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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Artistic process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Artistic_process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Artistic process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Artistic_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Work</span> </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Studios</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhibitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhibitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Exhibitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhibitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Art market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anselm Kiefer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1" title="أنسليم كييفر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنسليم كييفر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ансельм Кіфер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ансельм Кіфер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%85_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1" title="آنزلم کیفر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنزلم کیفر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%EC%A0%A4%EB%A6%84_%ED%82%A4%ED%8D%BC" title="안젤름 키퍼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안젤름 키퍼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A8" title="אנסלם קיפר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנסלם קיפר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ანსელმ კიფერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანსელმ კიფერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmus_Kiefer" title="Anselmus Kiefer – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anselmus Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%BC" title="അൻസെം കൈഫർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അൻസെം കൈഫർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1" title="انسليم كييفر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انسليم كييفر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC" title="アンゼルム・キーファー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンゼルム・キーファー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Кифер, Ансельм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кифер, Ансельм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ئەنسلیم کیفەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەنسلیم کیفەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anselm Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German painter and sculptor</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Anselm Kiefer</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1945-03-08</span>) </span>8 March 1945<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 79)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Donaueschingen" title="Donaueschingen">Donaueschingen</a>, Germany</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">German, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Painting, Sculpture, Mixed media</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>The Hierarchy of Angels</i> (painting)<br /><i>The Secret Life of Plants</i> (sculpture)<br /><i>Grane</i> (woodcut)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Monika Kiefer</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(divorced)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-Marx_1992_e575_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marx_1992_e575-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Renate Graf</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 2014)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Praemium_Imperiale" title="Praemium Imperiale">Praemium Imperiale</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Grane%27_by_Anselm_Kiefer._Woodcut_with_paint_and_collage_on_paper_mounted_on_linin,_Museum_of_Modern_Art_(New_York_City).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/%27Grane%27_by_Anselm_Kiefer._Woodcut_with_paint_and_collage_on_paper_mounted_on_linin%2C_Museum_of_Modern_Art_%28New_York_City%29.jpg/220px-%27Grane%27_by_Anselm_Kiefer._Woodcut_with_paint_and_collage_on_paper_mounted_on_linin%2C_Museum_of_Modern_Art_%28New_York_City%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cc/%27Grane%27_by_Anselm_Kiefer._Woodcut_with_paint_and_collage_on_paper_mounted_on_linin%2C_Museum_of_Modern_Art_%28New_York_City%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><i>Grane</i> (1980-1993), Woodcut with paint and collage on paper mounted on linen, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a>, New York<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Anselm Kiefer</b> (born 8 March 1945) is a German painter and sculptor. He studied with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dreher" title="Peter Dreher">Peter Dreher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horst_Antes" title="Horst Antes">Horst Antes</a> at the end of the 1960s. His works incorporate materials such as <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ash" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ash">ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, lead, and <a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">shellac</a>. The poems of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan">Paul Celan</a> have played a role in developing Kiefer's themes of German history and the horrors of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, as have the spiritual concepts of <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>. </p><p>In his entire body of work, Kiefer argues with the past and addresses <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a> and controversial issues from recent history. Themes from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi rule</a> are particularly reflected in his work; for instance, the painting <i>Margarete</i> (oil and straw on canvas) was inspired by Celan's well-known poem "<a href="/wiki/Todesfuge" title="Todesfuge">Todesfuge</a>" ("Death Fugue"). </p><p>His works are characterised by an unflinching willingness to confront his culture's dark past, and unrealised potential, in works that are often done on a large, confrontational scale well suited to the subjects. It is also characteristic of his work to find signatures and names of people of historical importance, legendary figures or historical places. All of these are encoded <a href="/wiki/Sigil_(magic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigil (magic)">sigils</a> through which Kiefer seeks to process the past; this has resulted in his work being linked with the movements <i>New Symbolism</i> and <i>Neo–Expressionism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-big_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-big-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kiefer has lived and worked in France since 1992. Since 2008, he has lived and worked primarily in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, he was awarded Austrian citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_career">Personal life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Kiefer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Personal life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The son of a German art teacher,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kiefer was born in <a href="/wiki/Donaueschingen" title="Donaueschingen">Donaueschingen</a> a few months before the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. His city having been heavily bombed, Kiefer grew up surrounded by the devastation of the war. In 1951, his family moved to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottersdorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottersdorf (page does not exist)">Ottersdorf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottersdorf" class="extiw" title="de:Ottersdorf">de</a>]</span>, and he attended public school in <a href="/wiki/Rastatt" title="Rastatt">Rastatt</a>, graduating high school in 1965. He studied at the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ludwigs_University_of_Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a>, studying pre-law and <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>. However, after three semesters he switched to art, studying at art academies in <a href="/wiki/Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiburg">Freiburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>. In Karlsruhe, he studied under <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dreher" title="Peter Dreher">Peter Dreher</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realist</a> and figurative painter.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received an art degree in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-big_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-big-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1971 Kiefer moved to Hornbach (<a href="/wiki/Walld%C3%BCrn" title="Walldürn">Walldürn</a>) and established a studio. He remained in the <a href="/wiki/Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis" title="Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis">Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis</a> until 1992; his output during this first creative time is known as <i>The German Years</i>. In 1992 he relocated to France.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kiefer left his first wife and children in Germany on his move to Barjac in 1992. From 2008 he lived in Paris, in a large house in the <a href="/wiki/Le_Marais" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Marais">Marais</a> district, with his second wife, the Austrian photographer Renate Graf, and their two children.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kiefer and Graf divorced in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Alex-2016_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alex-2016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, Kiefer was ranked one of the richest 1,001 individuals and families in Germany by the monthly business publication <i><a href="/wiki/Manager_Magazin" title="Manager Magazin">Manager Magazin</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kiefer is the subject of the <a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a> documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/Anselm_(film)" title="Anselm (film)">Anselm</a></i> (2023), directed by <a href="/wiki/Wim_Wenders" title="Wim Wenders">Wim Wenders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistic_process">Artistic process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Kiefer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Artistic process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally, Kiefer attributes traditional mythology, books, and libraries as his main subjects and sources of inspiration. In his middle years, his inspiration came from literary figures, namely <a href="/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan">Paul Celan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Bachmann" title="Ingeborg Bachmann">Ingeborg Bachmann</a>. His later works incorporate themes from <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a>, ancient Egyptian, and Oriental cultures, which he combines with other motifs. <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a> is also a large focus in his works. In all, Kiefer searches for the meaning of existence and "representation of the incomprehensible and the non-representational." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Kiefer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kiefer values a "spiritual connection" with the materials he works with, "extracting the spirit that already lives within [them]."<sup id="cite_ref-Wright-2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In doing so, he transforms his materials with acid baths and physical blows with sticks and axes, among other processes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He often chooses materials for their alchemical properties—lead in particular. Kiefer's initial attraction to lead arose when he had to repair aging pipes in the first house he owned. Eventually, he came to admire its physical and sensory qualities and began to discover more about its connection to <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright-2006_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physically, Kiefer specifically likes how the metal looks during the heating and melting process when he sees many colors, especially gold, which he associates to the symbolic gold sought by alchemists.