenul generic de electron pentru a descrie atât varianta cu sarcină pozitivă, cât și cea negativă. Astăzi, această utilizare este rar întâlnită. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telework.ro/ro/istoria-electronului/">„Istoria electronului”</a>. <i>SetThings.com</i>. <time datetime="2018-02-03">3 februarie 2018</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2020-08-11">11 august 2020</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SetThings.com&rft.atitle=Istoria+electronului&rft.date=2018-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telework.ro%2Fro%2Fistoria-electronului%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AElectron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benjamin-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benjamin_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benjamin_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin1898" class="citation">Benjamin, Park (<time datetime="1898">1898</time>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924004128686/page/n10"><i>A history of electricity (The intellectual rise in electricity) from antiquity to the days of Benjamin Franklin</i></a>, New York: J. Wiley, pp. 315, 484–5, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1313106054" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1313106054">978-1313106054</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+electricity+%28The+intellectual+rise+in+electricity%29+from+antiquity+to+the+days+of+Benjamin+Franklin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=315%2C+484-5&rft.pub=J.+Wiley&rft.date=1898&rft.isbn=978-1313106054&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924004128686%2Fpage%2Fn10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AElectron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">Keithley, J.F. (<time datetime="1999">1999</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=uwgNAtqSHuQC&pg=PR7"><i>The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements: From 500 B.C. to the 1940s</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE Press</a>. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-7803-1193-0" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-7803-1193-0">978-0-7803-1193-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Electrical+and+Magnetic+Measurements%3A+From+500+B.C.+to+the+1940s&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=IEEE+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7803-1193-0&rft.aulast=Keithley&rft.aufirst=J.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DuwgNAtqSHuQC%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AElectron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cajori, Florian (<time datetime="1917">1917</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofphysics00cajo"><i>A History of Physics in Its Elementary Branches: Including the Evolution of Physical Laboratories</i></a>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Physics+in+Its+Elementary+Branches%3A+Including+the+Evolution+of+Physical+Laboratories&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Cajori&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofphysics00cajo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AElectron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/FranklinBenjamin.html">„Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790)”</a>. <i>Eric Weisstein's World of Biography</i>. Wolfram Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-12-16">16 decembrie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eric+Weisstein%27s+World+of+Biography&rft.atitle=Benjamin+Franklin+%281706%E2%80%931790%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscienceworld.wolfram.com%2Fbiography%2FFranklinBenjamin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AElectron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">Myers, R.L. (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basicsofphysics0000myer/page/242"><i>The Basics of Physics</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Necesită înregistrare gratuită"><img alt="Necesită înregistrare gratuită" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-313-32857-2" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-313-32857-2">978-0-313-32857-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Basics+of+Physics&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32857-2&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=R.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbasicsofphysics0000myer%2Fpage%2F242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AElectron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Farrar, W.V. (<time datetime="1969">1969</time>). „Richard Laming and the Coal-Gas Industry, with His Views on the Structure of Matter”. <i>Annals of Science</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 243–254. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00033796900200141">10.1080/00033796900200141</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-3790">0003-3790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Science&rft.atitle=Richard+Laming+and+the+Coal-Gas+Industry%2C+with+His+Views+on+the+Structure+of+Matter&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=243-254&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00033796900200141&rft.issn=0003-3790&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=W.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AElectron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">Arabatzis, T. (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=rZHT-chpLmAC&pg=PA70"><i>Representing Electrons: A Biographical Approach to Theoretical Entities</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 70–74, 96. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-226-02421-9" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-226-02421-9">978-0-226-02421-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Representing+Electrons%3A+A+Biographical+Approach+to+Theoretical+Entities&rft.pages=70-74%2C+96&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-226-02421-9&rft.aulast=Arabatzis&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DrZHT-chpLmAC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AElectron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Barrow, J.D. 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(<time datetime="1983">1983</time>). „William Crookes and the quest for absolute vacuum in the 1870s”. <i>Annals of Science</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00033798300200101">10.1080/00033798300200101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Science&rft.atitle=William+Crookes+and+the+quest+for+absolute+vacuum+in+the+1870s&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00033798300200101&rft.aulast=DeKosky&rft.aufirst=R.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AElectron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">Okamura, Sōgo (<time datetime="1994">1994</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VHFyngmO95YC&pg=PR11"><i>History of Electron Tubes</i></a>. IOS Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-90-5199-145-1" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-90-5199-145-1">978-90-5199-145-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2015-05-29">29 mai 2015</time></span>. <q>In 1881, Stoney named this electromagnetic 'electrolion'. It came to be called 'electron' from 1891. [...] In 1906, the suggestion to call cathode ray particles 'electrions' was brought up but through the opinion of Lorentz of Holland 'electrons' came to be widely used.