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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="بريندا ميلنير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بريندا ميلنير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Brenda Milner" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brenda Milner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brenda Milner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Brenda Milner" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brenda Milner" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brenda Milner" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B1" title="برندا میلنر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برندا میلنر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brenda Milner" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A0%8C%EB%8B%A4_%EB%B0%80%EB%84%88" title="브렌다 밀너 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브렌다 밀너" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Brenda Milner" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Brenda Milner" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A8" title="ברנדה מילנר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברנדה מילנר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ბრენდა მილნერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრენდა მილნერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="بريندا ميلنير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بريندا ميلنير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brenda Milner" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC" title="ブレンダ・ミルナー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブレンダ・ミルナー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brenda Milner" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Brenda Milner" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Милнер, Бренда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Милнер, Бренда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brenda Milner" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Brenda Milner" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brenda Milner" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரெண்டா மில்னெர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரெண்டா மில்னெர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Brenda Milner" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q468228#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Brenda Milner</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">CC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Quebec" title="National Order of Quebec">GOQ</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada">FRSC</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Brenda_Milner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Brenda_Milner.jpg/220px-Brenda_Milner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Brenda_Milner.jpg/330px-Brenda_Milner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Brenda_Milner.jpg/440px-Brenda_Milner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1873" data-file-height="2174" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Milner at <a href="/wiki/TEDxMcGill" title="TEDxMcGill">TEDxMcGill</a> in 2011</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Brenda Langford</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1918-07-15</span>) </span>15 July 1918<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 106)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Newnham_College,_Cambridge" title="Newnham College, Cambridge">Newnham College, Cambridge</a><br /><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Study of <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>; Work with patient <a href="/wiki/Henry_Molaison" title="Henry Molaison">H.M.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Milner" title="Peter Milner">Peter Milner</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1944; died <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="2 June 2018">2018</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Spencer_Lashley_Award" title="Karl Spencer Lashley Award">Karl Spencer Lashley Award</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAS_Award_in_the_Neurosciences" title="NAS Award in the Neurosciences">NAS Award in the Neurosciences</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gairdner_Foundation_International_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Gairdner Foundation International Award">Gairdner Award</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balzan_Prize" title="Balzan Prize">Balzan Prize</a> in Cognitive Neuroscience <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavli_Prize" title="Kavli Prize">Kavli Prize</a> in Neuroscience <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Neurological_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Neurological Institute">Montreal Neurological Institute</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/891398626">Intellectual effects of temporal-lobe damage in man</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1952)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Olding_Hebb" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Olding Hebb">Donald Olding Hebb</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Corkin" title="Suzanne Corkin">Suzanne Corkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Johnsrude" title="Ingrid Johnsrude">Ingrid Johnsrude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Kimura" title="Doreen Kimura">Doreen Kimura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobes_of_the_brain_NL.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The lobes of the brain, viewed laterally"><img alt="The lobes of the brain, viewed laterally" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lobes_of_the_brain_NL.svg/130px-Lobes_of_the_brain_NL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lobes_of_the_brain_NL.svg/195px-Lobes_of_the_brain_NL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lobes_of_the_brain_NL.svg/260px-Lobes_of_the_brain_NL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="731" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%">Topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_in_the_human_brain" title="List of regions in the human brain">Brain regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neuropsychology" title="Clinical neuropsychology">Clinical neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuropsychology" title="Cognitive neuropsychology">Cognitive neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Human brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychological_assessment" title="Neuropsychological assessment">Neuropsychological assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(neuropsychology)" title="Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)">Neuropsychological rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">Traumatic brain injury</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">Brain functions</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_functions" title="Executive functions">Executive functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">Natural language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_coordination" title="Motor coordination">Motor coordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">Problem solving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thought</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%">People</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Baddeley" title="Alan Baddeley">Alan Baddeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lester_Benton" title="Arthur Lester Benton">Arthur L. Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">David Bohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Damasio" title="Antonio Damasio">Antonio Damasio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineas_Gage" title="Phineas Gage">Phineas Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Geschwind" title="Norman Geschwind">Norman Geschwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkhonon_Goldberg" title="Elkhonon Goldberg">Elkhonon Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Goldman-Rakic" title="Patricia Goldman-Rakic">Patricia Goldman-Rakic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Heilman" title="Kenneth Heilman">Kenneth Heilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Kaplan" title="Edith Kaplan">Edith Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Lezak" title="Muriel Lezak">Muriel Lezak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Libet" title="Benjamin Libet">Benjamin Libet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Llin%C3%A1s" title="Rodolfo Llinás">Rodolfo Llinás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Luria" title="Alexander Luria">Alexander Luria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brenda Milner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_H._Pribram" title="Karl H. Pribram">Karl H. Pribram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasko_Rakic" title="Pasko Rakic">Pasko Rakic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sacks" title="Oliver Sacks">Oliver Sacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rosenzweig_(psychologist)" title="Mark Rosenzweig (psychologist)">Mark Rosenzweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger W. Sperry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Lukas_Teuber" title="Hans-Lukas Teuber">Hans-Lukas Teuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Molaison" title="Henry Molaison">Henry Molaison <span style="font-size:85%;">("H.M.", patient)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Cochrane" title="Kent Cochrane">K.C. <span style="font-size:85%;">(patient)</span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychological_test" title="Neuropsychological test">Tests</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benton_Visual_Retention_Test" title="Benton Visual Retention Test">Benton Visual Retention Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_performance_task" title="Continuous performance task">Continuous 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neuropsychology_sidebar" title="Template:Neuropsychology sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neuropsychology_sidebar" title="Template talk:Neuropsychology sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neuropsychology_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neuropsychology sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Brenda Milner</b> (<i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a></i> <b>Langford</b>; born 15 July 1918) is a British-Canadian <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropsychologist">neuropsychologist</a> who has contributed extensively to the research literature on various topics in the field of <a href="/wiki/Clinical_neuropsychology" title="Clinical neuropsychology">clinical neuropsychology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_Encyclopedia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Encyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milner is a professor in the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery at <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> and a professor of Psychology at the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Neurological_Institute_and_Hospital" title="Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital">Montreal Neurological Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Milner_Wins_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milner_Wins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brenda_Milner&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, she holds more than 25 honorary degrees and she continued to work in her nineties.<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_Encyclopedia_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Encyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her current work covers many aspects of neuropsychology including her lifelong interest in the involvement of the temporal lobes in episodic memory.