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class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Factor+Q" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Factor+Q" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label 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id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Expressions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expressions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Expressions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expressions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegeu_també" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegeu_també"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vegeu també</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegeu_també-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Factor Q</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 24 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="عامل الجودة - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عامل الجودة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%C4%83%D1%85%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_(%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95)" title="Лайăхлăх (сулланусен теорийĕ) - txuvaix" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лайăхлăх (сулланусен теорийĕ)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhed_(fysik)" title="Godhed (fysik) - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Godhed (fysik)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCtefaktor" title="Gütefaktor - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gütefaktor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_factor" title="Q factor - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Q factor" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_de_calidad" title="Factor de calidad - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Factor de calidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCvetegur" title="Hüvetegur - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hüvetegur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ضریب کیفیت - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ضریب کیفیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyvyysluku" title="Hyvyysluku - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hyvyysluku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facteur_de_qualit%C3%A9" title="Facteur de qualité - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Facteur de qualité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מקדם איכות - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקדם איכות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="गुणता कारक - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुणता कारक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3s%C3%A1gi_t%C3%A9nyez%C5%91" title="Jósági tényező - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jósági tényező" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fattore_di_merito" title="Fattore di merito - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fattore di merito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%E5%80%A4" title="Q値 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Q値" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%88%D1%96" title="Сапа көрсеткіші - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сапа көрсеткіші" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_%EC%9D%B8%EC%9E%90" title="Q 인자 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Q 인자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvalit%C4%81tes_faktors_Q" title="Kvalitātes faktors Q - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kvalitātes faktors Q" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobro%C4%87" title="Dobroć - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dobroć" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Добротность - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Добротность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhetstal" title="Godhetstal - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Godhetstal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalite_fakt%C3%B6r%C3%BC" title="Kalite faktörü - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kalite faktörü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Добротність - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Добротність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%81%E8%B3%AA%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="品質因子 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="品質因子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q830521#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Factor_Q" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussi%C3%B3:Factor_Q" rel="discussion" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">català</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Factor_Q"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factor_Q&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factor_Q&action=history" title="Versions antigues d'aquesta pàgina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eines</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Factor_Q"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factor_Q&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factor_Q&action=history"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/Factor_Q" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Factor_Q" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d'aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A0gines_especials" title="Llista totes les pàgines especials [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pàgines especials</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimeix/exporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Llibre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Factor+Q"><span>Crea un llibre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Factor_Q&action=show-download-screen"><span>Baixa com a PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factor_Q&printable=yes" title="Versió per a impressió d'aquesta pàgina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versió per a impressora</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En altres projectes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> 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vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><p>En <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física">física</a> i <a href="/wiki/Enginyeria" title="Enginyeria">enginyeria</a> el <b>factor Q</b>, també conegut com a <b>factor de qualitat</b>, és un <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A0metre" title="Paràmetre">paràmetre</a> que informa sobre la <a href="/wiki/Qualitat" title="Qualitat">qualitat</a> d'un sistema <a href="/wiki/Oscil%C2%B7laci%C3%B3" title="Oscil·lació">oscil·lant</a>. Compara la <a href="/wiki/Freq%C3%BC%C3%A8ncia" title="Freqüència">freqüència</a> a la que oscil·la el sistema amb la velocitat a la que dissipa la seva <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a>. Un <b>factor Q</b>, o simplement <b>Q</b> gran, indica baixa taxa relativa de dissipació d'energia a la freqüència d'oscil·lació. Per exemple, un <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8ndol" title="Pèndol">pèndol</a> que oscil·la a l'<a href="/wiki/Aire" title="Aire">aire</a> tindrà una <b>Q</b> gran, mentre que el mateix pèndol immers en <a href="/wiki/Oli" title="Oli">oli</a> tindrà una <b>Q</b> més petita. </p><p>Generalment <b>Q</b> s'expressa matemàticament com: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q=\omega {\frac {\mbox{Energia emmagatzemada}}{\mbox{Potencia perduda}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Energia emmagatzemada</mtext> </mstyle> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Potencia perduda</mtext> </mstyle> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q=\omega {\frac {\mbox{Energia emmagatzemada}}{\mbox{Potencia perduda}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f62580f92446332250e84368e902bb61fb8aa868" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:32.505ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q=\omega {\frac {\mbox{Energia emmagatzemada}}{\mbox{Potencia perduda}}}}"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>on <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ω</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }"></span> és la <a href="/wiki/Freq%C3%BC%C3%A8ncia_angular" class="mw-redirect" title="Freqüència angular">freqüència angular</a> del circuit (o sistema), l'energia emmagatzemada i la <a href="/wiki/Pot%C3%A8ncia_f%C3%ADsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Potència física">potència</a> perduda són propietats del sistema considerat.