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Electron+Tubes&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-90-5199-145-1&rft.aulast=Okamura&rft.aufirst=S%C5%8Dgo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVHFyngmO95YC%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AElectron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Stoney, G.J. (<time datetime="1894">1894</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1431209/files/article.pdf">„Of the "Electron," or Atom of Electricity”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. <b>38</b> (5): 418–420. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786449408620653">10.1080/14786449408620653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=Of+the+%22Electron%2C%22+or+Atom+of+Electricity&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=418-420&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786449408620653&rft.aulast=Stoney&rft.aufirst=G.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1431209%2Ffiles%2Farticle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AElectron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Thomson, J.J. (<time datetime="1897">1897</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/thomson1897.html">„Cathode Rays”</a>. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. <b>44</b> (269): 293–316. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786449708621070">10.1080/14786449708621070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=Cathode+Rays&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=269&rft.pages=293-316&rft.date=1897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786449708621070&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.lemoyne.edu%2F~GIUNTA%2Fthomson1897.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AElectron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Becquerel, H. (<time datetime="1900">1900</time>). „Déviation du Rayonnement du Radium dans un Champ Électrique”. <i>Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences</i> (în franceză). <b>130</b>: 809–815.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+rendus+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+sciences&rft.atitle=D%C3%A9viation+du+Rayonnement+du+Radium+dans+un+Champ+%C3%89lectrique&rft.volume=130&rft.pages=809-815&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Becquerel&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AElectron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Pauling, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Kikoin, I.K.; Sominskiĭ, I.S. (<time datetime="1961">1961</time>). „Abram Fedorovich Ioffe (on his eightieth birthday)”. <i>Soviet Physics Uspekhi</i>. <b>3</b> (5): 798–809. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961SvPhU...3..798K">1961SvPhU...3..798K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1070%2FPU1961v003n05ABEH005812">10.1070/PU1961v003n05ABEH005812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Physics+Uspekhi&rft.atitle=Abram+Fedorovich+Ioffe+%28on+his+eightieth+birthday%29&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=798-809&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1070%2FPU1961v003n05ABEH005812&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1961SvPhU...3..798K&rft.aulast=Kikoin&rft.aufirst=I.K.&rft.au=Sominski%C4%AD%2C+I.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AElectron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> Original publication in Russian: <cite class="citation journal">Кикоин, И.К.; Соминский, М.С. (<time datetime="1960">1960</time>). „Академик А.Ф. Иоффе”. <i>Успехи Физических Наук</i>. <b>72</b> (10): 303–321. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3367%2FUFNr.0072.196010e.0307">10.3367/UFNr.0072.196010e.0307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8+%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%90.%D0%A4.+%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=303-321&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3367%2FUFNr.0072.196010e.0307&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%98.%D0%9A.&rft.au=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C+%D0%9C.%D0%A1.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AElectron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3583572?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">Baxendale, J. H. (1964) , Radiation Res. Suppl., 114 and 139</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98erban_%C8%9Ai%C8%9Beica" title="Șerban Țițeica">Șerban Țițeica</a>, Curs de fizică statistică și teoria cuantelor, Editura All 2000</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Sfetcu, Nicolae (<time datetime="2018">2018</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ro/books?id=iXiwtQEACAAJ"><i>Fizica atomică și nucleară fenomenologică</i></a>. MultiMedia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-606-9016-26-8" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-606-9016-26-8">978-606-9016-26-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fizica+atomic%C4%83+%C8%99i+nuclear%C4%83+fenomenologic%C4%83&rft.pub=MultiMedia+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-606-9016-26-8&rft.aulast=Sfetcu&rft.aufirst=Nicolae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ro%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiXiwtQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AElectron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li>Constantin D. Albu, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Brezeanu" title="Maria Brezeanu">Maria Brezeanu</a>, <i>Mică enciclopedie de chimie</i>, Editura Enciclopedică Română, 1974, p 196</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a>, <i>Chimie generală</i>, Editura Științifică, București, 1972 (traducere din limba engleză)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constante_fizice" class="mw-redirect" title="Constante fizice">Constante fizice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">Electronvolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozitroniu" title="Pozitroniu">Pozitroniu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_distinctiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electron distinctiv — pagină inexistentă">Electron distinctiv</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Particule_elementare_în_fizică" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Format:Particule_elementare" title="Format:Particule elementare"><abbr title="Vizualizează acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Particule_elementare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Particule elementare — pagină inexistentă"><abbr title="Discută acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Particule_elementare&action=edit"><abbr title="Modifică acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">m</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Particule_elementare_în_fizică" class="whiteText" style="font-size:100%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Particule_elementare" class="mw-redirect" title="Particule elementare">Particule elementare</a> în <a href="/wiki/Fizic%C4%83" title="Fizică">fizică</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">Fermioni</a></th><td 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.