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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_(Eur%C3%ADpides)" title="Helena (Eurípides) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Helena (Eurípides)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_(Euripides)" title="Helena (Euripides) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Helena (Euripides)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7_(%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Ελένη (τραγωδία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελένη (τραγωδία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_(obra)" title="Helena (obra) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Helena (obra)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_(Euripide)" title="Hélène (Euripide) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hélène (Euripide)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%AC%EB%A0%88%EB%84%A4_(%EB%B9%84%EA%B7%B9)" title="헬레네 (비극) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헬레네 (비극)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_(Evrip%C3%ADdes)" title="Helena (Evripídes) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Helena (Evripídes)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_(Euripide)" title="Elena (Euripide) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elena (Euripide)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_(Euripides)" title="Helena (Euripides) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Helena (Euripides)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4)" title="Елена (Еврипид) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Елена (Еврипид)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_(Euripides)" title="Helena (Euripides) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Helena (Euripides)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%AC%E3%83%8D_(%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AA%E3%83%94%E3%83%87%E3%82%B9)" title="ヘレネ (エウリピデス) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘレネ (エウリピデス)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_(Evripides)" title="Helena (Evripides) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Helena (Evripides)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_(tragedia_Eurypidesa)" title="Helena (tragedia Eurypidesa) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Helena (tragedia Eurypidesa)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_(pe%C3%A7a)" title="Helena (peça) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Helena (peça)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4)" title="Елена (Еврипид) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Елена (Еврипид)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_(Euripid)" title="Helena (Euripid) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Helena (Euripid)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_(Euripides)" title="Helena (Euripides) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Helena (Euripides)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_(dula)" title="Helen (dula) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Helen (dula)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4)" title="Єлена (Евріпід) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єлена (Евріпід)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1248812#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Greek tragedy by Euripides</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-style: italic">Helen</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Helen_Dante_Gabriel_Rossett.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Helen_Dante_Gabriel_Rossett.jpg/220px-Helen_Dante_Gabriel_Rossett.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Helen_Dante_Gabriel_Rossett.jpg/330px-Helen_Dante_Gabriel_Rossett.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Helen_Dante_Gabriel_Rossett.jpg/440px-Helen_Dante_Gabriel_Rossett.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="1016" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Helen of Troy</i> by <a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a> (1863)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Written by</th><td class="infobox-data description"><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Chorus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> Slave Women</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Characters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Teucer" title="Teucer">Teucer</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a><br />Proteus<br />First Messenger<br />Second Messenger<br /><a href="/wiki/Theonoe" title="Theonoe">Theonoe</a><br />King <a href="/wiki/Theoclymenus" title="Theoclymenus">Theoclymenus</a><br />Servant<br /><a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Polydeuces" class="mw-redirect" title="Castor and Polydeuces">Castor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Mute</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Polydeuces" class="mw-redirect" title="Castor and Polydeuces">Polydeuces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Date premiered</th><td class="infobox-data">412 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Place premiered</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Original language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Setting</th><td class="infobox-data">Palace of Theoclymenus in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Helen</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἑλένη</span>, <i>Helénē</i>) is a drama by <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> about <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a>, first produced in 412 BC for the <a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a> in a trilogy that also contained Euripides' lost <i><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(play)" title="Andromeda (play)">Andromeda</a></i>. The play has much in common with <i><a href="/wiki/Iphigenia_in_Tauris" title="Iphigenia in Tauris">Iphigenia in Tauris</a></i>, which is believed to have been performed around the same time period.<sup id="cite_ref-wright_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wright-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_frame">Historical frame</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_(play)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical frame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Helen</i> was written soon after the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Sicilian Expedition</a>, in which Athens had suffered a massive defeat. Concurrently, the <a href="/wiki/Sophism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophism">sophists</a> – a movement of teachers who incorporated <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> into their occupation – were beginning to question traditional values and religious beliefs. Within the play's framework, Euripides starkly condemns war, deeming it to be the root of all evil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_(play)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About thirty years before this play, <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> argued in his <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a></i> that Helen had never in fact arrived at Troy, but was in Egypt during the entire Trojan War. The Archaic lyric poet <a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a> had made the same assertion in his "Palinode" (itself a correction to an earlier poem corroborating the traditional characterization that made Helen out to be a woman of ill repute). The play <i>Helen</i> tells