</dd></dl> <p>El <b> factor Q </b>, també anomenat <b>factor de qualitat</b> o <b>factor de selectivitat</b>, és un paràmetre que mesura la relació entre l'energia reactiva que emmagatzema i l'energia que dissipa durant un cicle complet del senyal. És un paràmetre important per als <a href="/wiki/Oscil%C2%B7lador" title="Oscil·lador">oscil·ladors</a>, filtres i altres circuits sintonitzats, ja que proporciona una mesura de l'agudesa de la seva ressonància. Els sistemes ressonants responen a una freqüència determinada, anomenada freqüència natural, freqüència pròpia o freqüència de ressonància, molt més que a la resta de freqüències. El rang de freqüències a les que el sistema respon significativament és l'<a href="/wiki/Amplada_de_banda" title="Amplada de banda">amplada de banda</a>, i la freqüència central és la freqüència de <a href="/wiki/Resson%C3%A0ncia_el%C3%A8ctrica" title="Ressonància elèctrica">ressonància elèctrica</a>. També es defineix el factor de qualitat per als components, en particular, per als <a href="/wiki/Varactor" title="Varactor">varactors</a> i cristalls. </p><p>El factor de qualitat de circuits passius formats amb <a href="/wiki/Resist%C3%A8ncia_el%C3%A8ctrica_(component)" title="Resistència elèctrica (component)">resistències</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobina">bobines</a> i <a href="/wiki/Condensador" title="Condensador">condensadors</a> és baix, inferior a 100, per l'efecte de la resistivitat del fil de les bobines, principalment, ja que per a valors elevats d'inductància es necessiten grans longituds de fil. L'ús de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Circuit_actiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circuit actiu (encara no existeix)">circuits actius</a>, que funcionen com a multiplicadors d'inductància o capacitat pot millorar el Q. </p><p>Els vidres, que són ressonadors <a href="/wiki/Piezoel%C3%A8ctric" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezoelèctric">piezoelèctrics</a>, arriben a valors de Q de diversos milers. </p><p>A les <a href="/wiki/Microones" title="Microones">microones</a>, depenent de la freqüència, les <a href="/wiki/Cavitat_ressonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavitat ressonant">cavitats ressonants</a> poden arribar a valors de Q extraordinàriament alts, a causa del fet que les úniques parts dissipatives són les parets de la cavitat. Aquestes pèrdues es minimitzen recobrint de plata la part interior de la cavitat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expressions">Expressions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factor_Q&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Expressions"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q={\frac {2\pi {\text{Energia}}}{\text{Energia en un període}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Energia</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext>Energia en un període</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q={\frac {2\pi {\text{Energia}}}{\text{Energia en un període}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/70acd00d019de7aead436cfa0b749485c49c6086" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:28.357ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q={\frac {2\pi {\text{Energia}}}{\text{Energia en un període}}}}"></span></dd> <dd><span style="font-size:90%;">Equació 1</span></dd></dl> <p>El factor Q es defineix com la freqüència de ressonància (f<sub>0</sub>) dividida per l'amplada de banda (f<sub>2 </sub>- f<sub>1</sub>): </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q={\frac {f_{0}}{f_{2}-f_{1}}}={\frac {f_{0}}{\Delta f}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q={\frac {f_{0}}{f_{2}-f_{1}}}={\frac {f_{0}}{\Delta f}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fddab687ed44dcb3e543f01b63c2b2fbb655cde9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:20.149ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q={\frac {f_{0}}{f_{2}-f_{1}}}={\frac {f_{0}}{\Delta f}}}"></span></dd> <dd><span style="font-size:90%;">Equació 2</span></dd></dl> <p>El factor Q aplicat a un sol component serveix per caracteritzar els seus components no ideals. Així per a una <a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">bobina</a> real es té en compte la <a href="/wiki/Resist%C3%A8ncia_el%C3%A8ctrica_(propietat)" title="Resistència elèctrica (propietat)">resistència</a> del cable, un valor alt de Q significa una resistència petita i per tant un comportament més semblant a la bobina ideal. </p><p>En un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Circuit_RL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circuit RL (encara no existeix)">circuit RL</a> l'expressió del factor Q és: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q={\frac {\omega {}L}{R}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> <mi>R</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q={\frac {\omega {}L}{R}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/35fd585adb3f79495f5f547bad63860ae7e54427" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:8.802ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q={\frac {\omega {}L}{R}}}"></span></dd> <dd><span style="font-size:90%;">Equació 3</span></dd></dl> <p>On w és <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\pi \,\,f_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\pi \,\,f_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b31e8d318a7df35bd09332ed119e066677012710" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.462ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\pi \,\,f_{0}}"></span>. </p><p>Per a un <a href="/wiki/Circuit_RC" title="Circuit RC">circuit RC</a> l'expressió és: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q={\frac {1}{\,w\,R\,C}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>w</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>R</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q={\frac {1}{\,w\,R\,C}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6493bf5d2e7ce7a09bd2f021a578497318aa70b4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:12.129ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q={\frac {1}{\,w\,R\,C}}}"></span></dd> <dd><span style="font-size:90%;">Equació 4</span></dd></dl> <p>En <a href="/wiki/Filtre_electr%C3%B2nic" title="Filtre electrònic">filtres</a> serveix per veure el selectius que són, és a dir, per veure l'amplada de banda. En principi, un filtre amb menys amplada de banda (major Q), serà millor que un altre amb més ample. També, com es pot deduir de l'equació 2, és més difícil fer filtres de qualitat (perquè requereixen una Q gran) a alta freqüència que a baixa freqüència. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegeu_també"><span id="Vegeu_tamb.C3.A9"></span>Vegeu també</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factor_Q&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Vegeu també"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_RLC" title="Circuit RLC">Circuit RLC</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factor_Q&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-center{clear:both;margin:auto}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">A <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0gina_principal?uselang=ca">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quality_factor" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Quality factor">Factor Q</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://html.rincondelvago.com/respuesta-en-frecuencia_2.html">http://html.rincondelvago.com/respuesta-en-frecuencia_2.html</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d'autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4296822-7">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bases d'informació</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEC" class="mw-redirect" title="GEC">GEC</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/factor-de-qualitat">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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