Boron nitride substrates for high-quality graphene electronics

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Although suspending the graphene above the substrate leads to a substantial improvement in device quality13,14, this geometry imposes severe limitations on device architecture and functionality. There is a growing need, therefore, to identify dielectrics that allow a substrate-supported geometry while retaining the quality achieved with a suspended sample. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is an appealing substrate, because it has an atomically smooth surface that is relatively free of dangling bonds and charge traps. It also has a lattice constant similar to that of graphite, and has large optical phonon modes and a large electrical bandgap. Here we report the fabrication and characterization of high-quality exfoliated mono- and bilayer graphene devices on single-crystal h-BN substrates, by using a mechanical transfer process. Graphene devices on h-BN substrates have mobilities and carrier inhomogeneities that are almost an order of magnitude better than devices on SiO2. These devices also show reduced roughness, intrinsic doping and chemical reactivity. The ability to assemble crystalline layered materials in a controlled way permits the fabrication of graphene devices on other promising dielectrics15 and allows for the realization of more complex graphene heterostructures. 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data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-C__R_-Dean-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-C__R_-Dean-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Dean, C. R." data-corresp-id="c1">C. R. Dean<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-A__F_-Young-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-A__F_-Young-Aff3" data-author-search="Young, A. F.">A. F. Young</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-I_-Meric-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-I_-Meric-Aff1" data-author-search="Meric, I.">I. Meric</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-C_-Lee-Aff4-Aff5" data-author-popup="auth-C_-Lee-Aff4-Aff5" data-author-search="Lee, C.">C. Lee</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a>,<a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-L_-Wang-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-L_-Wang-Aff2" data-author-search="Wang, L.">L. Wang</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-S_-Sorgenfrei-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-S_-Sorgenfrei-Aff1" data-author-search="Sorgenfrei, S.">S. Sorgenfrei</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-K_-Watanabe-Aff6" data-author-popup="auth-K_-Watanabe-Aff6" data-author-search="Watanabe, K.">K. Watanabe</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff6">6</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-T_-Taniguchi-Aff6" data-author-popup="auth-T_-Taniguchi-Aff6" data-author-search="Taniguchi, T.">T. Taniguchi</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff6">6</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-P_-Kim-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-P_-Kim-Aff3" data-author-search="Kim, P.">P. Kim</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-K__L_-Shepard-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-K__L_-Shepard-Aff1" data-author-search="Shepard, K. L.">K. L. Shepard</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 11 authors for this article" title="Show all 11 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-J_-Hone-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-J_-Hone-Aff2" data-author-search="Hone, J." data-corresp-id="c2">J. Hone<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/nnano" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature Nanotechnology</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 5</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>722–726 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2010</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">99k <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="citation-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">5784 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">51 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/nnano.2010.172/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="u-js-hide" data-component="article-subject-links"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Subjects</h3> <ul class="c-article-subject-list"> <li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/electronic-properties-and-devices" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Electronic properties and devices</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/nanofabrication-and-nanopatterning" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Nanofabrication and nanopatterning</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/synthesis-and-processing" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Synthesis and processing</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Graphene devices on standard SiO<sub>2</sub> substrates are highly disordered, exhibiting characteristics that are far inferior to the expected intrinsic properties of graphene<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="Geim, A. & Novoselov, K. The rise of graphene. Nature Mater. 6, 183–191 (2007)." href="/articles/nnano.2010.172#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d563595275e499">1</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="Neto, A., Guinea, F., Peres, N. M. R., Novoselov, K. S. & Geim, A. K. The electronic properties of graphene. Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 109–162 (2009)." href="/articles/nnano.2010.172#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d563595275e502">2</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="Ando, T. Screening effect and impurity scattering in monolayer graphene. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 75, 074716 (2006)." href="/articles/nnano.2010.172#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d563595275e505">3</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Nomura, K. & MacDonald, A. H. Quantum transport of massless dirac fermions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 076602 (2007)." href="/articles/nnano.2010.172#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d563595275e508">4</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Hwang, E. H., Adam, S. & Das Sarma, S. Carrier transport in two-dimensional graphene layers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 186806 (2007)." href="/articles/nnano.2010.172#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d563595275e511">5</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 6" title="Hwang, E. H., Adam, S. & Das Sarma, S. Carrier transport in two-dimensional graphene layers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 18392–18397 (2007)." href="/articles/nnano.2010.172#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d563595275e514">6</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="Fratini, S. & Guinea, F. Substrate-limited electron dynamics in graphene. Phys. Rev. B 77, 195415 (2008)." href="/articles/nnano.2010.172#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d563595275e518">7</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 8" title="Chen, J.