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Richard Dawkins - Wikipedia
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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Work</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Work subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Evolutionary biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Meme"_as_behavioural_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Meme"_as_behavioural_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>"Meme" as behavioural concept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Meme"_as_behavioural_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Criticism of religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_creationism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_creationism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Criticism of creationism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_creationism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Political views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_postmodernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_postmodernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Views on postmodernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_postmodernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Other fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Awards and recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selected_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Selected publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentary_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentary_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Documentary films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentary_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_appearances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_appearances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Other appearances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_appearances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Selected bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Dawkins</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2" title="ريتشارد دوكينز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريتشارد دوكينز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%A1%27%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8D" title="ৰিচাৰ্ড ড'কিনছ্ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰিচাৰ্ড ড'কিনছ্" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C3%A7ard_Dokinz" title="Riçard Dokinz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Riçard Dokinz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="ریچارد داوکینز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ریچارد داوکینز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="রিচার্ড ডকিন্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রিচার্ড ডকিন্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B7" title="Рычард Докінз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рычард Докінз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B7" title="Рычард Докінз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рычард Докінз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Ричард Докинс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ричард Докинс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7" title="Ричард Докинз – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ричард Докинз" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2" title="ريتشارد دوكينز – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ريتشارد دوكينز" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9D%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%82" title="Ρίτσαρντ Ντόκινς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρίτσαρντ Ντόκινς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="ریچارد داوکینز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریچارد داوکینز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1_%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8" title="રીચાર્ડ ડાકિન્સ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રીચાર્ડ ડાકિન્સ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98%EB%93%9C_%EB%8F%84%ED%82%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="리처드 도킨스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리처드 도킨스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D4%B4%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A6" title="Ռիչարդ Դոքինզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռիչարդ Դոքինզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="रिचर्ड डॉकिन्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रिचर्ड डॉकिन्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="ריצ'רד דוקינס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריצ'רד דוקינס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="რიჩარდ დოკინზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რიჩარდ დოკინზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardus_Dawkins" title="Ricardus Dawkins – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ricardus Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C4%8Dards_Dokinss" title="Ričards Dokinss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ričards Dokinss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ritcard.dokinz" title="ritcard.dokinz – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ritcard.dokinz" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Ричард Докинс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ричард Докинс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="റിച്ചാർഡ് ഡോക്കിൻസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റിച്ചാർഡ് ഡോക്കിൻസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="रिचर्ड डॉकिन्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रिचर्ड डॉकिन्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2" title="ريتشارد دوكينز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريتشارد دوكينز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="リチャード・ドーキンス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リチャード・ドーキンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਰਿਚਰਡ ਡੋਕਿਨਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਿਚਰਡ ਡੋਕਿਨਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%88_%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B2" title="رچرڈ ڈاکنز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رچرڈ ڈاکنز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%89_%DA%89%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2" title="ريچارډ ډوکينز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ريچارډ ډوکينز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Докинз, Ричард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Докинз, Ричард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="ڕیچارد دۆکینز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕیچارد دۆکینز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Ричард Докинс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ричард Докинс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="ரிச்சர்ட் டாக்கின்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரிச்சர்ட் டாக்கின்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ริชาร์ด ดอว์กินส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ริชาร์ด ดอว์กินส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B7" title="Річард Докінз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Річард Докінз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%88_%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B2" title="رچرڈ ڈاکنز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رچرڈ ڈاکنز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Richard Dawkins" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="理查德·道金斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English evolutionary biologist and author (born 1941)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the archaeologist, see <a href="/wiki/Richard_MacGillivray_Dawkins" title="Richard MacGillivray Dawkins">Richard MacGillivray Dawkins</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Richard Dawkins</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature">FRSL</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinner_with_Richard_Dawkins_and_CFI..._like_a_candle_in_the_dark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Dinner_with_Richard_Dawkins_and_CFI..._like_a_candle_in_the_dark.jpg/220px-Dinner_with_Richard_Dawkins_and_CFI..._like_a_candle_in_the_dark.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Dinner_with_Richard_Dawkins_and_CFI..._like_a_candle_in_the_dark.jpg/330px-Dinner_with_Richard_Dawkins_and_CFI..._like_a_candle_in_the_dark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Dinner_with_Richard_Dawkins_and_CFI..._like_a_candle_in_the_dark.jpg/440px-Dinner_with_Richard_Dawkins_and_CFI..._like_a_candle_in_the_dark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1855" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Dawkins in 2022</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Clinton Richard Dawkins</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1941-03-26</span>) </span>26 March 1941<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 83)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="British Kenya">British Kenya</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oundle_School" title="Oundle School">Oundle School</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a> (<a href="/wiki/MA_(Oxon)" class="mw-redirect" title="MA (Oxon)">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">DPhil</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution" title="Gene-centered view of evolution">Gene-centred view of evolution</a></li> <li>Concept of the <a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">meme</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Middle_World" title="Middle World">Middle World</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_phenotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended phenotype">Extended phenotype</a></li> <li>Advocacy of science; <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">criticism of religion</a>; "<a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Marian_Dawkins" title="Marian Dawkins">Marian Stamp</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px">​</div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;">​</div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="19 August 1967">1967</span>; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1984)<wbr />​</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Eve Barham</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px">​</div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;">​</div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1984, divorced)<wbr />​</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lalla_Ward" title="Lalla Ward">Lalla Ward</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px">​</div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;">​</div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1992; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 2016)<wbr />​</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoological_Society_of_London" title="Zoological Society of London">ZSL</a> <a href="/wiki/Silver_Medal_(Zoological_Society_of_London)" title="Silver Medal (Zoological Society of London)">Silver Medal</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Faraday Prize">Michael Faraday Prize</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cosmos_Prize" title="International Cosmos Prize">International Cosmos Prize</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nierenberg_Prize" title="Nierenberg Prize">Nierenberg Prize</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_College_of_the_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="New College of the Humanities">New College of the Humanities</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:df1dcbdc-951f-420c-8149-52d6cbe1b419/files/me55fdc2ac4eb29d782e0e10c8d6d6a95">Selective pecking in the domestic chick</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1967)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Audio_Richard_Dawkins.wav" title="File:Audio Richard Dawkins.wav">Richard Dawkins introduces himself. (Recorded November 2016.)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="16" data-mwtitle="Audio_Richard_Dawkins.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Audio_Richard_Dawkins.wav/Audio_Richard_Dawkins.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Audio_Richard_Dawkins.wav/Audio_Richard_Dawkins.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Audio_Richard_Dawkins.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAudio_Richard_Dawkins.wav&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English (en)" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://richarddawkins.com">richarddawkins<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Dawkins_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Richard_Dawkins_signature.svg/150px-Richard_Dawkins_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Richard_Dawkins_signature.svg/225px-Richard_Dawkins_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Richard_Dawkins_signature.svg/300px-Richard_Dawkins_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="220" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Richard Dawkins</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature">FRSL</a></span></span> (born 26 March 1941)<sup id="cite_ref-deed_poll_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deed_poll-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a British <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoologist">zoologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_communicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Science communicator">science communicator</a> and author.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is an <a href="/wiki/Oxford_fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford fellow">emeritus fellow</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College, Oxford</a>, and was <a href="/wiki/Simonyi_Professor_for_the_Public_Understanding_of_Science" title="Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science">Professor for Public Understanding of Science</a> in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> from 1995 to 2008. His book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene" title="The Selfish Gene">The Selfish Gene</a></i> (1976) popularised the <a href="/wiki/Gene-centred_view_of_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene-centred view of evolution">gene-centred view of evolution</a> and coined the word <i><a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">meme</a></i>. Dawkins has won several academic and writing awards.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dawkins is well known for his criticism of <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a> as well as for being a vocal <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some fellow academics have described Dawkins as a secular or atheist <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dawkins wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Watchmaker" title="The Blind Watchmaker">The Blind Watchmaker</a></i> in 1986, arguing against the <a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">watchmaker analogy</a>, an argument for the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">supernatural creator</a> based upon the <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_biological_complexity" title="Evolution of biological complexity">complexity of living organisms</a>. Instead, he describes evolutionary processes as analogous to a <i>blind</i> watchmaker, in that <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">selection</a> are unguided by any sentient designer. In 2006, Dawkins published <i><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></i>, writing that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a <a href="/wiki/Delusion" title="Delusion">delusion</a>. He founded the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins_Foundation_for_Reason_and_Science" title="Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science">Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science</a> in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dawkins has published two volumes of <a href="/wiki/Memoir" title="Memoir">memoirs</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/An_Appetite_for_Wonder" title="An Appetite for Wonder">An Appetite for Wonder</a></i> (2013) and <i><a href="/wiki/Brief_Candle_in_the_Dark" title="Brief Candle in the Dark">Brief Candle in the Dark</a></i> (2015). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dawkins was born <b>Clinton Richard Dawkins</b> on 26 March 1941 in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya during British colonial rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encycdotcom_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycdotcom-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later dropped <i>Clinton</i> from his name by <a href="/wiki/Deed_poll" title="Deed poll">deed poll</a> because of confusion in America over using his middle name as his first name.<sup id="cite_ref-Raskin2024_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raskin2024-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deed_poll_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deed_poll-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the son of Jean Mary Vyvyan (<i>née</i> Ladner; 1916–2019)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Clinton John Dawkins (1915–2010), an agricultural civil servant in the British <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Service" title="Colonial Service">Colonial Service</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>), of an Oxfordshire <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">landed gentry</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-encycdotcom_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycdotcom-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-father's_obit_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-father's_obit-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was called up into the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_African_Rifles" title="King's African Rifles">King's African Rifles</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brief_Scientific_Autobiography_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brief_Scientific_Autobiography-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and returned to England in 1949, when Dawkins was eight. His father had inherited a country estate, <a href="/wiki/Over_Norton_Park" title="Over Norton Park">Over Norton Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>, which he farmed commercially.<sup id="cite_ref-father's_obit_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-father's_obit-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dawkins lives in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-strident_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strident-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has a younger sister, Sarah.<sup id="cite_ref-Darwin's_child_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darwin's_child-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His parents were interested in <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a>, and they answered Dawkins's questions in scientific terms.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dawkins describes his childhood as "a normal <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> upbringing".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He embraced <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> until halfway through his teenage years, at which point he concluded that the <a href="/wiki/Extended_evolutionary_synthesis" title="Extended evolutionary synthesis">theory of evolution</a> alone was a better explanation for life's complexity, and ceased believing in a god.<sup id="cite_ref-Darwin's_child_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darwin's_child-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He states: "The main residual reason why I was religious was from being so impressed with the complexity of life and feeling that it had to have a designer, and I think it was when I realised that Darwinism was a far superior explanation that pulled the rug out from under the argument of design. And that left me with nothing".<sup id="cite_ref-Darwin's_child_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darwin's_child-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This understanding of atheism, combined with his western cultural background, influences Dawkins as he describes himself in several interviews as a "<a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">cultural Christian</a>" and a "cultural <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>" in 2007 and 2013<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haire2013_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haire2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and again in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dawkins explained, however, that this statement about his culture has "means absolutely nothing as far as religious belief is concerned."<sup id="cite_ref-Raskin2024_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raskin2024-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oundlegreathall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Oundlegreathall.jpg/220px-Oundlegreathall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Oundlegreathall.jpg/330px-Oundlegreathall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Oundlegreathall.jpg/440px-Oundlegreathall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>The Great Hall, <a href="/wiki/Oundle_School" title="Oundle School">Oundle School</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On his arrival in England from Nyasaland in 1949, at the age of eight, Dawkins joined <a href="/wiki/Chafyn_Grove_School" title="Chafyn Grove School">Chafyn Grove School</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he says he was molested by a teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1954 to 1959, he attended <a href="/wiki/Oundle_School" title="Oundle School">Oundle School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a>, an English <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public school</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> ethos,<sup id="cite_ref-Darwin's_child_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darwin's_child-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he was in Laundimer House.<sup id="cite_ref-Oundle2012b_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oundle2012b-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at Oundle, Dawkins read <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Christian" title="Why I Am Not a Christian">Why I Am Not a Christian</a></i> for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins2015175_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins2015175-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a> (the same college his father attended), graduating in 1962; while there, he was tutored by <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>-winning ethologist <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a>. He graduated with a second-class degree.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dawkins continued as a research student under Tinbergen's supervision, receiving his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a><sup id="cite_ref-dawkins_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawkins-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> degree by 1966, and remained a research assistant for another year.<sup id="cite_ref-cv_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cv-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cv2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cv2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tinbergen was a pioneer in the study of animal behaviour, particularly in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Instinct" title="Instinct">instinct</a>, learning, and choice;<sup id="cite_ref-Shrage_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shrage-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dawkins's research in this period concerned models of animal decision-making.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teaching">Teaching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Teaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1967 to 1969, Dawkins was an assistant professor of zoology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. During this period, the students and faculty at UC Berkeley were largely opposed to the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and Dawkins became involved in the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the Vietnam War">anti-war</a> demonstrations and activities.<sup id="cite_ref-belief_interview_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belief_interview-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to the University of Oxford in 1970 as a lecturer. In 1990, he became a <a href="/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)" title="Reader (academic rank)">reader</a> in zoology. In 1995, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Simonyi_Professorship_for_the_Public_Understanding_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Simonyi Professorship for the Public Understanding of Science">Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science</a> at Oxford, a position that had been endowed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Simonyi" title="Charles Simonyi">Charles Simonyi</a> with the express intention that the holder "be expected to make important contributions to the public understanding of some scientific field",<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that its first holder should be Richard Dawkins.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He held that professorship from 1995 until 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1970, he has been a <a href="/wiki/Oxford_fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford fellow">fellow</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College, Oxford</a>, and he is now an <a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">emeritus</a> fellow.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has delivered many lectures, including the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Henry Sidgwick</a> Memorial Lecture (1989), the first <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a> Memorial Lecture (1990), the <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> Lecture (1991), the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">T. H. Huxley</a> Memorial Lecture (1992), the <a href="/wiki/James_Irvine_(chemist)" title="James Irvine (chemist)">Irvine</a> Memorial Lecture (1997), the Sheldon Doyle Lecture (1999), the Tinbergen Lecture (2004), and the <a href="/wiki/Tanner_Lectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanner Lectures">Tanner Lectures</a> (2003).<sup id="cite_ref-cv_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cv-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, he gave the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Royal Institution Christmas Lectures for Children</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/Growing_Up_in_the_Universe" title="Growing Up in the Universe">Growing Up in the Universe</a></i>. He also has edited several journals and has acted as an editorial advisor to the <i>Encarta Encyclopedia</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Evolution" title="Encyclopedia of Evolution">Encyclopedia of Evolution</a></i>. He is listed as a senior editor and a columnist of the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Secular_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Council for Secular Humanism">Council for Secular Humanism</a>'s <i>Free Inquiry</i> magazine and has been a member of the editorial board of <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptic_(U.S._magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptic (U.S. magazine)">Skeptic</a></i> magazine since its foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dawkins has sat on judging panels for awards such as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Faraday_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday Award">Faraday Award</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_Television_Awards" title="British Academy Television Awards">British Academy Television Awards</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cv_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cv-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been president of the Biological Sciences section of the <a href="/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association for the Advancement of Science">British Association for the Advancement of Science</a>. In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a>, instituted the Dawkins Prize, awarded for "outstanding research into the ecology and behaviour of animals whose welfare and survival may be endangered by human activities".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2008, he retired from his professorship, announcing plans to "write a book aimed at youngsters in which he will warn them against believing in 'anti-scientific' fairytales".<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph2008_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph2008-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, Dawkins joined the professoriate of the <a href="/wiki/New_College_of_the_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="New College of the Humanities">New College of the Humanities</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private university</a> in London established by <a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">A. C. Grayling</a>, which opened in September 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dawkins announced his final speaking tour would take place in the Fall of 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_biology">Evolutionary biology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Evolutionary biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gene-centred_view_of_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene-centred view of evolution">Gene-centred view of evolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dawkins_at_UT_Austin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dawkins_at_UT_Austin.jpg/170px-Dawkins_at_UT_Austin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dawkins_at_UT_Austin.jpg/255px-Dawkins_at_UT_Austin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dawkins_at_UT_Austin.jpg/340px-Dawkins_at_UT_Austin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>, March 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>Dawkins is best known for his popularisation of the <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> as the principal <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_selection" title="Unit of selection">unit of selection</a> in <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>; this view is most clearly set out in two of his books:<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene" title="The Selfish Gene">The Selfish Gene</a></i> (1976), in which he notes that "all life evolves by the differential survival of replicating entities".