<sup id="cite_ref-Albano-1998_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albano-1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kiefer's use of straw in his work represents energy. He claims this is due to straw's physical qualities, including the color gold and its release of energy and heat when burned. The resulting ash makes way for new creation, thus echoing the motifs of transformation and the cycle of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Albano-1998_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albano-1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kiefer also values the balance between order and chaos in his work, stating, "[I]f there is too much order, [the piece] is dead; or if there is much chaos, it doesn't cohere." In addition, he cares deeply about the space in which his works reside. He states that his works "lose their power completely" if put in the wrong spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright-2006_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Kiefer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anselm_Kieffer_-_%27Glaube_,_Hoffnung,_Liebe%27.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Anselm_Kieffer_-_%27Glaube_%2C_Hoffnung%2C_Liebe%27.JPG/220px-Anselm_Kieffer_-_%27Glaube_%2C_Hoffnung%2C_Liebe%27.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Anselm_Kieffer_-_%27Glaube_%2C_Hoffnung%2C_Liebe%27.JPG/330px-Anselm_Kieffer_-_%27Glaube_%2C_Hoffnung%2C_Liebe%27.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Anselm_Kieffer_-_%27Glaube_%2C_Hoffnung%2C_Liebe%27.JPG/440px-Anselm_Kieffer_-_%27Glaube_%2C_Hoffnung%2C_Liebe%27.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3390" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><i>Faith, Hope, Love</i> by Anselm Kiefer, <a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales" title="Art Gallery of New South Wales">Art Gallery of New South Wales</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photography">Photography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Kiefer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kiefer began his career creating performances and documenting them in photographs titled <i>Occupations and Heroische Sinnbilder (Heroic Symbols)</i>. Dressed in his father's <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> uniform, Kiefer mimicked the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_salute" title="Nazi salute">Nazi salute</a> in various locations in France, Switzerland and Italy. He asked Germans to remember and to acknowledge the loss to their culture through the mad <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a>. In 1969, at Galerie am Kaiserplatz, <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>, he presented his first single exhibition "Besetzungen (Occupations)" with a series of photographs of controversial political actions.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painting_and_sculpture">Painting and sculpture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Kiefer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Painting and sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kiefer is best known for his paintings, which have grown increasingly large in scale with additions of lead, broken glass, and dried flowers or plants. This results in encrusted surfaces and thick layers of <a href="/wiki/Impasto" title="Impasto">impasto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1970, while studying informally under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys">Joseph Beuys</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kunstakademie_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Kunstakademie Düsseldorf">Kunstakademie Düsseldorf</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his stylistic leanings resembled <a href="/wiki/Georg_Baselitz" title="Georg Baselitz">Georg Baselitz</a>'s approach. He worked with glass, straw, wood and plant parts. The use of these materials meant that his art works became temporary and fragile, as Kiefer himself was well aware; he also wanted to showcase the materials in such a way that they were not disguised and could be represented in their natural form. The fragility of his work contrasts with the stark subject matter in his paintings. This use of familiar materials to express ideas was influenced by Beuys, who used fat and carpet felt in his works. It is also typical of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-Expressionist</a> style.<sup id="cite_ref-Lempesis_2023_q910_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lempesis_2023_q910-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kiefer returned to the area of his birthplace in 1971. In the years that followed, he incorporated German mythology in particular in his work, and in the next decade he studied the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Qabalah" title="Hermetic Qabalah">Qabalists</a> like Robert Fludd.<sup id="cite_ref-Rumelin_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rumelin-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went on extended journeys throughout Europe, the US and the Middle East; the latter two journeys further influenced his work. Besides paintings, Kiefer created sculptures, watercolors, photographs, and woodcuts, using woodcuts in particular to create a repertoire of figures he could reuse repeatedly in all media over the next decades, lending his work its knotty thematic coherence.<sup id="cite_ref-Rumelin_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rumelin-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, Kiefer made numerous paintings, watercolors, woodcuts, and books on themes interpreted by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> in his four-opera cycle <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a> (The Ring of the Nibelung).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1980s, he created more than thirty paintings, painted photographs, and watercolors that refer in their titles and inscriptions to the Romanian Jewish writer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan">Paul Celan</a>'s poem "Todesfuge" ("Death Fugue").<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A series of paintings which Kiefer executed between 1980 and 1983 depict looming stone edifices, referring to famous examples of National Socialist architecture, particularly buildings designed by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Kreis" title="Wilhelm Kreis">Wilhelm Kreis</a>. The grand plaza in <i>To the Unknown Painter</i> (1983) specifically refers to the outdoor courtyard of Hitler's <a href="/wiki/Reich_Chancellery" title="Reich Chancellery">Chancellery</a> in Berlin, designed by Speer in 1938 in honor of the Unknown Soldier.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984–85, he made a series of works on paper incorporating manipulated black-and-white photographs of desolate landscapes with utility poles and power lines. Such works, like <i>Heavy Cloud</i> (1985), were an indirect response to the controversy in West Germany in the early 1980s about NATO's stationing of tactical nuclear missiles on German soil and the placement of nuclear fuel processing facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1980s, Kiefer's themes widened from a focus on Germany's role in civilization to the fate of art and culture in general. His work became more sculptural and involved not only national identity and collective memory, but also <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolism</a>, theology and <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>. The theme of all the work is the trauma experienced by entire societies, and the continual rebirth and renewal in life. During the 1980s his paintings became more physical, and featured unusual textures and materials.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The range of his themes broadened to include references to ancient Hebrew and Egyptian history, as in the large painting <i><a href="/wiki/Osiris_and_Isis" title="Osiris and Isis">Osiris and Isis</a></i> (1985–87). His paintings of the 1990s, in particular, explore the universal myths of existence and meaning rather than those of national identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Christies_Auctions_&_Private_Sales_2001_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christies_Auctions_&_Private_Sales_2001-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1995 to 2001, he produced a cycle of large paintings of the cosmos.<sup id="cite_ref-Collection_Online_|_Anselm_Kiefer_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collection_Online_|_Anselm_Kiefer-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years Kiefer has made many unusual works, but one work stands out among the rest as particularly bizarre—that work being his 20 Years of Solitude piece. Taking over 20 years to create (1971–1991), 20 Years of Solitude is a ceiling-high stack of hundreds of white-painted ledgers and handmade books, strewn with dirt and dried vegetation, whose pages are stained with the artist's semen. The word solitude in the title references the artists frequent masturbation onto paper during the 20 years it took to create. He asked American art critic Peter Schjeldahl to write a text for a catalog of the masturbation books. Schjeldahl attempted to oblige but ultimately failed in his endeavor. No other critic would take on the task, so the work has largely faded into obscurity.<sup id="cite_ref-Schjeldahl1998_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schjeldahl1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He would shock the art world yet again at a dinner party in May 1993. Kiefer and his second wife, Renate Graf, decorated a candlelit commercial loft in New York with white muslin, carpeted the floor with white sand, and staffed it with waiters dressed as mimes with white-face. A handful of art world elite, such as the likes of Sherrie Levine, were served several courses of arcane organ meats, such as pancreas, that were mostly white in color. Not surprisingly, the guests did not find the meal to be particularly appetizing.<sup id="cite_ref-Schjeldahl1998_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schjeldahl1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2002, Kiefer has worked with concrete, creating the towers destined for the Pirelli warehouses in Milan, the series of tributes to <a href="/wiki/Velimir_Khlebnikov" title="Velimir Khlebnikov">Velimir Khlebnikov</a> (paintings of the sea, with boats and an array of leaden objects, 2004–5), a return to the work of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan">Paul Celan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Appointment_only_2020_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appointment_only_2020-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a series of paintings featuring rune motifs (2004–06), and other sculptures. In 2003, he held his first solo show at Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac, Salzburg Villa Katz, <i>Anselm Kiefer: Am Anfang</i><sup id="cite_ref-Thaddaeus_Ropac_2020_h907_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thaddaeus_Ropac_2020_h907-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dedicated to a series of new works, centered on the recurring themes of history and myths. In 2005, he held his second exhibition in Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac's Salzburg location, <i>Für Paul Celan</i><sup id="cite_ref-Thaddaeus_Ropac_2020_j458_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thaddaeus_Ropac_2020_j458-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which focused on Kiefer's preoccupation with the book, linking references to Germanic mythology with the poetry of Paul Celan, a German-speaking Jew from Czernowitz. The exhibition featured eleven works on canvas, a series of bound books shown in display cases, and five sculptures, including one powerful, monumental outdoor sculpture of reinforced concrete and lead elements, two leaden piles of books combined with bronze sunflowers, lead ships and wedges, and two monumental leaden books from the series The Secret Life of Plants. The exhibition toured to Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac, Paris and Galerie Yvon Lambert, Paris, the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-Thaddaeus_Ropac_2020_j458_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thaddaeus_Ropac_2020_j458-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, Kiefer's exhibition, <i>Velimir Chlebnikov</i>, was first shown in a small studio near Barjac, then moved to <a href="/wiki/White_Cube" title="White Cube">White Cube</a> in London, then finishing in the <a href="/wiki/Aldrich_Contemporary_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum">Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum</a> in Connecticut. The work consists of 30 large (2 × 3 meters) paintings, hanging in two banks of 15 on facing walls of an expressly constructed corrugated steel building that mimics the studio in which they were created. The work refers to the eccentric theories of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Futurism" title="Russian Futurism">Russian futurist</a> philosopher/poet <a href="/wiki/Velimir_Khlebnikov" title="Velimir Khlebnikov">Velimir Chlebnikov</a>, who invented a "language of the future" called "<a href="/wiki/Zaum" title="Zaum">Zaum</a>", and who postulated that cataclysmic sea battles shift the course of history once every 317 years. In his paintings, Kiefer's toy-like battleships—misshapen, battered, rusted and hanging by twisted wires—are cast about by paint and plaster waves. The work's recurrent color notes are black, white, gray, and rust; and their surfaces are rough and slathered with paint, plaster, mud and clay.