a variant of this story, beginning under the premise that rather than running off to <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a>, Helen was actually whisked away to Egypt by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gods">gods</a>. The Helen who escaped with Paris, betraying her husband and her country and initiating the ten-year conflict, was actually an <a href="/wiki/Eidolon_(apparition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eidolon (apparition)">eidolon</a>, a phantom look-alike. After Paris was promised the most beautiful woman in the world by <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> and he <a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_Paris" title="Judgement of Paris">judged</a> her fairer than her fellow goddesses <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a>, Hera ordered <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> to replace Helen, Paris' assumed prize, with a fake. Thus, the real Helen has been languishing in Egypt for years, while the Greeks and Trojans alike curse her for her supposed <a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">infidelity</a>. </p><p>In Egypt, king <a href="/wiki/Proteus_of_Egypt" title="Proteus of Egypt">Proteus</a>, who had protected Helen, has died. His son Theoclymenus, the new king with a penchant for killing Greeks, intends to marry Helen, who after all these years remains loyal to her husband Menelaus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_(play)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Plot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Helen receives word from the exiled Greek <a href="/wiki/Teucer" title="Teucer">Teucer</a> that <a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a> never returned to Greece from Troy, and is presumed dead, putting her in the perilous position of being available for Theoclymenus to marry, and she consults the prophetess Theonoe, sister to Theoclymenus, to find out Menelaus' fate. </p><p>Her fears are allayed when a stranger arrives in Egypt and turns out to be Menelaus himself, and the long-separated couple recognize each other. At first, Menelaus does not believe that she is the real Helen, since he has hidden the Helen he won in Troy in a cave. However, the woman he was shipwrecked with was in reality, only a mere phantom of the real Helen. Before the Trojan war even began, a judgement took place, one that Paris was involved in. He gave the Goddess Aphrodite the award of the fairest since she bribed him with Helen as a bride. To take their revenge on Paris, the remaining goddesses, Athena and Hera, replaced the real Helen with a phantom. However, Menelaus did not know better. But luckily one of his sailors steps in to inform him that the false Helen has disappeared into thin air. </p><p>The couple still must figure out how to escape from Egypt, but the rumor that Menelaus has died is still in circulation. Thus, Helen tells Theoclymenus that the stranger who came ashore was a messenger there to tell her that her husband was truly dead. She informs the king that she may marry him as soon as she has performed a ritual burial at sea, thus freeing her symbolically from her first wedding vows. The king agrees to this, and Helen and Menelaus use this opportunity to escape on the boat given to them for the ceremony. </p><p>Theoclymenus is furious when he learns of the trick and nearly murders his sister Theonoe for not telling him that Menelaus is still alive. However, he is prevented by the miraculous intervention of the demi-gods Castor and Polydeuces, brothers of Helen and the sons of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leda_(mythology)" title="Leda (mythology)">Leda</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_(play)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Virtue and Oaths:</b> In <i>Helen</i>, Euripides emphasizes the importance of virtue and oaths. Awaiting the return of her husband Menelaus for 17 years — the ten of the Trojan War and another seven for the search — Helen remains faithful to Menelaus and the promises she has made him: Helen made two oaths, one to the Spartan river Eurotas and another on the head of Menelaus himself as sanctifying object. Menelaus also swears fidelity to Helen: so seriously do husband and wife take their vows that they agree to commit suicide and never marry another if their plans fail. Such importance to oath-keeping is consonant with general practice during the time period (Torrance, 2009). With these oaths, Helen and Menelaus declare their love for each other and their desire to live only with the other. These oaths prove their devotion and exemplify the importance of oaths. Given the play’s humor and Euripides’ general challenging of norms and values, it remains uncertain what our playwright’s own views are. </p><p><b>Identity and Reputation:</b> Throughout all the different permutations of the story of Helen and the Trojan War, what makes the Trojan war distinctive is the fact that it is always caused, somehow, by Helen as the supreme embodiment of female beauty, whether she is or is not physically in Troy and whether she acts as an enthusiastic partner of Paris or as a reluctant victim of his unwanted rape.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Euripides expands more on this idea by presenting his play largely from Helen’s point of view, revealing how she truly feels about being the symbolic villain of the Trojan War. Helen’s character in the play is deeply affected by the losses of the people who have died fighting to bring her back to her homeland and husband and expresses this guilt frequently: “The wrecked city of Ilium / is given up to the teeth of fire, / all through me and the deaths I caused, / all for my name of affliction” (lines 196-198). Despite this guilt, she also feels anger for being made into a symbol that people can project their hate on, even though they do not know her: “I have done nothing wrong and yet my reputation / is bad, and worse than a true evil is it to bear / the burden of faults that are not truly yours” (lines 270-272). Although she spends a lot of the beginning of the play feeling pity for the men who have died and herself as well, Euripides’ Helen is independent, confident, and intelligent. She displays her ability to think on her feet as she formulates a workable plan to return home and as she rejects her husband Menelaus’ cockamamy plans. Therefore, Euripides in his play portrays a living and breathing Helen filled with compassion and wit, not at all similar to the blameworthy person others believe her to be. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_(play)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_P._Coleridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward P. Coleridge (page does not exist)">Edward P. Coleridge</a>, 1891 – prose: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Eur.+Hel.