</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Extended_Phenotype" title="The Extended Phenotype">The Extended Phenotype</a></i> (1982), in which he describes <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> as "the process whereby <a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">replicators</a> out-propagate each other". He introduces to a wider audience the influential concept he presented in 1977,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypic</a> effects of a gene are not necessarily limited to an organism's body, but can stretch far into the environment, including the bodies of other organisms. Dawkins regarded the extended phenotype as his single most important contribution to evolutionary biology and he considered <a href="/wiki/Niche_construction" title="Niche construction">niche construction</a> to be a special case of extended phenotype. The concept of extended phenotype helps explain evolution, but it does not help predict specific outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-esf_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esf-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Dawkins has consistently been sceptical about non-adaptive processes in evolution (such as <a href="/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">spandrels</a>, described by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Gould</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lewontin" title="Richard Lewontin">Lewontin</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-gould-lewontin_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-lewontin-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and about selection at levels "above" that of the gene.<sup id="cite_ref-Extended_Phenotype_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Extended_Phenotype-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is particularly sceptical about the practical possibility or importance of <a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">group selection</a> as a basis for understanding <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins2006169–172_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins2006169–172-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Altruism appears at first to be an evolutionary paradox, since helping others costs precious resources and decreases one's own chances for survival, or <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">"fitness"</a>. Previously, many had interpreted altruism as an aspect of group selection, suggesting that individuals are doing what is best for the survival of the population or species as a whole. British evolutionary biologist <a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">W. D. Hamilton</a> used gene-frequency analysis in his <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_fitness" title="Inclusive fitness">inclusive fitness</a> theory to show how hereditary altruistic traits can evolve if there is sufficient genetic similarity between actors and recipients of such altruism, including close relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_anone"><a href="#endnote_anone">[a]</a></sup> Hamilton's inclusive fitness has since been successfully applied to a wide range of organisms, including <a href="/wiki/Human_inclusive_fitness" class="mw-redirect" title="Human inclusive fitness">humans</a>. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Trivers" title="Robert Trivers">Robert Trivers</a>, thinking in terms of the gene-centred model, developed the theory of <a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_altruism" title="Reciprocal altruism">reciprocal altruism</a>, whereby one organism provides a benefit to another in the expectation of future reciprocation.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dawkins popularised these ideas in <i>The Selfish Gene</i>, and developed them in his own work.<sup id="cite_ref-dawkins79_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawkins79-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2012, Dawkins was highly critical of fellow biologist <a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a>'s 2012 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Conquest_of_Earth" title="The Social Conquest of Earth">The Social Conquest of Earth</a></i> as misunderstanding Hamilton's theory of kin selection.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dawkins has also been strongly critical of the <a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a> of the independent scientist <a href="/wiki/James_Lovelock" title="James Lovelock">James Lovelock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics of Dawkins's biological approach suggest that taking the <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> as the unit of <i>selection</i> (a single event in which an individual either succeeds or fails to reproduce) is misleading. The gene could be better described, they say, as a unit of <i>evolution</i> (the long-term changes in <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allele</a> frequencies in a population).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Selfish Gene</i>, Dawkins explains that he is using <a href="/wiki/George_C._Williams_(biologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="George C. Williams (biologist)">George C. Williams</a>'s definition of the gene as "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another common objection is that a gene cannot survive alone, but must cooperate with other genes to build an individual, and therefore a gene cannot be an independent "unit".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Extended Phenotype</i>, Dawkins suggests that from an individual gene's viewpoint, all other genes are part of the environment to which it is adapted. </p><p>Advocates for higher levels of selection (such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lewontin" title="Richard Lewontin">Richard Lewontin</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Sloan_Wilson" title="David Sloan Wilson">David Sloan Wilson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Sober" title="Elliott Sober">Elliott Sober</a>) suggest that there are many phenomena (including altruism) that gene-based selection cannot satisfactorily explain. The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley">Mary Midgley</a>, with whom Dawkins clashed in print concerning <i>The Selfish Gene</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has criticised gene selection, memetics, and sociobiology as being excessively <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">reductionist</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she has suggested that the popularity of Dawkins's work is due to factors in the <a href="/wiki/Zeitgeist" title="Zeitgeist">Zeitgeist</a> such as the increased individualism of the Thatcher/Reagan decades.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides, other, more recent views and analysis on his popular science works also exist.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a set of controversies over the mechanisms and interpretation of evolution (what has been called 'The Darwin Wars'),<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AndrewBrown2000_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndrewBrown2000-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one faction is often named after Dawkins, while the other faction is named after the American palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a>, reflecting the pre-eminence of each as a populariser of the pertinent ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-Brockman_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brockman-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sterelny_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sterelny-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, Dawkins and Gould have been prominent commentators in the controversy over <a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">sociobiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychology</a>, with Dawkins generally approving and Gould generally being critical.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical example of Dawkins's position is his scathing review of <i><a href="/wiki/Not_in_Our_Genes" title="Not in Our Genes">Not in Our Genes</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Rose" title="Steven Rose">Steven Rose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_J._Kamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon J. Kamin">Leon J. Kamin</a>, and Richard C. Lewontin.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other thinkers who are often considered to be allied with Dawkins on the subject are <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a>; Dennett has promoted a gene-centred view of evolution and defended <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">reductionism</a> in biology.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their academic disagreements, Dawkins and Gould did not have a hostile personal relationship, and Dawkins dedicated a large portion of his 2003 book <i><a href="/wiki/A_Devil%27s_Chaplain" title="A Devil's Chaplain">A Devil's Chaplain</a></i> posthumously to Gould, who had died the previous year. </p><p>When asked if <a href="/wiki/Neo-Darwinism" title="Neo-Darwinism">Darwinism</a> influences his everyday apprehension of life, Dawkins says, "In one way it does. My eyes are constantly wide open to the extraordinary fact of existence. Not just human existence but the existence of life and how this breathtakingly powerful process, which is natural selection, has managed to take the very simple facts of physics and chemistry and build them up to redwood trees and humans. That's never far from my thoughts, that sense of amazement. On the other hand, I certainly don't allow Darwinism to influence my feelings about human social life", implying that he feels that individual human beings can opt out of the survival machine of Darwinism since they are freed by the <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> of self.<sup id="cite_ref-strident_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strident-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Meme"_as_behavioural_concept"><span id=".22Meme.22_as_behavioural_concept"></span>"Meme" as behavioural concept</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: "Meme" as behavioural concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">Meme</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Dawkins_Cooper_Union_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Richard_Dawkins_Cooper_Union_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Richard_Dawkins_Cooper_Union_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Richard_Dawkins_Cooper_Union_Shankbone.jpg/330px-Richard_Dawkins_Cooper_Union_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Richard_Dawkins_Cooper_Union_Shankbone.jpg/440px-Richard_Dawkins_Cooper_Union_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="1798" /></a><figcaption>Dawkins at <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union" title="Cooper Union">Cooper Union</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to discuss his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Show_on_Earth:_The_Evidence_for_Evolution" title="The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution">The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution</a></i> in 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>In his book <i>The Selfish Gene</i>, Dawkins <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">coined</a> the word <i>meme</i> (the behavioural equivalent of a gene) as a way to encourage readers to think about how Darwinian principles might be extended beyond the realm of genes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins198911_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins198911-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was intended as an extension of his "replicators" argument, but it took on a life of its own in the hands of other authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Blackmore" title="Susan Blackmore">Susan Blackmore</a>. These popularisations then led to the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Memetics" title="Memetics">memetics</a>, a field from which Dawkins has distanced himself.<sup id="cite_ref-misunderstanding_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-misunderstanding-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dawkins's <i>meme</i> refers to any cultural entity that an observer might consider a replicator of a certain idea or set of ideas. He hypothesised that people could view many cultural entities as capable of such replication, generally through communication and contact with humans, who have evolved as efficient (although not perfect) copiers of information and behaviour. Because memes are not always copied perfectly, they might become refined, combined, or otherwise modified with other ideas; this results in new memes, which may themselves prove more or less efficient replicators than their predecessors, thus providing a framework for a hypothesis of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">cultural evolution</a> based on memes, a notion that is analogous to the theory of biological evolution based on genes.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Dawkins invented the term <i>meme</i>, he has not said that the idea was entirely novel,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there have been other expressions for similar ideas in the past. For instance, John Laurent has suggested that the term may have derived from the work of the little-known German biologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Semon" title="Richard Semon">Richard Semon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mneme_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mneme-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semon regarded "mneme" as the collective set of neural memory traces (conscious or subconscious) that were inherited, although such view would be considered as <a href="/wiki/Lamarckian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamarckian">Lamarckian</a> by modern biologists.<sup id="cite_ref-leiden_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leiden-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laurent also found the use of the term <i>mneme</i> in <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a>'s <i>The Life of the White Ant</i> (1926), and Maeterlinck himself stated that he obtained the phrase from Semon's work.<sup id="cite_ref-mneme_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mneme-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his own work, Maeterlinck tried to explain memory in termites and ants by stating that neural memory traces were added "upon the individual mneme".<sup id="cite_ref-leiden_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leiden-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, <a href="/wiki/James_Gleick" title="James Gleick">James Gleick</a> describes Dawkins's concept of the meme as "his most famous memorable invention, far more influential than his <a href="/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene" title="The Selfish Gene">selfish genes</a> or his later proselytising against religiosity".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins_Foundation_for_Reason_and_Science" title="Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science">Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science</a></div> <p>In 2006, Dawkins founded the <i>Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science</i> (<i>RDFRS</i>), a <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organisation">non-profit organisation</a>. RDFRS financed research on the <a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">psychology of belief and religion</a>, financed scientific education programs and materials, and publicised and supported <a href="/wiki/Charitable_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Charitable organisation">charitable organisations</a> that are <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a> in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2016, it was announced that the foundation was merging with the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry" title="Center for Inquiry">Center for Inquiry</a>, with Dawkins becoming a member of the new organization's board of directors.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_religion">Criticism of religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Criticism of religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_dawkins_lecture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Richard_dawkins_lecture.jpg/220px-Richard_dawkins_lecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Richard_dawkins_lecture.jpg/330px-Richard_dawkins_lecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Richard_dawkins_lecture.jpg/440px-Richard_dawkins_lecture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="2194" /></a><figcaption>Lecturing on his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></i>, 24 June 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>Dawkins was confirmed into the Church of England at the age of 13, but began to grow sceptical of the beliefs. He said that his understanding of science and evolutionary processes led him to question how adults in positions of leadership in a civilised world could still be so uneducated in biology,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is puzzled by how belief in God could remain among individuals who are sophisticated in science. Dawkins says that some physicists use 'God' as a metaphor for the general awe-inspiring mysteries of the universe, which he says causes confusion and misunderstanding among people who incorrectly think they are talking about a mystical being who forgives sins, transubstantiates wine, or makes people live after they die.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dawkins disagrees with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a>'s principle of <a href="/wiki/Non-overlapping_magisteria" title="Non-overlapping magisteria">nonoverlapping magisteria (NOMA)</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a> should be treated as a scientific hypothesis like any other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins200650_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins200650-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dawkins became a prominent <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">critic of religion</a> and has stated his <a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">opposition to religion</a> as twofold: religion is both a source of conflict and a justification for belief without evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins2006282–286_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins2006282–286-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He considers faith—belief that is not based on evidence—as "one of the world's great evils".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_of_theistic_probability" title="Spectrum of theistic probability">spectrum of theistic probability</a>, which ranges from 1 (100% certainty that a God or gods exist) to 7 (100% certainty that a God or gods do not exist), Dawkins has said he is a 6.9, which represents a "de facto atheist" who thinks "I cannot know for certain but I think God is very improbable, and I live my life on the assumption that he is not there". When asked about his slight uncertainty, Dawkins quips, "I am agnostic to the extent that I am agnostic about fairies at the bottom of the garden".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Hay_Festival" title="Hay Festival">Hay Festival</a> in Wales, Dawkins explained that while he does not believe in the supernatural elements of the Christian faith, he still has nostalgia for the ceremonial side of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to beliefs in deities, Dawkins has criticised religious beliefs as irrational, such as that <a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Jesus turned water into wine</a>, that an embryo starts as a blob, that <a href="/wiki/Temple_garment" title="Temple garment">magic underwear</a> will protect you, that <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Jesus was resurrected</a>, that <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a> comes from the spine, that <a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Jesus walked on water</a>, that the sun sets in a marsh, that the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> existed in <a href="/wiki/Adam-ondi-Ahman" title="Adam-ondi-Ahman">Adam-ondi-Ahman</a>, Missouri, that <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Jesus' mother was a virgin</a>, that <a href="/wiki/Splitting_of_the_Moon" title="Splitting of the Moon">Muhammad split the Moon</a>, and that <a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Lazarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Raising of Lazarus">Lazarus was raised from the dead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dawkins has risen to prominence in public debates concerning science and religion since the publication of his most popular book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></i>, in 2006, which became an international bestseller.<sup id="cite_ref-michaelpowell_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michaelpowell-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015, more than three million copies have been sold, and the book has been translated into more than 30 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins2015173_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins2015173-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its success has been seen by many as indicative of a change in the contemporary cultural <a href="/wiki/Zeitgeist" title="Zeitgeist">zeitgeist</a> and has also been identified with the rise of <a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the book, Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a <a href="/wiki/Delusion" title="Delusion">delusion</a>—"a fixed false belief".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins20065_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins20065-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his February 2002 <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a> talk entitled "Militant atheism", Dawkins urged all atheists to openly state their position and to fight the incursion of the church into politics and science.<sup id="cite_ref-militant_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-militant-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 September 2007, Dawkins, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Sam Harris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a> met at Hitchens's residence for a private, unmoderated discussion that lasted two hours. The event was videotaped and entitled "The Four Horsemen".<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dawkins sees education and <a href="/wiki/Consciousness_raising" title="Consciousness raising">consciousness-raising</a> as the primary tools in opposing what he considers to be religious dogma and indoctrination.<sup id="cite_ref-belief_interview_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belief_interview-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-education_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-education-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bright_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bright-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tools include the fight against certain stereotypes, and he has adopted the term <i><a href="/wiki/Brights_movement" title="Brights movement">bright</a></i> as a way of associating positive public connotations with those who possess a <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">naturalistic</a> worldview.<sup id="cite_ref-bright_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bright-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has given support to the idea of a free-thinking school,<sup id="cite_ref-Powell_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would not "indoctrinate children" but would instead teach children to ask for evidence and be skeptical, critical, and open-minded. Such a school, says Dawkins, should "teach comparative religion, and teach it properly without any bias towards particular religions, and including historically important but dead religions, such as those of ancient Greece and the Norse gods, if only because these, like the Abrahamic scriptures, are important for understanding English literature and European history".<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph1_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph1-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by the consciousness-raising successes of <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminists</a> in arousing widespread embarrassment at the routine use of "he" instead of "she", Dawkins similarly suggests that phrases such as "Catholic child" and "Muslim child" should be considered as socially absurd as, for instance, "Marxist child", as he believes that children should not be classified based on the ideological or religious beliefs of their parents.<sup id="cite_ref-bright_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bright-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While some critics, such as writer <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, psychologist <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureate">Nobel laureates</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Harold_Kroto" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Kroto">Harold Kroto</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. Watson">James D. Watson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a> have defended Dawkins's stance on religion and praised his work,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others, including <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize</a>-winning <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical physicist">theoretical physicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrophysicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysicist">astrophysicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees,_Baron_Rees_of_Ludlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow">Martin Rees</a>, philosopher of science <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ruse" title="Michael Ruse">Michael Ruse</a>, literary critic <a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Terry Eagleton</a>, philosopher <a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Roger Scruton</a>, academic and social critic <a href="/wiki/Camille_Paglia" title="Camille Paglia">Camille Paglia</a>, atheist philosopher Daniel Came and theologian <a href="/wiki/Alister_McGrath" title="Alister McGrath">Alister McGrath</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have criticised Dawkins on various grounds, including the assertion that his work simply serves as an atheist counterpart to religious fundamentalism rather than a productive critique of it, and that he has fundamentally misapprehended the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Theological" class="mw-redirect" title="Theological">theological</a> positions he claims to refute. Rees and Higgs, in particular, have both rejected Dawkins's confrontational stance toward religion as narrow and "embarrassing", with Higgs equating Dawkins with the religious fundamentalists he criticises.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atheist philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(philosopher)" title="John Gray (philosopher)">John Gray</a> has denounced Dawkins as an "anti-religious missionary", whose assertions are "in no sense novel or original", suggesting that "transfixed in wonderment at the workings of his own mind, Dawkins misses much that is of importance in human beings". Gray has also criticised Dawkins's perceived allegiance to Darwin, stating that if "science, for Darwin, was a method of inquiry that enabled him to edge tentatively and humbly toward the truth, for Dawkins, science is an unquestioned view of the world".<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 study found that many British scientists held an unfavourable view of Dawkins and his attitude towards religion.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to his critics, Dawkins maintains that theologians are no better than scientists in addressing deep <a href="/wiki/Cosmological" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmological">cosmological</a> questions and that he is not a fundamentalist, as he is willing to change his mind in the face of new evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins2006_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins2006-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rdf-fundamentalist_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rdf-fundamentalist-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dawkins has faced backlash over some of his public comments about Islam. In 2013, Dawkins <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">tweeted</a> that "All the world's Muslims have fewer Nobel Prizes than Trinity College, Cambridge. They did great things in the Middle Ages, though."<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Dawkins' invitation to speak at the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Conference_on_Science_and_Skepticism" title="Northeast Conference on Science and Skepticism">Northeast Conference on Science and Skepticism</a> was withdrawn over his sharing of what was characterized as a "highly offensive video" satirically showing cartoon feminist and Islamist characters singing about the things they hold in common. In issuing the tweet, Dawkins stated that it "Obviously doesn't apply to vast majority of feminists, among whom I count myself. But the minority are pernicious."<sup id="cite_ref-Blair2016_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blair2016-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dawkins also does not believe in an afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-Raskin2024_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raskin2024-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism_of_creationism">Criticism of creationism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticism of creationism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dawkins is a prominent critic of <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationism</a>, a religious belief that <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humanity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> were created by a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without recourse to evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has described the <a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">young Earth creationist</a> view that the Earth is only a few thousand years old as "a preposterous, mind-shrinking falsehood".