<sup id="cite_ref-Wennerstrom_Wennerstrom_2006_k829_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wennerstrom_Wennerstrom_2006_k829-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, he became the first artist to be commissioned to install a permanent work at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, Paris, since Georges Braque some 50 years earlier. The same year, he inaugurated the Monumenta exhibitions series at the Grand Palais<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Paris, with works paying special tribute to the poets Paul Celan and Ingeborg Bachmann. </p><p>In 2009 Kiefer mounted two exhibitions at the White Cube gallery in London. A series of forest diptychs and triptychs enclosed in glass vitrines, many filled with dense Moroccan thorns, was titled <i>Karfunkelfee</i>, a term from <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a> stemming from a poem by the post-war Austrian writer <a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Bachmann" title="Ingeborg Bachmann">Ingeborg Bachmann</a>. In <i>The Fertile Crescent</i>, Kiefer presented a group of epic paintings inspired by a trip to India fifteen years earlier where he first encountered rural brick factories. Over the past decade, the photographs that Kiefer took in India "reverberated" in his mind to suggest a vast array of cultural and historical references, reaching from the first human civilization of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> to the ruins of Germany in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">the Second World War</a>, where he played as a boy. "Anyone in search of a resonant meditation on the instability of built grandeur", wrote the historian <a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Simon Schama</a> in his catalogue essay, "would do well to look hard at Kiefer's <i>The Fertile Crescent</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Morgenthau Plan</i> (2012), the gallery is filled with a sculpture of a golden wheat field, enclosed in a five-meter-high steel cage.<sup id="cite_ref-Gagosian_2018_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gagosian_2018-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, Kiefer inaugurated Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac's gallery space in Pantin, with an exhibition of monumental new works, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ropac.net/exhibition/die-ungeborenen">Die Ungeborenen</a>.</i> The exhibition was accompanied by a publication with a letter by Anselm Kiefer and essays by Alexander Kluge and Emmanuel Daydé. He continues to be represented by the gallery and participates in group and solo exhibitions at their various locations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Kiefer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1969 Kiefer began to design books. Early examples are typically worked-over photographs; his more recent books consist of sheets of lead layered with paint, minerals, or dried plant matter. For example, he assembled numerous lead books on steel shelves in libraries, as symbols of the stored, discarded knowledge of history.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Museum_of_Modern_Art_1945_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Museum_of_Modern_Art_1945-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book <i>Rhine</i> (1981) comprises a sequence of 25 woodcuts that suggest a journey along the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> River; the river is central to Germany's geographical and historical development, acquiring an almost mythic significance in works such as Wagner's <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Ring of the Nibelungs</a>. Scenes of the unspoiled river are interrupted by dark, swirling pages that represent the sinking of the <a href="/wiki/Battleship_Bismarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Battleship Bismarck">battleship Bismarck</a> in 1941, during an Atlantic sortie codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rhein%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Rheinübung">Rhine Exercise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunstmuseum_Bonn_2022_b649_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunstmuseum_Bonn_2022_b649-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tate_2022_f932_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tate_2022_f932-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studios">Studios</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Kiefer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Studios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kiefer's first large studio was in the attic of his home, a former schoolhouse in Hornbach. Years later he installed his studio in a factory building in Buchen, near Hornbach. In 1988, Kiefer transformed a former brick factory in Höpfingen (also near Buchen) into an extensive artwork including numerous installations and sculptures.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, after twenty years of working in the Odenwald, the artist left Germany to travel around the world—to India, Mexico, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, Australia, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992 he established himself in <a href="/wiki/Barjac,_Gard" title="Barjac, Gard">Barjac</a>, France,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he transformed his 35-hectare studio compound <i>La Ribaute</i> into a <a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a>. A derelict silk factory,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his studio is enormous and in many ways is a comment on industrialization. He created an extensive system of glass buildings, archives, installations, storerooms for materials and paintings, subterranean chambers and corridors.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunstbulletin_2022_f535_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunstbulletin_2022_f535-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Fiennes" title="Sophie Fiennes">Sophie Fiennes</a> filmed Kiefer's studio complex in Barjac for her documentary study <i><a href="/wiki/Over_Your_Cities_Grass_Will_Grow" title="Over Your Cities Grass Will Grow">Over Your Cities Grass Will Grow</a></i> (2010), which recorded both the environment and the artist at work. One critic wrote of the film: "Building almost from the ground up in a derelict silk factory, Kiefer devised an artistic project extending over acres: miles of corridors, huge studio spaces with ambitious landscape paintings and sculptures that correspond to monumental constructions in the surrounding woodland, and serpentine excavated labyrinths with great earthy columns that resemble stalagmites or termite mounds. Nowhere is it clear where the finished product definitively stands; perhaps it is all work in progress, a monumental concept-art organism."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 2008, Kiefer left his studio complex at Barjac and moved to Paris. A fleet of 110 lorries transported his work to a 35,000 sq ft (3,300 m<sup>2</sup>) warehouse in <a href="/wiki/Croissy-Beaubourg" title="Croissy-Beaubourg">Croissy-Beaubourg</a>, outside of Paris, that had once been the depository for the <a href="/wiki/La_Samaritaine" title="La Samaritaine">La Samaritaine</a> department store.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A journalist wrote of Kiefer's abandoned studio complex: "He left behind the great work of Barjac – the art and buildings. A caretaker looks after it. Uninhabited, it quietly waits for nature to take over, because, as we know, over our cities grass will grow. Kiefer spent the summer of 2019 living and working at Barjac."<sup id="cite_ref-Appleyard_2010_p328_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appleyard_2010_p328-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Kiefer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenthal-1987_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal-1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>The Second Sinful Fall of Parmenides</i> (Der zweite Sündenfall des Parmenides), 1969. Oil on canvas, 82 5/8 x 98 3/8" (210x250 cm), Private Collection.</li> <li><i>You're a Painter</i> (Du bist Maler), 1969. Bound book, 9 7/8 × 7 1/2 x 3/8" (25 x 19 x 1 cm), Private Collection.</li> <li>Plate I, <i>German Line of Spiritual Salvation</i>, 1975, <i>Deutsche Heilsline</i>, Watercolor on paper, 9 7/16 x 13 3/8" (24 X 34 cm), Private Collection.</li> <li>Pages from "Occupations" ("Besetzungen"), 1969. From <i>Interfunktionen</i> (Cologne), no. 12 (1975).</li> <li>Plate 2, <i>Every Human Being Stands beneath His Own Dome of Heaven</i> (Jeder Mensch steht unter seinem Himmelskugel), 1970, Watercolor and pencil on paper, 15 3/4 x 18 7/8", (40 x 48 cm), Private Collection.</li> <li>Double-page photographic image with foldout from <i>The Flooding of Heidelberg</i> (Die Überschwemmung Heidelbergs), 1969, 11 7/8 × 8 1/2 x 7/8" (30.2 x 21.7 x 2.3 cm) (bound volume), Private Collection.</li> <li>Double-page photographic images from <i>The Flooding of Heidelberg</i> (Die Überschwemmung Heidelbergs), 1969.</li> <li><i>Untitled</i> (Ohne Titel), 1971, Oil on canvas (in two parts), each 86 5/8 x 39 3/8" (220 x 100 cm), Collection of Dr. Gunther Gercken, Lutjensee, West Germany.</li> <li>Plate 3, <i>Winter Landscape</i> (Winterlandschaft), 1970, Watercolor on paper, 16 15/16 x 14 3/16" (43 x 36 cm), Private Collection.</li> <li>Plate 4, <i>Reclining Man with Branch</i> (Liegender Mann mit Zweig), 1971, Watercolor on paper, 9 7/16 x 11" (24 x 28 cm), Private Collection.</li> <li>Plate 5, <i>Fulia</i>, 1971, Watercolor and pencil on paper, 18 11/16 x 14 3/16" (47.5 x 36 cm), Private Collection.</li> <li><i>Quaternity</i> (Quaternität), 1973, Charcoal and oil on burlap, 118 1/8 x 171 1/4" (300 x 435 cm), Collection of George Baselitz, Derneburg, West Germany.</li> <li><i>Father, Son, Holy Ghost</i> (Vater, Sohn, heiliger Geist), 1973, Oil on burlap, 65 x 61 1/2" (165 x 156 cm), Collection of Dr. Gunther Gerken, Lutjensee, West Germany.</li> <li><i>Faith, Hope, Love</i> (Glaube, Hoffnung, Liebe), 1973, Charcoal on burlap, with cardboard, 117 3/8 x 110 5/8" (298 x 281 cm). <a href="/wiki/Staatsgalerie_Stuttgart" title="Staatsgalerie Stuttgart">Staatsgalerie Stuttgart</a>.</li> <li>Plate 6, <i>Man in the Forest</i> (Mann im Wald), 1971, Oil on muslin, 68 1/2 x 74 7/16" (174 x 189 cm), Private Collection.</li> <li>Plate 7, <i>Resurrexit</i>, 1973, oil, acrylic and charcoal on burlap, 114 3/16 x 70 7/8" (290 x 180 cm). Collection Sanders, Amsterdam.</li> <li>Plate 8, <i>Nothung</i> (Notung), 1973, oil and charcoal on burlap, with oil and charcoal on cardboard, 118 1/8 x 170" (300 x 432 cm). Museum Boymans-van Beuningen, Rotterdam.</li> <li>Plate 10, <i>Germany's Spiritual Heroes</i> (Deutschlands Geisteshelden), 1973, oil and charcoal on burlap, mounted on canvas, 120 7/8 x 268 1/2" (307 x 682 cm). Collection of Barbara and Eugene Schwartz, New York.</li> <li>Double-page from <i>Heroic Allegories</i> (Heroische Sinnbilder), 1969, photography on cardboard, with pastel and pencil, 26 x 19 5/8 x 4" ( 66 x 50 x 10 cm), Private Collection.</li> <li><i>Operation Winter Storm</i> (Unternehmen "Wintergewitter"), 1975, oil on burlap, 47 1/4 x 59" (120 x 150 cm), Private Collection.</li> <li><i>The Lake of Gennesaret</i> (See Genezareth), 1974, oil emulsion, and shellac on burlap, 41 1/4 x 67" (105 x 170 cm), Private Collection.</li> <li>Plate 11, <i>Landscape with Head</i> (Landschaft mit Kopf), 1973, oil, distemper, and charcoal on cardboard, 82 11/16 x 94 1/2" (210 x 240 cm), Private Collection.</li> <li>Plate 12, <i>Cockchafer Fly</i> (Maikäfer flieg), 1974, oil on burlap, 86 5/8 x 118 1/8" (220 x 300 cm), Saatchi Collection, London.</li> <li>Plate 13, <i>March Heath</i> (Märkische Heide), oil, acrylic and shellac on burlap, 46 1/2 x 100" (118 x 254 cm), Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.</li> <li><i>There is Peace upon Every Mountain Peak</i> (Über allen Gipfeln ist Ruh!), 1973, watercolor on paper, 12 3/8 x 18 7/8" (31.5 x 48 cm), Private Collection.