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is sometimes referred to as the founder of neuropsychology<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-medical_news_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medical_news-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been essential in its development. She received the <a href="/wiki/Balzan_Prize" title="Balzan Prize">Balzan Prize</a> for Cognitive Neuroscience in 2009, and the <a href="/wiki/Kavli_Prize" title="Kavli Prize">Kavli Prize</a> in Neuroscience, together with <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe_(neuroscientist)" title="John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)">John O'Keefe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Raichle" title="Marcus Raichle">Marcus E. Raichle</a>, in 2014. She <a href="/wiki/Centenarian" title="Centenarian">turned 100</a> in July 2018<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the time was still overseeing the work of researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-montrealgazette.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-montrealgazette.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenda_Milner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brenda Langford was born on 15 July 1918, in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-Distinguished_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distinguished-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Langford" title="Samuel Langford">Samuel Langford</a> was a musical critic, journalist, and teacher, and her mother (née Leslie Doig) was one of his students.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though she was a daughter to two musically talented parents, she had no interest in music.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was tutored by her father in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts">arts</a> until the age of 8."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She attended <a href="/wiki/Withington_Girls%27_School" title="Withington Girls' School">Withington Girls' School</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led her to attend <a href="/wiki/Newnham_College,_Cambridge" title="Newnham College, Cambridge">Newnham College, Cambridge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Distinguished_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distinguished-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to study mathematics, having received a scholarship in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after realising she was not "perceptive" enough for mathematics, Milner changed her field of study to psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-Distinguished_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distinguished-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, Milner graduated with a B.A. degree in <a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">experimental psychology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Distinguished_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distinguished-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which at that time was considered a <a href="/wiki/Moral_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral sciences">moral science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of her supervisors in the Department of Experimental Psychology, Cambridge was <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Zangwill" title="Oliver Zangwill">Oliver Zangwill</a> and to him she owed her first interest in human brain function,<sup id="cite_ref-Distinguished_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distinguished-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the value of studying <a href="/wiki/Brain_lesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain lesion">brain lesions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After her graduation near the time of World War II Newnham College awarded her a Sarah Smithson Research Studentship, which allowed her to attend Newnham for the following two years.<sup id="cite_ref-Distinguished_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distinguished-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of World War II, the work of the Cambridge Psychological Laboratory, under Bartlett's leadership, was diverted almost overnight to applied research in the selection of aircrew.<sup id="cite_ref-Distinguished_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distinguished-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milner's position was to devise perceptual tasks for future use in selecting aircrew. More specifically, she was on a team interested in distinguishing <a href="/wiki/Fighter_pilot" title="Fighter pilot">fighter pilots</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bomber_pilot" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomber pilot">bomber pilots</a> using <a href="/wiki/Aptitude_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Aptitude tests">aptitude tests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-medical_news_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medical_news-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Distinguished_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distinguished-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Later in the war, from 1941 to 1944, she worked in Malvern as an Experimental Officer for the Ministry of Supply, investigating different methods of display and control to be used by radar operators."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Distinguished_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distinguished-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1941 Brenda met her husband, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Milner" title="Peter Milner">Peter Milner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Brenda and her husband were working on radar research. He was an electrical engineer who had also been recruited for the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944, they married and left for Canada where Peter had been invited to work with physicists on atomic research.<sup id="cite_ref-Distinguished_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distinguished-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They travelled to Boston on the ship the Queen Elizabeth together with "war brides" who were travelling to the United States to live with their husbands' families during the war. Upon arrival in Canada, she began teaching psychology at the University of Montreal, where she stayed for 7 years. </p><p>In 1949, Brenda Milner graduated with a M.A. in experimental psychology in Cambridge.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Montreal, she became a Ph.D. candidate in physiological psychology at <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>, under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Olding_Hebb" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Olding Hebb">Donald Olding Hebb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While working on her Ph.D., Milner and Hebb presented research on their patient P.B. who had undergone a medial temporal lobectomy and had subsequent memory impairment. This garnered the attention of <a href="/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield">Wilder Penfield</a>. In 1950, Hebb gave Milner an opportunity to study with him at the Montreal Neurological Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-Distinguished_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distinguished-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the supervision of Penfield, she studied the behaviour of young adult <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epileptic patients</a> treated with <a href="/wiki/Elective_surgery" title="Elective surgery">elective</a> focal ablation of brain tissue to treat uncontrolled seizures.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952, Milner earned her Ph.D. in experimental psychology<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a thesis on the cognitive effects of temporal lobe damage in man.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milner has been awarded a large number of honorary degrees including an honorary Sc.D from the University of Cambridge in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_career">Professional career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenda_Milner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Professional career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1954, Milner published an article in the McGill University Psychological Bulletin entitled 'Intellectual Function of the Temporal Lobes'.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this publication, she presented data that showed that temporal lobe damage can cause emotional and intellectual changes in humans and lower primates.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her review of neuroscience studies conducted in animals discouraged many neurosurgeons from completing surgeries on humans that could negatively impact their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Milner's early work on the temporal lobes was influenced by the results of ablation work with lower primates, and particularly by Mishkin and Pribram's discovery of the role of the inferotemporal neocortex in visual discrimination learning."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Milner was a pioneer in the field of neuropsychology and in the study of <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive</a> functions in humankind. She was invited to Hartford to study <a href="/wiki/Henry_Molaison" title="Henry Molaison">Henry Molaison</a>, formerly known as patient H.M., who became the most famous patient in <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">cognitive neuroscience</a>. He "had undergone a bilateral temporal lobectomy that included removal of major portions of the hippocampus."<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She studied the effects of this damage to the <a href="/wiki/Medial_temporal_lobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial temporal lobe">medial temporal lobe</a> on memory and systematically described the cognitive deficits exhibited by H.M. </p><p>In the early stages of her work with H.M., Milner wanted to completely understand his memory impairments. Milner showed that the medial temporal lobe <a href="/wiki/Amnestic_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Amnestic syndrome">amnestic syndrome</a> is characterised by an inability to acquire new memories and an inability to recall established memories from a few years immediately before damage, while memories from the more remote past and other cognitive abilities, including <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasoning">reasoning</a> were intact.<sup id="cite_ref-mcgill_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgill-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Milner spent three days with H.M. as he learned a new perceptual-motor task in order to determine what type of learning and memory were intact in him. This task involved reproducing the drawing of a star by looking at it in a mirror.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His performance improved over those three days. However, he subsequently retained absolutely no memory of any events that took place during those three days.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led Milner to speculate that there are different types of learning and memory, each dependent on a separate system of the brain .<sup id="cite_ref-Xia_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xia-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was able to demonstrate two different memory systems - <a href="/wiki/Episodic_memory" title="Episodic memory">episodic memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Procedural_memory" title="Procedural memory">procedural memory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chrcrm_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chrcrm-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Milner discovered from H.M. and other case studies that "bilateral medial temporal-lobe resection in man results in a persistent impairment of recent memory whenever the removal is carried far enough posteriorly to damage portions of the anterior hippocampus and hippocampal gyrus."<sup id="cite_ref-loss_of_memory_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loss_of_memory-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She showed that in patients with this syndrome the ability to learn certain <a href="/wiki/Motor_skill" title="Motor skill">motor skills</a> remained normal.