+1">full text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_S._Way" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur S. Way">Arthur S. Way</a>, 1912 – verse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Vellacott" title="Philip Vellacott">Philip Vellacott</a>, 1954 – prose and verse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Lattimore" title="Richmond Lattimore">Richmond Lattimore</a>, 1956 – verse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Morwood" title="James Morwood">James Morwood</a>, 1997 – prose</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_McGuinness" title="Frank McGuinness">Frank McGuinness</a>, 2008 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.shakespearesglobe.com/education/discovery-space/previous-productions/helen">[1]</a> for <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe" title="Shakespeare's Globe">Shakespeare's Globe</a></li> <li>George Theodoridis, 2011 – prose: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bacchicstage.wordpress.com/euripides/helen/">full text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Wilson_(classicist)" title="Emily Wilson (classicist)">Emily Wilson</a>, 2016 - verse</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_(play)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Norma_Jeane_Baker_of_Troy" title="Norma Jeane Baker of Troy">Norma Jeane Baker of Troy</a></i>, 2019 play</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Die_%C3%A4gyptische_Helena" title="Die ägyptische Helena">Die ägyptische Helena</a></i>, the libretto for which was adapted by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">Hugo von Hofmannsthal</a> from the play by Euripides</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_(play)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wright-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wright_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWright,_M.2005" class="citation book cs1">Wright, M. (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/euripidesescapet00wrig"><i>Euripides' Escape-Tragedies: A Study of Helen, Andromeda, and Iphigenia among the Taurians</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/euripidesescapet00wrig/page/n51">43</a>–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927451-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927451-2"><bdi>978-0-19-927451-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Euripides%27+Escape-Tragedies%3A+A+Study+of+Helen%2C+Andromeda%2C+and+Iphigenia+among+the+Taurians&rft.pages=43-51&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927451-2&rft.au=Wright%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuripidesescapet00wrig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+%28play%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruby Blondell, ‘Third cheerleader from the left’: from Homer’s Helen to Helen of Troy, Classical Receptions Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 4–22, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/crj/clp003">https://doi.org/10.1093/crj/clp003</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Torrance, Isabelle. “On Your Head be it Sworn: Oath and Virtue in Euripides' Helen." The Classical Quarterly, vol. 59, no. 1, 2009, pp. 1-7.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_(play)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Helen_(Euripides)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Helen (Euripides)">Helen (Euripides)</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://latinfromscratch.com/classical-culture/evergreen-stories-classical-sources-hutchinson/teucers-destiny-after-troy/">The Real Helen</a></i>, retelling by <a href="/wiki/Winifred_Hutchinson" title="Winifred Hutchinson">W. M. L. 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plays_by_Euripides" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyclops_(play)" title="Cyclops (play)">Cyclops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alcestis_(play)" title="Alcestis (play)">Alcestis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medea_(play)" title="Medea (play)">Medea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Heracles" title="Children of Heracles">Children of Heracles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_(play)" title="Hippolytus (play)">Hippolytus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andromache_(play)" title="Andromache (play)">Andromache</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hecuba_(play)" title="Hecuba (play)">Hecuba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Euripides)" title="The Suppliants (Euripides)">The Suppliants</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Electra_(Euripides_play)" title="Electra (Euripides play)">Electra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herakles_(Euripides)" title="Herakles (Euripides)">Herakles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trojan_Women" title="The Trojan Women">The Trojan Women</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iphigenia_in_Tauris" title="Iphigenia in Tauris">Iphigenia in Tauris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ion_(play)" title="Ion (play)">Ion</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Helen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phoenician_Women" title="The Phoenician Women">The Phoenician Women</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orestes_(play)" title="Orestes (play)">Orestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bacchae" title="The Bacchae">Bacchae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iphigenia_in_Aulis" title="Iphigenia in Aulis">Iphigenia in Aulis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhesus_(play)" title="Rhesus (play)">Rhesus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost and<br />fragmentary plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alcmaeon_in_Corinth" title="Alcmaeon in Corinth">Alcmaeon in Corinth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alcmaeon_in_Psophis" title="Alcmaeon in Psophis">Alcmaeon in Psophis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(play)" title="Andromeda (play)">Andromeda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Euripides_play)" title="Antigone (Euripides play)">Antigone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Archelaus_(play)" title="Archelaus (play)">Archelaus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellerophon_(play)" title="Bellerophon (play)">Bellerophon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cresphontes_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cresphontes (play)">Cresphontes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypsipyle_(play)" title="Hypsipyle (play)">Hypsipyle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_(Euripides)" title="Oedipus (Euripides)">Oedipus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peliades" title="Peliades">Peliades</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaethon_(play)" title="Phaethon (play)">Phaethon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philoctetes_(Euripides_play)" title="Philoctetes (Euripides play)">Philoctetes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theristai" title="Theristai">Theristai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thyestes_(Euripides)" title="Thyestes (Euripides)">Thyestes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316748277">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Helena"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4209755-1">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr94025610">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12204819c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12204819c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35507580">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX2004780">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810692550905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=492/10205">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007592240405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981059250971606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/117888508">IdRef</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030680379">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helen_(play)&oldid=1254129333">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helen_(play)&oldid=1254129333</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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