</li> <li>Plate 14, <i>Operation Sea Lion I</i> (Unternehmen "Seelöwe"), 1975, oil on canvas, 86 5/8 x 118 1/8" (220 x 300 cm), Collection of Norman and Irma Braman, Miami Beach.</li> <li>Plate 15, <i>Piet Mondrian- Operation Sea Lion</i> (Piet Mondrian- Unternehmen "Seelöwe"), 1975, thirty-four double-page photographic images, mounted on cardboard and bound, 22 7/16 x 16 1/2 x 2" (57 x 42 5 cm) (bound volume), Collection of Marian Goodman, New York.</li> <li>Plate 16, <i>March Sand V</i> (Märkischer Sand V), 1977, twenty-five double page photographic images, with sand, oil, and glue, mounted on cardboard and bound, 24 3/8 x 16 5/8 × 3 3/8" (62 x 42 x 8.5 cm) (bound volume), Collection of Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Saul, New York.</li> <li>Double-page photographic images from <i>Hoffmann von Fallersleben auf Helgoland</i>, 1978 (Groningen, 1980), 11 7/8 × 8 1/2 x 1/2" (30.2 x 21.6 x 1.3 cm) (bound volume), Private Collection.</li> <li>Plate 17, <i>Varus</i>, 1976, oil and acrylic on burlap, 78 3/4 x 106 5/16" (200 x 270 cm), Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.</li> <li>Double-page from <i>Germany's Facial Type (Charcoal for 2000 Years)</i> (Das deutsche Volksgesicht [Kohle fur 2000 Jahre]), 1974, charcoal on paper, with woodcut, 22 7/16 x 17 3/4 × 2 3/8" (57 x 45 x 6 cm) (bound volume), Private Collection.</li> <li><i>Heliogabalus</i> (Heliogabal), 1974, watercolor on paper, 11 3/4 x 15 3/4" (30 x 40 cm), Collection of Fredrik Roos, Switzerland.</li> <li>Plate 18, <i>Ways of Worldly Wisdom</i> (Wege der Weltweisheit), 1976–77, oil, acrylic, and shellac on burlap, mounted on canvas, 120 x 196 7/8" (305 x 500 cm), Collection Sanders, Amsterdam.</li> <li>Plate 19, <i>Ways of Worldly Wisdom- Arminius's Battle</i> (Wege der Weltweisheit-die Hermanns-Schlacht), 1978–80, woodcut, with acrylic and shellac, mounted on canvas, 126 x 196 7/8" (320 x 500 cm), The Art Institute of Chicago.</li> <li>Plate 20, <i>Stefan!</i>, 1975, watercolor and ball point pen on paper, 8 1/16 x 11 1/4" (20.5 x 28.5 cm), Collection of Johannes Gachenang, Bern.</li> <li><i>Siegfried Forgets Brunhilde</i> (Siegfried vergisst Brunhilde), 1975, oil on canvas, 51 1/8 x 67" (130 x 170 cm), Family H. de Groot Collection, Groningen, The Netherlands.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exhibitions">Exhibitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Kiefer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Exhibitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_of_The_Herta_and_paul_Building_092.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Opening_of_The_Herta_and_paul_Building_092.jpg/220px-Opening_of_The_Herta_and_paul_Building_092.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Opening_of_The_Herta_and_paul_Building_092.jpg/330px-Opening_of_The_Herta_and_paul_Building_092.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Opening_of_The_Herta_and_paul_Building_092.jpg/440px-Opening_of_The_Herta_and_paul_Building_092.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4012" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Opening of the Exhibitions "Shevirat Ha-Kelim" (Breaking of the Vessels) at the <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Museum_of_Art" title="Tel Aviv Museum of Art">Tel Aviv Museum of Art</a>, 1 November 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1969, Kiefer had his first solo exhibition, at Galerie am Kaiserplatz in <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>. Along with <a href="/wiki/Georg_Baselitz" title="Georg Baselitz">Georg Baselitz</a>, he represented Germany at the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a> in 1980. He was also featured in the 1997 <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a> with a one-man show held at the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Correr" title="Museo Correr">Museo Correr</a>, concentrating on paintings and books.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Comprehensive solo exhibitions of Kiefer's work have been organized by the <a href="/wiki/Kunsthalle_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Kunsthalle Düsseldorf">Kunsthalle Düsseldorf</a> (1984); <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a> (1987); Sezon Museum of Art in Tokyo (1993); <a href="/wiki/Neue_Nationalgalerie" title="Neue Nationalgalerie">Neue Nationalgalerie</a> in Berlin (1991); <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in New York (1998); <a href="/wiki/Fondation_Beyeler" class="mw-redirect" title="Fondation Beyeler">Fondation Beyeler</a> in Basel (2001); the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Art_Museum_of_Fort_Worth" title="Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth">Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth</a> (2005); the <a href="/wiki/Hirshhorn_Museum_and_Sculpture_Garden" title="Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden">Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden</a> in Washington D.C. (2006); the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="San Francisco Museum of Modern Art">San Francisco Museum of Modern Art</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Museum_Bilbao" title="Guggenheim Museum Bilbao">Guggenheim Museum Bilbao</a> (2007).<sup id="cite_ref-Collection_Online_|_Anselm_Kiefer_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collection_Online_|_Anselm_Kiefer-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Museum_Bilbao" title="Guggenheim Museum Bilbao">Guggenheim Museum Bilbao</a> presented an extensive survey of recent work. Several of his works were exhibited in 2009 for the first time in the Balearic Islands, in the museum <a href="/wiki/Es_Baluard" title="Es Baluard">Es Baluard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a>. In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Hamilton" title="Art Gallery of Hamilton">Art Gallery of Hamilton</a> presented some of his paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-Canadiary_Canadian_Events_2012_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadiary_Canadian_Events_2012-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> London's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academy of Arts</a> mounted the first British retrospective of the artist's work in September 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Roddy_2014_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roddy_2014-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007 Kiefer was commissioned to create a huge site-specific installation of sculptures and paintings for the inaugural "Monumenta" at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Palais" title="Grand Palais">Grand Palais</a>, Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the unveiling of a triptych – the mural <i>Athanor</i> and the two sculptures <i>Danae</i> and <i>Hortus Conclusus</i> – at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> in 2007, Kiefer became the first living artist to create a permanent site-specific installation in the museum since <a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Georges Braque</a> in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, Kiefer installed <i>Palmsonntag (Palm Sunday)</i> (2006), a monumental palm tree and 36 steel-and-glass reliquary tablets in the auditorium-gym of the <a href="/wiki/First_Baptist_Church_of_Los_Angeles" title="First Baptist Church of Los Angeles">First Baptist Church of Los Angeles</a>, an enormous Spanish Gothic edifice built in 1927. The room was reconfigured to accommodate the work. Floors were sanded to remove the basketball court's markings, and the wall for the reliquary paintings was constructed inside the space.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010 the piece was installed at the <a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Ontario" title="Art Gallery of Ontario">Art Gallery of Ontario</a> museum in Toronto, where Kiefer created eight new panels specifically for the AGO's exhibition of this work. </p><p>In <i>Next Year in Jerusalem</i> (2010) at Gagosian Gallery, Kiefer explained that each of the works was a reaction to a personal "shock" initiated by something he had recently heard of.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2013, The Hall Art Foundation, in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art" title="Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art">Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art</a>, opened a long-term installation of sculpture and paintings in a specifically repurposed, 10,000 square-foot building on the MASS MoCA campus. In 2014, the Foundation landscaped the area surrounding this building in order to present long-term installations of outdoor sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_Art_Foundation_h809_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall_Art_Foundation_h809-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long-term exhibition—includes <i>Étroits sont les Vaisseaux</i> (<i>Narrow are the Vessels</i>) (2002), an 82-foot long, undulating wave-like sculpture made of cast concrete, exposed rebar, and lead; <i>The Women of the Revolution</i> (<i>Les Femmes de la Revolution</i>) (1992), composed of more than twenty lead beds with photographs and wall text; <i>Velimir Chlebnikov</i> (2004), a steel pavilion containing 30 paintings dealing with nautical warfare and inspired by the quixotic theories of the Russian mathematical experimentalist <a href="/wiki/Velimir_Khlebnikov" title="Velimir Khlebnikov">Velimir Chlebnikov</a>; and a new, large-format photograph on lead created by the artist for the installation at MASS MoCA.<sup id="cite_ref-MASS_MoCA_2015_w267_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MASS_MoCA_2015_w267-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre Georges Pompidou">Centre Pompidou</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque Nationale</a> in Paris, and the <a href="/wiki/Museum_der_bildenden_K%C3%BCnste" title="Museum der bildenden Künste">Museum der bildenden Künste in Leipzig</a> hosted a retrospective exhibition in honor of Kiefer's 70th birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-Alex-2016_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alex-2016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016 the Albertina in Vienna dedicated an exhibition to his woodcuts, showing 35 made between 1977 and 2015, with an accompanying catalogue.<sup id="cite_ref-Rumelin_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rumelin-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He unveiled his first public art commission in the United States in May 2018, at <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Center" title="Rockefeller Center">Rockefeller Center</a>. The <i>Uraeus</i> sculpture was inspired in part by the religious symbols of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Thus_Spoke_Zarathustra" title="Thus Spoke Zarathustra">Thus Spoke Zarathustra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was put on view until 22 July.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Kiefer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1990, Kiefer was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize" title="Wolf Prize">Wolf Prize</a>. In 1999 the Japan Art Association awarded him the <a href="/wiki/Praemium_Imperiale" title="Praemium Imperiale">Praemium Imperiale</a> for his lifetime achievements. In the explanatory statement it reads: </p><p>"A complex critical engagement with history runs through Anselm Kiefer's work. His paintings as well as the sculptures of <a href="/wiki/Georg_Baselitz" title="Georg Baselitz">Georg Baselitz</a> created an uproar at the 1980 Venice Biennale: the viewers had to decide whether the apparent Nazi motifs were meant ironically or whether the works were meant to convey actual fascist ideas. Kiefer worked with the conviction that art could heal a traumatized nation and a vexed, divided world. He created epic paintings on giant canvases that called up the history of German culture with the help of depictions of figures such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> or <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>, thus continuing the historical tradition of painting as a medium of addressing the world. Only a few contemporary artists have such a pronounced sense of art's duty to engage the past and the ethical questions of the present, and are in the position to express the possibility of the absolution of guilt through human effort." </p><p>In 2008, Kiefer was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Prize_of_the_German_Book_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Prize of the German Book Trade">Peace Prize of the German Book Trade</a>, given for the first time to a visual artist. Art historian <a href="/wiki/Werner_Spies" title="Werner Spies">Werner Spies</a> said in his speech that Kiefer is a passionate reader who takes impulses from literature for his work.