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .whiteText{color:#fff}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important;background:transparent!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important;background:transparent!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electromagnetism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Format:Electromagnetism" title="Format:Electromagnetism"><abbr title="Vizualizează acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Electromagnetism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Electromagnetism — pagină inexistentă"><abbr title="Discută acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Electromagnetism&action=edit"><abbr title="Modifică acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">m</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electromagnetism" class="whiteText" style="font-size:100%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic%C4%83" title="Electrostatică">Electrostatică</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mp_electric" title="Câmp electric">Câmp electric</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Electret" title="Electret">Electret</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flux_electric" title="Flux electric">Flux electric</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Generator_electrostatic" title="Generator electrostatic">Generator electrostatic</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Izolator_(electricitate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Izolator (electricitate)">Izolator (electricitate)</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Legea_lui_Coulomb" title="Legea lui Coulomb">Legea lui Coulomb</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Moment_electric_dipolar" title="Moment electric dipolar">Moment electric dipolar</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_electric" title="Potențial electric">Potențial electric</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sarcin%C4%83_electric%C4%83" title="Sarcină electrică">Sarcină electrică</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Teorema_lui_Earnshaw" title="Teorema lui Earnshaw">Teorema lui Earnshaw</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Triboelectricitate" title="Triboelectricitate">Triboelectricitate</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetostatic%C4%83" title="Magnetostatică">Magnetostatică</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mp_magnetic" title="Câmp magnetic">Câmp magnetic</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mp_electromagnetic" title="Câmp electromagnetic">Câmp electromagnetic</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Curent_electric" title="Curent electric">Curent electric</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flux_magnetic" title="Flux magnetic">Flux magnetic</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Legea_Biot-Savart" title="Legea Biot-Savart">Legea Biot-Savart</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legea_lui_Amp%C3%A8re_(circuit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legea lui Ampère (circuit) — pagină inexistentă">Legea lui Ampère (circuit)</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legea_lui_Amp%C3%A8re_(for%C8%9B%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legea lui Ampère (forță) — pagină inexistentă">Legea lui Ampère (forță)</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">Magnet</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Moment_magnetic" title="Moment magnetic">Moment magnetic</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Intensitate_a_c%C3%A2mpului_magnetic" title="Intensitate a câmpului magnetic">Intensitate a câmpului magnetic</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Permeabilitate_magnetic%C4%83" title="Permeabilitate magnetică">Permeabilitate magnetică</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electrodinamic%C4%83" title="Electrodinamică">Electrodinamică</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecua%C8%9Biile_lui_Maxwell" title="Ecuațiile lui Maxwell">Ecuațiile lui Maxwell</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electron</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/For%C8%9B%C4%83_Lorentz" title="Forță Lorentz">Forță Lorentz</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Induc%C8%9Bie_electromagnetic%C4%83" title="Inducție electromagnetică">Inducție electromagnetică</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Legea_induc%C8%9Biei_electromagnetice" title="Legea inducției electromagnetice">Legea inducției electromagnetice</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Optic%C4%83_ondulatorie" title="Optică ondulatorie">Optică ondulatorie</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sistemul_de_unit%C4%83%C8%9Bi_CGS_%C3%AEn_electromagnetism" title="Sistemul de unități CGS în electromagnetism">Sistemul de unități CGS în electromagnetism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorema_lui_Poynting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorema lui Poynting — pagină inexistentă">Teorema lui Poynting</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circuite electrice<br /><a href="/wiki/Electrotehnic%C4%83" title="Electrotehnică">Electrotehnică</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bobin%C4%83" title="Bobină">Bobină</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">Electromagnet</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator">‎Transformator</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Condensator_electric" title="Condensator electric">Condensator electric</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bobin%C4%83_Helmholtz" title="Bobină Helmholtz">Bobină Helmholtz</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Inductan%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Inductanță">Inductanță</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Legea_lui_Lenz" title="Legea lui Lenz">Legea lui Lenz</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unde electromagnetice<br /><a href="/wiki/Radiotehnic%C4%83" title="Radiotehnică">Radiotehnică</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Dispersia_undelor_electromagnetice" title="Dispersia undelor electromagnetice">Dispersia undelor electromagnetice</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie" title="Radiație">Radiație</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_electromagnetic%C4%83" title="Radiație electromagnetică">Radiație electromagnetică</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_gamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiație gamma">Radiație gamma</a> <span 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