<sup id="cite_ref-loss_of_memory_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loss_of_memory-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This finding introduced the concept of multiple memory systems within the brain and stimulated an enormous body of research. Milner stated in an interview with the <i>McGill Journal of Medicine</i>, "To see that H.M. had learned the task perfectly but with absolutely no awareness that he had done it before was an amazing dissociation. If you want to know what was an exciting moment of my life, that was one."<sup id="cite_ref-Xia_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xia-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She has made major contributions to the understanding of the role of the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">frontal lobes</a> in memory processing, in the area of organizing information. "Dr. Milner's seminal research has provided many landmark discoveries in the study of human memory and the brain's temporal lobes, which play a key role in emotional responses, <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(sense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing (sense)">hearing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-loss_of_memory_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loss_of_memory-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She demonstrated the critical role of the dorsolateral frontal cortex for the temporal organization of memory and her work showed that there is partial separability of the neural circuits subserving recognition memory from those mediating memory for temporal order. She described the inflexibility in <a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">problem solving</a> that is now widely recognized as a common consequence of frontal-lobe injury. These refinements in the understanding of memory and exposition of the relevant brain regions revealed the anatomically diffuse nature of complex cognitive functions in the brain. </p><p>Milner helped describe the <a href="/wiki/Lateralization" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateralization">lateralization</a> of function in the human brain and has shown how the neural substrate of language in the cerebral hemispheres can vary in left-handed, right-handed and ambidextrous individuals (see <a href="/wiki/Handedness" title="Handedness">handedness</a>). She used the <a href="/wiki/Wada_test" title="Wada test">Wada test</a> to show that for any handedness, the left hemisphere is dominant for language in most people.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These studies of the relationship between hand preference and <a href="/wiki/Speech_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech communication">speech</a> lateralization led to an understanding of the effects of early unilateral brain lesions on the pattern of cerebral organization at maturity. Her studies were among the first to demonstrate convincingly that damage to the brain can lead to dramatic functional reorganization. </p><p>Using mostly prize money from her numerous awards, Milner donated 1 million dollars to the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Neurological_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Neurological Institute">Montreal Neurological Institute</a> in 2007, after establishing a foundation in her name.<sup id="cite_ref-montrealgazette.com_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-montrealgazette.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_research">Recent research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenda_Milner&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Recent research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brenda_Milner_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Brenda_Milner_2014.jpg/220px-Brenda_Milner_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Brenda_Milner_2014.jpg/330px-Brenda_Milner_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Brenda_Milner_2014.jpg/440px-Brenda_Milner_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1663" data-file-height="2195" /></a><figcaption>Brenda Milner in 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>In more recent times, Milner has expanded her research to the study of brain activity in normal subjects using functional magnetic resonance imaging (<a href="/wiki/FMRI" class="mw-redirect" title="FMRI">fMRI</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a> (PET).<sup id="cite_ref-chrcrm_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chrcrm-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These studies focus on the identification of brain regions associated with <a href="/wiki/Spatial_memory" title="Spatial memory">spatial memory</a> and language, including the neural substrates of monolingual and <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism">bilingual</a> speech processing.<sup id="cite_ref-chrcrm_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chrcrm-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another series of PET studies, she has sought to delineate further the role of the right hippocampal region in memory for the spatial location of objects.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Milner continued teaching and researching past her 100th birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc.ca_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is the <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_J._Killam" title="Dorothy J. Killam">Dorothy J. Killam</a> Professor at the Montreal Neurological Institute, and a professor in the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery at McGill University.<sup id="cite_ref-chrcrm_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chrcrm-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Milner's current collaborators is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Denise_Klein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denise Klein (page does not exist)">Denise Klein</a>, an assistant professor in the Neurology/Cognitive Neuroscience unit at McGill.<sup id="cite_ref-Great_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Great-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their research on bilingualism entails investigating the difference in neural pathways used to acquire new and native languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Great_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Great-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, Milner celebrated her 100th birthday in Montreal with about 30 friends, including fellow researcher Denise Klein.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc.ca_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although she never expected to reach this age, Milner stated that she has "every intention of continuing for many more birthdays."<sup id="cite_ref-cbc.ca_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Montreal Neurological Institute held a symposium in September 2018, celebrating her accomplishments.<sup id="cite_ref-view.joomag.com_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-view.joomag.com-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, Milner participated in a video series, launched by the Montreal Neurological Institute, dedicated to promoting female scientists and researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-view.joomag.com_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-view.joomag.com-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the interview, Milner spoke about her early life and gave an overview of her career.<sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenda_Milner&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Milner has received numerous awards for her contributions to neuroscience and psychology including memberships in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society of London">Royal Society of London</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Royal Society of Canada">Royal Society of Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chrcrm_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chrcrm-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, she has been awarded honorary degrees from more than 20 different universities across Canada, Europe, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early on, Milner was awarded a Sarah Smithson Research Studentship by Newnham College, Cambridge after her graduation, which allowed her to continue her work at Newnham College.<sup id="cite_ref-Distinguished_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distinguished-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984 Milner was made an Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a> and was promoted to Companion in 2004. In 1987, she was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Ralph_W._Gerard_Prize_in_Neuroscience" title="Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience">Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience</a>. She was also awarded the <a href="/wiki/NAS_Award_in_the_Neurosciences" title="NAS Award in the Neurosciences">National Academy of Sciences Award in the Neurosciences</a> in 2004 for her seminal investigations of the role of the temporal lobes and other brain regions in learning, memory, and language.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, she was made an Officer of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Quebec" title="National Order of Quebec">National Order of Quebec</a> and was promoted to Grand Officer in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Balzan_Prize" title="Balzan Prize">Balzan Prize</a> for her contributions to Cognitive Neurosciences in a ceremony held in the Swiss Parliament in December 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Milner_Wins_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milner_Wins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Milner was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Kavli_Prize" title="Kavli Prize">Kavli Prize</a> in Neuroscience in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other awards and recognition include: Election to the National Academy of Sciences (1976), the <a href="/wiki/Metlife_Foundation_Award_for_Medical_Research_in_Alzheimer%27s_Disease" title="Metlife Foundation Award for Medical Research in Alzheimer's Disease">Metlife Foundation Award for Medical Research in Alzheimer's Disease</a> (1996), election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2005), the <a href="/wiki/Dan_David_Prize" title="Dan David Prize">Dan David Prize</a> (2014), the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Prix Hommage du 50e anniversaire</span></span> from the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Ordre des psychologues du Québec</span></span> (2014), induction into the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Science_and_Engineering_Hall_of_Fame" title="Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame">Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame</a> (2012), recipient of a medal of honour from the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly of Quebec</a> (2018),<sup id="cite_ref-cbc.ca_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Meister_Greengard_Prize" title="Pearl Meister Greengard Prize">Pearl Meister Greengard Prize</a> (2011), the Norman A. Anderson Lifetime Achievement Award (2010), the Goldman-Rakic Prize for Outstanding Achievement in Cognitive Neuroscience by NARSAD (2009), the NSERC Medal of Excellence (2009 and 2010), the <a href="/wiki/Gairdner_Foundation_International_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Gairdner Foundation International Award">Gairdner Foundation International Award</a> (2005), the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Wilder-Penfield" title="Prix Wilder-Penfield">Prix Wilder-Penfield</a> (Prix du Québec) (1993), and election as a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, and Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenda_Milner&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birchard, Karen (November 6, 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/article/NosyObservant-a/129649/?sid=at">"'Nosy' and Observant, a Neuroscientist Continues Her Memorable Career at 93"</a>, <i>Chronicle of Higher Education</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canadian_Encyclopedia-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Canadian_Encyclopedia_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canadian_Encyclopedia_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/brenda-milner">"Brenda