<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His 1986 book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Watchmaker" title="The Blind Watchmaker">The Blind Watchmaker</a></i>, contains a sustained critique of the <a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">argument from design</a>, an important creationist argument. In the book, Dawkins argues against the <a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">watchmaker analogy</a> made famous by the eighteenth-century English <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologian</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Paley" title="William Paley">William Paley</a> via his book <i>Natural Theology</i>, in which Paley argues that just as a watch is too complicated and too functional to have sprung into existence merely by accident, so too must all living things—with their far greater complexity—be purposefully designed. Dawkins shares the view generally held by scientists that natural selection is sufficient to explain the apparent functionality and non-random complexity of the biological world, and can be said to play the role of watchmaker in nature, albeit as an automatic, unguided by any designer, nonintelligent, <i>blind</i> watchmaker.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dawkins_aaconf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dawkins_aaconf.jpg/220px-Dawkins_aaconf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dawkins_aaconf.jpg/330px-Dawkins_aaconf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dawkins_aaconf.jpg/440px-Dawkins_aaconf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>Wearing a <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_%27A%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarlet 'A'">scarlet 'A'</a> lapel pin, at the 34th annual conference of <a href="/wiki/American_Atheists" title="American Atheists">American Atheists</a> (2008)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1986, Dawkins and biologist <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">John Maynard Smith</a> participated in an <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union" title="Oxford Union">Oxford Union</a> debate against <a href="/wiki/A._E._Wilder-Smith" title="A. E. Wilder-Smith">A. E. Wilder-Smith</a> (a Young Earth creationist) and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Andrews" title="Edgar Andrews">Edgar Andrews</a> (president of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Creation_Society" title="Biblical Creation Society">Biblical Creation Society</a>).<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_bnone"><a href="#endnote_bnone">[b]</a></sup> In general, however, Dawkins has followed the advice of his late colleague <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a> and refused to participate in formal debates with creationists because "what they seek is the oxygen of respectability", and doing so would "give them this oxygen by the mere act of <i>engaging</i> with them at all". He suggests that creationists "don't mind being beaten in an argument. What matters is that we give them recognition by bothering to argue with them in public."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins2003218_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins2003218-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a December 2004 interview with American journalist <a href="/wiki/Bill_Moyers" title="Bill Moyers">Bill Moyers</a>, Dawkins said that "among the things that science does know, evolution is about as certain as anything we know". When Moyers questioned him on the <a href="/wiki/Evolution_as_theory_and_fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution as theory and fact">use of the word <i>theory</i></a>, Dawkins stated that "evolution has been observed. It's just that it hasn't been observed while it's happening." He added that "it is rather like a detective coming on a murder after the scene... the detective hasn't actually seen the murder take place, of course. But what you do see is a massive clue... Huge quantities of circumstantial evidence. It might as well be spelled out in words of English."<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dawkins has opposed the inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a> in science education, describing it as "not a scientific argument at all, but a religious one".<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been referred to in the media as "Darwin's <a href="/wiki/Rottweiler" title="Rottweiler">Rottweiler</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-discover_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discover-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcgrath_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgrath-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a reference to English biologist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">T. H. Huxley</a>, who was known as "Darwin's <a href="/wiki/Bulldog" title="Bulldog">Bulldog</a>" for his advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s evolutionary ideas. He has been a strong critic of the British organisation <a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Science" title="Truth in Science">Truth in Science</a>, which promotes the teaching of creationism in state schools, and whose work Dawkins has described as an "educational scandal". He plans to subsidise schools through the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins_Foundation_for_Reason_and_Science" title="Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science">Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science</a> with the delivery of books, DVDs, and pamphlets that counteract their work.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_views">Political views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Political views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Views_of_Richard_Dawkins" title="Views of Richard Dawkins">Views of Richard Dawkins</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ariane_Sherine_and_Richard_Dawkins_at_the_Atheist_Bus_Campaign_launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ariane_Sherine_and_Richard_Dawkins_at_the_Atheist_Bus_Campaign_launch.jpg/290px-Ariane_Sherine_and_Richard_Dawkins_at_the_Atheist_Bus_Campaign_launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ariane_Sherine_and_Richard_Dawkins_at_the_Atheist_Bus_Campaign_launch.jpg/435px-Ariane_Sherine_and_Richard_Dawkins_at_the_Atheist_Bus_Campaign_launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ariane_Sherine_and_Richard_Dawkins_at_the_Atheist_Bus_Campaign_launch.jpg/580px-Ariane_Sherine_and_Richard_Dawkins_at_the_Atheist_Bus_Campaign_launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>With <a href="/wiki/Ariane_Sherine" title="Ariane Sherine">Ariane Sherine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Atheist_Bus_Campaign" title="Atheist Bus Campaign">Atheist Bus Campaign</a> launch in London, January 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Dawkins is an outspoken <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a supporter of various atheist, secular,<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">humanist organisations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brights_movement" title="Brights movement">Brights movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-militant_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-militant-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dawkins suggests that atheists should be proud, not apologetic, stressing that atheism is evidence of a healthy, independent mind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins20063_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins20063-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He hopes that the more atheists identify themselves, the more the public will become aware of just how many people are nonbelievers, thereby reducing the negative opinion of atheism among the religious majority.<sup id="cite_ref-suntimes_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suntimes-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay Liberation">gay rights movement</a>, he endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Out_Campaign" title="Out Campaign">Out Campaign</a> to encourage atheists worldwide to declare their stance publicly.<sup id="cite_ref-rd-out-annouce_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rd-out-annouce-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He supported a UK atheist advertising initiative, the <a href="/wiki/Atheist_Bus_Campaign" title="Atheist Bus Campaign">Atheist Bus Campaign</a> in 2008 and 2009, which aimed to raise funds to place atheist advertisements on buses in the London area.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Dawkin_Kepler_Talk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Richard_Dawkin_Kepler_Talk.jpg/170px-Richard_Dawkin_Kepler_Talk.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Richard_Dawkin_Kepler_Talk.jpg/255px-Richard_Dawkin_Kepler_Talk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Richard_Dawkin_Kepler_Talk.jpg/340px-Richard_Dawkin_Kepler_Talk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>Speaking at <a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_Books" title="Kepler's Books">Kepler's Books</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, 29 October 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>Dawkins has expressed concern about the growth of the human population and about the matter of <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Selfish Gene</i>, he briefly mentions population growth, giving the example of <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, whose population, at the time the book was written, was doubling every 40 years. He is critical of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> attitudes to <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Population_control" title="Population control">population control</a>, stating that leaders who forbid <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">contraception</a> and "express a preference for 'natural' methods of population limitation" will get just such a method in the form of <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins1989213_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins1989213-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Ape_Project" title="Great Ape Project">Great Ape Project</a>—a movement to extend certain moral and legal <a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">rights</a> to all <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">great apes</a>—Dawkins contributed the article 'Gaps in the Mind' to the <i>Great Ape Project</i> book edited by <a href="/wiki/Paola_Cavalieri" title="Paola Cavalieri">Paola Cavalieri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a>. In this essay, he criticises contemporary society's moral attitudes as being based on a "discontinuous, <a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">speciesist</a> imperative".<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dawkins also regularly comments in newspapers and <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogs</a> on contemporary political questions and is a frequent contributor to the online science and culture digest <i><a href="/wiki/3_Quarks_Daily" title="3 Quarks Daily">3 Quarks Daily</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His opinions include opposition to the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Trident_nuclear_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Trident nuclear programme">British nuclear deterrent</a>, the actions of then-US President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the ethics of <a href="/wiki/Designer_babies" class="mw-redirect" title="Designer babies">designer babies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several such articles were included in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Devil%27s_Chaplain" title="A Devil's Chaplain">A Devil's Chaplain</a></i>, an anthology of writings about science, religion, and politics. He is also a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Republic_(political_organisation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic (political organisation)">Republic</a>'s campaign to replace the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a> with a type of democratic <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dawkins has described himself as a <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> voter in the 1970s<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins1989Endnotes._Chapter_1._Why_are_people?_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins1989Endnotes._Chapter_1._Why_are_people?-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and voter for the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> since the party's creation. In 2009, he spoke at the party's conference in opposition to blasphemy laws, alternative medicine, and faith schools. In the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">UK general election of 2010</a>, Dawkins officially endorsed the Liberal Democrats, in support of their campaign for electoral reform and for their "refusal to pander to 'faith<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the run up to the <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 general election</a>, Dawkins once again endorsed the Liberal Democrats and urged voters to join the party. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Richard_Dawkins_on_free_speech_and_Islam%28ism%29.webm/220px--Richard_Dawkins_on_free_speech_and_Islam%28ism%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="485" data-mwtitle="Richard_Dawkins_on_free_speech_and_Islam(ism).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Richard_Dawkins_on_free_speech_and_Islam(ism).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Richard_Dawkins_on_free_speech_and_Islam%28ism%29.webm/Richard_Dawkins_on_free_speech_and_Islam%28ism%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Richard_Dawkins_on_free_speech_and_Islam%28ism%29.webm/Richard_Dawkins_on_free_speech_and_Islam%28ism%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Richard_Dawkins_on_free_speech_and_Islam%28ism%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Richard_Dawkins_on_free_speech_and_Islam%28ism%29.webm/Richard_Dawkins_on_free_speech_and_Islam%28ism%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Richard_Dawkins_on_free_speech_and_Islam%28ism%29.webm/Richard_Dawkins_on_free_speech_and_Islam%28ism%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Richard_Dawkins_on_free_speech_and_Islam%28ism%29.webm/Richard_Dawkins_on_free_speech_and_Islam%28ism%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Discussing free speech and Islam(ism) at the 2017 Conference on Free Expression and Conscience</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 2021, Dawkins said on Twitter that "In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Dolezal" title="Rachel Dolezal">Rachel Dolezal</a>, a white chapter president of NAACP, was vilified for identifying as Black. Some men choose to identify as women, and some women choose to identify as men. You will be vilified if you deny that they literally are what they identify as. Discuss." After receiving criticism for this tweet, Dawkins responded by saying that "I do not intend to disparage trans people. I see that my academic "Discuss" question has been misconstrued as such and I deplore this. It was also not my intent to ally in any way with Republican bigots in US now exploiting this issue."<sup id="cite_ref-Flood-2021_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood-2021-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a recent interview Dawkins stated regarding trans people that he does not "deny their existence nor does he in anyway oppress them". He objects to the statement that a "trans woman is a woman because that is a distortion of language and a distortion of science".<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a> retracted Dawkins' 1996 Humanist of the Year Award in response to these comments.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robby_Soave" title="Robby Soave">Robby Soave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)"><i>Reason</i> magazine</a> criticised the retraction, saying that "The drive to punish dissenters from various orthodoxies is itself illiberal."<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dawkins has voiced his support for the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_the_Establishment_of_a_United_Nations_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly">Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly</a>, an organisation that campaigns for democratic reform in the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dawkins identifies as a feminist.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has said that feminism is "enormously important".<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dawkins has been accused by writers such as <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Marcotte" title="Amanda Marcotte">Amanda Marcotte</a>, Caitlin Dickson, and Adam Lee of <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">misogyny</a>, criticizing those who speak about sexual harassment and abuse while ignoring sexism within the <a href="/wiki/New_Atheism#Criticisms" title="New Atheism">New Atheist movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_postmodernism">Views on postmodernism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Views on postmodernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></div> <p>In 1998, in a book review published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)"><i>Nature</i></a>, Dawkins expressed his appreciation for two books connected with the <a href="/wiki/Sokal_affair" title="Sokal affair">Sokal affair</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Higher_Superstition:_The_Academic_Left_and_Its_Quarrels_with_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science">Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Gross" title="Paul R. Gross">Paul R. Gross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Levitt" title="Norman Levitt">Norman Levitt</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fashionable_Nonsense" title="Fashionable Nonsense">Intellectual Impostures</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Sokal" title="Alan Sokal">Alan Sokal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bricmont" title="Jean Bricmont">Jean Bricmont</a>. These books are famous for their criticism of <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a> in U.S. universities (namely in the departments of literary studies, anthropology, and other cultural studies).<sup id="cite_ref-postmodernism_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postmodernism-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Echoing many critics, Dawkins holds that postmodernism uses <a href="/wiki/Obscurantism" title="Obscurantism">obscurantist</a> language to hide its lack of meaningful content. As an example he quotes the psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Félix Guattari</a>: "We can clearly see that there is no bi-univocal correspondence between linear signifying links or archi-writing, depending on the author, and this multireferential, multi-dimensional machinic catalysis." This is explained, Dawkins maintains, by certain intellectuals' academic ambitions. Figures like Guattari or <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a>, according to Dawkins, have nothing to say but want to reap the benefits of reputation and fame that derive from a successful academic career: "Suppose you are an intellectual impostor with nothing to say, but with strong ambitions to succeed in academic life, collect a coterie of reverent disciples and have students around the world anoint your pages with respectful yellow highlighter. What kind of literary style would you cultivate? Not a lucid one, surely, for clarity would expose your lack of content."<sup id="cite_ref-postmodernism_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postmodernism-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, Dawkins co-authored an op-ed in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i> with Sokal criticizing the use of the terminology "sex assigned at birth" instead of "sex" by the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. Dawkins and Sokal argued that <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a> is an "objective biological reality" that "is determined at conception and is then <i>observed</i> at birth," rather than <a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">assigned</a> by a medical professional. Calling this "<a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">social constructionism</a> gone amok," Dawkins and Sokal argued further that "distort[ing] the scientific facts in the service of a social cause" risks undermining trust in medical institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_fields">Other fields</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jayce_Lewis_%26_Prof_Richard_Dawkins_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Jayce_Lewis_%26_Prof_Richard_Dawkins_2018.jpg/220px-Jayce_Lewis_%26_Prof_Richard_Dawkins_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Jayce_Lewis_%26_Prof_Richard_Dawkins_2018.jpg/330px-Jayce_Lewis_%26_Prof_Richard_Dawkins_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Jayce_Lewis_%26_Prof_Richard_Dawkins_2018.jpg/440px-Jayce_Lewis_%26_Prof_Richard_Dawkins_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>Musician <a href="/wiki/Jayce_Lewis" title="Jayce Lewis">Jayce Lewis</a> at Dawkins' home in 2018 while working on <i>Million</i> (Part 2)</figcaption></figure> <p>In his role as professor for public understanding of science, Dawkins has been a critic of <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a>. His 1998 book <i><a href="/wiki/Unweaving_the_Rainbow" title="Unweaving the Rainbow">Unweaving the Rainbow</a></i> considers <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a>'s accusation that by explaining the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> diminished its beauty; Dawkins argues for the opposite conclusion. He suggests that deep space, the billions of years of life's evolution, and the microscopic workings of biology and heredity contain more beauty and wonder than do "<a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myths</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/John_Diamond_(journalist)" title="John Diamond (journalist)">John Diamond</a>'s posthumously published <i>Snake Oil</i>, a book devoted to debunking <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a>, Dawkins wrote a foreword in which he asserts that alternative medicine is harmful, if only because it distracts patients from more successful conventional treatments and gives people false hopes.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dawkins states that "There is no alternative medicine. There is only medicine that works and medicine that doesn't work."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins200358_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins200358-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 2007 Channel 4 TV film <i>The Enemies of Reason</i>, Dawkins concluded that Britain is gripped by "an epidemic of superstitious thinking".<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Continuing a long-standing partnership with <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>, Dawkins participated in a five-part television series, <i><a href="/wiki/Genius_of_Britain" title="Genius of Britain">Genius of Britain</a></i>, along with fellow scientists <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Dyson" title="James Dyson">James Dyson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Al-Khalili" title="Jim Al-Khalili">Jim Al-Khalili</a>. The series was first broadcast in June 2010, and focuses on major British scientific achievements throughout history.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, he joined the global awareness movement <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Day" title="Asteroid Day">Asteroid Day</a> as a "100x Signatory".<sup id="cite_ref-Telegrapharticle_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegrapharticle-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_recognition">Awards and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Awards and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deschner_Dawkins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Deschner_Dawkins.jpg/170px-Deschner_Dawkins.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Deschner_Dawkins.jpg/255px-Deschner_Dawkins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Deschner_Dawkins.jpg/340px-Deschner_Dawkins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2258" data-file-height="2557" /></a><figcaption>Receiving the <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno_Foundation#Deschner_Award" title="Giordano Bruno Foundation">Deschner Prize</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, 12 October 2007, from <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Deschner" title="Karlheinz Deschner">Karlheinz Deschner</a></figcaption></figure> <p>He holds <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary doctorates</a> in science from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Huddersfield" title="University of Huddersfield">University of Huddersfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Westminster" title="University of Westminster">University of Westminster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hull" title="University of Hull">University of Hull</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Antwerp" title="University of Antwerp">University of Antwerp</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">Vrije Universiteit Brussel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cv_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cv-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valencia" title="University of Valencia">University of Valencia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also holds honorary doctorates of letters from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a> (HonLittD, 1996), and was elected Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Literature" title="Royal Society of Literature">Royal Society of Literature</a> in 1997 and a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2001">Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cv_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cv-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is one of the patrons of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Scientific_Society" title="Oxford University Scientific Society">Oxford University Scientific Society</a>. </p><p>In 1987, Dawkins received a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Literature" title="Royal Society of Literature">Royal Society of Literature</a> award and a <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> Literary Prize for his book <i>The Blind Watchmaker</i>. In the same year, he received a Sci. Tech Prize for Best Television Documentary Science Programme of the Year for his work on the BBC's <i><a href="/wiki/Horizon_(BBC_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizon (BBC TV series)">Horizon</a></i> episode <i>The Blind Watchmaker</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-cv_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cv-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, the <a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a> gave him their Humanist of the Year Award, but the award was withdrawn in 2021, with the statement that he "demean[ed] marginalized groups", including <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> people, using "the guise of scientific discourse".<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flood-2021_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood-2021-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other awards include the <a href="/wiki/Zoological_Society_of_London" title="Zoological Society of London">Zoological Society of London</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Silver_Medal_(Zoological_Society_of_London)" title="Silver Medal (Zoological Society of London)">Silver Medal</a> (1989), the Finlay Innovation Award (1990), the <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Faraday Award">Michael Faraday Award</a> (1990), the Nakayama Prize (1994), the fifth <a href="/wiki/International_Cosmos_Prize" title="International Cosmos Prize">International Cosmos Prize</a> (1997), the <a href="/wiki/Kistler_Prize" title="Kistler Prize">Kistler Prize</a> (2001), the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_the_Presidency_of_the_Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Medal of the Presidency of the Italian Republic">Medal of the Presidency of the Italian Republic</a> (2001), the 2001 and 2012 Emperor Has No Clothes Award from the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Freedom From Religion Foundation">Freedom From Religion Foundation</a>, the Bicentennial Kelvin Medal of <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Philosophical_Society_of_Glasgow" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow">The Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow</a> (2002),<sup id="cite_ref-cv_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cv-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a> (2006),<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Nierenberg_Prize" title="Nierenberg Prize">Nierenberg Prize</a> for Science in the Public Interest (2009).<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno_Foundation#Deschner_Award" title="Giordano Bruno Foundation">Deschner Award</a>, named after German anti-clerical author <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Deschner" title="Karlheinz Deschner">Karlheinz Deschner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a> (CSICOP) has awarded Dawkins their highest award <i>In Praise of Reason</i> (1992).<sup id="cite_ref-Dallas_1992_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dallas_1992-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Dawkins_speaking_at_the_British_Humanist_Association_Annual_Conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Richard_Dawkins_speaking_at_the_British_Humanist_Association_Annual_Conference.jpg/220px-Richard_Dawkins_speaking_at_the_British_Humanist_Association_Annual_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Richard_Dawkins_speaking_at_the_British_Humanist_Association_Annual_Conference.jpg/330px-Richard_Dawkins_speaking_at_the_British_Humanist_Association_Annual_Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Richard_Dawkins_speaking_at_the_British_Humanist_Association_Annual_Conference.jpg/440px-Richard_Dawkins_speaking_at_the_British_Humanist_Association_Annual_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Dawkins accepting the Services to Humanism award at the British Humanist Association Annual Conference in 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>Dawkins topped <i><a href="/wiki/Prospect_(magazine)" title="Prospect (magazine)">Prospect</a></i> magazine's 2004 list of the top 100 public British intellectuals, as decided by the readers, receiving twice as many votes as the runner-up.