-H., Jang, C., Xiao, S., Ishigami, M. & Fuhrer, M. S. Intrinsic and extrinsic performance limits of graphene devices on SiO2 . Nature Nanotech. 3, 206–209 (2008)." href="/articles/nnano.2010.172#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d563595275e521">8</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 9" title="Ishigami, M., Chen, J. H., Cullen, W. G., Fuhrer, M. S. & Williams, E. D. Atomic structure of graphene on SiO2 . Nano Lett. 7, 1643–1648 (2007)." href="/articles/nnano.2010.172#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d563595275e524">9</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 10" title="Katsnelson, M. I. & Geim, A. K. Electron scattering on microscopic corrugations in graphene. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 366, 195–204 (2007)." href="/articles/nnano.2010.172#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d563595275e527">10</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 11" title="Morozov, S. V. et al. Giant intrinsic carrier mobilities in graphene and its bilayer. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 016602 (2008)." href="/articles/nnano.2010.172#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d563595275e530">11</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 12" title="Martin, J. et al. Observation of electron–hole puddles in graphene using a scanning single-electron transistor. Nature Phys. 4, 144–148 (2008)." href="/articles/nnano.2010.172#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d563595275e533">12</a></sup>. Although suspending the graphene above the substrate leads to a substantial improvement in device quality<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 13" title="Bolotin, K. I., Sikes, K. J., Hone, J., Stormer, H. L. & Kim, P. Temperature-dependent transport in suspended graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 096802 (2008)." href="/articles/nnano.2010.172#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d563595275e537">13</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 14" title="Du, X., Skachko, I., Barker, A. & Andrei, E. Y. Approaching ballistic transport in suspended graphene. Nature Nanotech. 3, 491–495 (2008)." href="/articles/nnano.2010.172#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d563595275e540">14</a></sup>, this geometry imposes severe limitations on device architecture and functionality. There is a growing need, therefore, to identify dielectrics that allow a substrate-supported geometry while retaining the quality achieved with a suspended sample. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is an appealing substrate, because it has an atomically smooth surface that is relatively free of dangling bonds and charge traps. It also has a lattice constant similar to that of graphite, and has large optical phonon modes and a large electrical bandgap. Here we report the fabrication and characterization of high-quality exfoliated mono- and bilayer graphene devices on single-crystal h-BN substrates, by using a mechanical transfer process. Graphene devices on h-BN substrates have mobilities and carrier inhomogeneities that are almost an order of magnitude better than devices on SiO<sub>2</sub>. These devices also show reduced roughness, intrinsic doping and chemical reactivity. The ability to assemble crystalline layered materials in a controlled way permits the fabrication of graphene devices on other promising dielectrics<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 15" title="Hong, X. et al. High-mobility few-layer graphene field effect transistors fabricated on epitaxial ferroelectric gate oxides. Phys. Rev. Lett 102, 136808 (2009)." href="/articles/nnano.2010.172#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d563595275e546">15</a></sup> and allows for the realization of more complex graphene heterostructures.</p></div></div></section> <noscript> <div class="c-nature-box c-nature-box--side " data-component="entitlement-box"> <div class="js-access-button"> <a href="https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnnano.2010.172" class="c-article__button" data-test="ra21"> <svg class="u-icon" width="18" height="18" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use href="#icon-institution"></use></svg> <span class="c-article__button-text">Access through your institution</span> </a> </div> <div class="js-buy-button"> <a href="#access-options" class="c-article__button c-article__button--inverted" data-test="ra21"> <span>Buy or subscribe</span> </a> </div> </div> </noscript> <div class="js-context-bar-sticky-point-mobile" data-track-context="article body"> </div> <div 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Sukhdeo and N. Baklitskaya for help with device fabrication. This work is supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (Carbon Electronics for RF Applications), Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Office of Naval Research, Semiconductor Research Corporation Focus Center Research Program, The National Science Foundation (CHE-0117752), New York State Foundation for Science, and Technology and Innovation (NYSTAR).</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, 10027, New York, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">C. R. Dean, I. Meric, S. Sorgenfrei & K. L. Shepard</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, 10027, New York, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">C. R. Dean, L. Wang & J. Hone</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, 10027, New York, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">A. F. Young & P. Kim</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">SKUU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwa University, Suwon, Korea, 440-746</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">C. Lee</p></li><li id="Aff5"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwa University, Suwon, Korea, 440-746</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">C. 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Hone</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=J.%20Hone" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=J.%20Hone" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22J.%20Hone%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="contributions">Contributions</h3><p>C.R.D. and A.F.Y. performed the experiments, including sample fabrication, measurement, characterization and development of the transfer technique. I.M. contributed to sample fabrication, measurement and development of the transfer technique. C.L. and W.L. contributed to sample fabrication. S.S. contributed to development of the transfer technique. K.W. and T.T. synthesized the h-BN samples. P.K., K.L.S., and J.H. provided advice on the experiments.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding authors</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:cdean@cisl.columbia.edu">C. R. Dean</a> or <a id="corresp-c2" href="mailto:jh2228@columbia.edu">J. Hone</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare no competing financial interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Supplementary information"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec3-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec3">Supplementary information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec3-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM182"><h3 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