CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91357e872baf3e48',cH: 'bACxgujq.MR_oenwqZMDQrY0UT7Ozgv2C5YWSy6ArPE-1739792339-1.2.1.1-Iqsh_qFfigb1BpARYXdQsLONKxEj1bEj3.1.eB..0YI3q9T0M8.lTpK3svnGLd3m',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=effect&__cf_chl_tk=2i6lT4DOPrdO8ghUwvgcfnioPqGhxSu0eNQ8T_MwJ8E-1739792339-1.0.1.1-exLC3FQCwK5xngrl6CE_Dmg8e8p52KLeOOi3_wLsXfo",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739792339',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=effect&__cf_chl_f_tk=2i6lT4DOPrdO8ghUwvgcfnioPqGhxSu0eNQ8T_MwJ8E-1739792339-1.0.1.1-exLC3FQCwK5xngrl6CE_Dmg8e8p52KLeOOi3_wLsXfo",md: "NU8FcFUj5N2uUpY50WzXaBpd6KTirV5Mg.Vwv5qJeX0-1739792339-1.2.1.1-Pv5EjHtr7dAT1iTW2Px0wmuCan0T8cFw4e79egsz6rEWz_Xmhso5WiUyg1Ov0wga3eBQg_o2REwu89cPko2bae7BQw4Do.lnKaAjbxmCBvC7HL4zFXOoHS.iKBFqKZtep8K2j8JG22n1V5DEfzmVLZs37HtjMhBtBlnO1fihWpz1gDLNJ7.5n05mhHsMxx1a1p.v6XAWfGl2EOfI8LCJsNdI6hR9t5Jho7ak.rhR5ahI_UGFL3pkKyoxGu35GfrhfloFW8CjEcWOZwkokWOEAe6TaRhtEJ81TYEHhXokYkNni5GxyZoFum5oIm6BC7YSscwahP2qaOyO8a8.K_f7JgjfG8eokXYmNlwv5sFzF06bh.XU8OwiuEjU6Z0nYnbbgREwBa1RxNKl2EZktFzUh.ZzlyFe2UiYvAv7dCd.QuYWKeFou7gyNLy0BpZI8BSV9S8ytRshzQmf_WTstwiAWkvSGEKFoCg9ipPUasz0kkHSwXEBhjNdOZzZLK2QEbDRz21dyHynYWAr.BKVuhdePSuYvmCdEPKo2tHj2LTU4X2OUsTDPyzXZgyQU5Bu3yn2F6cxUuqrrdOli3HCerEEZl7DMVZ5o2xjMGiCgj9PgKjVt43FvrcIPcBQmqt21r14SBVJqq7Wkunvf_ZH6MtwunjhYo6KFvF4IVxcqqV0C.7CD_I_Bm4SSVbsEczmPJZ.2ttlMwkFrL_e43xiJGR0KhmNWW1.E4.hPVquDWL6oHguMhK4U5JIzVKz1Afj_ljEBPpMt7G7pH2g8OhDrveybcx7Qf.TcSP2na9QKNkC_zUXQoWphBu8HB3Xa5.jwkrb2W.6iPkwcyG6MtLfDuDP7Kbj4voxAyEoue8a1K70W6d7wisSsSChjehr_EouROn5oLUmCHnim13MjSzFhoNGWc6aOA.1KHVr0AMu6GcqTmcwIxYBlfzMtLyGpinDA2UNTAO85cMXSqcG17EQFgoJpfoG4l.zF4aBWe5sQU_YDXDOyVCHuTZZMUnKt702.pEiJIo_IacS99SZX3OP4_vCZ2zceFBFLs51KXj2LQys6pk7HMIh8NYJGZIrm4SxnIAxnqTEaf9EpDpYzeDkoPIRhXDGgbuPWQOqIgx6WUlSMPujCC_FDtx8mjAXMudBLm5gGlHcArdVFlsskEN9sCRmO0yYYWgm.tr0YQ6ef38tZf00z_gTy92XJMFgWXz21dEWeYualnXVJL39dNZvvQTxyXIPKNcv8axqduvpaxPFDiUAjJazleriC3HE6Rf7UyLeRr1u0A3AXNLdzLJiRDK0zd0dNRanVEAcJHdvlhX00e96rD2GyZXJKoQ_9d9fOhTxep7yVT5QfeH0wLexf02N.4WbbWk8EWoBw1vy3yJrWO5m5Q2HmT_GbG1P1wYOA4AaJSx6g8RzrWbWs6R99KLt2Ma92J3m52CzeCo3ojxKEMc_HSxoOpCBuCc5fQG1cTnjJ5I6Alclzc8awNKkbfs7GT02qYB72GfLuDlhFLk4MzzfRH_z5p5l1bnRTXH0PlDVp81IBfkbNkQGVOeatma6.WARQRwNOZVGcfsRM5O0pja.azMRfGQ26Ezr_H4tf5qv9KK73sIybd0UMZrwKHsEwFNRrCKwIBsNs2_qucphk04ofJSCnYqAZmwpktKZHV5CitZG0w65ySMAXEo4adagtv3IxyPG.VjsG66RsRVcvxyeuZOSmmRJ..REV4ZOXE.LUnpzaTVKHh2pfFxyA49OXoEq4K8.fMR9P7Ps1pDU5lWTvuEvSSgL31TlC8r2HGvEGAUXdA.W_5WbG3wacm3867SEmGXlpK3QXXqxdfZvN5IY7zdXhCXkonHyajR.8nc_2E0uuxLSFIxjqe2ZBThHvRrnqCA1PCU7wSs0PPX0jY9LKSgl8vCschpnVNLDIwlyZpvi2qX0JLlfJig54cALPQ",mdrd: "AzuWyMnhs5uWps4ENzmgij1t61AXPdrbT0C_fTiJbKk-1739792339-1.2.1.1-m1bloquFpcWii_.fTH3B7mx7Yx7FcP1YIQKwloVg25kDNQBBkKt4bhQoohlqVgyFFrXgJqQPpv1PkviKXI57a4QwjqEnypOmQOc3GFxETpRAmKtTai0CW.egQGrkSBsTitw1k0DeyZmZV8FGhW4XUbju5j.eINQt0Ncm7DM0qe4bhF3V27UprPvtry7aVepAX_9Z2DQOvo1fm6dCvwj0WJyhtx_NMR69uhatxDFNtlkzUHWa.ZalEZhbrUJMDQDDxzB0Fxfx2P_4DBpYOjg6HQnv.ag_Zkbs8wcnUEm9Jrn_PKgzBf42wojSUORXY1VD0gfq7iNDuPHAVT0jNcrR0XiN7pfmpIWWPe061t5XYgLerPspWIVLLkl33TkTqHFaLnIOhGHppS2DndI_1Nu97qGt9VJfqDYln1UH6yX0a17xHaMig8wB8Fz5hqXVWaXKZeN58rZZCkuR.sNnMjWGN_1_8NV8EczUCkZkc2ybkg7Vq7dHy4o4eRq8cXHI2CxElRf.wPYP2v.r5JER6ZT8JnAuihLRJGIaPfLQcRGxobLmWZum3SBSiy_OogS0okTwSyUFYifQVLd5k0vAHMdjxgqTGIRsU0FHv6L7UboSKFTXhi_qBWHaCcylOnMHjSM07WFcai1l3RAoAiv54kd6AWIqoJdmgew9rZN1uGJY1cXln_3aEZlN_mxIyY_6mE9u6_BbCI2TA_xDewl7nMXwXn7QwUYQ5Q763gWml9UbyuT0TNc_JTvIxxD7h9VDHKcEq613pd0WC_CtflHYm_DfxNc6EyxTBAGjdA4vQOM7apFucA3lrFS18ExIe390VL74.Ble_7ujV1JwX57js_D5yXRapYxiHUZO2S_OlVPVQJjqdLfUKAcuDQq.NLWzNJkQM88m2MDwL5VL04Ilxj768zJf.PMXqttFyqX0EOSGIYP6WO_qDy.jbQ0tmAxWu0sWkd6R3lRr59UTaTDaofBv_tLMZTMU6Ni1psHp9jtLP.O7RZ4763ppc7hwAauxOp2uwQr1sxwuQEphVAoFMdhh95bFGETlIaO__C62j0.cKVCkC52MQMQTlC11JU4EufYzacBcRyuLoiAJT6lKb1S203DTDzWo..ePqPGJmXpWogoZs.TVweMLU_9Pqbb3Rz4UnRHibSGcctB0TLoeTlOGQjdejKUfpkILvNFJ1M_X0Wi.42s5IW.SEh46z.w7VOXqS5Q5AzZWwOM6XnvNL6Vqhv.EU2wdYWTt5JZdnXVWPAlCIPvhEQAECAaio724AnzTAaSnibvg6JR0pXUf.9Z2cZpdg3Ooe851JPH41aBCcqPGiEkCjuR9pK9vTi6M1caL.tKt4KuGWAv34bFGAJHfKp_nICcd_Bzg4ERmj6bXQIEpCQswzkeHaogk7sufvHTVQVhYIrs0pAuPxbliBiz7Y2HCIAx7yrbEcdEGg9lQQzr5W_pMKEn7Yd_mwVIgIydsGoNMJ2QlKoRZfQW2udlbnJYPUPuj.mz5Z6Ie5V8fc5nDAQmPvJ.MzckEQn3ayMWAtit3UGFJ57FtxvAomjKpdKbjrHGrpsDgg7o3B41sKTbEiqmt8YsrEiiqP.7T7QDsIStG21WBUGYhdnSWmHDRjn6.7cw0cpyq01wZOnAppQkH24Mh_A5srx85REpON0ICgTdDObLdjZo8vzRopMY_X2PlQdNPADv9Cin6AsAbLOqOnzQernk0cQmsUYJcoX45IMqxntNIkk_FA4vRcq_wwDi5mmk6vuT9Yh4EImNg4Utx5OccyGTrOYupcPrB.0I7qk8ZulpDvKZ9msALVRn4753aQoAHDQoVjo0Ha1s9QBH4M4q4Zfb48aYmXtG1muOTfa2_oJjWVhsfLoymb8wVrTofFW8376hoOhdrqZdRnmjhIvWlFA3_NRGMoaiyiLxYWmPNEjVnnK7_eo5qbwJm2ih.eMfkCVpNZ8VlcBwakhuKvDzHpUoNAvorL8o9g6XABDiGBJdhfIZkHAVU4ScpZw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91357e872baf3e48';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=effect&__cf_chl_rt_tk=2i6lT4DOPrdO8ghUwvgcfnioPqGhxSu0eNQ8T_MwJ8E-1739792339-1.0.1.1-exLC3FQCwK5xngrl6CE_Dmg8e8p52KLeOOi3_wLsXfo" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>