Milner"</a>. <i>Canadian Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Brenda+Milner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fbrenda-milner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrenda+Milner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milner_Wins-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milner_Wins_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milner_Wins_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/switzerland-suisse/eyes_abroad-coupdoeil/PrixBalzanPrize-BrendaMilner-April2010.aspx?lang=eng&view=d">Brenda Milner Wins Balzan Prize for Cognitive Neurosciences</a>. (2011). Government of Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101224112231/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/switzerland-suisse/eyes_abroad-coupdoeil/PrixBalzanPrize-BrendaMilner-April2010.aspx">Archived</a> 2010-12-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neurotree.org/beta/publications.php?pid=347">"Brenda Milner: List of Publications"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123053020/https://neurotree.org/beta/publications.php?pid=347">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brenda+Milner%3A+List+of+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fneurotree.org%2Fbeta%2Fpublications.php%3Fpid%3D347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrenda+Milner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerdue2015" class="citation news cs1">Perdue, Mitzi (April 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genengnews.com/insight-and-intelligence/science-legend-dr-brenda-milner/77900405/">"Science Legend Dr. Brenda Milner"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gen._Eng._Biotechnol._News" class="mw-redirect" title="Gen. Eng. Biotechnol. News">Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News</a></i> (Paper). Vol. 35, no. 8. pp. 6–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetic+Engineering+%26+Biotechnology+News&rft.atitle=Science+Legend+Dr.+Brenda+Milner&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=6-7&rft.date=2015-04-15&rft.aulast=Perdue&rft.aufirst=Mitzi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genengnews.com%2Finsight-and-intelligence%2Fscience-legend-dr-brenda-milner%2F77900405%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrenda+Milner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-medical_news-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-medical_news_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medical_news_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/226617.php">"Pioneering Memory Researcher Brenda Milner To Receive Pearl Meister Greengard Prize"</a>. Medical News Today. May 26, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pioneering+Memory+Researcher+Brenda+Milner+To+Receive+Pearl+Meister+Greengard+Prize&rft.pub=Medical+News+Today&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Freleases%2F226617.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrenda+Milner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesuburban.com/life/health/pioneering-neuropsychologist-brenda-milner-turns/article_b68c57ec-87bb-11e8-b1ff-875bc74f283d.html">"Pioneering neuropsychologist Brenda Milner turns 100"</a>. <i>Thesuburban.com</i>. July 15, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thesuburban.com&rft.atitle=Pioneering+neuropsychologist+Brenda+Milner+turns+100&rft.date=2018-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesuburban.com%2Flife%2Fhealth%2Fpioneering-neuropsychologist-brenda-milner-turns%2Farticle_b68c57ec-87bb-11e8-b1ff-875bc74f283d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrenda+Milner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-montrealgazette.com-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-montrealgazette.com_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-montrealgazette.com_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/mind-of-her-own-montreal-neuroscientist-brenda-milner-on-turning-100">"Mind of her own: Montreal neuroscientist Brenda Milner on turning 100"</a>. <i>Montrealgazette.com</i>. July 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Montrealgazette.com&rft.atitle=Mind+of+her+own%3A+Montreal+neuroscientist+Brenda+Milner+on+turning+100&rft.date=2018-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmontrealgazette.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fmind-of-her-own-montreal-neuroscientist-brenda-milner-on-turning-100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrenda+Milner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Distinguished-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Distinguished_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Distinguished_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Distinguished_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Distinguished_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Distinguished_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Distinguished_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Distinguished_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Distinguished_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Distinguished_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Distinguished_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Distinguished_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Distinguished_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNo_Authorship_Indicated1974" class="citation journal cs1">No Authorship Indicated (1974). 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Milner_bio1.html. Worth Publishers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Great+Canadian+Psychology+Website&rft.atitle=Dr.+Brenda+Milner+-+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psych.ualberta.ca%2F~gcpws%2F%2FMilner%2FBiography%2FMilner_bio1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrenda+Milner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~gcpws//Milner/Biography/Milner_bio2.html">"Dr. Brenda Milner - Biography"</a>. <i>The Great Canadian Psychology Website</i>. Milner_bio2.html. Worth Publishers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Great+Canadian+Psychology+Website&rft.atitle=Dr.+Brenda+Milner+-+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psych.ualberta.ca%2F~gcpws%2F%2FMilner%2FBiography%2FMilner_bio2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrenda+Milner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~gcpws//Milner/Biography/Milner_bio3.html">"Dr. Brenda Milner: Biography"</a>. <i>The Great Canadian Psychology Website</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Great+Canadian+Psychology+Website&rft.atitle=Dr.+Brenda+Milner%3A+Biography&rft.pages=3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psych.ualberta.ca%2F~gcpws%2F%2FMilner%2FBiography%2FMilner_bio3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrenda+Milner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~gcpws//Milner/Biography/Milner_bio4.html">"Dr. Brenda Milner: Biography"</a>. <i>The Great Canadian Psychology Website</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Great+Canadian+Psychology+Website&rft.atitle=Dr.+Brenda+Milner%3A+Biography&rft.pages=4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psych.ualberta.ca%2F~gcpws%2F%2FMilner%2FBiography%2FMilner_bio4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrenda+Milner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcgill.ca/neuro/about/brenda-milner">"McGill University Staff"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200916050907/https://www.mcgill.ca/neuro/about/brenda-milner">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=McGill+University+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcgill.ca%2Fneuro%2Fabout%2Fbrenda-milner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrenda+Milner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=126">"Brenda Milner"</a>. <i>Membres de l'Ordre national du Québec</i> (in French). Gouvernement du Québec<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Membres+de+l%27Ordre+national+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.atitle=Brenda+Milner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca%2Fmembres%2Fmembre.asp%3Fid%3D126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrenda+Milner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~gcpws//Milner/Biography/Milner_bio5.html">"Dr. Brenda Milner - Biography"</a>. <i>The Great Canadian Psychology Website</i>. Milner_bio5.html. Worth Publishers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Great+Canadian+Psychology+Website&rft.atitle=Dr.+Brenda+Milner+-+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psych.ualberta.ca%2F~gcpws%2F%2FMilner%2FBiography%2FMilner_bio5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrenda+Milner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilner1952" class="citation web cs1">Milner, Brenda (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/-?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123923&silo_library=GEN01">"Intellectual effects of temporal-lobe damage in man"</a>. <i>Digitool.library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digitool.library&rft.atitle=Intellectual+effects+of+temporal-lobe+damage+in+man.&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Milner&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitool.Library.McGill.CA%3A80%2FR%2F-%3Ffunc%3Ddbin-jump-full%26object_id%3D123923%26silo_library%3DGEN01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrenda+Milner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcgill.ca/neuro/about/brenda-milner/awards-and-honours-brenda-milner">"Brenda Milner List of Awards and Degrees"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803155908/https://www.mcgill.ca/neuro/about/brenda-milner/awards-and-honours-brenda-milner">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brenda+Milner+List+of+Awards+and+Degrees.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcgill.ca%2Fneuro%2Fabout%2Fbrenda-milner%2Fawards-and-honours-brenda-milner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrenda+Milner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilner1954" class="citation journal cs1">Milner, Brenda (1954). 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Interview with Dr. Brenda Milner"</a>. <i>McGill Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 165–172. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2323518">2323518</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18523614">18523614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=McGill+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+human+brain%3A+A+lifetime+of+dedicated+pursuit.+Interview+with+Dr.+Brenda+Milner&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-172&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2323518%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18523614&rft.aulast=Xia&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2323518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrenda+Milner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chrcrm-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chrcrm_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chrcrm_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chrcrm_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chrcrm_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chrcrm_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008170303/http://www.chrcrm.org/en/rotm/dr-brenda-milner">"Dr. Brenda Milner"</a>. Canadians for Health Research. June 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chrcrm.org/en/rotm/dr-brenda-milner">the original</a> on October 8, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2024</span>. <q>she showed that the left hemisphere is dominant for language in the vast majority of people, regardless of handedness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=At+104+years+old%2C+memory+scientist+Brenda+Milner+seems+to+remember+almost+everything&rft.date=2023-04-07&rft.aulast=Andrew-Gee&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fcanada%2Farticle-brenda-milner-memory-neuroscientist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrenda+Milner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilnerJohnsrudeCrane1997" class="citation journal cs1">Milner, B.; Johnsrude, I.; Crane, J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=View.joomag.com&rft.atitle=Montr%C3%A9al+enSant%C3%A9+MES+V10N3+%C3%89t%C3%A9%2FSummer+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fview.joomag.com%2Fmontr%25C3%25A9al-ensant%25C3%25A9-mes-v10n3-%25C3%2589t%25C3%25A9-summer-2018%2F0407331001528817052%3Fe%3D1%26page%3D1%26embedInfo%3D%3B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrenda+Milner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://mcgill.ca/neuro/news/neuro-xxceptional-women">[1]</a> xxceptional-women, McGill University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-youtube.com-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-youtube.com_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-youtube.com_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhfNtyL_Cj0">[2]</a>, youtube.