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was shortlisted as a candidate in their 2008 follow-up poll.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a poll held by <i>Prospect</i> in 2013, Dawkins was voted the world's top thinker based on 65 names chosen by a largely US and UK-based expert panel.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Toepfer_Stiftung_F.V.S." title="Alfred Toepfer Stiftung F.V.S.">Alfred Toepfer Foundation</a> awarded him its annual <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Prize" title="Shakespeare Prize">Shakespeare Prize</a> in recognition of his "concise and accessible presentation of scientific knowledge". He won the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Thomas_Prize" title="Lewis Thomas Prize">Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science</a> for 2006, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_British_Book_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy British Book Awards">Galaxy British Book Awards</a>'s Author of the Year Award for 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, he was listed by <i>Time</i> magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was ranked 20th in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> 2007 list of 100 greatest living geniuses.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Atheist_Alliance_International" title="Atheist Alliance International">Atheist Alliance International</a> has awarded a prize during its annual conference, honouring an outstanding atheist whose work has done the most to raise public awareness of atheism during that year; it is known as the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins_Award" title="Richard Dawkins Award">Richard Dawkins Award</a>, in honour of Dawkins's own efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2010, Dawkins was named to the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Freedom From Religion Foundation">Freedom From Religion Foundation</a>'s Honorary Board of distinguished achievers.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, a <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a> team of <a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">ichthyologists</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Rohan_Pethiyagoda" title="Rohan Pethiyagoda">Rohan Pethiyagoda</a> named a new <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of freshwater fish <i><a href="/wiki/Dawkinsia" title="Dawkinsia">Dawkinsia</a></i> in Dawkins's honor. (Members of this genus were formerly members of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Puntius" title="Puntius">Puntius</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dawkins has been married three times and has a daughter. On 19 August 1967, Dawkins married ethologist <a href="/wiki/Marian_Stamp_Dawkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian Stamp Dawkins">Marian Stamp</a> in the Protestant church in <a href="/wiki/Annestown" title="Annestown">Annestown</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Waterford" title="County Waterford">County Waterford</a>, Ireland;<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they divorced in 1984. On 1 June 1984, he married Eve Barham (1951–1999) in Oxford. They had a daughter. Dawkins and Barham divorced.<sup id="cite_ref-McKie_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKie-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, he married actress <a href="/wiki/Lalla_Ward" title="Lalla Ward">Lalla Ward</a><sup id="cite_ref-McKie_204-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKie-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Kensington_and_Chelsea" title="Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea">Kensington and Chelsea</a>, London. Dawkins met her through their mutual friend <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Adams" title="Douglas Adams">Douglas Adams</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had worked with her on the BBC's <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i>. Dawkins and Ward separated in 2016 and they later described the separation as "entirely amicable".<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 February 2016, Dawkins suffered a minor haemorrhagic <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> while at home.<sup id="cite_ref-stroke_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stroke-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dawkins reported later that same year that he had almost completely recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dawkins owns a first edition of <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Raskin2024_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raskin2024-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins_bibliography" title="Richard Dawkins bibliography">Richard Dawkins bibliography</a></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene" title="The Selfish Gene"><i>The Selfish Gene</i></a>. 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Selfish+Gene&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Extended_Phenotype" title="The Extended Phenotype"><i>The Extended Phenotype</i></a>. 1982.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extended+Phenotype&rft.date=1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Watchmaker" title="The Blind Watchmaker"><i>The Blind Watchmaker</i></a>. 1986.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blind+Watchmaker&rft.date=1986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/River_Out_of_Eden" title="River Out of Eden"><i>River Out of Eden</i></a>. 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=River+Out+of+Eden&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Climbing_Mount_Improbable" title="Climbing Mount Improbable"><i>Climbing Mount Improbable</i></a>. 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climbing+Mount+Improbable&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Unweaving_the_Rainbow" title="Unweaving the Rainbow"><i>Unweaving the Rainbow</i></a>. 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unweaving+the+Rainbow&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A_Devil%27s_Chaplain" title="A Devil's Chaplain"><i>A Devil's Chaplain</i></a>. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Devil%27s+Chaplain&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Ancestor%27s_Tale" title="The Ancestor's Tale"><i>The Ancestor's Tale</i></a>. 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancestor%27s+Tale&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion"><i>The God Delusion</i></a>. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+God+Delusion&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_Modern_Science_Writing" title="The Oxford Book of Modern Science Writing"><i>The Oxford Book of Modern Science Writing</i></a>. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Book+of+Modern+Science+Writing&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Show_on_Earth:_The_Evidence_for_Evolution" title="The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution"><i>The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution</i></a>. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greatest+Show+on+Earth%3A+The+Evidence+for+Evolution&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_of_Reality" title="The Magic of Reality"><i>The Magic of Reality: How We Know What's Really True</i></a>. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magic+of+Reality%3A+How+We+Know+What%27s+Really+True&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/An_Appetite_for_Wonder" title="An Appetite for Wonder"><i>An Appetite for Wonder</i></a>. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Appetite+for+Wonder&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span> First volume of his <a href="/wiki/Memoir" title="Memoir">memoirs</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brief_Candle_in_the_Dark" title="Brief Candle in the Dark"><i>Brief Candle in the Dark</i></a>. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brief+Candle+in+the+Dark&rft.date=2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span> Second volume of his memoirs.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Soul" title="Science in the Soul"><i>Science in the Soul</i></a>. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+in+the+Soul&rft.date=2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Outgrowing God: A Beginner's Guide</i>. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outgrowing+God%3A+A+Beginner%27s+Guide&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Books Do Furnish a Life</i>. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Books+Do+Furnish+a+Life&rft.date=2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Flights_of_Fancy:_Defying_Gravity_by_Design_and_Evolution" title="Flights of Fancy: Defying Gravity by Design and Evolution"><i>Flights of Fancy: Defying Gravity by Design and Evolution</i></a>. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flights+of+Fancy%3A+Defying+Gravity+by+Design+and+Evolution&rft.date=2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Genetic_Book_of_the_Dead:_A_Darwinian_Reverie" class="mw-redirect" title="The Genetic Book of the Dead: A Darwinian Reverie"><i>The Genetic Book of the Dead: A Darwinian Reverie</i></a>. 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genetic+Book+of+the+Dead%3A+A+Darwinian+Reverie&rft.date=2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentary_films">Documentary films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Documentary films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nice_Guys_Finish_First" title="Nice Guys Finish First">Nice Guys Finish First</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Watchmaker_(film)" title="The Blind Watchmaker (film)">The Blind Watchmaker</a></i> (1987)<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Growing_Up_in_the_Universe" title="Growing Up in the Universe">Growing Up in the Universe</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Break_the_Science_Barrier" title="Break the Science Barrier">Break the Science Barrier</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Atheism_Tapes" title="The Atheism Tapes">The Atheism Tapes</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Question_(TV_series)" title="The Big Question (TV series)">The Big Question</a></i> (2005) – Part 3 of the TV series, titled "Why Are We Here?"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Root_of_All_Evil%3F" title="The Root of All Evil?">The Root of All Evil?</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Enemies_of_Reason" title="The Enemies of Reason">The Enemies of Reason</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Genius_of_Charles_Darwin" title="The Genius of Charles Darwin">The Genius of Charles Darwin</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faith_School_Menace%3F" title="Faith School Menace?">Faith School Menace?</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Minds_(TV_programme)" title="Beautiful Minds (TV programme)">Beautiful Minds</a></i> (April 2012) – BBC4 documentary</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sex,_Death_and_the_Meaning_of_Life" title="Sex, Death and the Meaning of Life">Sex, Death and the Meaning of Life</a></i> (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unbelievers" title="The Unbelievers">The Unbelievers</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_appearances">Other appearances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other appearances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dawkins has made many television appearances on news shows providing his political opinions and especially his views as an atheist. He has been interviewed on the radio, often as part of his book tours. He has debated many religious figures. He has made many university speaking appearances, again often in coordination with his book tours. As of 2016, he has more than 60 credits in the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Movie Database">Internet Movie Database</a> where he appeared as himself: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Expelled:_No_Intelligence_Allowed" title="Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed">Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed</a></i> (2008) – as himself, presented as a leading scientific opponent of intelligent design in a film that contends that the mainstream science establishment suppresses academics who believe they see evidence of intelligent design in nature and who criticise evidence supporting Darwinian evolution</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i>: "<a href="/wiki/The_Stolen_Earth" title="The Stolen Earth">The Stolen Earth</a>" (2008) – as himself</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inside_Nature%27s_Giants" title="Inside Nature's Giants">Inside Nature's Giants</a></i> (2009–12) – as guest expert</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i>: "<a href="/wiki/Black_Eyed,_Please" title="Black Eyed, Please">Black Eyed, Please</a>" (2013) – appears in Ned Flanders' dream of Hell; provided voice as a demon version of himself<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Endless_Forms_Most_Beautiful_(album)" title="Endless Forms Most Beautiful (album)">Endless Forms Most Beautiful</a></i> (2015) – by <a href="/wiki/Nightwish" title="Nightwish">Nightwish</a>: Finnish <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_metal" title="Symphonic metal">symphonic metal</a> band Nightwish had Dawkins as a guest star on the album.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He provides narration on two tracks: "Shudder Before the Beautiful", in which he opens the album with one of his own quotes, and "The Greatest Show on Earth", inspired by and named after his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Show_on_Earth:_The_Evidence_for_Evolution" title="The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution">The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution</a></i>, and in which he quotes <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-spaziorock_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaziorock-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EMP_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMP-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently performed his parts live with Nightwish on 19 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Arena" title="Wembley Arena">Wembley Arena</a> in London; the concert was later released as a part of a live album/DVD titled <i><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_of_Spirit" title="Vehicle of Spirit">Vehicle of Spirit</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intersect_(2020_film)" title="Intersect (2020 film)">Intersect</a></i>, a 2020 American thriller film in which Dawkins provided the voice of Q42/Computer.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins1976" class="citation book cs1">Dawkins, Richard (1976). <a href="/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene" title="The Selfish Gene"><i>The Selfish Gene</i></a> (1st ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857519-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857519-1"><bdi>978-0-19-857519-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Selfish+Gene&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-19-857519-1&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span> (2nd ed. 1989, 3rd ed. 2006, 4th ed. 2016)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2003" class="citation book cs1">Dawkins, Richard (2003). <a href="/wiki/A_Devil%27s_Chaplain" title="A Devil's Chaplain"><i>A Devil's Chaplain</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Weidenfeld & Nicolson</a> (United Kingdom), Houghton Mifflin (United States). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0753817506" title="Special:BookSources/978-0753817506"><bdi>978-0753817506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Devil%27s+Chaplain&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson+%28United+Kingdom%29%2C+Houghton+Mifflin+%28United+States%29&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0753817506&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2006" class="citation book cs1">Dawkins, Richard (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion"><i>The God Delusion</i></a>. Transworld Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-05548-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-05548-9"><bdi>978-0-593-05548-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+God+Delusion&rft.pub=Transworld+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-593-05548-9&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2015" class="citation book cs1">Dawkins, Richard (2015). <i>Brief Candle in the Dark: My Life in Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Press" title="Bantam Press">Bantam Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-59307-256-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-59307-256-1"><bdi>978-0-59307-256-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brief+Candle+in+the+Dark%3A+My+Life+in+Science&rft.pub=Bantam+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-59307-256-1&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2016" class="citation book cs1">Dawkins, Richard (2016). <a href="/wiki/The_Ancestor%27s_Tale" title="The Ancestor's Tale"><i>The Ancestor's Tale</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Weidenfeld & Nicolson</a> (United Kingdom). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0753817506" title="Special:BookSources/978-0753817506"><bdi>978-0753817506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancestor%27s+Tale&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson+%28United+Kingdom%29&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0753817506&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p><b>a.</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_anone"><a href="#ref_anone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> <a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">W. D. Hamilton</a> influenced Dawkins and the influence can be seen throughout Dawkins's book <i>The Selfish Gene</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-belief_interview_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belief_interview-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They became friends at Oxford and following Hamilton's death in 2000, Dawkins wrote his obituary and organised a <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a> memorial service.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>b.</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_bnone"><a href="#ref_bnone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> The debate ended with the motion "That the doctrine of creation is more valid than the theory of evolution" being defeated by 198 votes to 115.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/people/richard-dawkins-11316/">"Richard Dawkins"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310184352/https://royalsociety.org/people/richard-dawkins-11316/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+Dawkins&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fpeople%2Frichard-dawkins-11316%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Taylor, James E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/n-atheis">"The New Atheists"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+New+Atheists&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fn-atheis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deed_poll-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deed_poll_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deed_poll_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTortoise2019" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Tortoise (2 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5WxptJwL0Q?t=128"><i>OMG – A ThinkIn with Richard Dawkins</i></a>. <i>YouTube</i>. Event occurs at 2:08. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/o5WxptJwL0Q">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OMG+%E2%80%93+A+ThinkIn+with+Richard+Dawkins&rft.date=2019-12-02&rft.au=Tortoise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Do5WxptJwL0Q%3Ft%3D128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Holt, T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philosophyofreligion.uk/whos-who/modern-authors/richard-dawkins/">"Richard Dawkins"</a>. <i>Philosophy of Religion</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richard+Dawkins&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philosophyofreligion.uk%2Fwhos-who%2Fmodern-authors%2Frichard-dawkins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahy2015" class="citation book cs1">Fahy, Declan (2015). <i>The New Celebrity Scientists: Out of the Lab and into the Limelight</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Celebrity+Scientists%3A+Out+of+the+Lab+and+into+the+Limelight&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Fahy&rft.aufirst=Declan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/richard-dawkins-atheism-criticism-atheist-study-rice-university-science-scientists-a7389396.html">"British scientists don't like Richard Dawkins, finds study that didn't even ask questions about Richard Dawkins"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Independent.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent.co.uk">Independent.co.uk</a></i>. 18 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609003903/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/richard-dawkins-atheism-criticism-atheist-study-rice-university-science-scientists-a7389396.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=British+scientists+don%27t+like+Richard+Dawkins%2C+finds+study+that+didn%27t+even+ask+questions+about+Richard+Dawkins&rft.date=2017-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Frichard-dawkins-atheism-criticism-atheist-study-rice-university-science-scientists-a7389396.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaing2012" class="citation web cs1">Laing, Peter (28 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotsman.com/news/uk-news/an-embarrassing-fundamentalist-peter-higgs-scathing-verdict-on-richard-dawkins-2508957">"An embarrassing fundamentalist – Peter Higgs' scathing verdict on Richard Dawkins"</a>. <i>The Scotsman</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=An+embarrassing+fundamentalist+%E2%80%93+Peter+Higgs%27+scathing+verdict+on+Richard+Dawkins&rft.date=2012-12-28&rft.aulast=Laing&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-news%2Fan-embarrassing-fundamentalist-peter-higgs-scathing-verdict-on-richard-dawkins-2508957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitcher2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kitcher, Philip (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24356137">"Militant Modern Atheism"</a>. <i>Journal of Applied Philosophy</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-5930.2010.00500.x">10.1111/j.1468-5930.2010.00500.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24356137">24356137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Militant+Modern+Atheism&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-5930.2010.00500.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24356137%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kitcher&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24356137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Simon (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anthropoetics.ucla.edu/ap1502/1502Watson/">"Richard Dawkins' The God Delusion and Atheist Fundamentalism"</a>. <i>Anthropoetics</i>. <b>15</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropoetics&rft.atitle=Richard+Dawkins%27+The+God+Delusion+and+Atheist+Fundamentalism&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanthropoetics.ucla.edu%2Fap1502%2F1502Watson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElmhirst2015" class="citation web cs1">Elmhirst, Sophie (9 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jun/09/is-richard-dawkins-destroying-his-reputation">"Is Richard Dawkins destroying his reputation?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Is+Richard+Dawkins+destroying+his+reputation%3F&rft.date=2015-06-09&rft.aulast=Elmhirst&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2015%2Fjun%2F09%2Fis-richard-dawkins-destroying-his-reputation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span>(<a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">Op-ed</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7885670.stm">"Richard Dawkins on Charles Darwin"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 14 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Richard+Dawkins+on+Charles+Darwin&rft.date=2009-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F7885670.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encycdotcom-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encycdotcom_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encycdotcom_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3449200042/dawkins-richard-1941.html">"Dawkins, Richard 1941– Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012161749/http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3449200042/dawkins-richard-1941.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dawkins%2C+Richard+1941%E2%80%93+Contemporary+Authors%2C+New+Revision+Series&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Farticle-1G2-3449200042%2Fdawkins-richard-1941.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raskin2024-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raskin2024_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raskin2024_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raskin2024_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raskin2024_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maxraskin.com/interviews/richard-dawkins">"Interview with Richard Dawkins"</a>. <i>Interviews with Max Raskin</i>. 15 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Her writings on that time are quoted in An Appetite for Wonder"</a>. <i>Twitter</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617112151/https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/802104552195506178">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.atitle=My+mother+is+100+today.+She+%26+my+late+father+gave+me+an+idyllic+childhood.+Her+writings+on+that+time+are+quoted+in+An+Appetite+for+Wonder&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FRichardDawkins%2Fstatus%2F802104552195506178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins" class="citation web cs1">Dawkins, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/1183908617541562369">"My beloved mother died today, a month short of her 103rd birthday. As a young wartime bride she was brave and adventurous. Her epic journey up Africa, illegally accompanying my father, is recounted in passages from her diary, reproduced in An Appetite for Wonder. Rest in Peace"</a>. <i>Twitter</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015025639/https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/1183908617541562369">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.atitle=My+beloved+mother+died+today%2C+a+month+short+of+her+103rd+birthday.+As+a+young+wartime+bride+she+was+brave+and+adventurous.+Her+epic+journey+up+Africa%2C+illegally+accompanying+my+father%2C+is+recounted+in+passages+from+her+diary%2C+reproduced+in+An+Appetite+for+Wonder.+Rest+in+Peace.&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FRichardDawkins%2Fstatus%2F1183908617541562369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burke's Landed Gentry 17th edition, ed. L. G. Pine, 1952, 'Dawkins of Over Norton' pedigree</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-father's_obit-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-father's_obit_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-father's_obit_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2010" class="citation news cs1">Dawkins, Richard (11 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lives-remembered-john-dawkins-2157459.html">"Lives Remembered: John Dawkins"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213080623/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lives-remembered-john-dawkins-2157459.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Lives+Remembered%3A+John+Dawkins&rft.date=2010-12-11&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Flives-remembered-john-dawkins-2157459.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2004" class="citation book cs1">Dawkins, Richard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tub-X6wydKgC"><i>The Ancestor's Tale</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-00583-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-00583-3"><bdi>978-0-618-00583-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013348/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tub-X6wydKgC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancestor%27s+Tale&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-618-00583-3&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTub-X6wydKgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brief_Scientific_Autobiography-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brief_Scientific_Autobiography_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins" class="citation web cs1">Dawkins, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621114947/http://richarddawkins.net/articles/4757-brief-scientific-autobiography">"Brief Scientific Autobiography"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Richard+Dawkins%3A+%27I+don%27t+think+I+am+strident+or+aggressive%27&rft.date=2013-09-15&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2013%2Fsep%2F15%2Frichard-dawkins-interview-appetite-wonder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darwin's_child-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Darwin's_child_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darwin's_child_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darwin's_child_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darwin's_child_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattenstone2003" class="citation news cs1">Hattenstone, Simon (10 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/10/religion.scienceandnature">"Darwin's child"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724001426/https://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/scienceandnature/story/0,6000,892495,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Darwin%27s+child&rft.date=2003-02-10&rft.aulast=Hattenstone&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2003%2Ffeb%2F10%2Freligion.scienceandnature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2000/newsmakers/1595744.stm">"Richard Dawkins: The foibles of faith"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 12 October 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619035204/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2000/newsmakers/1595744.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Richard+Dawkins%3A+The+foibles+of+faith&rft.date=2001-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fin_depth%2Fuk%2F2000%2Fnewsmakers%2F1595744.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard1995" class="citation journal cs1">Pollard, Nick (April 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=17rzvh_Ve0IC">"High Profile"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Way Magazine">Third Way</a></i>. <b>18</b> (3): 15. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0309-3492">0309-3492</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013222/https://books.google.com/books?id=17rzvh_Ve0IC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+Way&rft.atitle=High+Profile&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1995-04&rft.issn=0309-3492&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D17rzvh_Ve0IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7136682.stm">"Dawkins: I'm a cultural Christian"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 10 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Dawkins%3A+I%27m+a+cultural+Christian&rft.date=2007-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F7136682.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haire2013-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haire2013_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaire2013" class="citation news cs1">Haire, Chris (4 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130307014227/http://www.charlestoncitypaper.com/charleston/qanda-with-richard-dawkins-i-guess-im-a-cultural-christian/Content?oid=4581071">"Q&A with Richard Dawkins: 'I guess I'm a cultural Christian'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Charleston City Paper</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlestoncitypaper.com/2018/04/02/content-marketing-is-destroying-journalism/?oid=4581071">the original</a> on 7 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Charleston+City+Paper&rft.atitle=Q%26A+with+Richard+Dawkins%3A+%E2%80%98I+guess+I%E2%80%99m+a+cultural+Christian%E2%80%99&rft.date=2013-03-04&rft.aulast=Haire&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcharlestoncitypaper.com%2F2018%2F04%2F02%2Fcontent-marketing-is-destroying-journalism%2F%3Foid%3D4581071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianpost.com/news/richard-dawkins-i-guess-im-a-cultural-christian-91312/">"Richard Dawkins: I Guess I'm a Cultural Christian"</a>. <i>The Christian Post</i>. 4 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Post&rft.atitle=Richard+Dawkins%3A+I+Guess+I%27m+a+Cultural+Christian&rft.date=2013-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianpost.com%2Fnews%2Frichard-dawkins-i-guess-im-a-cultural-christian-91312%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2024" class="citation web cs1">Dawkins, Richard (22 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://richarddawkins.substack.com/p/is-ayaan-a-christian-am-i-a-christian">"Is Ayaan a Christian? Am I a Christian?"</a>. <i>The Poetry of Reality with Richard Dawkins</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Poetry+of+Reality+with+Richard+Dawkins&rft.atitle=Is+Ayaan+a+Christian%3F+Am+I+a+Christian%3F&rft.date=2024-03-22&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fricharddawkins.substack.com%2Fp%2Fis-ayaan-a-christian-am-i-a-christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLBC2024" class="citation audio-visual cs1">LBC (1 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COHgEFUFWyg"><i>Richard Dawkins: I'm a Cultural Christian</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+Dawkins%3A+I%27m+a+Cultural+Christian&rft.date=2024-04-01&rft.au=LBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DCOHgEFUFWyg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alister E. McGrath, <i>Dawkins' God: From The Selfish Gene to The God Delusion</i> (2015), p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhlheiser2013" class="citation web cs1">Ohlheiser, Abby (11 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/09/richard-dawkins-defends-mild-pedophilia-again-and-again/311230/">"Richard Dawkins Defends 'Mild' Pedophilia, Again and Again"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Richard+Dawkins+Defends+%27Mild%27+Pedophilia%2C+Again+and+Again&rft.date=2013-09-11&rft.aulast=Ohlheiser&rft.aufirst=Abby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2013%2F09%2Frichard-dawkins-defends-mild-pedophilia-again-and-again%2F311230%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oundle2012b-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oundle2012b_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOundle2012b" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120430063443/http://www.oundleschool.org.uk/extracurric/lectures.php">"The Oundle Lecture Series"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oundle_School" title="Oundle School">Oundle School</a>. 2012b. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oundleschool.org.uk./extracurric/lectures.php">the original</a> on 30 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Oundle+Lecture+Series&rft.pub=Oundle+School&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oundleschool.org.uk.%2Fextracurric%2Flectures.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins2015175-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins2015175_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawkins2015">Dawkins 2015</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2006" class="citation news cs1">Preston, John (17 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3657215/Preaching-to-the-converted.html">"Preaching to the converted"</a>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509210248/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3657215/Preaching-to-the-converted.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Preaching+to+the+converted&rft.date=2006-12-17&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2F3657215%2FPreaching-to-the-converted.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dawkins-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dawkins_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins1966" class="citation thesis cs1">Dawkins, Richard (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/OXVU1:LSCOP_OX:oxfaleph020515491"><i>Selective pecking in the domestic chick</i></a>. <i>bodleian.ox.ac.uk</i> (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060816/http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=SOLO&docid=oxfaleph020515491&context=L&search_scope=LSCOP_OX">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Selective+pecking+in+the+domestic+chick&rft.degree=DPhil&rft.inst=University+of+Oxford&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk%2FOXVU1%3ALSCOP_OX%3Aoxfaleph020515491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/EThOS" class="mw-redirect" title="EThOS">EThOS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.710826">uk.bl.ethos.710826</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cv-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cv_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cv_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cv_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cv_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cv_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cv_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cv_35-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Dawkins, Richard (1 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103225115/http://www.fontem.com/archivos/usuarios/cv_521.pdf">"Curriculum vitae"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fontem.com/archivos/usuarios/cv_521.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Curriculum+vitae&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fontem.com%2Farchivos%2Fusuarios%2Fcv_521.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cv2-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cv2_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Dawkins, Richard (1 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423211133/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/CV.shtml">"Richard Dawkins: CV"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/CV.shtml">the original</a> on 23 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+Dawkins%3A+CV&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simonyi.ox.ac.uk%2Fdawkins%2FCV.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span> For direct link to media, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070225195322/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/CV.pdf">this link</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shrage-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shrage_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrage1995" class="citation news cs1">Schrage, Michael (July 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/1995/07/dawkins/">"Revolutionary Evolutionist"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170429065556/http://www.wired.com/1995/07/dawkins/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Revolutionary+Evolutionist&rft.date=1995-07&rft.aulast=Schrage&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F1995%2F07%2Fdawkins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins1969" class="citation journal cs1">Dawkins, Richard (1969). "A threshold model of choice behaviour". <i>Animal Behaviour</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 120–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0003-3472%2869%2990120-1">10.1016/0003-3472(69)90120-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-3472">0003-3472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&rft.atitle=A+threshold+model+of+choice+behaviour&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=120-133&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0003-3472%2869%2990120-1&rft.issn=0003-3472&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-belief_interview-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-belief_interview_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-belief_interview_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-belief_interview_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/people/dawkins.shtml">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Belief" interview"</a>. BBC. 5 April 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329090942/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/people/dawkins.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Belief%22+interview&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2004-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fatheism%2Fpeople%2Fdawkins.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonyi1995" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Simonyi" title="Charles Simonyi">Simonyi, Charles</a> (15 May 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205051240/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims/charles-simonyis-manifesto.html">"Manifesto for the Simonyi Professorship"</a>. The University of Oxford. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims/charles-simonyis-manifesto.html">the original</a> on 5 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manifesto+for+the+Simonyi+Professorship&rft.pub=The+University+of+Oxford&rft.date=1995-05-15&rft.aulast=Simonyi&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simonyi.ox.ac.uk%2Faims%2Fcharles-simonyis-manifesto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206202718/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims.html">"Aims of the Simonyi Professorship"</a>. 23 April 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims.html">the original</a> on 6 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aims+of+the+Simonyi+Professorship&rft.date=2008-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simonyi.ox.ac.uk%2Faims.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131193825/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship.html">"Previous holders of The Simonyi Professorship"</a>. The University of Oxford. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship.html">the original</a> on 31 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Previous+holders+of+The+Simonyi+Professorship&rft.pub=The+University+of+Oxford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simonyi.ox.ac.uk%2Fprevious-holders-simonyi-professorship.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/emeritus-honorary-and-wykeham-fellows">"Emeritus, Honorary and Wykeham Fellows"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College, Oxford</a>. 2 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070510045539/http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/Teaching_and_Research/Staff_Profile_Page.php?staffId=15">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emeritus%2C+Honorary+and+Wykeham+Fellows&rft.pub=New+College%2C+Oxford&rft.date=2008-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.new.ox.ac.uk%2Femeritus-honorary-and-wykeham-fellows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311205030/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship/professor-richard-dawkins.html">"The Current Simonyi Professor: Richard Dawkins"</a>. The University of Oxford. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship/professor-richard-dawkins.html">the original</a> on 11 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Current+Simonyi+Professor%3A+Richard+Dawkins&rft.pub=The+University+of+Oxford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simonyi.ox.ac.uk%2Fprevious-holders-simonyi-professorship%2Fprofessor-richard-dawkins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skeptic.com/the_magazine/editorial_board.html">"Editorial Board"</a>. The Skeptics' Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410145522/http://www.skeptic.com/the_magazine/editorial_board.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Editorial+Board&rft.pub=The+Skeptics%27+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skeptic.com%2Fthe_magazine%2Feditorial_board.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070912192317/http://www.balliol.ox.ac.uk/official/miscellany/dawkins/index.asp">"The Dawkins Prize for Animal Conservation and Welfare"</a>. Balliol College, Oxford. 9 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balliol.ox.ac.uk/official/miscellany/dawkins/index.asp">the original</a> on 12 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dawkins+Prize+for+Animal+Conservation+and+Welfare&rft.pub=Balliol+College%2C+Oxford&rft.date=2007-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balliol.ox.ac.uk%2Fofficial%2Fmiscellany%2Fdawkins%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph2008-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph2008_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckford,_MartinKhan,_Urmee2008" class="citation news cs1">Beckford, Martin & Khan, Urmee (24 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/3255972/Harry-Potter-fails-to-cast-spell-over-Professor-Richard-Dawkins.html">"Harry Potter fails to cast spell over Professor Richard Dawkins"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081104032214/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/3255972/Harry-Potter-fails-to-cast-spell-over-Professor-Richard-Dawkins.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Harry+Potter+fails+to+cast+spell+over+Professor+Richard+Dawkins&rft.date=2008-10-24&rft.au=Beckford%2C+Martin&rft.au=Khan%2C+Urmee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F3255972%2FHarry-Potter-fails-to-cast-spell-over-Professor-Richard-Dawkins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8557555/New-university-to-rival-Oxbridge-will-charge-18000-a-year.html">"New university to rival Oxbridge will charge £18,000 a year"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Telegraph">Sunday Telegraph</a></i>. 5 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190429113425/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8557555/New-university-to-rival-Oxbridge-will-charge-18000-a-year.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Telegraph&rft.atitle=New+university+to+rival+Oxbridge+will+charge+%C2%A318%2C000+a+year&rft.date=2011-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Feducation%2Funiversityeducation%2F8557555%2FNew-university-to-rival-Oxbridge-will-charge-18000-a-year.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersen2024" class="citation web cs1">Andersen, Ross (26 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2024/09/richard-dawkins-final-bow/680018/">"Richard Dawkins Keeps Shrinking"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Richard+Dawkins+Keeps+Shrinking&rft.date=2024-09-26&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fscience%2Farchive%2F2024%2F09%2Frichard-dawkins-final-bow%2F680018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidley2007" class="citation book cs1">Ridley, Mark (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lH4sh2436rEC&q=%22evolutionary+biologist%22"><i>Richard Dawkins: How a Scientist Changed the Way We Think: Reflections by Scientists, Writers, and Philosophers</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921466-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921466-2"><bdi>978-0-19-921466-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319065837/http://books.google.com/books?id=lH4sh2436rEC&q=%22evolutionary+biologist%22">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Dawkins%3A+How+a+Scientist+Changed+the+Way+We+Think%3A+Reflections+by+Scientists%2C+Writers%2C+and+Philosophers&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921466-2&rft.aulast=Ridley&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlH4sh2436rEC%26q%3D%2522evolutionary%2Bbiologist%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd1994" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, Elisabeth Anne (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hO8vHTSiBkAC"><i>The structure and confirmation of evolutionary theory</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00046-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00046-6"><bdi>978-0-691-00046-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013222/https://books.google.com/books?id=hO8vHTSiBkAC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+structure+and+confirmation+of+evolutionary+theory&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00046-6&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhO8vHTSiBkAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins1978" class="citation journal cs1">Dawkins, Richard (1978). "Replicator Selection and the Extended Phenotype". <i>Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 61–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0310.1978.tb01823.x">10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb01823.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/696023">696023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Tierpsychologie&rft.atitle=Replicator+Selection+and+the+Extended+Phenotype&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-76&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1439-0310.1978.tb01823.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F696023&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esf-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-esf_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090119081333.htm">"European Evolutionary Biologists Rally Behind Richard Dawkins' Extended Phenotype"</a>. Sciencedaily.com. 20 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181213083316/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090119081333.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Evolutionary+Biologists+Rally+Behind+Richard+Dawkins%27+Extended+Phenotype&rft.pub=Sciencedaily.com&rft.date=2009-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2009%2F01%2F090119081333.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gould-lewontin-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gould-lewontin_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGouldLewontin,_Richard_C.1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Gould, Stephen Jay</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lewontin" title="Richard Lewontin">Lewontin, Richard C.</a> (1979). "The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i>. B. <b>205</b> (1161): 581–598. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979RSPSB.205..581G">1979RSPSB.205..581G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1979.0086">10.1098/rspb.1979.0086</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42062">42062</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2129408">2129408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=The+Spandrels+of+San+Marco+and+the+Panglossian+Paradigm%3A+A+Critique+of+the+Adaptationist+Programme&rft.volume=205&rft.issue=1161&rft.pages=581-598&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1979.0086&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2129408%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F42062&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979RSPSB.205..581G&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Jay&rft.au=Lewontin%2C+Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Extended_Phenotype-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Extended_Phenotype_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins1999" class="citation book cs1">Dawkins, Richard (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/extendedphenotyp0000dawk"><i>The extended phenotype: the long reach of the gene</i></a></span> (Revised with new afterword and further reading ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192880512" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192880512"><bdi>978-0192880512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+extended+phenotype%3A+the+long+reach+of+the+gene&rft.edition=Revised+with+new+afterword+and+further+reading&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0192880512&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fextendedphenotyp0000dawk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins2006169–172-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins2006169–172_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawkins2006">Dawkins 2006</a>, pp. 169–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1964" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">Hamilton, W.D.</a> (1964). "The genetical evolution of social behaviour I and II". <i>Journal of Theoretical Biology</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 1–16, 17–52. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964JThBi...7....1H">1964JThBi...7....1H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-5193%2864%2990038-4">10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5875341">5875341</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5310280">5310280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Theoretical+Biology&rft.atitle=The+genetical+evolution+of+social+behaviour+I+and+II&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-16%2C+17-52&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-5193%2864%2990038-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5310280%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5875341&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964JThBi...7....1H&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=W.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrivers1971" class="citation journal cs1">Trivers, Robert (1971). "The evolution of reciprocal altruism". <i>Quarterly Review of Biology</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 35–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F406755">10.1086/406755</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19027999">19027999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+reciprocal+altruism&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-57&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F406755&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19027999%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Trivers&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dawkins79-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dawkins79_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins1979" class="citation journal cs1">Dawkins, Richard (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529180009/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/writings/Twelve%20Misunderstandings%20of%20Kin%20Selection.pdf">"Twelve Misunderstandings of Kin Selection"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie</i>. <b>51</b> (2): 184–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0310.1979.tb00682.x">10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00682.x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/writings/Twelve%20Misunderstandings%20of%20Kin%20Selection.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Tierpsychologie&rft.atitle=Twelve+Misunderstandings+of+Kin+Selection&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=184-200&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1439-0310.1979.tb00682.x&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simonyi.ox.ac.uk%2Fdawkins%2Fwritings%2FTwelve%2520Misunderstandings%2520of%2520Kin%2520Selection.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe2012" class="citation news cs1">Thorpe, Vanessa (24 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jun/24/battle-of-the-professors">"Richard Dawkins in furious row with EO Wilson over theory of evolution. Book review sparks war of words between grand old man of biology and Oxford's most high-profile Darwinist"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506014702/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jun/24/battle-of-the-professors">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Richard+Dawkins+in+furious+row+with+EO+Wilson+over+theory+of+evolution.+Book+review+sparks+war+of+words+between+grand+old+man+of+biology+and+Oxford%27s+most+high-profile+Darwinist&rft.date=2012-06-24&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2012%2Fjun%2F24%2Fbattle-of-the-professors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2012" class="citation news cs1">Dawkins, Richard (24 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/edward-wilson-social-conquest-earth-evolutionary-errors-origin-species">"The Descent of Edward Wilson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Prospect_(magazine)" title="Prospect (magazine)">Prospect</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105332/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/edward-wilson-social-conquest-earth-evolutionary-errors-origin-species">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prospect&rft.atitle=The+Descent+of+Edward+Wilson&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectmagazine.co.uk%2Fmagazine%2Fedward-wilson-social-conquest-earth-evolutionary-errors-origin-species&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1996" class="citation book cs1">Williams, George Ronald (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0000will"><i>The molecular biology of Gaia</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0000will/page/178">178</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10512-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10512-5"><bdi>978-0-231-10512-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+molecular+biology+of+Gaia&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-231-10512-5&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George+Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmolecularbiology0000will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0000will/page/178">Extract of page 178</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2004" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, Stephen Henry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC"><i>Scientists debate gaia: the next century</i></a>. MIT Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19498-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19498-3"><bdi>978-0-262-19498-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729013112/https://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientists+debate+gaia%3A+the+next+century&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-262-19498-3&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTOi1Cyj9h1UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC&pg=PA72">Extract of p. 72</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319005453/http://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC&pg=PA72">Archived</a> 19 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2000" class="citation book cs1">Dawkins, Richard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC"><i>Unweaving the Rainbow: Science, Delusion and the Appetite for Wonder</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ursd.book.....D">1998ursd.book.....D</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-05673-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-05673-6"><bdi>978-0-618-05673-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140921122549/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unweaving+the+Rainbow%3A+Science%2C+Delusion+and+the+Appetite+for+Wonder&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998ursd.book.....D&rft.isbn=978-0-618-05673-6&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZudTchiioUoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC&pg=PA223">Extract of p. 223</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064040/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC&pg=PA223">Archived</a> 19 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDover2000" class="citation book cs1">Dover, Gabriel (2000). <i>Dear Mr Darwin</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-1127-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-1127-6"><bdi>978-0-7538-1127-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dear+Mr+Darwin&rft.pub=London%3A+Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-1127-6&rft.aulast=Dover&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1966" class="citation book cs1">Williams, George C. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wWZEq87CqO0C"><i>Adaptation and Natural Selection</i></a>. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02615-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02615-2"><bdi>978-0-691-02615-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013348/https://books.google.com/books?id=wWZEq87CqO0C">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adaptation+and+Natural+Selection&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02615-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwWZEq87CqO0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayr2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Mayr, Ernst</a> (2000). <i>What Evolution Is</i>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04426-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04426-9"><bdi>978-0-465-04426-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Evolution+Is&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-465-04426-9&rft.aulast=Mayr&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley1979" class="citation news cs1">Midgley, Mary (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3520652">"Gene-Juggling"</a>. <i>Philosophy</i>. Vol. 54, no. 210. pp. 439–458. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819100063488">10.1017/S0031819100063488</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160731184320/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3520652">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy&rft.atitle=Gene-Juggling&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=210&rft.pages=439-458&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0031819100063488&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Faction%2FdisplayAbstract%3FfromPage%3Donline%26aid%3D3520652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins1981" class="citation news cs1">Dawkins, Richard (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3512724">"In Defence of Selfish Genes"</a>. <i>Philosophy</i>. Vol. 56, no. 218. pp. 556–573. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819100050580">10.1017/S0031819100050580</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160731181424/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3512724">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy&rft.atitle=In+Defence+of+Selfish+Genes&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=218&rft.pages=556-573&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0031819100050580&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Faction%2FdisplayAbstract%3FfromPage%3Donline%26aid%3D3512724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley2000" class="citation book cs1">Midgley, Mary (2000). <i>Science and Poetry</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27632-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27632-0"><bdi>978-0-415-27632-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Poetry&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27632-0&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley2010" class="citation book cs1">Midgley, Mary (2010). <i>The solitary self: Darwin and the selfish gene</i>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-253-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-253-2"><bdi>978-1-84465-253-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+solitary+self%3A+Darwin+and+the+selfish+gene&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84465-253-2&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2018" class="citation book cs1">Gross, Alan G. (2018). <i>The Scientific Sublime: Popular Science Unravels the Mysteries of the Universe (Chapter 11: Richard Dawkins: The Mathematical Sublime)</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07C8L2CZY">B07C8L2CZY</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scientific+Sublime%3A+Popular+Science+Unravels+the+Mysteries+of+the+Universe+%28Chapter+11%3A+Richard+Dawkins%3A+The+Mathematical+Sublime%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB07C8L2CZY%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Alan+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Brown_(writer)" title="Andrew Brown (writer)">Brown, Andrew</a> (1999). <i>The Darwin Wars: How stupid genes became selfish genes</i>. London: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85144-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85144-0"><bdi>978-0-684-85144-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Darwin+Wars%3A+How+stupid+genes+became+selfish+genes&rft.pub=London%3A+Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-684-85144-0&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AndrewBrown2000-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AndrewBrown2000_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Brown_(writer)" title="Andrew Brown (writer)">Brown, Andrew</a> (2000). <i>The Darwin Wars: The Scientific Battle for the Soul of Man</i>. Touchstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85145-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85145-7"><bdi>978-0-684-85145-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Darwin+Wars%3A+The+Scientific+Battle+for+the+Soul+of+Man&rft.pub=Touchstone&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-684-85145-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockman-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brockman_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockman1995" class="citation book cs1">Brockman, J. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdculture00broc"><i>The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80359-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80359-3"><bdi>978-0-684-80359-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Culture%3A+Beyond+the+Scientific+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80359-3&rft.aulast=Brockman&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdculture00broc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sterelny-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sterelny_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterelny2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Sterelny" title="Kim Sterelny">Sterelny, K.</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/Dawkins_vs._Gould" title="Dawkins vs. Gould"><i>Dawkins vs. Gould: Survival of the Fittest</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Icon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84046-780-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84046-780-2"><bdi>978-1-84046-780-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dawkins+vs.+Gould%3A+Survival+of+the+Fittest&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Icon+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84046-780-2&rft.aulast=Sterelny&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2001" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Richard (2001). <i>The Evolutionists</i>. W. H. Freeman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-4094-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-4094-0"><bdi>978-0-7167-4094-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolutionists&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-4094-0&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins1985" class="citation news cs1">Dawkins, Richard (24 January 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501043602/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Reviews/1985-01-24notinourgenes.shtml">"Sociobiology: the debate continues"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Reviews/1985-01-24notinourgenes.shtml">the original</a> on 1 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Sociobiology%3A+the+debate+continues&rft.date=1985-01-24&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simonyi.ox.ac.uk%2Fdawkins%2FWorldOfDawkins-archive%2FDawkins%2FWork%2FReviews%2F1985-01-24notinourgenes.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennett1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Dennett, Daniel</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-0526%28199609/10%292%3A1%3C32%3A%3AAID-CPLX8%3E3.0.CO%3B2-H">"Darwin's Dangerous Idea"</a>. Reviews: books and software. <i>Complexity</i>. <b>2</b> (1). United States: Simon & Schuster: 32–36. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Cmplx...2a..32M">1996Cmplx...2a..32M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291099-0526%28199609%2F10%292%3A1%3C32%3A%3AAID-CPLX8%3E3.0.CO%3B2-H">10.1002/(SICI)1099-0526(199609/10)2:1<32::AID-CPLX8>3.0.CO;2-H</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80290-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80290-9"><bdi>978-0-684-80290-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Complexity&rft.atitle=Darwin%27s+Dangerous+Idea&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32-36&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291099-0526%28199609%2F10%292%3A1%3C32%3A%3AAID-CPLX8%3E3.0.CO%3B2-H&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Cmplx...2a..32M&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80290-9&rft.aulast=Dennett&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fepdf%2F10.1002%2F%2528SICI%25291099-0526%2528199609%2F10%25292%253A1%253C32%253A%253AAID-CPLX8%253E3.0.CO%253B2-H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins198911-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins198911_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawkins1989">Dawkins 1989</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-misunderstanding-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-misunderstanding_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurman2012" class="citation journal cs1">Burman, J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Symbiosism%2C+Symbiomism+and+the+Leiden+definition+of+the+meme&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=van+Driem&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F249904767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleick2011" class="citation book cs1">Gleick, James (2011). <i>The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood</i>. 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The Humanist. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehumanist.org/humanist/articles/dawkins.html">the original</a> on 30 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Science+A+Religion%3F&rft.pub=The+Humanist&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehumanist.org%2Fhumanist%2Farticles%2Fdawkins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBingham2012" class="citation news cs1">Bingham, John (24 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/9102740/Richard-Dawkins-I-cant-be-sure-God-does-not-exist.html">"Richard Dawkins: I can't be sure God does not exist"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190524001926/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/9102740/Richard-Dawkins-I-cant-be-sure-God-does-not-exist.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Richard+Dawkins%3A+I+can%27t+be+sure+God+does+not+exist&rft.date=2012-02-24&rft.aulast=Bingham&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Freligion%2F9102740%2FRichard-Dawkins-I-cant-be-sure-God-does-not-exist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2012" class="citation news cs1">Lane, Christopher (2 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/side-effects/201202/why-does-richard-dawkins-take-issue-agnosticism">"Why Does Richard Dawkins Take Issue With Agnosticism?"</a>. <i>Psychology Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=Why+Does+Richard+Dawkins+Take+Issue+With+Agnosticism%3F&rft.date=2012-02-02&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fblog%2Fside-effects%2F201202%2Fwhy-does-richard-dawkins-take-issue-agnosticism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnapton" class="citation news cs1">Knapton, Sarah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/hay-festival/10853648/Richard-Dawkins-I-am-a-secular-Christian.html">"Richard Dawkins: 'I am a secular Christian'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221043247/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/hay-festival/10853648/Richard-Dawkins-I-am-a-secular-Christian.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph&rft.atitle=Richard+Dawkins%3A+%27I+am+a+secular+Christian%27&rft.aulast=Knapton&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fhay-festival%2F10853648%2FRichard-Dawkins-I-am-a-secular-Christian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/richard-dawkins-islamophobic-berkeley-event-cancelled-islam-muslim-uc-university-california-a7860281.html">"Richard Dawkins hits back at allegations he is Islamophobic after Berkeley event is cancelled"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Independent.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent.co.uk">Independent.co.uk</a></i>. 26 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829181754/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/richard-dawkins-islamophobic-berkeley-event-cancelled-islam-muslim-uc-university-california-a7860281.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Richard+Dawkins+hits+back+at+allegations+he+is+Islamophobic+after+Berkeley+event+is+cancelled&rft.date=2017-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Frichard-dawkins-islamophobic-berkeley-event-cancelled-islam-muslim-uc-university-california-a7860281.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/681453611906396160">"Dawkins Twitter This is almost as impressive as the prescient knowledge that embryo starts as a blob, semen comes from the spine & the sun sets in a marsh"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060816/https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/681453611906396160">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dawkins+Twitter+This+is+almost+as+impressive+as+the+prescient+knowledge+that+embryo+starts+as+a+blob%2C+semen+comes+from+the+spine+%26+the+sun+sets+in+a+marsh.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fricharddawkins%2Fstatus%2F681453611906396160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/344419641101275137">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Did Jesus exist?' Who cares? 'Did Jesus lack a father? Raise Lazarus? Walk on water? Resurrect?' I care, and the answer is no in all cases"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060841/https://pbs.twimg.com/hashflag/config-2020-11-21-06.json">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Did+Jesus+exist%3F%27+Who+cares%3F+%27Did+Jesus+lack+a+father%3F+Raise+Lazarus%3F+Walk+on+water%3F+Resurrect%3F%27+I+care%2C+and+the+answer+is+no+in+all+cases.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fricharddawkins%2Fstatus%2F344419641101275137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/677189384169512960">"There are people who believe Jesus turned water into wine. How do they hold down a job in the 21st century?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060819/https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/677189384169512960">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=There+are+people+who+believe+Jesus+turned+water+into+wine.+How+do+they+hold+down+a+job+in+the+21st+century%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fricharddawkins%2Fstatus%2F677189384169512960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/685591187479212032">"Ridicule is the proper response to beliefs such as Jesus' mother was a virgin, Joshua slowed Earth's rotation or Muhammad split the moon"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060820/https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/685591187479212032">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ridicule+is+the+proper+response+to+beliefs+such+as+Jesus%27+mother+was+a+virgin%2C+Joshua+slowed+Earth%27s+rotation+or+Muhammad+split+the+moon.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fricharddawkins%2Fstatus%2F685591187479212032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/255543797528817664">"Over and above believing surreal nonsense about planets and magic stones, hats and underwear, Romney is also a liar"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200719043539/https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/255543797528817664">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Over+and+above+believing+surreal+nonsense+about+planets+and+magic+stones%2C+hats+and+underwear%2C+Romney+is+also+a+liar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fricharddawkins%2Fstatus%2F255543797528817664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/244790357420826626">"Could you really vote for a man who thinks the Garden of Eden was in Missouri?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171030133510/https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/244790357420826626">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Could+you+really+vote+for+a+man+who+thinks+the+Garden+of+Eden+was+in+Missouri%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fricharddawkins%2Fstatus%2F244790357420826626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-michaelpowell-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-michaelpowell_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2011" class="citation news cs1">Powell, Michael (19 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/science/20dawkins.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">"A Knack for Bashing Orthodoxy"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121227231703/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/science/20dawkins.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Knack+for+Bashing+Orthodoxy&rft.date=2011-09-19&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F09%2F20%2Fscience%2F20dawkins.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins2015173-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins2015173_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawkins2015">Dawkins 2015</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooper2006" class="citation news cs1">Hooper, Simon (9 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/08/atheism.feature/index.html">"The rise of the New Atheists"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100408094135/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/08/atheism.feature/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+the+New+Atheists&rft.date=2006-11-09&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2006%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F11%2F08%2Fatheism.feature%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins20065-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins20065_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawkins2006">Dawkins 2006</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-militant-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-militant_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-militant_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/richard_dawkins_on_militant_atheism.html">"Richard Dawkins on militant atheism"</a>. TED Conferences, LLC. February 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111211194007/http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/richard_dawkins_on_militant_atheism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+Dawkins+on+militant+atheism&rft.pub=TED+Conferences%2C+LLC&rft.date=2002-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ted.com%2Ftalks%2Flang%2Fen%2Frichard_dawkins_on_militant_atheism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2013" class="citation web cs1">Dawkins, Richard (1 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://centerforinquiry.org/store/product/the-four-horsemen-discussions-with-richard-dawkins-episode-1-dvd/">"The Four Horsemen DVD"</a>. <i>Richard Dawkins Foundation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170611214236/https://richarddawkins.net/2013/10/the-four-horsemen-dvd-19-95/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Dawkins+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+Four+Horsemen+DVD&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcenterforinquiry.org%2Fstore%2Fproduct%2Fthe-four-horsemen-discussions-with-richard-dawkins-episode-1-dvd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9DKhc1pcDFM">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-education-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-education_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Alexandra (27 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.guardian.co.uk/schools/story/0,,1958138,00.html">"Dawkins campaigns to keep God out of classroom"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080709084224/http://education.guardian.co.uk/schools/story/0,,1958138,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Metaphysics Research Laboratory, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609094515/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/creationism/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2009</span>. <q>a Creationist is someone who believes in a god who is absolute creator of heaven and earth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creationism&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Laboratory%2C+Stanford+University&rft.aulast=Ruse&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fcreationism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Scott" title="Eugenie Scott">Scott, Eugenie C</a> (2009). 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Special creationism includes the idea that God created living things in their present forms...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creationism&rft.btitle=Evolution+vs.+creationism%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26187-7&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Eugenie+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2002" class="citation news cs1">Dawkins, Richard (9 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/mar/09/religion.schools1">"A scientist's view"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 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Malden, MA: Blackwell. p. i. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405125383" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405125383"><bdi>978-1405125383</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dawkins%27+God%3A+genes%2C+memes%2C+and+the+meaning+of+life&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=i&rft.edition=Reprinted&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1405125383&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdawkinsgodgenesm0000mcgr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwinford2006" class="citation news cs1">Swinford, Steven (19 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805101216/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/student/news/article641971.ece">"Godless Dawkins challenges schools"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+HSS+Today&rft.pub=The+Humanist+Society+of+Scotland&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanism-scotland.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fthe-hss-today.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php/3258">"The International Academy Of Humanism – Humanist Laureates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Secular_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Council for Secular Humanism">Council for Secular Humanism</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180330192331/https://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php/3258">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article3087486.ece">the original</a> on 17 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Out+Campaign&rft.pub=Richard+Dawkins+Foundation&rft.date=2007-07-30&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fricharddawkins.net%2Farticle%2C1471%2CThe-Out-Campaign%2CRichard-Dawkins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220154544/http://www.humanism.org.uk/bus-campaign">"The Bus Campaign"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Humanist_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="British Humanist Association">British Humanist Association</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanism.org.uk/bus-campaign">the original</a> on 20 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bus+Campaign&rft.pub=British+Humanist+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanism.org.uk%2Fbus-campaign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501094048/http://richarddawkins.net/article,829,The-Selfish-Green,Jonathan-Dimbleby-David-Attenborough-Richard-Dawkins-Jane-Goodall-Richard-Leakey">"BBC: The Selfish Green"</a>. Richard Dawkins Foundation. 2 April 2007. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC%3A+The+Selfish+Green&rft.pub=Richard+Dawkins+Foundation&rft.date=2007-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fricharddawkins.net%2Farticle%2C829%2CThe-Selfish-Green%2CJonathan-Dimbleby-David-Attenborough-Richard-Dawkins-Jane-Goodall-Richard-Leakey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span> For video in one segment, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5WUIDzxUeo">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins1989213-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins1989213_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawkins1989">Dawkins 1989</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavalieriSinger1993" class="citation book cs1">Cavalieri, Paola; Singer, Peter, eds. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505210246/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/mar/22/iraq.usa">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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with Feminists"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Richard+Dawkins+Gets+into+a+Comments+War+with+Feminists&rft.date=2011-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fnational%2Farchive%2F2011%2F07%2Frichard-dawkins-draws-feminist-wrath-over-sexual-harassment-comments%2F352530%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-postmodernism-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-postmodernism_177-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-postmodernism_177-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins1998" class="citation journal cs1">Dawkins, Richard (9 July 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F28089">"Postmodernism Disrobed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>394</b> (6689): 141–143. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.394..141D">1998Natur.394..141D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F28089">10.1038/28089</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40887987">40887987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Postmodernism+Disrobed&rft.volume=394&rft.issue=6689&rft.pages=141-143&rft.date=1998-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40887987%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F28089&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Natur.394..141D&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F28089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span> For article with math symbols see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.nyu.edu/sokal/dawkins.html">this link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417132936/http://physics.nyu.edu/sokal/dawkins.html">Archived</a> 17 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSokalDawkins2024" class="citation news cs1">Sokal, Alan; Dawkins, Richard (8 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/04/08/opinion/sex-gender-medical-terms/">"Sex and gender: The medical establishment's reluctance to speak honestly about biological reality"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240408223633/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/04/08/opinion/sex-gender-medical-terms/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Sex+and+gender%3A+The+medical+establishment%27s+reluctance+to+speak+honestly+about+biological+reality&rft.date=2024-04-08&rft.aulast=Sokal&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Dawkins%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2F2024%2F04%2F08%2Fopinion%2Fsex-gender-medical-terms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins1998" class="citation book cs1">Dawkins, Richard (1998). <i>Unweaving The Rainbow</i>. United Kingdom: Penguin. pp. 4–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-05673-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-05673-6"><bdi>978-0-618-05673-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unweaving+The+Rainbow&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=4-7&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-618-05673-6&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond2001" class="citation book cs1">Diamond, John (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/snakeoilotherpre0000diam"><i>Snake Oil and Other Preoccupations</i></a></span>. United Kingdom: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-942833-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-942833-6"><bdi>978-0-09-942833-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Snake+Oil+and+Other+Preoccupations&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-09-942833-6&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsnakeoilotherpre0000diam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins200358-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins200358_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawkins2003">Dawkins 2003</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2007" class="citation news cs1">Harrison, David (5 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1559468/New-age-therapies-cause-retreat-from-reason.html">"New age therapies cause 'retreat from reason'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180821160511/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1559468/New-age-therapies-cause-retreat-from-reason.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=New+age+therapies+cause+%27retreat+from+reason%27&rft.date=2007-08-05&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1559468%2FNew-age-therapies-cause-retreat-from-reason.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2009" class="citation web cs1">Parker, Robin (27 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/2009/01/dawkins_to_front_c4_science_series.html">"C4 lines up Genius science series"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_(magazine)" title="Broadcast (magazine)">Broadcast</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Broadcast&rft.atitle=C4+lines+up+Genius+science+series&rft.date=2009-01-27&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcastnow.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2009%2F01%2Fdawkins_to_front_c4_science_series.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telegrapharticle-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telegrapharticle_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnapton2014" class="citation news cs1">Knapton, Sarah (4 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/11272393/Asteroids-could-wipe-out-humanity-warn-Richard-Dawkins-and-Brian-Cox.html">"Asteroids could wipe out humanity, warn Richard Dawkins and Brian Cox"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222205213/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/11272393/Asteroids-could-wipe-out-humanity-warn-Richard-Dawkins-and-Brian-Cox.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Asteroids+could+wipe+out+humanity%2C+warn+Richard+Dawkins+and+Brian+Cox&rft.date=2014-12-04&rft.aulast=Knapton&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F11272393%2FAsteroids-could-wipe-out-humanity-warn-Richard-Dawkins-and-Brian-Cox.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dur.ac.uk/news/allnews/?itemno=3972">"Durham salutes science, Shakespeare and social inclusion"</a>. <i>Durham University News</i>. 26 August 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080203181748/http://www.dur.ac.uk/news/allnews/?itemno=3972">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Durham+University+News&rft.atitle=Durham+salutes+science%2C+Shakespeare+and+social+inclusion&rft.date=2005-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dur.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fallnews%2F%3Fitemno%3D3972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110901041512/http://vcs.abdn.ac.uk/news/details-4924.php">"Best-selling biologist and outspoken atheist among those honoured by University"</a>. University of Aberdeen. 1 September 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vcs.abdn.ac.uk/news/details-4924.php">the original</a> on 1 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Best-selling+biologist+and+outspoken+atheist+among+those+honoured+by+University&rft.pub=University+of+Aberdeen&rft.date=2011-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvcs.abdn.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fdetails-4924.