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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ننوتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DA%89%DB%90" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ونډې</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>خبرې 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مالومات</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">پیل</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-منشاء" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#منشاء"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱</span> <span>منشاء</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-منشاء-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-د_جینوم_جوړښت_او_بېلابېلوالی" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#د_جینوم_جوړښت_او_بېلابېلوالی"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۲</span> <span>د جینوم جوړښت او بېلابېلوالی</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-د_جینوم_جوړښت_او_بېلابېلوالی-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-د_انسان_د_مایتوکاندري_ډي.اېن.اې_جینونه_او_د_هغوی_ټرانسکرېپشن" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#د_انسان_د_مایتوکاندري_ډي.اېن.اې_جینونه_او_د_هغوی_ټرانسکرېپشن"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳</span> <span>د انسان د مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې جینونه او د هغوی ټرانسکرېپشن</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-د_انسان_د_مایتوکاندري_ډي.اېن.اې_جینونه_او_د_هغوی_ټرانسکرېپشن-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-بدلونونه_او_ناروغۍ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#بدلونونه_او_ناروغۍ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۴</span> <span>بدلونونه او ناروغۍ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-بدلونونه_او_ناروغۍ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle بدلونونه او ناروغۍ subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-بدلونونه_او_ناروغۍ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-جنیټیکي_ناروغۍ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#جنیټیکي_ناروغۍ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۴.۱</span> <span>جنیټیکي ناروغۍ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-جنیټیکي_ناروغۍ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-د_ناروغۍ_په_تشخیص_کې_استفاده" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#د_ناروغۍ_په_تشخیص_کې_استفاده"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۴.۲</span> <span>د ناروغۍ په تشخیص کې استفاده</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-د_ناروغۍ_په_تشخیص_کې_استفاده-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-عصبي_ناروغۍ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#عصبي_ناروغۍ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۴.۳</span> <span>عصبي ناروغۍ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-عصبي_ناروغۍ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-په_عدلي_طب_کې_استفاده" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#په_عدلي_طب_کې_استفاده"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۵</span> <span>په عدلي طب کې استفاده</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-په_عدلي_طب_کې_استفاده-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-سرچينې" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#سرچينې"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۶</span> <span>سرچينې</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-سرچينې-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="مالومات" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ليکنه په بله ژبه کي وګورئ. دا ليکنه په ۵۴ ژبو کې شتون لري." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۵۴ ژبې</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondriale_DNS" title="Mitochondriale DNS – افریکانسي" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mitochondriale DNS" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="افریکانسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="دنا متقدرة – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دنا متقدرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="Мітахандрыяльная ДНК – بېلاروسي" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мітахандрыяльная ДНК" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بېلاروسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="Митохондриална ДНК – بلغاري" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Митохондриална ДНК" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitohondrijska_DNK" title="Mitohondrijska DNK – بوسني" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mitohondrijska DNK" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN_mitocondrial" title="ADN mitocondrial – کټلاني" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="ADN mitocondrial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کټلاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondri%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_DNA" title="Mitochondriální