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcgill.ca/neuro/about/notable-figures/brenda-milner/awards-and-honours">"Awards & Honours of Brenda Milner"</a>. <i>Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital: About</i>. <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Neurological_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Neurological Institute"> Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Montreal+Neurological+Institute+and+Hospital%3A+About&rft.atitle=Awards+%26+Honours+of+Brenda+Milner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcgill.ca%2Fneuro%2Fabout%2Fnotable-figures%2Fbrenda-milner%2Fawards-and-honours&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrenda+Milner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/neurosciences.html">Nas Award in the Neurosciences.</a> (2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterM.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter M"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780%E2%80%932010%3A+Chapter+M&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrenda+Milner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenda_Milner&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brenda_Milner" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Brenda Milner">Brenda Milner</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=1179">Order of Canada citation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~gcpws/Milner/Milner.html">Great Canadian Psychology Website – Brenda Milner Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twit.tv/fib33">Interview on Futures in Biotech (2008)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/21/science/still-charting-memorys-depths.html">"Still Charting Memory's Depths – A Conversation with Brenda Milner"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (2013)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inductees_into_the_Canadian_Medical_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_Medical_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:Canadian Medical Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_Medical_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:Canadian Medical Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_Medical_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian Medical Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inductees_into_the_Canadian_Medical_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees into the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Medical_Hall_of_Fame" title="Canadian Medical Hall of Fame">Canadian Medical Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>A</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maude_Abbott" title="Maude Abbott">Maude Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Avery" title="Oswald Avery">Oswald Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Aguayo" title="Albert Aguayo">Albert Aguayo</a> <b>B</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bagshaw" title="Elizabeth Bagshaw">Elizabeth Bagshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_J._M._Barnett" title="Henry J. M. Barnett">Henry J. M. Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Barr" title="Murray Barr">Murray Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Beer" title="Charles Thomas Beer">Charles Thomas Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(physician)" title="John Bell (physician)">John Bel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Belleau" title="Bernard Belleau">Bernard Belleau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_B._Berger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip B. Berger (page does not exist)">Philip B. Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_G._Bergeron" title="Michel G. Bergeron">Michel G. Bergeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bernstein" title="Alan Bernstein">Alan Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Best_(medical_scientist)" title="Charles Best (medical scientist)">Charles Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Bethune" title="Norman Bethune">Norman Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bienenstock" title="John Bienenstock">John Bienenstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Gordon_Bigelow" title="Wilfred Gordon Bigelow">Wilfred Gordon Bigelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bliss" title="Michael Bliss">Michael Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Blizzard" title="Stephen Blizzard">Stephen Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_J._de_Bold" title="Adolfo J. de Bold">Adolfo J. de Bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Bondar" title="Roberta Bondar">Roberta Bondar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bradley_(doctor)" title="John Bradley (doctor)">John Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Breault" title="Henri Breault">Henri Breault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Malcolm_Brown" title="G. Malcolm Brown">G. Malcolm Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Browne_(scientist)" title="John Browne (scientist)">John Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_C._Burton" title="Alan C. Burton">Alan C. Burton</a> <b>C</b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elaine_A._Carty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elaine A. Carty (page does not exist)">Elaine A. Carty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brock_Chisholm" title="Brock Chisholm">Brock Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Max_Chochinov" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey Max Chochinov">Harvey Max Chochinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Chown" title="Bruce Chown">Bruce Chown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Michel Chrétien">Michel Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Arthur_Cochrane" title="William Arthur Cochrane">William Arthur Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Cohen" title="May Cohen">May Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Collip" title="James Collip">James Collip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harold_Copp" title="Douglas Harold Copp">Douglas Harold Copp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Cynader" title="Max Cynader">Max Cynader</a> <b>D</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_David_(cardiologist)" title="Paul David (cardiologist)">Paul David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naranjan_Dhalla" title="Naranjan Dhalla">Naranjan Dhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_A._Dignan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas A. Dignan (page does not exist)">Thomas A. Dignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dirks_(physician)" title="John Dirks (physician)">John Dirks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dosman" title="James Dosman">James Dosman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Tommy Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Drake" title="Charles George Drake">Charles George Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Drucker" title="Daniel J. Drucker">Daniel J. Drucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacalyn_Duffin" title="Jacalyn Duffin">Jacalyn Duffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dussault" title="Jean Dussault">Jean Dussault</a> <b>E</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connie_Eaves" title="Connie Eaves">Connie Eaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Evans" title="John Robert Evans">John Robert Evans</a> <b>F</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Farquharson" title="Ray Farquharson">Ray Farquharson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Fedoruk" title="Sylvia Fedoruk">Sylvia Fedoruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Feindel" title="William Feindel">William Feindel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Finlay" title="Brett Finlay">Brett Finlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Miller_Fisher" title="C. Miller Fisher">C. Miller Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._FitzGerald" title="John G. FitzGerald">John G. FitzGerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Fortier" title="Claude Fortier">Claude Fortier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Fox" title="Terry Fox">Terry Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Frappier" title="Armand Frappier">Armand Frappier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke_Fraser" title="Clarke Fraser">Clarke Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Friesen" title="Henry Friesen">Henry Friesen</a> <b>G</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gallie" title="William Gallie">William Gallie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Genest" title="Jacques Genest">Jacques Genest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Gingras" title="Gustave Gingras">Gustave Gingras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Gold" title="Phil Gold">Phil Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Goldbloom" title="Richard Goldbloom">Richard Goldbloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gray_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Gray (academic)">Jean Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Grenfell" title="Wilfred Grenfell">Wilfred Grenfell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Guyatt" title="Gordon Guyatt">Gordon Guyatt</a> <b>H</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Hachinski" title="Vladimir Hachinski">Vladimir Hachinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Hakim" title="Antoine Hakim">Antoine Hakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Matthew_Hall" title="Emmett Matthew Hall">Emmett Matthew Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Goslin_Hall" title="Judith Goslin Hall">Judith Goslin Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_R._Hayden" title="Michael R. Hayden">Michael R. Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Olding_Hebb" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Olding Hebb">Donald Olding Hebb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Pearl_Herbert" title="Carol Pearl Herbert">Carol Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_d%27Herelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Félix d'Herelle">Félix d'Herelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Hirsh" title="Jack Hirsh">Jack Hirsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hollenberg" title="Charles Hollenberg">Charles Hollenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Hogg" title="James C. Hogg">James C. Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hubel" class="mw-redirect" title="David Hubel">David Hubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Huggins" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles B. Huggins">Charles B. Huggins</a> <b>J</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Jasper" title="Herbert Jasper">Herbert Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Jenkins" title="David J. Jenkins">David J. Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Johns" title="Harold E. Johns">Harold E. Johns</a> <b>K</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbert_Keon" title="Wilbert Keon">Wilbert Keon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonora_King" title="Leonora King">Leonora King</a> <b>L</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lalonde" title="Marc Lalonde">Marc Lalonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Langer_(surgeon)" title="Bernard Langer (surgeon)">Bernard Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Philippe_Leblond" title="Charles Philippe Leblond">Charles Philippe Leblond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_LeClair" title="Maurice LeClair">Maurice LeClair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Lehmann" title="Heinz Lehmann">Heinz Lehmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lougheed" title="Peter Lougheed">Peter Lougheed</a> <b>M</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Mance" title="Jeanne Mance">Jeanne Mance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McCulloch" title="Ernest McCulloch">Ernest McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEachern" title="John McEachern">John McEachern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mackenzie" title="Walter Mackenzie">Walter Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Macklem" title="Peter Macklem">Peter Macklem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_MacLennan" title="David MacLennan">David MacLennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(physiologist)" title="John Macleod (physiologist)">John Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae">John McCrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_McWhinney" title="Ian McWhinney">Ian McWhinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tak_Wah_Mak" title="Tak Wah Mak">Tak Wah Mak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Marra" title="Marco Marra">Marco Marra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Martin" title="Joseph B. Martin">Joseph B. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Masson" title="Pierre Masson">Pierre Masson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Campbell_Meakins" title="Jonathan Campbell Meakins">Jonathan Campbell Meakins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Menten" title="Maud Menten">Maud Menten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Melzack" title="Ronald Melzack">Ronald Melzack</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brenda Milner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Montaner" title="Julio Montaner">Julio Montaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Montizambert" title="Frederick Montizambert">Frederick Montizambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balfour_Mount" title="Balfour Mount">Balfour Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_John_Murray" title="Thomas John Murray">Thomas John Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Mustard" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraser Mustard">Fraser Mustard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thornton_Mustard" title="William Thornton Mustard">William Thornton Mustard</a> <b>N</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Naimark" title="Arnold Naimark">Arnold Naimark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Naylor" title="David Naylor">David Naylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Noble_(physician)" title="Robert Noble (physician)">Robert Noble</a> <b>O</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_O%27Connor" title="Annette O'Connor">Annette O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Osler" title="William Osler">William Osler</a> <b>P</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Pawson" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Pawson">Anthony Pawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield">Wilder Penfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Peters" title="Vera Peters">Vera Peters</a> <b>Q</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9mi_Quirion" title="Rémi Quirion">Rémi Quirion</a> <b>R</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Rockman-Greenberg" title="Cheryl Rockman-Greenberg">Cheryl Rockman-Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Ronald" title="Allan Ronald">Allan Ronald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noralou_P._Roos" title="Noralou P. Roos">Noralou P. Roos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Lucien_Rouleau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Lucien Rouleau (page does not exist)">Jean-Lucien Rouleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Roy_(physician)" title="Claude Roy (physician)">Claude Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Rusted" title="Ian Rusted">Ian Rusted</a> <b>S</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sackett" title="David Sackett">David Sackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Salter" title="Robert B. Salter">Robert B. Salter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scriver" title="Charles Scriver">Charles Scriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Selye" title="Hans Selye">Hans Selye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Siminovitch" title="Louis Siminovitch">Louis Siminovitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Estelle_R._Simons" title="F. Estelle R. Simons">F. Estelle R. Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_G._Sinclair" title="Duncan G. Sinclair">Duncan G. Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(chemist)" title="Michael Smith (chemist)">Michael Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum_Sonenberg" title="Nahum Sonenberg">Nahum Sonenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bette_Stephenson" title="Bette Stephenson">Bette Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Stiller" title="Calvin Stiller">Calvin Stiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Stowe" title="Emily Stowe">Emily Stowe</a> <b>T</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tator" title="Charles Tator">Charles Tator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Teasdale-Corti" title="Lucille Teasdale-Corti">Lucille Teasdale-Corti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Till" title="James Till">James Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap-Chee_Tsui" title="Lap-Chee Tsui">Lap-Chee Tsui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endel_Tulving" title="Endel Tulving">Endel Tulving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Tupper" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Charles Tupper">Sir Charles Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Lorne_Tyrrell" title="D. Lorne Tyrrell">D. Lorne Tyrrell</a> <b>V</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mladen_Vranic" title="Mladen Vranic">Mladen Vranic</a> <b>W</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Wainberg" title="Mark Wainberg">Mark Wainberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Weiss_(neurobiologist)" title="Samuel Weiss (neurobiologist)">Samuel Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Worton" title="Ronald Worton">Ronald Worton</a> <b>Y</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Marguerite_d%27Youville" title="Marie-Marguerite d'Youville">Marie-Marguerite d'Youville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Yusuf" title="Salim Yusuf">Salim Yusuf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kavli_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#eedd82;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kavli_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Kavli Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kavli_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Kavli Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kavli_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kavli Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kavli_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kavli_Prize" title="Kavli Prize">Kavli Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#eedd82;">Astrophysics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maarten_Schmidt" title="Maarten Schmidt">Maarten Schmidt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Lynden-Bell" title="Donald Lynden-Bell">Donald Lynden-Bell</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nelson_(astronomer)" title="Jerry Nelson (astronomer)">Jerry E. Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Wilson_(physicist)" title="Raymond Wilson (physicist)">Raymond N. Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Angel" title="Roger Angel">Roger Angel</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Jewitt" title="David C. Jewitt">David C. Jewitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Luu" title="Jane Luu">Jane Luu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown">Michael E. Brown</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Guth" title="Alan Guth">Alan Guth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Linde" title="Andrei Linde">Andrei Linde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Starobinsky" title="Alexei Starobinsky">Alexei Starobinsky</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Drever" title="Ronald Drever">Ronald Drever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Kip Thorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Rainer Weiss</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewine_van_Dishoeck" title="Ewine van Dishoeck">Ewine van Dishoeck</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fabian" title="Andrew Fabian">Andrew Fabian</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Ulrich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Ulrich (page does not exist)">Roger Ulrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Christensen-Dalsgaard" title="Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard">Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conny_Aerts" title="Conny Aerts">Conny Aerts</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Seager" title="Sara Seager">Sara Seager</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Charbonneau" title="David Charbonneau">David Charbonneau</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#eedd82;">Nanoscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_E._Brus" title="Louis E. Brus">Louis E. Brus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumio_Iijima" title="Sumio Iijima">Sumio Iijima</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Eigler" title="Don Eigler">Donald Eigler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nadrian_Seeman" title="Nadrian Seeman">Nadrian Seeman</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ebbesen" title="Thomas Ebbesen">Thomas Ebbesen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Hell" title="Stefan Hell">Stefan Hell</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Pendry" title="John Pendry">John Pendry</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Gerd Binnig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Gerber" title="Christoph Gerber">Christoph Gerber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Quate" title="Calvin Quate">Calvin Quate</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginijus_%C5%A0ik%C5%A1nys" title="Virginijus Šikšnys">Virginijus Šikšnys</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Rose" title="Harald Rose">Harald Rose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Haider" title="Maximilian Haider">Maximilian Haider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knut_Urban" title="Knut Urban">Knut Urban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ondrej_Krivanek" title="Ondrej Krivanek">Ondrej Krivanek</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Sagiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob Sagiv (page does not exist)">Jacob Sagiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_G._Nuzzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph G. Nuzzo">Ralph G. Nuzzo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_L._Allara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David L. Allara (page does not exist)">David L. Allara</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_M._Whitesides" title="George M. Whitesides">George M. Whitesides</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armand_Paul_Alivisatos" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand Paul Alivisatos">Armand Paul Alivisatos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad_A._Mirkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chad A. Mirkin">Chad A. Mirkin</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#eedd82;">Neuroscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sten_Grillner" title="Sten Grillner">Sten Grillner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jessell" title="Thomas Jessell">Thomas Jessell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasko_Rakic" title="Pasko Rakic">Pasko Rakic</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Scheller" title="Richard Scheller">Richard Scheller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. Südhof">Thomas