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011 Kiefer was appointed to the chair of creativity in art at the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>1983 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Thoma-Preis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Thoma-Preis (page does not exist)">Hans-Thoma-Preis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Thoma-Preis" class="extiw" title="de:Hans-Thoma-Preis">de</a>]</span> of <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a><sup id="cite_ref-Überblick_Hans-Thoma-Kunstmuseum_a143_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Überblick_Hans-Thoma-Kunstmuseum_a143-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1985 – <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Prize" title="Carnegie Prize">Carnegie Prize</a><sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1985_w379_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1985_w379-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1990 – <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Arts" title="Wolf Prize in Arts">Wolf Prize in Arts</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wolf_Foundation_2020_p876_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolf_Foundation_2020_p876-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1990 – <a href="/wiki/Goslarer_Kaiserring" title="Goslarer Kaiserring">Goslarer Kaiserring</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kiefer_Germany)_2014_p._65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiefer_Germany)_2014_p.-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1999 – <a href="/wiki/Praemium_Imperiale" title="Praemium Imperiale">Praemium Imperiale</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2002 – Officer of <a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres" title="Ordre des Arts et des Lettres">Ordre des Arts et des Lettres</a><sup id="cite_ref-FAZ_j348_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAZ_j348-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2004 – Foreign Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-American_Academy_of_Arts_&_Sciences_2023_d768_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Academy_of_Arts_&_Sciences_2023_d768-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2005 – <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Decoration_for_Science_and_Art" title="Austrian Decoration for Science and Art">Austrian Decoration for Science and Art</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2008 – <a href="/wiki/Peace_Prize_of_the_German_Book_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Prize of the German Book Trade">Peace Prize of the German Book Trade</a><sup id="cite_ref-Friedenspreis_des_Deutschen_Buchhandels_l766_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedenspreis_des_Deutschen_Buchhandels_l766-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2009 – <a href="/wiki/Adenauer-de_Gaulle_Prize" title="Adenauer-de Gaulle Prize">Adenauer-de Gaulle Prize</a> (Paris, France/Berlin, Germany)<sup id="cite_ref-Amt_t051_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amt_t051-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2010 – Chair of Artistic Creation at the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a><sup id="cite_ref-GmbH_1970_v874_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GmbH_1970_v874-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berliner_B%C3%A4r_(B.Z.-Kulturpreis)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berliner Bär (B.Z.-Kulturpreis) (page does not exist)">Berliner Bär (B.Z.-Kulturpreis)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_B%C3%A4r_(B.Z.-Kulturpreis)" class="extiw" title="de:Berliner Bär (B.Z.-Kulturpreis)">de</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-Axel_Springer_SE_2018_s250_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axel_Springer_SE_2018_s250-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Medal" title="Leo Baeck Medal">Leo Baeck Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institut" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo Baeck Institut">Leo Baeck Institut</a> of New York<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2014 – honorary doctorate in Philosophy, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin</a><sup id="cite_ref-King's_College_London_w838_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King's_College_London_w838-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2015 – Honorary doctorate in letters, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a><sup id="cite_ref-University_of_St_Andrews_news_2015_m159_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_St_Andrews_news_2015_m159-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2015 – Honorary doctorate for general merit, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Antwerp" title="University of Antwerp">University of Antwerp</a><sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Antwerp_2015_s889_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Antwerp_2015_s889-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2017 – <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Trust" title="J. Paul Getty Trust">J. Paul Getty Medal Award</a><sup id="cite_ref-Getty_2021_m520_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Getty_2021_m520-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2017 – Honorary doctorate <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-Office_of_University_and_Science_Communications_2017_j916_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Office_of_University_and_Science_Communications_2017_j916-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2019 – Prize for Understanding and Tolerance, awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_Berlin" title="Jewish Museum Berlin">Jewish Museum Berlin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Museum_Berlin_2019_v550_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Museum_Berlin_2019_v550-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2020 – Honorary Doctorate in the Communication and Teaching of Art, <a href="/wiki/Brera_Academy" title="Brera Academy">Brera Academy</a> (Milan, Italy)<sup id="cite_ref-Bastian_2020_f007_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bastian_2020_f007-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2023 – Knight Commander's Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a><sup id="cite_ref-SZ_2023_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SZ_2023-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2023 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_National_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German National Prize (page does not exist)">German National Prize</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Nationalpreis" class="extiw" title="de:Deutscher Nationalpreis">de</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-Die_Bundesregierung_informiert_2023_t823_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Die_Bundesregierung_informiert_2023_t823-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Illies_2023_j971_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Illies_2023_j971-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials">Materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Kiefer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the spontaneous nature of his creative process, many of his works have issues regarding stability—a concern shared by collectors, dealers, and curators alike. He acknowledges the issue, but says change is part of the process and that their essence will ultimately stay the same. This idea of transformation has a kind of appeal for Kiefer and thus is featured in many of his works. This fascination for the process may have stemmed from the artist's keen interest in alchemy. He often chooses materials for their alchemical properties—lead in particular being chief among them. In the case of lead, he specifically likes how the metal looks during the heating and melting process when he would see many colors—especially that of gold—which he thought of in a symbolic sense as the gold sought by alchemists. He is also particularly fond of the oxidation of white on lead. He would often try to induce oxidation artificially with the use of acid to speed up the process. Lead was also associated with the alchemical concepts of magic numbers and represented the planet Saturn. </p><p>Shellac, another material popular in his work, corresponded to lead in terms of how he felt about its color and energy possibilities. He also liked that while being polished it takes on energy and becomes warm to the touch. </p><p>The use of straw in his work is also in part the result of this common theme of energy. Straw again features the color gold and gives off energy, heat, and warmth when burned. This would make way for new creation thus continuing the cycle of life through the transformation process.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_market">Art market</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Kiefer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Art market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A new worldwide record was set for the artist when the painting <i>To the Unknown Painter</i> (1983) sold by $3,554,500 at <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, on 11 May 2011, to an American private collector.<sup id="cite_ref-fever_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fever-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The previous record was held by <i>Let a Thousand Flowers Bloom</i> (1999), who had sold by $3,549,350 at <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, on 8 February 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collections">Collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Kiefer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kiefer's works are included in numerous public collections, including the <a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Bahnhof" title="Hamburger Bahnhof">Hamburger Bahnhof</a>, Berlin; the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum" title="Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum">Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum</a>, New York; <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Institute_of_Arts" title="Detroit Institute of Arts">Detroit Institute of Arts</a>, Detroit; the <a href="/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a>, London; the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="San Francisco Museum of Modern Art">San Francisco Museum of Modern Art</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Ontario" title="Art Gallery of Ontario">Art Gallery of Ontario</a>, Toronto; the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Museum_of_Art" title="North Carolina Museum of Art">North Carolina Museum of Art</a>, Raleigh; the <a href="/wiki/High_Museum_of_Art" title="High Museum of Art">High Museum of Art</a>, Atlanta; the <a href="/wiki/Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Albright-Knox Art Gallery">Albright-Knox Art Gallery</a>, Buffalo; the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a>; the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Australia" title="National Gallery of Australia">National Gallery of Australia</a>, Canberra; the <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Museum_of_Art" title="Tel Aviv Museum of Art">Tel Aviv Museum of Art</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Albertina" title="Albertina">Albertina</a>, Vienna. The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in New York owns 20 of the artist's rare watercolors. Notable private collectors include <a href="/wiki/Eli_Broad" title="Eli Broad">Eli Broad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hall_(hedge_fund_manager)" title="Andrew Hall (hedge fund manager)">Andrew J. Hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fever_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fever-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Kiefer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_memorial_landscapes_in_Germany" title="Holocaust memorial landscapes in Germany">Holocaust memorial landscapes in Germany</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Kiefer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLauterwein2007" class="citation book cs1">Lauterwein, Andréa (2007). <i>Anselm Kiefer/Paul Celan</i>. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23836-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23836-3"><bdi>978-0-500-23836-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anselm+Kiefer%2FPaul+Celan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-500-23836-3&rft.aulast=Lauterwein&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieferAuping2005" class="citation book cs1">Kiefer, Anselm; Auping, Michael (2005). <i>Anselm Kiefer</i>. Fort Worth, Tex: Prestel Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-3387-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-3387-8"><bdi>978-3-7913-3387-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anselm+Kiefer&rft.place=Fort+Worth%2C+Tex&rft.pub=Prestel+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-7913-3387-8&rft.aulast=Kiefer&rft.aufirst=Anselm&rft.au=Auping%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiro1998" class="citation book cs1">Biro, Matthew (1998). <i>Anselm Kiefer and the Philosophy of Martin Heidegger</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59170-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59170-6"><bdi>978-0-521-59170-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anselm+Kiefer+and+the+Philosophy+of+Martin+Heidegger&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59170-6&rft.aulast=Biro&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiro2013" class="citation book cs1">Biro, Matthew (5 March 2013). <i>Anselm Kiefer</i>. London [u.a]: Phaidon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-6143-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-6143-2"><bdi>978-0-7148-6143-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anselm+Kiefer&rft.place=London+%5Bu.a%5D&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=2013-03-05&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-6143-2&rft.aulast=Biro&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanto1997" class="citation book cs1">Danto, Arthur C. (1 January 1997). "Anselm Kiefer". <i>Encounters & Reflections</i>. Berkeley, Calif. London: Univ of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20846-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20846-9"><bdi>978-0-520-20846-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anselm+Kiefer&rft.btitle=Encounters+%26+Reflections&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Calif.+London&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20846-9&rft.aulast=Danto&rft.aufirst=Arthur+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiennes2011" class="citation cs2">Fiennes, Sophie (2011), <i>Over your cities grass will grow</i>, London: Artificial Eye, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1043105151">1043105151</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Over+your+cities+grass+will+grow&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Artificial+Eye&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1043105151&rft.aulast=Fiennes&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoerschelmann2016" class="citation book cs1">Hoerschelmann, Antonia (2016). <i>Anselm Kiefer</i>. Vienna Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-4101-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-4101-9"><bdi>978-3-7757-4101-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anselm+Kiefer&rft.place=Vienna+Ostfildern&rft.pub=Hatje+Cantz+Verlag&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-7757-4101-9&rft.aulast=Hoerschelmann&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2010" class="citation journal cs1">Stewart, Garrett (2010). "Bookwork as Demediation". <i>Critical Inquiry</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 410–457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F653407">10.1086/653407</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0093-1896">0093-1896</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162264154">162264154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Bookwork+as+Demediation&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=410-457&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162264154%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0093-1896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F653407&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Garrett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Kiefer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Marx_1992_e575-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marx_1992_e575_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1992" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marx, Katja (21 February 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/1992/09/ploetzlich-ist-das-geld-wie-ein-geschwuer">"Plötzlich ist das Geld wie ein Geschwür"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Pl%C3%B6tzlich+ist+das+Geld+wie+ein+Geschw%C3%BCr&rft.date=1992-02-21&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Katja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F1992%2F09%2Fploetzlich-ist-das-geld-wie-ein-geschwuer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artinwords.de/anselm-kiefer-biografie/">"Anselm Kiefer: Biographie'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. ARTinWORDS.de. 10 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anselm+Kiefer%3A+Biographie%27&rft.pub=ARTinWORDS.de&rft.date=2009-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartinwords.de%2Fanselm-kiefer-biografie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/collection/works/61992">Museum of Modern Art</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-big-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-big_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-big_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Big Questions</i>, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a>, September 2006, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCube" class="citation web cs1">Cube, White. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whitecube.qi-cms.com/media/_file/artist_cv/anselm-kiefer-cv.pdf">"Artist – White Cube"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Artist+%E2%80%93+White+Cube&rft.aulast=Cube&rft.aufirst=White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhitecube.qi-cms.com%2Fmedia%2F_file%2Fartist_cv%2Fanselm-kiefer-cv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salzburg.orf.at/news/stories/2891139/">"Anselm Kiefer österreichischer Staatsbürger"</a>. <i>salzburg.orf.at</i> (in German). 23 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=salzburg.orf.at&rft.atitle=Anselm+Kiefer+%C3%B6sterreichischer+Staatsb%C3%BCrger&rft.date=2018-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsalzburg.orf.at%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2891139%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Hudson (27 September 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/11109299/Anselm-Kiefer-on-life-legacy-and-Barjac-I-have-no-style-Im-not-a-brand.html">Anselm Kiefer on life, legacy and Barjac: 'I have no style, I'm not a brand'</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/bio/?artist_name=Anselm%20Kiefer&page=1&f=Name&cr=1">Anselm Kiefer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429013316/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/bio/?artist_name=Anselm%20Kiefer&page=1&f=Name&cr=1">Archived</a> 29 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Guggenheim Collection.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/article/behind-the-scenes-anselm-kiefers">"Behind the scenes: Anselm Kiefer's studio at Barjac | Blog | Royal Academy of Arts"</a>. <i>royalacademy.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=royalacademy.org.uk&rft.atitle=Behind+the+scenes%3A+Anselm+Kiefer%27s+studio+at+Barjac+%7C+Blog+%7C+Royal+Academy+of+Arts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalacademy.org.uk%2Farticle%2Fbehind-the-scenes-anselm-kiefers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Hudson (27 September 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/11109299/Anselm-Kiefer-on-life-legacy-and-Barjac-I-have-no-style-Im-not-a-brand.html">[1]</a> Anselm Kiefer on life, legacy and Barjac: 'I have no style, I'm not a brand', <i>The Guardian</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alex-2016-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alex-2016_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alex-2016_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexMatzner2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alex, Veröffentlicht von; Matzner, ra (22 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artinwords.de/anselm-kiefer-biografie/">"Anselm Kiefer: Biografie; Lebenslauf des Malers & Installationskünstler"</a>. <i>Kunst, Künstler, Ausstellungen, Kunstgeschichte auf ARTinWORDS</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kunst%2C+K%C3%BCnstler%2C+Ausstellungen%2C+Kunstgeschichte+auf+ARTinWORDS&rft.atitle=Anselm+Kiefer%3A+Biografie%3B+Lebenslauf+des+Malers+%26+Installationsk%C3%BCnstler&rft.date=2016-03-22&rft.aulast=Alex&rft.aufirst=Ver%C3%B6ffentlicht+von&rft.au=Matzner%2C+ra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartinwords.de%2Fanselm-kiefer-biografie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clemens Bomsdorf (25 October 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171028081219/http://theartnewspaper.com/news/gerhard-richter-makes-germany's-rich-list-with-estimated-fortune-of-euro700m">Gerhard Richter makes Germany's rich list with estimated fortune of €700m</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_Newspaper" title="The Art Newspaper">The Art Newspaper</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Bray, Catherine (17 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2023/film/reviews/anselm-review-wim-wenders-1235616517/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Anselm' Review: Wim Wenders Unveils a Magnificent 3D Portrait of German Artist Anselm Kiefer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=%27Anselm%27+Review%3A+Wim+Wenders+Unveils+a+Magnificent+3D+Portrait+of+German+Artist+Anselm+Kiefer&rft.date=2023-05-17&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2023%2Ffilm%2Freviews%2Fanselm-review-wim-wenders-1235616517%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-2006-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wright-2006_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright-2006_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright-2006_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Karen (November 2006). "The Ruins of Barjac: Politics, alchemy, and learning to dance in Anselm Kiefer's world". <i>Modern Painters</i>: 68–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Painters&rft.atitle=The+Ruins+of+Barjac%3A+Politics%2C+alchemy%2C+and+learning+to+dance+in+Anselm+Kiefer%27s+world&rft.pages=68-75&rft.date=2006-11&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, Pete. "How I Challenge the Canons with My Four German Ghost Dissenters". <i>Journal of Artists' Books</i>. <b>38</b>: 19–20 – via Columbia Chicago Center for Book & Paper Arts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Artists%27+Books&rft.atitle=How+I+Challenge+the+Canons+with+My+Four+German+Ghost+Dissenters&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=19-20&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albano-1998-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Albano-1998_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Albano-1998_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbano1998" class="citation journal cs1">Albano, Albert P. (1998). "Reflections on Painting, Alchemy, Nazism: Visiting with Anselm Kiefer". <i>Journal of the American Institute for Conservation</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 348–361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3179818">10.2307/3179818</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0197-1360">0197-1360</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3179818">3179818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Institute+for+Conservation&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+Painting%2C+Alchemy%2C+Nazism%3A+Visiting+with+Anselm+Kiefer&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=348-361&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0197-1360&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3179818%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3179818&rft.aulast=Albano&rft.aufirst=Albert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnausgaard,_Karl_Ove2020" class="citation web cs1">Knausgaard, Karl Ove (12 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/12/magazine/anselm-kiefer-art.html">"Into the Black Forest with the Greatest Living Artist"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Into+the+Black+Forest+with+the+Greatest+Living+Artist&rft.date=2020-02-12&rft.au=Knausgaard%2C+Karl+Ove&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F02%2F12%2Fmagazine%2Fanselm-kiefer-art.