DNA – چېکي" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mitochondriální DNA" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چېکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitokondrielt_DNA" title="Mitokondrielt DNA – ډنمارکي" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mitokondrielt DNA" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ډنمارکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondriale_DNA" title="Mitochondriale DNA – الماني" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mitochondriale DNA" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C_DNA" title="Μιτοχονδριακό DNA – یوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μιτοχονδριακό DNA" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mitochondrial DNA" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoma_mitocondrial" title="Genoma mitocondrial – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Genoma mitocondrial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitokondriaalne_DNA" title="Mitokondriaalne DNA – حبشي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mitokondriaalne DNA" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="حبشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_mitokondrial" title="DNA mitokondrial – باسکي" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="DNA mitokondrial" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="دی‌ان‌ای میتوکندریایی – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دی‌ان‌ای میتوکندریایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9nome_mitochondrial" title="Génome mitochondrial – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Génome mitochondrial" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondriol_DNA" title="Mitochondriol DNA – شمالي فریسیان" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mitochondriol DNA" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="شمالي فریسیان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitogondriaal_DNA" title="Mitogondriaal DNA – لوېديځ فريشي" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mitogondriaal DNA" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="لوېديځ فريشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN_mitocondrial" title="ADN mitocondrial – ګلېشيايي" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="ADN mitocondrial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ګلېشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99" title="גנום מיטוכונדרי – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גנום מיטוכונדרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F" title="माइटोकाण्ड्रियाई डीएनए – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="माइटोकाण्ड्रियाई डीएनए" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitohondrijski_DNK" title="Mitohondrijski DNK – کروايشيايي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mitohondrijski DNK" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروايشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D4%B4%D5%86%D4%B9" title="Միտոքոնդրիալ ԴՆԹ – آرمينيايي" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միտոքոնդրիալ ԴՆԹ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="آرمينيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_mitokondria" title="DNA mitokondria – انډونېزي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="DNA mitokondria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انډونېزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_mitocondriale" title="DNA mitocondriale – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="DNA mitocondriale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%88%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2DNA" title="ミトコンドリアDNA – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミトコンドリアDNA" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%94%D0%9D%D2%9A" title="Митохондриялық ДНҚ – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Митохондриялық ДНҚ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%ED%86%A0%EC%BD%98%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_DNA" title="미토콘드리아 DNA – کوریایی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미토콘드리아 DNA" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN_mitochondriale" title="ADN mitochondriale – لاتیني" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="ADN mitochondriale" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاتیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="Митохондриска ДНК – مقدوني" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Митохондриска ДНК" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="مقدوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%A5" title="Митохондрийн ДНХ – منګولیایی" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Митохондрийн ДНХ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="منګولیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_mitokondrion" title="DNA