C. Südhof</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">James Rothman</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Bargmann" title="Cornelia Bargmann">Cornelia Bargmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winfried_Denk" title="Winfried Denk">Winfried Denk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Graybiel" title="Ann Graybiel">Ann Graybiel</a> (2012)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brenda Milner</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe_(neuroscientist)" title="John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)">John O'Keefe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Raichle" title="Marcus Raichle">Marcus Raichle</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve_Marder" title="Eve Marder">Eve Marder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Merzenich" title="Michael Merzenich">Michael Merzenich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carla_J._Shatz" title="Carla J. Shatz">Carla J. Shatz</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._James_Hudspeth" title="A. James Hudspeth">A. James Hudspeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fettiplace" title="Robert Fettiplace">Robert Fettiplace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christine_Petit" title="Christine Petit">Christine Petit</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Ardem Patapoutian</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Mandel" title="Jean-Louis Mandel">Jean-Louis Mandel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_T._Orr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry T. Orr (page does not exist)">Harry T. Orr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Walsh" title="Christopher A. Walsh">Christopher A. Walsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huda_Zoghbi" title="Huda Zoghbi">Huda Zoghbi</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kanwisher" title="Nancy Kanwisher">Nancy Kanwisher</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Winrich_Freiwald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winrich Freiwald (page does not exist)">Winrich Freiwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doris_Ying_Tsao" class="mw-redirect" title="Doris Ying Tsao">Doris Ying Tsao</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_memory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Memory" title="Template:Memory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Memory" title="Template talk:Memory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Memory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Memory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_memory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Human memory">Human memory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encoding_(memory)" title="Encoding (memory)">Encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_(memory)" title="Storage (memory)">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_(memory)" title="Recall (memory)">Recall</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_consolidation" title="Memory consolidation">Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy_of_memory" title="Neuroanatomy of memory">Neuroanatomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_memory" title="Sensory memory">Sensory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echoic_memory" title="Echoic memory">Echoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidetic_memory" title="Eidetic memory">Eidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyewitness_memory" title="Eyewitness memory">Eyewitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptic_memory" title="Haptic memory">Haptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconic_memory" title="Iconic memory">Iconic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_learning" title="Motor learning">Motor learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_memory" title="Visual memory">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Short-term_memory" title="Short-term memory">Short-term</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Magical_Number_Seven,_Plus_or_Minus_Two" title="The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two">The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_memory" title="Working memory">Working memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Long-term_memory" title="Long-term memory">Long-term</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_recall" class="mw-redirect" title="Active recall">Active recall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobiographical_memory" title="Autobiographical memory">Autobiographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_memory" title="Explicit memory">Explicit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_memory" title="Explicit memory">Declarative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episodic_memory" title="Episodic memory">Episodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_memory" title="Semantic memory">Semantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashbulb_memory" title="Flashbulb memory">Flashbulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthymesia" title="Hyperthymesia">Hyperthymesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_memory" title="Implicit memory">Implicit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaningful_learning" title="Meaningful learning">Meaningful learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal-event_memory" title="Personal-event memory">Personal-event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_memory" title="Procedural memory">Procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rote_learning" title="Rote learning">Rote learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_retention" title="Selective retention">Selective retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_of_the_tongue" title="Tip of the tongue">Tip of the tongue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forgetting" title="Forgetting">Forgetting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amnesia" title="Amnesia">Amnesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia" title="Anterograde amnesia">anterograde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_amnesia" title="Childhood amnesia">childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthypnotic_amnesia" title="Posthypnotic amnesia">post-hypnotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia" title="Post-traumatic amnesia">post-traumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_amnesia" title="Dissociative amnesia">dissociative (psychogenic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_amnesia" title="Retrograde amnesia">retrograde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_amnesia" title="Selective amnesia">selective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_global_amnesia" title="Transient global amnesia">transient global</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decay_theory" title="Decay theory">Decay theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgetting_curve" title="Forgetting curve">Forgetting curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interference_theory" title="Interference theory">Interference theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_erasure" title="Memory erasure">Memory erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_inhibition" title="Memory inhibition">Memory inhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivated_forgetting" title="Motivated forgetting">Motivated forgetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repressed_memory" title="Repressed memory">Repressed memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrieval-induced_forgetting" title="Retrieval-induced forgetting">Retrieval-induced forgetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_focus" title="Weapon focus">Weapon focus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_error" title="Memory error">Memory errors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confabulation" title="Confabulation">Confabulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptomnesia" title="Cryptomnesia">Cryptomnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindsight_bias" title="Hindsight bias">Hindsight bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagination_inflation" title="Imagination inflation">Imagination inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memory_biases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of memory biases">Memory biases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_conformity" title="Memory conformity">Memory conformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misattribution_of_memory" title="Misattribution of memory">Misattribution of memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_effect" title="Misinformation effect">Misinformation effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-monitoring_error" title="Source-monitoring error">Source-monitoring error</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/False_memory" title="False memory">False memory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deese%E2%80%93Roediger%E2%80%93McDermott_paradigm" title="Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm">Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_memory_syndrome" title="False memory syndrome">False memory syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_implantation" title="Memory implantation">Memory implantation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_in_the_mall_technique" title="Lost in the mall technique">Lost in the mall technique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovered-memory_therapy" title="Recovered-memory therapy">Recovered-memory therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methods_used_to_study_memory" title="Methods used to study memory">Research methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exceptional_memory" title="Exceptional memory">Exceptional memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_tests_of_memory" title="Indirect tests of memory">Indirect tests of memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_disorder" title="Memory disorder">Memory disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_memory" title="Collective memory">Collective memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_memory" title="Politics of memory">Politics of memory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_memory" title="Cultural memory">Cultural memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_and_social_interactions" title="Memory and social interactions">Memory and social interactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_conformity" title="Memory conformity">Memory conformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactive_memory" title="Transactive memory">Transactive memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_and_aging" title="Memory and aging">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_memory" title="Art of memory">Art of memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chunking_(psychology)" title="Chunking (psychology)">chunking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_alcohol_on_memory" title="Effects of alcohol on memory">Effects of alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise#Memory" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Effects of exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_and_memory" title="Emotion and memory">Emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_improvement" title="Memory improvement">Memory improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_and_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrition and memory">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_memory" title="Sleep and memory">Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_and_trauma" title="Memory and trauma">Trauma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_sport" title="Memory sport">Memory sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Memory_Championships" title="World Memory Championships">World Memory Championships</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shas_Pollak" title="Shas Pollak">Shas