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Anselm Kiefer (born 1945)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kief/hd_kief.htm"><i>Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History</i></a>. The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anselm+Kiefer+%28born+1945%29&rft.btitle=Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.pub=The+Met%27s+Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fkief%2Fhd_kief.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gagosian.com/artists/anselm-kiefer/">Anselm Kiefer</a> <a href="/wiki/Gagosian_Gallery" title="Gagosian Gallery">Gagosian Gallery</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lempesis_2023_q910-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lempesis_2023_q910_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLempesis2023" class="citation web cs1">Lempesis, Dimitris (1 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dreamideamachine.com/?p=86318">"TRACES: Anselm Kiefer – dreamideamachine ART VIEW"</a>. <i>dreamideamachine ART VIEW – Taking you to the most significant contemporary art exhibitions around the world</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dreamideamachine+ART+VIEW+%E2%80%93+Taking+you+to+the+most+significant+contemporary+art+exhibitions+around+the+world&rft.atitle=TRACES%3A+Anselm+Kiefer+%E2%80%93+dreamideamachine+ART+VIEW&rft.date=2023-03-01&rft.aulast=Lempesis&rft.aufirst=Dimitris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dreamideamachine.com%2F%3Fp%3D86318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rumelin-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rumelin_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rumelin_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rumelin_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rümelin, Christian. "Anselm Kiefer: Rolling on the River Rhine," <i>Art in Print</i> Vol. 8 No. 1 (May–June 2018).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1995.14.14">http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1995.14.14</a> Anselm Kiefer, <i>My Father Pledged Me a Sword</i> (1974–75), <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/2000.96.7">http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/2000.96.7</a> Anselm Kiefer, <i>Your Golden Hair, Margarete</i> (1980) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=5437835">http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=5437835</a> Anselm Kiefer, <i>Dem Unbekannten Maler (To the Unknown Painter)</i>, 1983) <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a> Post-War and Contemporary Art Evening Sale, 11 May 2011, New York</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1995.14.41">http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1995.14.41</a> Anselm Kiefer, <i>Heavy Cloud</i> (1985), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sue_Hubbard" title="Sue Hubbard">Sue Hubbard</a> (24 October 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/great-works/margarete-1981-by-anselm-kiefer-saatchi-collection-970630.html">[2]</a> Margarete (1981) by Anselm Kiefer (Saatchi collection). <i>The Independent</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christies_Auctions_&_Private_Sales_2001-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Christies_Auctions_&_Private_Sales_2001_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-1992579/?intObjectID=1992579">"Anselm Kiefer (B. 1945)"</a>. <i>Christie's Auctions & Private Sales</i>. 8 February 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christie%27s+Auctions+%26+Private+Sales&rft.atitle=Anselm+Kiefer+%28B.+1945%29&rft.date=2001-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Flot%2Flot-1992579%2F%3FintObjectID%3D1992579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collection_Online_|_Anselm_Kiefer-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collection_Online_|_Anselm_Kiefer_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collection_Online_|_Anselm_Kiefer_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429013316/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/bio/?artist_name=Anselm%20Kiefer&page=1&f=Name&cr=1">"Collection Online | Anselm Kiefer"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/bio/?artist_name%3DAnselm+Kiefer%26page%3D1%26f%3DName%26cr%3D1">the original</a> on 29 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+%26+The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=Good+choice%2C+Sophie&rft.date=2010-05-09&rft.aulast=Appleyard&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fgood-choice-sophie-lgjn0f8zrs9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenthal-1987-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenthal-1987_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthalKiefer1987" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal, Mark Lawrence; Kiefer, Anselm (1987). <i>Anselm Kiefer</i>. Munich: Prestel Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-0847-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-0847-0"><bdi>978-3-7913-0847-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anselm+Kiefer&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Prestel+Publishing&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-3-7913-0847-0&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Mark+Lawrence&rft.au=Kiefer%2C+Anselm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110908053437/http://www.gagosian.com/exhibitions/soho-1998-01-anselm-kiefer/">"Anselm Kiefer – January 24 – February 28, 1998 – Gagosian Gallery"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gagosian.com/exhibitions/soho-1998-01-anselm-kiefer/">the original</a> on 8 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anselm+Kiefer+%E2%80%93+January+24+%E2%80%93+February+28%2C+1998+%E2%80%93+Gagosian+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gagosian.com%2Fexhibitions%2Fsoho-1998-01-anselm-kiefer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span> Anselm Kiefer: Your Age and Mine and the Age of the World, 24 January – 28 February 1998. Gagosian Gallery, New York</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canadiary_Canadian_Events_2012-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canadiary_Canadian_Events_2012_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hamilton.canadiary.com/2012/06/anselm-kiefer.html">"Anselm Kiefer"</a>. <i>Canadiary Canadian Events</i>. 19 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadiary+Canadian+Events&rft.atitle=Anselm+Kiefer&rft.date=2012-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhamilton.canadiary.com%2F2012%2F06%2Fanselm-kiefer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roddy_2014-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roddy_2014_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoddy2014" class="citation web cs1">Roddy, Michael (1 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-art-britain-kiefer-idUSBREA301G220140401">"Germany's Kiefer says Jewish collectors boosted career"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+Kiefer+says+Jewish+collectors+boosted+career&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft.aulast=Roddy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-art-britain-kiefer-idUSBREA301G220140401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Riding (31 May 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/31/arts/design/31kief.html">[6]</a> An Artist Sets Up House(s) at the Grand Palais, <i>The New York Times</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amy Serafin (21 October 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/21/arts/design/21sera.html">[7]</a> The Louvre Now Accepts the Living, <i>The New York Times</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Knight (18 April 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-apr-18-et-kiefer18-story.html">[8]</a> Kiefer's higher ground, <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuhmann2011" class="citation journal cs1">Buhmann, Stephanie (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brooklynrail.org/2010/12/artseen/anselm-kiefer-next-year-in-jerusalem">"Anselm Kiefer: Next Year in Jerusalem"</a>. <i>The Brooklyn Rail</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Rail&rft.atitle=Anselm+Kiefer%3A+Next+Year+in+Jerusalem&rft.date=2011-01&rft.aulast=Buhmann&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrooklynrail.org%2F2010%2F12%2Fartseen%2Fanselm-kiefer-next-year-in-jerusalem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall_Art_Foundation_h809-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hall_Art_Foundation_h809_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hallartfoundation.org/about/mission">"About"</a>. <i>Hall Art Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Boersenverein. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101008185107/http://www.boersenverein.de/de/96671?pid=199913">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2008+winner%3A+Anselm+Kiefer&rft.pub=Boersenverein&rft.au=Spies%2C+Werner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boersenverein.de%2Fde%2F96671%3Fpid%3D199913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Überblick_Hans-Thoma-Kunstmuseum_a143-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Überblick_Hans-Thoma-Kunstmuseum_a143_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hans-thoma-museum.de/eip/pages/hans-thoma-kunstpreis.php">"Hans-Thoma-Kunstpreis"</a>. <i>Überblick Hans-Thoma-Kunstmuseum in Bernau im Schwarzwald</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%9Cberblick+Hans-Thoma-Kunstmuseum+in+Bernau+im+Schwarzwald&rft.atitle=Hans-Thoma-Kunstpreis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hans-thoma-museum.de%2Feip%2Fpages%2Fhans-thoma-kunstpreis.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1985_w379-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1985_w379_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/08/arts/kiefer-and-serra-recipients-of-carnegie-prize.html">"KIEFER AND SERRA RECIPIENTS OF CARNEGIE PRIZE"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 8 November 1985<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=KIEFER+AND+SERRA+RECIPIENTS+OF+CARNEGIE+PRIZE&rft.date=1985-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1985%2F11%2F08%2Farts%2Fkiefer-and-serra-recipients-of-carnegie-prize.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolf_Foundation_2020_p876-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wolf_Foundation_2020_p876_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wolffund.org.il/the-kiefer-prize/">"Kiefer Prize"</a>. <i>Wolf Foundation</i>. 8 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wolf+Foundation&rft.atitle=Kiefer+Prize&rft.date=2020-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwolffund.org.il%2Fthe-kiefer-prize%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiefer_Germany)_2014_p.-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kiefer_Germany)_2014_p._65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiefer2014" class="citation book cs1">Kiefer, Anselm (2014). <i>Anselm Kiefer: An Account of the World</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reply+to+a+parliamentary+question&rft.pages=1708&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlament.gv.at%2FPAKT%2FVHG%2FXXIV%2FAB%2FAB_10542%2Fimfname_251156.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedenspreis_des_Deutschen_Buchhandels_l766-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Friedenspreis_des_Deutschen_Buchhandels_l766_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.friedenspreis-des-deutschen-buchhandels.de/alle-preistraeger-seit-1950/2000-2009/anselm-kiefer">"Anselm Kiefer"</a>. <i>Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ausw%C3%A4rtiges+Amt&rft.atitle=Deutsch-franz%C3%B6sischer+Tag%3A+Christian+Boltanski+und+Anselm+Kiefer+erhalten+Adenauer-de+Gaulle+Preis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.auswaertiges-amt.de%2Fde%2Fnewsroom%2F090121-d-fr-tag%2F221010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GmbH_1970_v874-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GmbH_1970_v874_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBopp2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bopp, Lena (3 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/geisteswissenschaften/anselm-kiefer-am-college-de-france-bin-ladin-eine-kunst-performance-1592344.html">"Anselm Kiefer am Collège de France: Bin Ladin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">FAZ</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Antwerp&rft.atitle=Honorary+degrees&rft.date=2015-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uantwerpen.be%2Fen%2Fevents%2Fhonorary-degrees%2Fprevious-editions%2Fhonorary-degrees-2015%2Fanselm-kiefer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Getty_2021_m520-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Getty_2021_m520_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/news/getty-presents-j-paul-getty-medal-anselm-kiefer-mario-vargas-llosa/">"Artist Anselm Kiefer and writer Mario Vargas Llosa Receive 2017 J. Paul Getty Medal"</a>. <i>Getty</i>. 