mitokondrion – ملایا" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="DNA mitokondrion" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملایا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondriaal_DNA" title="Mitochondriaal DNA – هالېنډي" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mitochondriaal DNA" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="هالېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitokondrielt_DNA" title="Mitokondrielt DNA – ناروېئي (بوکمال)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mitokondrielt DNA" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (بوکمال)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrialny_DNA" title="Mitochondrialny DNA – پولنډي" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mitochondrialny DNA" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN_mitocondrial" title="ADN mitocondrial – پورتګالي" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="ADN mitocondrial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورتګالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN_mitocondrial" title="ADN mitocondrial – رومانیایی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="ADN mitocondrial" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="Митохондриальная ДНК – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Митохондриальная ДНК" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%BD%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84_%DA%8A%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="مائيٽوڪونڊريل ڊي اين اي – سندهي" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مائيٽوڪونڊريل ڊي اين اي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="سندهي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitohondrijski_genom" title="Mitohondrijski genom – سرب-کروشيايي" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mitohondrijski genom" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سرب-کروشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mitochondrial DNA" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondri%C3%A1lna_DNA" title="Mitochondriálna DNA – سلوواکي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mitochondriálna DNA" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitohondrijska_DNK" title="Mitohondrijska DNK – سلوواني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mitohondrijska DNK" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Митохондријски геном – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Митохондријски геном" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrioale_DNA" title="Mitochondrioale DNA – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Mitochondrioale DNA" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitokondriellt_DNA" title="Mitokondriellt DNA – سویډنی" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mitokondriellt DNA" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویډنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_ya_mitokondria" title="DNA ya mitokondria – سواهېلي" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="DNA ya mitokondria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="سواهېلي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="இழைமணிகளின் டி ஆக்சி-ரைபோநியூக்லியிக் காடி – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இழைமணிகளின் டி ஆக்சி-ரைபோநியூக்லியிக் காடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ดีเอ็นเอของไมโทคอนเดรีย – تايلېنډي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดีเอ็นเอของไมโทคอนเดรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="تايلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitokondriyal_DNA" title="Mitokondriyal DNA – ترکي" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mitokondriyal DNA" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="Мітохондріальна ДНК – اوکرايني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мітохондріальна ДНК" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="اوکرايني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_ty_th%E1%BB%83" title="DNA ty thể – وېتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="DNA ty thể" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="وېتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93DNA" title="线粒体DNA – چیني" lang="zh" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ps" dir="rtl"><p><b>مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې</b> (mtDNA یا mDNA) په مایتوکاندریا کې موجوده ډي.اېن.اې ده. مایتوکاندریا د یوکاریوټیک حجرو دننه حجروي ارګانیلونه دي چې له خوړو څخه کیمیاوي انرژي د حجرې لپاره پر کار وړ انرژي بدلوي چې یوه بېلګه یې اډینوزین ټرای فاسفېټ بللی شو. مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې په یوه یوکاریوټیک حجره کې د ډي.اېن.اې یوازې یوه کوچنۍ برخه ده؛ ډېری ډي.اېن.اې د حجرو په هستو، نباتاتو، اوبړیو او په کلوروپلاسټ غوندې پلاستیډونو کې موندل کېدای شي.