Pollak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absent-mindedness" title="Absent-mindedness">Absent-mindedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atkinson%E2%80%93Shiffrin_memory_model" title="Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model">Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context-dependent_memory" title="Context-dependent memory">Context-dependent</a> and <a href="/wiki/State-dependent_memory" title="State-dependent memory">state-dependent</a> memory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_memory" title="Childhood memory">Childhood memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exosomatic_memory" title="Exosomatic memory">Exosomatic memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_recall" title="Free recall">Free recall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate-term_memory" title="Intermediate-term memory">Intermediate-term memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_memory" title="Involuntary memory">Involuntary memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flashback_(psychology)" title="Flashback (psychology)">flashbacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levels_of_Processing_model" title="Levels of Processing model">Levels of Processing model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamemory" title="Metamemory">Metamemory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_memory" title="Muscle memory">Muscle memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priming_(psychology)" title="Priming (psychology)">Priming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intertrial_priming" title="Intertrial priming">intertrial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospective_memory" title="Prospective memory">Prospective</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retrospective_memory" title="Retrospective memory">retrospective</a> memory</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Sins_of_Memory" title="The Seven Sins of Memory">The Seven Sins of Memory</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Atkinson" title="Richard C. Atkinson">Richard C. Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Bjork" title="Robert A. Bjork">Robert A. Bjork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Ceci" title="Stephen J. Ceci">Stephen J. Ceci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Clancy" title="Susan Clancy">Susan Clancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ebbinghaus" title="Hermann Ebbinghaus">Hermann Ebbinghaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Goldman-Rakic" title="Patricia Goldman-Rakic">Patricia Goldman-Rakic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Izquierdo" title="Ivan Izquierdo">Ivan Izquierdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_K._Johnson" title="Marcia K. Johnson">Marcia K. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Loftus" title="Elizabeth Loftus">Elizabeth Loftus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Loftus" title="Geoffrey Loftus">Geoffrey Loftus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McGaugh" title="James McGaugh">James McGaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Maguire" title="Eleanor Maguire">Eleanor Maguire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George Armitage Miller</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brenda Milner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Nadel" title="Lynn Nadel">Lynn Nadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Roediger_III" title="Henry L. Roediger III">Henry L. Roediger III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Schacter" title="Daniel Schacter">Daniel Schacter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Shiffrin" title="Richard Shiffrin">Richard Shiffrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Shimamura" title="Arthur P. Shimamura">Arthur P. Shimamura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Squire" title="Larry Squire">Larry Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Treisman" title="Anne Treisman">Anne Treisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endel_Tulving" title="Endel Tulving">Endel Tulving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stickgold" title="Robert Stickgold">Robert Stickgold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Patients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Molaison" title="Henry Molaison">HM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Cochrane" title="Kent Cochrane">KC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_N.A." title="Patient N.A.">NA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Wearing" title="Clive Wearing">Clive Wearing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hancock" title="Jonathan Hancock">Jonathan Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._McHugh" title="Paul R. McHugh">Paul R. McHugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_O%27Brien" title="Dominic O'Brien">Dominic O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Pridmore" title="Ben Pridmore">Ben Pridmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_Rossellius" title="Cosmos Rossellius">Cosmos Rossellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Slyusarchuk" title="Andriy Slyusarchuk">Andriy Slyusarchuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/28px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/42px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/56px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" 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<li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_psychology" title="Differential psychology">Differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_psychology" title="Ecological psychology">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/50px-Psi-stylized.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/75px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/100px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">Applied <br />psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">Anomalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_psychology" title="Coaching psychology">Coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_psychology" title="Legal psychology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_psychology" title="Medical psychology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychology" title="Military psychology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral psychology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_psychology" title="School psychology">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Sport and exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Traffic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Methodologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_research" title="Archival research">Archival research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavior epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_analysis" title="Content analysis">Content analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_subject_research" title="Human subject research">Human subject research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">Psychophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_psychological_research" title="Qualitative psychological research">Qualitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychological_research" title="Quantitative psychological research">Quantitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-report_inventory" title="Self-report inventory">Self-report inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_methodology" title="Survey methodology">Statistical surveys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Behavioral engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(polyseme)" title="Competence (polyseme)">Competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_management_theory" title="Terror management theory">Terror management theory</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lewin" title="Kurt Lewin">Kurt Lewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Allport" title="Gordon Allport">Gordon Allport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Guilford" title="J. P. Guilford">J. P. Guilford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Raymond Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal E. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McClelland" title="David McClelland">David McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Festinger" title="Leon Festinger">Leon Festinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lazarus" title="Richard Lazarus">Richard Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Schachter" title="Stanley Schachter">Stanley Schachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zajonc" title="Robert Zajonc">Robert Zajonc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Brown_(psychologist)" title="Roger Brown (psychologist)">Roger Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endel_Tulving" title="Endel Tulving">Endel Tulving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg" title="Lawrence Kohlberg">Lawrence Kohlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulric_Neisser" title="Ulric Neisser">Ulric Neisser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kagan" title="Jerome Kagan">Jerome Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mischel" title="Walter Mischel">Walter Mischel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Aronson" title="Elliot Aronson">Elliot Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner_(psychologist)" title="Michael Posner (psychologist)">Michael Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Tversky" title="Amos Tversky">Amos Tversky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_McEwen" title="Bruce McEwen">Bruce McEwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Squire" title="Larry Squire">Larry Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Nisbett" title="Richard E. Nisbett">Richard E. Nisbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman">Martin Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Diener" title="Ed Diener">Ed Diener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_E._Taylor" title="Shelley E. Taylor">Shelley E. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Anderson_(psychologist)" title="John Robert Anderson (psychologist)">John Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_C._Kessler" title="Ronald C. Kessler">Ronald C. Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._LeDoux" title="Joseph E. LeDoux">Joseph E. LeDoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Davidson" title="Richard Davidson">Richard Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Fiske" title="Susan Fiske">Susan Fiske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Baumeister" title="Roy Baumeister">Roy Baumeister</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychology_lists" title="Category:Psychology lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_counseling" title="Outline of counseling">Counseling topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology" title="List of branches of psychology">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations" title="List of psychology organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" title="Outline of psychology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">Psychotherapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Research methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_schools" title="List of psychological schools">Schools of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" title="Timeline of psychology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles" title="Index of psychology articles">Topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#DFEBFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/psychology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:psychology">Wiktionary definition</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:en:Psychology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:en:Psychology">Wiktionary category</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Psychology">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Psychology" class="extiw" title="commons:category:Psychology">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Psychology">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Psychology">Wikinews</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Psychology">Wikibooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" 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