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011191110/http://www.uv.es/~webuv/noticies/noticia.php?idnoticia=7165">"Richard Dawkins, doctor 'honoris causa' per la Universitat de València"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valencia" title="University of Valencia">University of Valencia</a>. 31 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uv.es/~webuv/noticies/noticia.php?idnoticia=7165">the original</a> on 11 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Richard+Dawkins%2C+doctor+%27honoris+causa%27+per+la+Universitat+de+Val%C3%A8ncia&rft.date=2009-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uv.es%2F~webuv%2Fnoticies%2Fnoticia.php%3Fidnoticia%3D7165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span> Note: web page is in Spanish.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanhumanist.org/news/american-humanist-association-board-statement-withdrawing-honor-from-richard-dawkins/">"American Humanist Association Board Statement Withdrawing Honor from Richard Dawkins"</a>. American Humanist Association. 19 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Humanist+Association+Board+Statement+Withdrawing+Honor+from+Richard+Dawkins&rft.pub=American+Humanist+Association&rft.date=2021-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanhumanist.org%2Fnews%2Famerican-humanist-association-board-statement-withdrawing-honor-from-richard-dawkins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration">"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"</a>. <i>www.achievement.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161215023909/https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Golden+Plate+Awardees+of+the+American+Academy+of+Achievement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Four-history%2Fgolden-plate-awards%2F%23science-exploration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScripps_Institution_of_Oceanography2009" class="citation web cs1">Scripps Institution of Oceanography (7 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scrippsnews.ucsd.edu/Releases/?releaseID=967">"Scripps Institution of Oceanography Honors Evolutionary Biologist, Richard Dawkins, in Public Ceremony and Lecture"</a>. Scripps Institution of Oceanography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719202306/http://scrippsnews.ucsd.edu/Releases/?releaseID=967">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scripps+Institution+of+Oceanography+Honors+Evolutionary+Biologist%2C+Richard+Dawkins%2C+in+Public+Ceremony+and+Lecture&rft.pub=Scripps+Institution+of+Oceanography&rft.date=2009-04-07&rft.au=Scripps+Institution+of+Oceanography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscrippsnews.ucsd.edu%2FReleases%2F%3FreleaseID%3D967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiftung2007" class="citation web cs1">Stiftung, Giordano Bruno (28 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719042744/http://hpd.de/node/2010">"Deschner-Preis an Richard Dawkins"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deschner-Preis+an+Richard+Dawkins&rft.pub=Humanistischer+Pressedienst&rft.date=2007-05-28&rft.aulast=Stiftung&rft.aufirst=Giordano+Bruno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhpd-online.de%2Fnode%2F2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span> Note: Web page in German.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dallas_1992-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dallas_1992_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"CSICOP's 1992 Awards". <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 236. 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=CSICOP%27s+1992+Awards&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=236&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3935757.stm">"Q&A: Richard Dawkins"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 29 July 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071021092752/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3935757.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Richard+Dawkins+named+world%27s+top+thinker+in+poll&rft.date=2013-04-25&rft.aulast=Dugdale&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2Fbooksblog%2F2013%2Fapr%2F25%2Frichard-dawkins-named-top-thinker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927130727/http://www.britishbookawards.co.uk/pnbb_winners2007.asp#3">"Galaxy British Book Awards – Winners & Shortlists"</a>. Publishing News. 2007. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Galaxy+British+Book+Awards+%E2%80%93+Winners+%26+Shortlists&rft.pub=Publishing+News&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishbookawards.co.uk%2Fpnbb_winners2007.asp%3F%233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehe2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Behe" title="Michael Behe">Behe, Michael</a> (3 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080314061433/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1595329_1616137,00.html">"Time Top 100"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">TIME</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1595329_1616137,00.html">the original</a> on 14 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Time+Top+100&rft.date=2007-05-03&rft.aulast=Behe&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2F2007%2Ftime100%2Farticle%2F0%2C28804%2C1595326_1595329_1616137%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1567544/Top-100-living-geniuses.html">"Top 100 living geniuses"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. London. 28 October 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803031241/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1567544/Top-100-living-geniuses.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Top+100+living+geniuses&rft.date=2007-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1567544%2FTop-100-living-geniuses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlack2005" class="citation web cs1">Slack, Gordy (30 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704233721/http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2005/04/30/dawkins/index.html">"The atheist"</a>. <i>Salon</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2005/04/30/dawkins/index.html">the original</a> on 4 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=The+atheist&rft.date=2005-04-30&rft.aulast=Slack&rft.aufirst=Gordy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdir.salon.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2F2005%2F04%2F30%2Fdawkins%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101217052917/http://ffrf.org/news/releases/honorary-ffrf-board-announced/">"Honorary FFRF Board Announced"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Freedom From Religion Foundation">Freedom From Religion Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ffrf.org/news/releases/honorary-ffrf-board-announced/">the original</a> on 17 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+FFRF+Board+Announced&rft.pub=Freedom+From+Religion+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fffrf.org%2Fnews%2Freleases%2Fhonorary-ffrf-board-announced%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521022747/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hEvNbHt8O7e3jB5HlC2uwNrSQvpQ?docId=CNG.2417bf61f21b75ec00dacc78e05295ae.341">"Sri Lankans name new fish genus after atheist Dawkins"</a>. <i>Google News</i>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 15 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hEvNbHt8O7e3jB5HlC2uwNrSQvpQ?docId=CNG.2417bf61f21b75ec00dacc78e05295ae.341">the original</a> on 21 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+News&rft.atitle=Sri+Lankans+name+new+fish+genus+after+atheist+Dawkins&rft.date=2012-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5hEvNbHt8O7e3jB5HlC2uwNrSQvpQ%3FdocId%3DCNG.2417bf61f21b75ec00dacc78e05295ae.341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Dawkins, <i>An Appetite for Wonder – The Making of a Scientist</i>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKie-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKie_204-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKie_204-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKie2004" class="citation news cs1">McKie, Robin (25 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1268687,00.html">"Doctor Zoo"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080128132354/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1268687,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Doctor+Zoo&rft.date=2004-07-25&rft.aulast=McKie&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobserver.guardian.co.uk%2Fcomment%2Fstory%2F0%2C6903%2C1268687%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2005" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, M.J. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitchhikerbiogra00simp"><i>Hitchhiker: A Biography of Douglas Adams</i></a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin,_Charles_%26_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justin, Charles & Co. (page does not exist)">Justin, Charles & Co.</a> p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitchhikerbiogra00simp/page/129">129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932112-35-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932112-35-1"><bdi>978-1-932112-35-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitchhiker%3A+A+Biography+of+Douglas+Adams&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Justin%2C+Charles+%26+Co.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-932112-35-1&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=M.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitchhikerbiogra00simp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitchhikerbiogra00simp/page/129">Chapter 15, p. 129</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/richard-dawkins-and-viscount-of-bangors-sister-lalla-ward-separate-after-24-years-34890652.html">"Richard Dawkins and Viscount of Bangor's sister Lalla Ward separate after 24 years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph" title="Belfast Telegraph">Belfast Telegraph</a></i>. 17 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160718144205/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/richard-dawkins-and-viscount-of-bangors-sister-lalla-ward-separate-after-24-years-34890652.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Richard+Dawkins+and+Viscount+of+Bangor%27s+sister+Lalla+Ward+separate+after+24+years&rft.date=2016-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Frichard-dawkins-and-viscount-of-bangors-sister-lalla-ward-separate-after-24-years-34890652.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stroke-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stroke_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudding2016" class="citation news cs1">Dudding, Adam (12 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/books/76837596/richard-dawkins-suffers-stroke-cancels-new-zealand-appearance">"Richard Dawkins suffers stroke, cancels New Zealand appearance"</a>. <i>Fairfax New Zealand</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160213113111/http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/books/76837596/Richard-Dawkins-suffers-stroke-cancels-New-Zealand-appearance">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fairfax+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Richard+Dawkins+suffers+stroke%2C+cancels+New+Zealand+appearance&rft.date=2016-02-12&rft.aulast=Dudding&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2F76837596%2Frichard-dawkins-suffers-stroke-cancels-new-zealand-appearance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahlquist2016" class="citation news cs1">Wahlquist, Calla (11 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/feb/12/richard-dawkins-has-stroke-on-eve-of-australia-and-new-zealand-tour">"Richard Dawkins stroke forces delay of Australia and New Zealand tour"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160212131437/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/feb/12/richard-dawkins-has-stroke-on-eve-of-australia-and-new-zealand-tour">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Richard+Dawkins+stroke+forces+delay+of+Australia+and+New+Zealand+tour&rft.date=2016-02-11&rft.aulast=Wahlquist&rft.aufirst=Calla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2016%2Ffeb%2F12%2Frichard-dawkins-has-stroke-on-eve-of-australia-and-new-zealand-tour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36363676">"Professor Dawkins on recovering from a mild stroke"</a>. <i>Radio 4 Today</i>. 24 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013152931/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36363676">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+4+Today&rft.atitle=Professor+Dawkins+on+recovering+from+a+mild+stroke&rft.date=2016-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-36363676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2016" class="citation web cs1">Dawkins, Richard (4 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://richarddawkins.net/2016/04/an-april-4th-update-from-richard/">"An April 4th Update from Richard"</a>. Richard Dawkins Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419135501/https://richarddawkins.net/2016/04/an-april-4th-update-from-richard/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+April+4th+Update+from+Richard&rft.pub=Richard+Dawkins+Foundation&rft.date=2016-04-04&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fricharddawkins.net%2F2016%2F04%2Fan-april-4th-update-from-richard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soundcloud.com/user-733970241">Audio file</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115021827/https://soundcloud.com/user-733970241">Archived</a> 15 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070616012920/http://www.bbcactive.com/BroadCastLearning/asp/catalogue/productdetail.asp?productcode=207">"BBC Educational and Documentary: Blind Watchmaker"</a>. BBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbcactive.com/BroadCastLearning/asp/catalogue/productdetail.asp?productcode=207">the original</a> on 16 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Independent Print Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125184215/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/music-magazine/live-music/live-reviews/nightwish-wembley-arena-gig-review-closing-with-the-greatest-show-on-earth-too-much-for-sell-out-a6781496.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Nightwish%2C+Wembley+Arena%2C+gig+review%3A+Closing+with+The+Greatest+Show+on+Earth+too+much+for+sell-out+audience+to+handle&rft.date=2015-12-21&rft.aulast=Shutt&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-magazine%2Flive-music%2Flive-reviews%2Fnightwish-wembley-arena-gig-review-closing-with-the-greatest-show-on-earth-too-much-for-sell-out-a6781496.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spaziorock-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spaziorock_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaziorock.it/speciale.php?&id=nightwish-esclusivo-track-by-track-di-endless-forms-most-beautiful">"Nightwish: track by track di "Endless Forms Most Beautiful"!"</a>. <i>SpazioRock</i> (in Italian). 17 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704195744/http://www.spaziorock.it/speciale.php?&id=nightwish-esclusivo-track-by-track-di-endless-forms-most-beautiful">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpazioRock&rft.atitle=Nightwish%3A+track+by+track+di+%22Endless+Forms+Most+Beautiful%22%21&rft.date=2015-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaziorock.it%2Fspeciale.php%3F%26id%3Dnightwish-esclusivo-track-by-track-di-endless-forms-most-beautiful&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EMP-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EMP_218-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchleutermann2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schleutermann, Marcus (27 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzLMBGFBJ4I">"Nightwish – Food for Thought"</a>. <i>EMP Rockinvasion</i> (in English and German). <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" class="mw-redirect" title="Köln">Köln</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503004023/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzLMBGFBJ4I">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EMP+Rockinvasion&rft.atitle=Nightwish+%E2%80%93+Food+for+Thought&rft.date=2015-02-27&rft.aulast=Schleutermann&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DYzLMBGFBJ4I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillican2020" class="citation web cs1">Millican, Josh (3 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/341097/trailer-intersect-delivers-high-concept-lovecraftian-horror-sci-fi-september-15th/">"Trailer: INTERSECT Delivers High-Concept, Lovecraftian Horror/Sci-fi September 15th"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dread_Central" title="Dread Central">Dread Central</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unifr.ch/biol/ecology/hamilton/hamilton.html#Dawkins">the original</a> on 18 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary+by+Richard+Dawkins&rft.date=2000-10-03&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fbiol%2Fecology%2Fhamilton%2Fhamilton.html%23Dawkins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Critical-Historical Perspective on the Argument about Evolution and Creation, John Durant, in "From Evolution to Creation: A European Perspective (Eds. Sven Anderson, Arthus Peacocke), Aarhus Univ. Press, Aarhus, Denmark</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2007" class="citation web cs1">Dawkins, Richard (12 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729152706/http://richarddawkins.net/audio/721-1986-oxford-union-debate">"1986 Oxford Union Debate: Richard Dawkins, John Maynard Smith"</a>. Richard Dawkins Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://richarddawkins.net/article,721,1986-Oxford-Union-Debate,Richard-Dawkins-John-Maynard-Smith">the original</a> on 29 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1986+Oxford+Union+Debate%3A+Richard+Dawkins%2C+John+Maynard+Smith&rft.pub=Richard+Dawkins+Foundation&rft.date=2007-03-12&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fricharddawkins.net%2Farticle%2C721%2C1986-Oxford-Union-Debate%2CRichard-Dawkins-John-Maynard-Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span> Debate no longer available at that website. For the debate audio in video format in two segments, see part 1 at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4I7znTq0gs">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> and part 2 at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uKtT2hDPCIU">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins1989" class="citation book cs1">Dawkins, Richard (1989). <a href="/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene" title="The Selfish Gene"><i>The Selfish Gene</i></a> (2nd ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-286092-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-286092-7"><bdi>978-0-19-286092-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Selfish+Gene&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-286092-7&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrafen2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Grafen" title="Alan Grafen">Grafen, Alan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Ridley_(zoologist)" title="Mark Ridley (zoologist)">Ridley, Mark</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/richarddawkinsho00alan"><i>Richard Dawkins: How A Scientist Changed the Way We Think</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929116-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929116-8"><bdi>978-0-19-929116-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Dawkins%3A+How+A+Scientist+Changed+the+Way+We+Think&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929116-8&rft.aulast=Grafen&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Ridley%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fricharddawkinsho00alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Dawkins" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Richard_Dawkins" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Richard Dawkins">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44461" class="extiw" title="d:Q44461">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.richarddawkins.net">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44461#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> – The Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://richarddawkins.com/">Richard Dawkins</a> Personal Website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translationsproject.org/">Translation Project website</a> includes translations of his books into another languages</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1468026/">Richard Dawkins</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44461#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Richard_Dawkins" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Richard_Dawkins" title="Template:Richard Dawkins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Richard_Dawkins" title="Template talk:Richard Dawkins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Richard_Dawkins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Richard Dawkins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Richard_Dawkins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Dawkins</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins_bibliography" title="Richard Dawkins bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Richard_Dawkins" title="Views of Richard Dawkins">Views</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene" title="The Selfish Gene">The Selfish Gene</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Extended_Phenotype" title="The Extended Phenotype">The Extended Phenotype</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Watchmaker" title="The Blind Watchmaker">The Blind Watchmaker</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/River_Out_of_Eden" title="River Out of Eden">River Out of Eden</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Climbing_Mount_Improbable" title="Climbing Mount Improbable">Climbing Mount Improbable</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unweaving_the_Rainbow" title="Unweaving the Rainbow">Unweaving the Rainbow</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Devil%27s_Chaplain" title="A Devil's Chaplain">A Devil's Chaplain</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ancestor%27s_Tale" title="The Ancestor's Tale">The Ancestor's Tale</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Show_on_Earth:_The_Evidence_for_Evolution" title="The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution">The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_of_Reality" title="The Magic of Reality"> The Magic of Reality: How We Know What's Really True</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Appetite_for_Wonder" title="An Appetite for Wonder">An Appetite for Wonder: The Making of a Scientist</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brief_Candle_in_the_Dark" title="Brief Candle in the Dark">Brief Candle in the Dark: My Life in Science</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Soul" title="Science in the Soul">Science in the Soul: Selected Writings of a Passionate Rationalist</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i>Outgrowing God: A Beginner's Guide</i> (2019)</li> <li><i>Books Do Furnish a Life: Reading and Writing Science</i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flights_of_Fancy:_Defying_Gravity_by_Design_and_Evolution" title="Flights of Fancy: Defying Gravity by Design and Evolution">Flights of Fancy: Defying Gravity by Design and Evolution</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Genetic_Book_of_the_Dead" title="The Genetic Book of the Dead">The Genetic Book of the Dead</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Growing_Up_in_the_Universe" title="Growing Up in the Universe">Growing Up in the Universe</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawkins_vs._Gould" title="Dawkins vs. Gould">Dawkins vs. Gould</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Belief:_Science,_Religion,_Reason_and_Survival" title="Beyond Belief: Science, Religion, Reason and Survival">Beyond Belief</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins:_How_a_Scientist_Changed_the_Way_We_Think" title="Richard Dawkins: How a Scientist Changed the Way We Think">Richard Dawkins: How a Scientist Changed the Way We Think</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_Modern_Science_Writing" title="The Oxford Book of Modern Science Writing">The Oxford Book of Modern Science Writing</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nice_Guys_Finish_First" title="Nice Guys Finish First">Nice Guys Finish First</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Watchmaker_(film)" title="The Blind Watchmaker (film)">The Blind Watchmaker</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Break_the_Science_Barrier" title="Break the Science Barrier">Break the Science Barrier</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Atheism_Tapes" title="The Atheism Tapes">The Atheism Tapes</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Root_of_All_Evil%3F" title="The Root of All Evil?">The Root of All Evil?</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Enemies_of_Reason" title="The Enemies of Reason">The Enemies of Reason</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Genius_of_Charles_Darwin" title="The Genius of Charles Darwin">The Genius of Charles Darwin</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faith_School_Menace%3F" title="Faith School Menace?">Faith School Menace?</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sex,_Death_and_the_Meaning_of_Life" title="Sex, Death and the Meaning of Life">Sex, Death and the Meaning of Life</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unbelievers" title="The Unbelievers">The Unbelievers</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">Meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_Bus_Campaign" title="Atheist Bus Campaign">Atheist Bus Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out_Campaign" title="Out Campaign">Out Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerin_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerin oil">Gerin oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins_Foundation_for_Reason_and_Science" title="Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science">Foundation for Reason and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonyi_Professor_for_the_Public_Understanding_of_Science" title="Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science">Professorship for the Public Understanding of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalla_Ward" title="Lalla Ward">Lalla Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weasel_program" title="Weasel program">Weasel program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Dawkins" title="Marian Dawkins">Marian Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_World" title="Middle World">Middle World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_God_Go" title="Go God Go">Go God Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_God_Go_XII" title="Go God Go XII">Go God Go XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God%27s_utility_function" class="mw-redirect" title="God's utility function">God's utility function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtier%27s_reply" title="Courtier's reply">Courtier's reply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_of_theistic_probability" title="Spectrum of theistic probability">Spectrum of theistic probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Darwinism" title="Universal Darwinism">Universal Darwinism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Endless_Forms_Most_Beautiful_(album)" title="Endless Forms Most Beautiful (album)">Endless Forms Most Beautiful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/When_the_Professor_Got_Stuck_in_the_Snow" title="When the Professor Got Stuck in the Snow">When the Professor Got Stuck in the Snow</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins_Award" title="Richard Dawkins Award">Richard Dawkins Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Richard_Dawkins" title="Category:Richard Dawkins">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evolutionary_psychologists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Template:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Template talk:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolutionary_psychologists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_evolutionary_psychologists" title="List of evolutionary psychologists">Evolutionary psychologists</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Biologists /<br />neuroscientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crespi" title="Bernard Crespi">Bernard Crespi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crook_(ethologist)" title="John Crook (ethologist)">John Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">W. D. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kinsey" title="Alfred Kinsey">Alfred Kinsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Orians" title="Gordon Orians">Gordon Orians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaak_Panksepp" title="Jaak Panksepp">Jaak Panksepp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margie_Profet" title="Margie Profet">Margie Profet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Richerson" title="Peter Richerson">Peter Richerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Rizzolatti" title="Giacomo Rizzolatti">Giacomo Rizzolatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Thornhill" title="Randy Thornhill">Randy Thornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trivers" title="Robert Trivers">Robert Trivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carel_van_Schaik" title="Carel van Schaik">Carel van Schaik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Wedekind" title="Claus Wedekind">Claus Wedekind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_West-Eberhard" title="Mary Jane West-Eberhard">Mary Jane West-Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler" title="Wolfgang Wickler">Wolfgang Wickler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Christopher_Williams" title="George Christopher Williams">George C. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sloan_Wilson" title="David Sloan Wilson">David Sloan Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wrangham" title="Richard Wrangham">Richard Wrangham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Anthropologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_H._Barkow" title="Jerome H. Barkow">Jerome H. Barkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Boehm" title="Christopher Boehm">Christopher Boehm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyd_(anthropologist)" title="Robert Boyd (anthropologist)">Robert Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Brown_(anthropologist)" title="Donald Brown (anthropologist)">Donald E. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Chagnon" title="Napoleon Chagnon">Napoleon Chagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Dunbar" title="Robin Dunbar">Robin Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Fessler" title="Daniel Fessler">Daniel Fessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Flinn" title="Mark Flinn">Mark Flinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Hawks" title="John D. Hawks">John D. Hawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henrich" title="Joseph Henrich">Joseph Henrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Mace" title="Ruth Mace">Ruth Mace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nettle" title="Daniel Nettle">Daniel Nettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Shennan" title="Stephen Shennan">Stephen Shennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Symons" title="Donald Symons">Donald Symons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tooby" title="John Tooby">John Tooby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_L._van_den_Berghe" title="Pierre L. van den Berghe">Pierre van den Berghe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Psychologists /<br />cognitive scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ainsworth" title="Mary Ainsworth">Mary Ainsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Baron-Cohen" title="Simon Baron-Cohen">Simon Baron-Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_L._Barrett" title="Justin L. Barrett">Justin L. Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Belsky" title="Jay Belsky">Jay Belsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Bering" title="Jesse Bering">Jesse Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Bjorklund" title="David F. Bjorklund">David F. Bjorklund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bloom_(psychologist)" title="Paul Bloom (psychologist)">Paul Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bowlby" title="John Bowlby">John Bowlby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Boyer" title="Pascal Boyer">Pascal Boyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bulbulia" title="Joseph Bulbulia">Joseph Bulbulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Buss" title="David Buss">David Buss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josep_Call" title="Josep Call">Josep Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Campbell_(academic)" title="Anne Campbell (academic)">Anne Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carruthers_(philosopher)" title="Peter Carruthers (philosopher)">Peter Carruthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leda_Cosmides" title="Leda Cosmides">Leda Cosmides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Daly_(professor)" title="Martin Daly (professor)">Martin Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_J._Ellis" title="Bruce J. Ellis">Bruce J. Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Fernald" title="Anne Fernald">Anne Fernald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Jos%C3%A9_Figueredo" title="Aurelio José Figueredo">Aurelio José Figueredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Fleischman" title="Diana Fleischman">Diana Fleischman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uta_Frith" title="Uta Frith">Uta Frith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_G._Gallup" title="Gordon G. Gallup">Gordon G. Gallup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Geary" title="David C. Geary">David C. Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Gigerenzer" title="Gerd Gigerenzer">Gerd Gigerenzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gray_(psychologist)" title="Peter Gray (psychologist)">Peter Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Haidt" title="Jonathan Haidt">Jonathan Haidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Rich_Harris" title="Judith Rich Harris">Judith Rich Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martie_Haselton" title="Martie Haselton">Martie Haselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_and_Stephen_Kaplan" title="Rachel and Stephen Kaplan">Stephen Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_T._Kenrick" title="Douglas T. Kenrick">Douglas T. Kenrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_M._Kirby" title="Simon M. Kirby">Simon M. Kirby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurzban" title="Robert Kurzban">Robert Kurzban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_MacWhinney" title="Brian MacWhinney">Brian MacWhinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_T._McGuire" title="Michael T. McGuire">Michael T. McGuire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Geoffrey Miller (psychologist)">Geoffrey Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darcia_Narvaez" title="Darcia Narvaez">Darcia Narvaez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Nelson" title="Katherine Nelson">Katherine Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_M._Nesse" title="Randolph M. Nesse">Randolph M. Nesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Neuberg" title="Steven Neuberg">Steven Neuberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Perrett" title="David Perrett">David Perrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Plotkin" title="Henry Plotkin">Henry Plotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rozin" title="Paul Rozin">Paul Rozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Schaller" title="Mark Schaller">Mark Schaller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P._Schmitt" title="David P. Schmitt">David P. Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Segal" title="Nancy Segal">Nancy Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_K._Shackelford" title="Todd K. Shackelford">Todd K. Shackelford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Silverman" title="Irwin Silverman">Irwin Silverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_K._Smith" title="Peter K. Smith">Peter K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Sperber" title="Dan Sperber">Dan Sperber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stevens_(Jungian_analyst)" title="Anthony Stevens (Jungian analyst)">Anthony Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sulloway" title="Frank Sulloway">Frank Sulloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tomasello" title="Michael Tomasello">Michael Tomasello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Tybur" title="Joshua Tybur">Joshua Tybur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_van_Vugt" title="Mark van Vugt">Mark van Vugt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Whiten" title="Andrew Whiten">Andrew Whiten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Wilson_(psychologist)" title="Glenn Wilson (psychologist)">Glenn Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margo_Wilson" title="Margo Wilson">Margo Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other<br />social scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Badcock" title="Christopher Badcock">Christopher Badcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bowles_(economist)" title="Samuel Bowles (economist)">Samuel Bowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Fehr" title="Ernst Fehr">Ernst Fehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gintis" title="Herbert Gintis">Herbert Gintis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_D._P._Johnson" title="Dominic D. P. Johnson">Dominic D. P. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_Saad" title="Gad Saad">Gad Saad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Literary theorists /<br />philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Carroll_(scholar)" title="Joseph Carroll (scholar)">Joseph Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Dutton" title="Denis Dutton">Denis Dutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_research_groups_and_centers" title="Evolutionary psychology research groups and centers">Research centers/<br />organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Evolutionary_Psychology" title="Center for Evolutionary Psychology">Center for Evolutionary Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Behavior_and_Evolution_Society" title="Human Behavior and Evolution Society">Human Behavior and Evolution Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Human_Cognitive_and_Brain_Sciences" title="Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences">Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute" title="New England Complex Systems Institute">New England Complex Systems Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adapted_Mind" title="The Adapted Mind">The Adapted Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_Human_Behavior" title="Evolution and Human Behavior">Evolution and Human Behavior</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_Human_Sexuality" title="The Evolution of Human Sexuality">The Evolution of Human Sexuality</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolution,_Mind_and_Behaviour" title="Evolution, Mind and Behaviour">Evolution, Mind and Behaviour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Behavioral_Sciences" title="Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences">Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Psychology_(journal)" title="Evolutionary Psychology (journal)">Evolutionary Psychology</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Category:Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethology" title="Template:Ethology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethology" title="Template talk:Ethology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">Animal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour" title="Animal sexual behaviour">Animal sexual behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_science" title="Animal welfare science">Animal welfare science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bee_learning_and_communication" title="Bee learning and communication">Bee learning and communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_ecology" title="Behavioral ecology">Behavioural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_endocrinology" title="Behavioral endocrinology">Behavioral endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioural genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">Breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_ethology" title="Cognitive ethology">Cognitive ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_behaviour_in_animals" title="Comfort behaviour in animals">Comfort behaviour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_grooming" title="Personal grooming">Grooming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">Comparative psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">Emotion in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethogram" title="Ethogram">Ethogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">Evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feeding_behaviours" title="List of feeding behaviours">Feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hover_(behaviour)" title="Hover (behaviour)">Hover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ethology" title="Human ethology">Human ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instinct" title="Instinct">Instinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroethology" title="Neuroethology">Neuroethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_animals" title="Pain in animals">Pain in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_ethology" title="Philosophical ethology">Philosophical ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypy_(non-human)" title="Stereotypy (non-human)">Stereotypy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structures_built_by_animals" title="Structures built by animals">Structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beehive" title="Beehive">Hive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeycomb_structure" title="Honeycomb structure">Honeycomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nest" title="Nest">Nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesting_instinct" title="Nesting instinct">Instinct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_use_by_non-humans" title="Tool use by non-humans">Tool use by non-humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoosemiotics" title="Zoosemiotics">Zoosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bateson" title="Patrick Bateson">Patrick Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bekoff" title="Marc Bekoff">Marc Bekoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Broom" title="Donald Broom">Donald Broom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Calhoun" title="John B. Calhoun">John B. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Dawkins" title="Marian Dawkins">Marian Dawkins</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iren%C3%A4us_Eibl-Eibesfeldt" title="Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt">Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dian_Fossey" title="Dian Fossey">Dian Fossey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heini_Hediger" title="Heini Hediger">Heini Hediger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Morris" title="Desmond Morris">Desmond Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sebeok" title="Thomas Sebeok">Thomas Sebeok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Homan_Thorpe" title="William Homan Thorpe">William Homan Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob von Uexküll">Jakob von Uexküll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler" title="Wolfgang Wickler">Wolfgang Wickler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solly_Zuckerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Solly Zuckerman">Solly Zuckerman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Societies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_Animal_Behaviour" title="Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour">Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Applied_Ethology" title="International Society for Applied Ethology">International Society for Applied Ethology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Behaviour_(journal)" title="Animal Behaviour (journal)">Animal Behaviour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Cognition" title="Animal Cognition">Animal Cognition</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_(journal)" title="Animal Welfare (journal)">Animal Welfare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_Ecology_(journal)" title="Behavioral Ecology (journal)">Behavioral Ecology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behaviour_(journal)" title="Behaviour (journal)">Behaviour</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethology" title="Category:Ethology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2001" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FRS_2001" title="Template:FRS 2001"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FRS_2001" title="Template talk:FRS 2001"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FRS_2001" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FRS 2001"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2001" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellows</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2001">in 2001</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fellows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Attwell" title="David Attwell">David Attwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Baulcombe" title="David Baulcombe">David Baulcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beddington" title="John Beddington">John Beddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Birgeneau" title="Robert J. Birgeneau">Robert J. Birgeneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Richard_Bond" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Richard Bond">J. Richard Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bostock" title="Hugh Bostock">Hugh Bostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Burnett" title="Keith Burnett">Keith Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Callaghan" title="Paul Callaghan">Paul Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Collingridge" title="Graham Collingridge">Graham Collingridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Crow" title="James F. Crow">James F. Crow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ekins" title="Roger Ekins">Roger Ekins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Elderfield" title="Harry Elderfield">Henry Elderfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_G._Evans" title="Anthony G. Evans">Anthony G. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Eyre" title="Brian Eyre">Brian Eyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gluckman" title="Peter Gluckman">Peter Gluckman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Godfray" title="Charles Godfray">Charles Godfray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_Hogan" title="Brigid Hogan">Brigid Hogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_David_Hunt" title="John David Hunt">John Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Kirwan" title="Frances Kirwan">Frances Kirwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinivas_Kulkarni" title="Shrinivas Kulkarni">Shrinivas Kulkarni</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165181" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165181">Andrew Leslie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Levitt_(biophysicist)" title="Michael Levitt (biophysicist)">Michael Levitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Lovell-Badge" title="Robin Lovell-Badge">Robin Lovell-Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Madden_(chemist)" title="Paul Madden (chemist)">Paul Madden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Paterson" title="Mike Paterson">Mike Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Ponder" title="Bruce Ponder">Bruce Ponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Raisman" title="Geoffrey Raisman">Geoffrey Raisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Sandage" title="Allan Sandage">Allan Sandage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Sanders" title="Dale Sanders">Dale Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Schindler" title="David Schindler">David Schindler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Sheldrick" title="George M. Sheldrick">George M. Sheldrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Sherlock" title="Sheila Sherlock">Sheila Sherlock</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166276" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166276">Thomas Simpson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(statistician)" title="Adrian Smith (statistician)">Adrian Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandyam_Veerambudi_Srinivasan" title="Mandyam Veerambudi Srinivasan">Mandyam Veerambudi Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stewart_(mathematician)" title="Ian Stewart (mathematician)">Ian Stewart</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165801" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165801">Roger Tanner</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Tessier-Lavigne" title="Marc Tessier-Lavigne">Marc Tessier-Lavigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kester_Tonks" title="Nicholas Kester Tonks">Nicholas Tonks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._G._Unruh" title="W. G. Unruh">W. G. Unruh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Webber" title="Bryan Webber">Bryan Webber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Wilkie" title="Alex Wilkie">Alex Wilkie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honorary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Moore" title="Patrick Moore">Patrick Moore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Alexei Abrikosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Fowler_(physicist)" title="Alan Fowler (physicist)">Alan Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Franzini-Armstrong" title="Clara Franzini-Armstrong">Clara Franzini-Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Ahmed Zewail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Criticism_of_postmodernism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criticism_of_postmodernism" title="Template:Criticism of postmodernism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criticism_of_postmodernism" title="Template talk:Criticism of postmodernism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criticism_of_postmodernism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criticism of postmodernism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Criticism_of_postmodernism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_postmodernism" title="Criticism of postmodernism">Criticism of postmodernism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altermodern" title="Altermodern">Altermodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-anti-art" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-anti-art">Anti-anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernity" title="Hypermodernity">Hypermodernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodernism" title="Metamodernism">Metamodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodernism" title="Neomodernism">Neomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_sincerity" title="New sincerity">New sincerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-irony" title="Post-irony">Post-irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-postmodernism" title="Post-postmodernism">Post-postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernism" title="Remodernism">Remodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmodernism" title="Transmodernism">Transmodernism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Critics_of_postmodernism" title="Category:Critics of postmodernism">Critics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophelia_Benson" title="Ophelia Benson">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Berman" title="Marshall Berman">Berman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bricmont" title="Jean Bricmont">Bricmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Bunge" title="Mario Bunge">Bunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Crews" title="Frederick Crews">Crews</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Dussel" title="Enrique Dussel">Dussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hicks" title="Stephen Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Kramer" title="Hilton Kramer">Kramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Lindsay" title="James A. Lindsay">Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Paglia" title="Camille Paglia">Paglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Pluckrose" title="Helen Pluckrose">Pluckrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Sokal" title="Alan Sokal">Sokal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Windschuttle" title="Keith Windschuttle">Windschuttle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism,_or,_the_Cultural_Logic_of_Late_Capitalism" title="Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism">Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Higher_Superstition" title="Higher Superstition">Higher Superstition</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dead_White_Males_(play)" title="Dead White Males (play)">Dead White Males</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fashionable_Nonsense" title="Fashionable Nonsense">Fashionable Nonsense</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hicks#Explaining_Postmodernism" title="Stephen Hicks">Explaining Postmodernism</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dictionary_of_Fashionable_Nonsense" title="The Dictionary of Fashionable Nonsense">The Dictionary of Fashionable Nonsense</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cynical_Theories" title="Cynical Theories">Cynical Theories</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grievance_studies_affair" title="Grievance studies affair">Grievance studies affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism_Generator" title="Postmodernism Generator">Postmodernism Generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_wars" title="Science wars">Science wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokal_affair" title="Sokal affair">Sokal affair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Atheism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Atheism" title="Template:New Atheism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:New_Atheism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:New Atheism (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Atheism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Atheism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Atheism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Barker" title="Dan Barker">Dan Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Boghossian" title="Peter Boghossian">Peter Boghossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Christina" title="Greta Christina">Greta Christina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Coyne" title="Jerry Coyne">Jerry Coyne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Goldstein" title="Rebecca Goldstein">Rebecca Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris">Sam Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TJ_Kirk" title="TJ Kirk">TJ Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Onfray" title="Michel Onfray">Michel Onfray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_J._Stenger" title="Victor J. Stenger">Victor J. Stenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schmidt-Salomon" title="Michael Schmidt-Salomon">Michael Schmidt-Salomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former New Atheists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali" title="Ayaan Hirsi Ali">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PZ_Myers" title="PZ Myers">PZ Myers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atheist_Manifesto:_The_Case_Against_Christianity,_Judaism,_and_Islam" title="Atheist Manifesto: The Case Against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam">Atheist Manifesto</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Evolutionary_Humanism" title="Manifesto of Evolutionary Humanism">Manifesto of Evolutionary Humanism</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_the_Spell_(Dennett_book)" title="Breaking the Spell (Dennett book)">Breaking the Spell</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Root_of_All_Evil%3F" title="The Root of All Evil?">The Root of All Evil?</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God:_The_Failed_Hypothesis" title="God: The Failed Hypothesis">God: The Failed Hypothesis</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Portable_Atheist" title="The Portable Atheist">The Portable Atheist</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godless_(Barker_book)" title="Godless (Barker book)">Godless</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Clergy_Project" title="The Clergy Project">The Clergy Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitchstone_Publishing" title="Pitchstone Publishing">Pitchstone Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins_Foundation_for_Reason_and_Science" title="Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science">Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Go_God_Go" title="Go God Go">Go God Go</a>" (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_Angel" title="Darwin's Angel">Darwin's Angel</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dawkins_Delusion%3F" title="The Dawkins Delusion?">The Dawkins Delusion?</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Irrational_Atheist" title="The Irrational Atheist">The Irrational Atheist</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atheist_Delusions" title="Atheist Delusions">Atheist Delusions</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_God" title="The Case for God">The Case for God</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unscientific_America" title="Unscientific America">Unscientific America</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_Against_God" title="The Rage Against God">The Rage Against God</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_Atheism" title="The Evolution of Atheism">The Evolution of Atheism</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_Day" title="Blasphemy Day">Blasphemy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" title="Flying Spaghetti Monster">Flying Spaghetti Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out_Campaign" title="Out Campaign">Out Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki" title="RationalWiki">RationalWiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Rally" title="Reason Rally">Reason Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_left" title="Regressive left">Regressive left</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/42px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li><li 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44461#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44461#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44461#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121208079">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/12307054">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/75330/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJht8jrxwRWYyBhcvhfKBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120434059">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81074298">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118988507">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118988507">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00437404">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Dawkins, Richard"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV029023">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35664391">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000601285&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX902365">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/67921">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068649770">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90184153">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000160161&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000200542&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000143163">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=279061">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199606494">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm13304759pmpzn">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810611413205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007302418205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516629206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14108442">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00775329?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=18041831300">Scopus</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e6747806-0dcf-4688-91a0-a5ffb4143286">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1032621">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/120434059">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026814358">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qz9t7g">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by 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