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د انسان مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې د انسان د جینوم لومړۍ مهمه برخه وه چې تسلسل یې وموندل شو. دغه تسلسل څرګنده کړه چې د انسان په مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې کې ۱۶۵۶۹ غیر اسیدي جوړې شاملې دي چې ۱۳ پروتینونه کود کوي.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid72195342_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid72195342-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>څرنګه چې حیواني مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې د اټومي جنیټیک نښانګرو په پرتله چټک تکامل کوي، له دې امله د فیلوجنیټیک او تکاملي بیولوژۍ د اتکا اصلي نقطه څرګندوي. دغه ډول ډي.اېن.اې د نفوسو د تړاو ازمېښت ته هم زمینه برابروي او له همدې امله یې په انسان پېژندنه او بیوجیوګرافۍ کې اهمیت موندلی دی.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="منشاء"><span id=".D9.85.D9.86.D8.B4.D8.A7.D8.A1"></span>منشاء</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90&action=edit&section=1" title="د سمولو برخه: منشاء"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>فکر کېږي چې اټومي او مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې جلا تکاملي سرچینه لري. مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې د باکتریا له هغو دایروي جینومونو څخه مشتقه شوې ده چې د اوسنیو یوکاریوټیک حجرو د لومړنیو نوعو یا اجدادو له‌خوا احاضه شوي دي. دا تیوري د انډوسېمبیوټیک تیورۍ په نامه یادېږي. د موجودو ژوندیو موجوداتو په حجرو کې د پروټینونو لویه برخه چې په مایتوکوندریا کې موجوده ده (په تي لرونکو حیواناتو کې نږدې ۱۵۰۰ بېلابېل ډوله) د اټومي ډي.اېن.اې له‌خوا کود کړل شوې ده، خو فکر کېږي چې په دې کې ځینو جینونو لومړی باکتریايي ریښه لرله او له هغه راهیسې د تکامل په جریان کې یوکاریوټیک هستو ته انتقال شوي دي.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston,_I._G._and_Williams,_B._P._2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston,_I._G._and_Williams,_B._P._2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="د_جینوم_جوړښت_او_بېلابېلوالی"><span id=".D8.AF_.D8.AC.DB.8C.D9.86.D9.88.D9.85_.D8.AC.D9.88.DA.93.DA.9A.D8.AA_.D8.A7.D9.88_.D8.A8.DB.90.D9.84.D8.A7.D8.A8.DB.90.D9.84.D9.88.D8.A7.D9.84.DB.8C"></span>د جینوم جوړښت او بېلابېلوالی</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90&action=edit&section=2" title="د سمولو برخه: د جینوم جوړښت او بېلابېلوالی"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>په ټولو ژوندیو موجوداتو کې د مایتوکاندري جینومونو له ډلې شپږ ډوله اصلي جینومونه موجود دي چې د جوړښت (مثلاً دایروي جوړښت د خطي جوړښت په مقابل کې)، اندازې او د انټرونونو یا پلاسمید په څېر جوړښتونو له مخې ډلبندي کېږي او یا دا چې ایا جینټکي ماده یو واحد مالیکول دی که د متجانسو یا غیرمتجانسو مالیکولونو مجموعه ده.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolesnikov,_A._A._2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolesnikov,_A._A._2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="د_انسان_د_مایتوکاندري_ډي.اېن.اې_جینونه_او_د_هغوی_ټرانسکرېپشن"><span id=".D8.AF_.D8.A7.D9.86.D8.B3.D8.A7.D9.86_.D8.AF_.D9.85.D8.A7.DB.8C.D8.AA.D9.88.DA.A9.D8.A7.D9.86.D8.AF.D8.B1.D9.8A_.DA.89.D9.8A..D8.A7.DB.90.D9.86..D8.A7.DB.90_.D8.AC.DB.8C.D9.86.D9.88.D9.86.D9.87_.D8.A7.D9.88_.D8.AF_.D9.87.D8.BA.D9.88.DB.8C_.D9.BC.D8.B1.D8.A7.D9.86.D8.B3.DA.A9.D8.B1.DB.90.D9.BE.D8.B4.D9.86"></span>د انسان د مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې جینونه او د هغوی ټرانسکرېپشن</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90&action=edit&section=3" title="د سمولو برخه: د انسان د مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې جینونه او د هغوی ټرانسکرېپشن"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د انسان د مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې دوې رشتې د درندې او سپکې رشتې په ډول مشخصېږي. درنده رشته ګوانین لري او د اکسیډیټیو فاسفوریلېشن سیستم ۱۲ فرعي واحدونه، دوه رایبوزومي RNAs (12S او 16S) او ۱۴ انتقالي RNAs  (tRNAs) کود کوي. سپکه رشته یو فرعي واحد او اته tRNAs کود کوي. په ټولیز ډول مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې دوه rRNAs، دوه ویشت tRNAs او دیارلس د پروټین فرعي واحدونه کود کوي چې دا ټول د اکسیډیټ فاسفوریلېشن په پروسه کې رول لري.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29945721_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29945721-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid31064115_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31064115-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د اکثرو پروټین کوډ کوونکو ساحو تر منځtRNAs  شته. د ټرانسکرېپشن په جریان کېtRNAs  خپل ځانګړی L شکل خپلوي چې د ځانګړو انزایمونو په مرسته پېژندل کېږي او ماتېږي. د مایتوکاندري ار.اېن.اې په پروسس کولو سره انفرادي mRNA، rRNA او tRNA سلسلې له لومړني ټرانسکرېپشن څخه ازادېږي. له همدې امله، تاو شوې tRNAs د ثانوي جوړښت په توګه عمل کوي.