21 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Getty&rft.atitle=Artist+Anselm+Kiefer+and+writer+Mario+Vargas+Llosa+Receive+2017+J.+Paul+Getty+Medal&rft.date=2021-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.getty.edu%2Fnews%2Fgetty-presents-j-paul-getty-medal-anselm-kiefer-mario-vargas-llosa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Office_of_University_and_Science_Communications_2017_j916-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Office_of_University_and_Science_Communications_2017_j916_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kommunikation.uni-freiburg.de/pm-en/personalia-en/anselm-kiefer-to-receive-an-honorary-doctorate">"Anselm Kiefer to receive an honorary doctorate"</a>. <i>Office of University and Science Communications</i>. 19 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+University+and+Science+Communications&rft.atitle=Anselm+Kiefer+to+receive+an+honorary+doctorate&rft.date=2017-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkommunikation.uni-freiburg.de%2Fpm-en%2Fpersonalia-en%2Fanselm-kiefer-to-receive-an-honorary-doctorate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jewish_Museum_Berlin_2019_v550-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Museum_Berlin_2019_v550_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jmberlin.de/en/press-release-31-october-2019">"This year's Prize for Understanding and Tolerance will be awarded to German Minister of Foreign Affairs Heiko Maas and the artist Anselm Kiefer"</a>. <i>Jewish Museum Berlin</i>. 16 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Museum+Berlin&rft.atitle=This+year%27s+Prize+for+Understanding+and+Tolerance+will+be+awarded+to+German+Minister+of+Foreign+Affairs+Heiko+Maas+and+the+artist+Anselm+Kiefer&rft.date=2019-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmberlin.de%2Fen%2Fpress-release-31-october-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bastian_2020_f007-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bastian_2020_f007_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bastian-gallery.com/en/news/anselm-kiefer-at-the-brera/">"Anselm Kiefer at the Brera"</a>. <i>Bastian</i>. 30 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCddeutsche.de&rft.atitle=Anselm+Kiefer+erh%C3%A4lt+Gro%C3%9Fes+Bundesverdienstkreuz+mit+Stern&rft.date=2023-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fkultur%2Fkunst-paris-anselm-kiefer-erhaelt-grosses-bundesverdienstkreuz-mit-stern-dpa.urn-newsml-dpa-com-20090101-230227-99-762789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Die_Bundesregierung_informiert_2023_t823-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Die_Bundesregierung_informiert_2023_t823_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/kanzler-laudatio-anselm-kiefer-2200798">"Deutscher Nationalpreis für Anselm Kiefer"</a>. <i>Die Bundesregierung informiert</i> (in German). 6 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Die+Bundesregierung+informiert&rft.atitle=Deutscher+Nationalpreis+f%C3%BCr+Anselm+Kiefer&rft.date=2023-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesregierung.de%2Fbreg-de%2Faktuelles%2Fkanzler-laudatio-anselm-kiefer-2200798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Illies_2023_j971-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Illies_2023_j971_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllies2023" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Illies, Florian (13 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/2023/30/anselm-kiefer-kuenstler-deutscher-nationalpreis">"Anselm Kiefer: Aus den Ruinen der Zukunft"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Anselm+Kiefer%3A+Aus+den+Ruinen+der+Zukunft&rft.date=2023-07-13&rft.aulast=Illies&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F2023%2F30%2Fanselm-kiefer-kuenstler-deutscher-nationalpreis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnselm+Kiefer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fever-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fever_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fever_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marion Maneker (26 July 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://observer.com/2011/07/26/kiefer-fever/">[9]</a> Kiefer Fever Spreads into The Art Market, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine/most-expensive-anselm-kiefer-art">The Most Expensive Anselm Kiefer Art Pieces in Auction, Widewalls, 26 July 2019</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com.cn/en/lot/lot-4859193">Christie's</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Kiefer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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Arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Erskine_(architect)" title="Ralph Erskine (architect)">Ralph Erskine</a> (1983/4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumihiko_Maki" title="Fumihiko Maki">Fumihiko Maki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_De_Carlo" title="Giancarlo De Carlo">Giancarlo De Carlo</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a> / <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Utzon" title="Jørn Utzon">Jørn Utzon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Denys_Lasdun" title="Denys Lasdun">Denys Lasdun</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto">Frei Otto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aldo_van_Eyck" title="Aldo van Eyck">Aldo van Eyck</a> (1996/7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Siza_Vieira" title="Álvaro Siza Vieira">Álvaro Siza Vieira</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Nouvel" title="Jean Nouvel">Jean Nouvel</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chipperfield" title="David Chipperfield">David Chipperfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Eisenman" title="Peter Eisenman">Peter Eisenman</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Souto_de_Moura" title="Eduardo Souto de Moura">Eduardo Souto de Moura</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Lambert" title="Phyllis Lambert">Phyllis Lambert</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Safdie" title="Moshe Safdie">Moshe Safdie</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Diller" title="Elizabeth Diller">Elizabeth Diller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Atelier_Bow-Wow" title="Atelier Bow-Wow">Momoyo Kaijima</a> / <a href="/wiki/Atelier_Bow-Wow" title="Atelier Bow-Wow">Yoshiharu Tsukamoto</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Josef_Tal" title="Josef Tal">Josef Tal</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stern" title="Isaac Stern">Isaac Stern</a> / <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> (1995/6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Muti" title="Riccardo Muti">Riccardo Muti</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giya_Kancheli" title="Giya Kancheli">Giya Kancheli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Abbado" title="Claudio Abbado">Claudio Abbado</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo" title="Plácido Domingo">Plácido Domingo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle" title="Simon Rattle">Simon Rattle</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Murray_Perahia" title="Murray Perahia">Murray Perahia</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> / <a href="/wiki/%C3%81d%C3%A1m_Fischer" title="Ádám Fischer">Ádám Fischer</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> / <a href="/wiki/Olga_Neuwirth" title="Olga Neuwirth">Olga Neuwirth</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kurt%C3%A1g" title="György Kurtág">György Kurtág</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey">Painting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antoni_T%C3%A0pies" title="Antoni Tàpies">Antoni Tàpies</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Johns" title="Jasper Johns">Jasper Johns</a> (1986)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anselm Kiefer</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Richter" title="Gerhard Richter">Gerhard Richter</a> (1994/5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a> (2002/3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Pistoletto" title="Michelangelo Pistoletto">Michelangelo Pistoletto</a> (2006/7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemarie_Trockel" title="Rosemarie Trockel">Rosemarie Trockel</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Sherman" title="Cindy Sherman">Cindy Sherman</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey">Sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Chillida" title="Eduardo Chillida">Eduardo Chillida</a> (1984/5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claes_Oldenburg" title="Claes Oldenburg">Claes Oldenburg</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Nauman" title="Bruce Nauman">Bruce Nauman</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Turrell" title="James Turrell">James Turrell</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a> (2002/3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Pistoletto" title="Michelangelo Pistoletto">Michelangelo Pistoletto</a> (2006/7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olafur_Eliasson" title="Olafur Eliasson">Olafur Eliasson</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Anderson" title="Laurie Anderson">Laurie Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Weiner" title="Lawrence Weiner">Lawrence Weiner</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiko_Nakaya" title="Fujiko Nakaya">Fujiko Nakaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Long_(artist)" title="Richard Long (artist)">Richard Long</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170344#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170344#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170344#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122832172">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/95995437">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/33236/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkttHB396m9CbrGFytMyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118561901">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79035655">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12192138x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12192138x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00469528">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35938236">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990004310&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX987128">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/548061">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070164320">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90136347">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000028456&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000111531&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199614842">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm134xt75qlq1bv">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810553024505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/353383">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007462824005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058527423006706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14570172">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04168237?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500047395">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/44264">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/6a4d53d6-4da5-446f-bce9-170a92d22c86">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/1750/">Victoria</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/3086">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/313000">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sammlung.staedelmuseum.de/en/person/kiefer-anselm">Städel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1154723">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118561901.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118561901">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027992683">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fj2x09">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Kiefer&oldid=1246709574">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Kiefer&oldid=1246709574</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1945_births" title="Category:1945 births">1945 births</a></li><li><a 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