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="بدلونونه_او_ناروغۍ"><span id=".D8.A8.D8.AF.D9.84.D9.88.D9.86.D9.88.D9.86.D9.87_.D8.A7.D9.88_.D9.86.D8.A7.D8.B1.D9.88.D8.BA.DB.8D"></span>بدلونونه او ناروغۍ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90&action=edit&section=4" title="د سمولو برخه: بدلونونه او ناروغۍ"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="جنیټیکي_ناروغۍ"><span id=".D8.AC.D9.86.DB.8C.D9.BC.DB.8C.DA.A9.D9.8A_.D9.86.D8.A7.D8.B1.D9.88.D8.BA.DB.8D"></span>جنیټیکي ناروغۍ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90&action=edit&section=5" title="د سمولو برخه: جنیټیکي ناروغۍ"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې بدلونونه ښايي د کیرنس-سیر سنډروم په څېر د ځينو ناروغیو لامل شي چې د یوه کس د زړه، سترګو او عضلاتي حرکتونو د فعالیت د منځه تلو لامل کېږي. ځینې شواهد څرګندوي چې دغه بدلونونه ښايي د زړېدو په پروسه او په سن پورې په اړوندو پتالوژیو کې ستره ونډه ولري. د ناروغۍ په برخه کې ویلی شو چې په حجره کې د بدلې شوې مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې د مالیکولونو تناسب ته هیتروپلازمي ویل کېږي. د حجرو د ننه او د حجرو تر منځ د هیټروپلازمي وېش د ناروغۍ پر پیل او شدت دلالت کوي او د حجرو د ننه او د پراختیا په جریان کې د پېچلو سټوچیسټیک پروسو تر اغېز لاندې راځي.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid26035426_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26035426-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>په مایتوکاندري tRNAs کې بدلونونه د جدي ناروغیو لکه MELAS او MERRF سنډرومونو لامل کېدای شي.<sup id="cite_ref-nature_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>په اټومي جینونو کې بدلونونه چې پروټینونه کود کوي او مایتوکوندریا یې کاروي، هغه هم په مایتوکاندري ناروغیو کې مرسته کولی شي. دا ناروغۍ د مایتوکاندري میراث د ډولونو پیروي نه کوي، بلکې د منډلي وراثت د نمونو پیروي کوي.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="د_ناروغۍ_په_تشخیص_کې_استفاده"><span id=".D8.AF_.D9.86.D8.A7.D8.B1.D9.88.D8.BA.DB.8D_.D9.BE.D9.87_.D8.AA.D8.B4.D8.AE.DB.8C.D8.B5_.DA.A9.DB.90_.D8.A7.D8.B3.D8.AA.D9.81.D8.A7.D8.AF.D9.87"></span>د ناروغۍ په تشخیص کې استفاده</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90&action=edit&section=6" title="د سمولو برخه: د ناروغۍ په تشخیص کې استفاده"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>په دې وروستیو کې په مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې کې یو بدلون کارول شوی دي تر څو په منفي پروسټاټ بایوپسي لرونکو ناروغانو کې د پروسټات د سرطان په تشخیص کې وکړي. د مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې بدلونونه د سرطان د ناروغانو په بایو مایعاتو کې تشخیصېدای شي. مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې د پولي مورفیزم او بدلونونو د لوړ نسبت په مرسته مشخصه شوې ده. ځینې یې د انساني پتالوژۍ د یوه مهم لامل په توګه پېژندل شوي چې د اکسیډیټیو فاسفوریلیشن (OXPHOS) اختلالات، له میندو څخه ارثي شکر ناروغۍ او کوڼ‌والی(MIDD) ، دوهم ډول شکر، عصبي تخریب، د زړه ناروغۍ او سرطان یې د بېلګې په توګه یادولی شو.<sup id="cite_ref-Mair_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mair-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20944788_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20944788-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20084081_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20084081-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="عصبي_ناروغۍ"><span id=".D8.B9.D8.B5.D8.A8.D9.8A_.D9.86.D8.A7.D8.B1.D9.88.D8.BA.DB.8D"></span>عصبي ناروغۍ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90&action=edit&section=7" title="د سمولو برخه: عصبي ناروغۍ"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې د زیان زیاتوالی د ګڼو عصبي ناروغیو یوه ځانګړنه ده. </p><p>په الزایمر ناروغۍ د اخته کسانو مغز په اټومي ډي.اېن.اې او مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې دواړو کې د اوکسیډیټیو ډي.اېن.اې د زیان لوړه کچه لري، خو مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې د اټومي ډي.اېن.اې په پرتله نږدې ۱۰ ځله لوړه کچه لري. داسې ویل شوي چې زړه مایتوکاندریا په الزایمر ناروغۍ کې د عصبي تخریب اصلي لامل دی.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15857398_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15857398-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid24733654_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24733654-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د هنټینګټون په ناروغۍ کې بدل شوی هینټینګټین پروټین د مایتوکاندري فعالیت د اختلال لامل کېږي چې د مایتوکاندري الکترون د انتقال مخنیوی، د عکس‌‌العمل لرونکي اکسیجن د ډولونو لوړه کچه او د اکسیډیټ فشار زیاتوالی په کې شامل دي. بدل شوی هینټينګټین پروتین د مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې او همداراز د اټومي ډي.اېن.اې د اکسیډیټیو سټرېس لامل کېږي چې ښايي د هنټینګټن ناروغۍ په لامل پېژندلو کې مرسته وکړي.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28785371_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28785371-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23602907_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23602907-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11904761_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11904761-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="په_عدلي_طب_کې_استفاده"><span id=".D9.BE.D9.87_.D8.B9.D8.AF.D9.84.D9.8A_.D8.B7.D8.A8_.DA.A9.DB.90_.D8.A7.D8.B3.D8.AA.D9.81.D8.A7.D8.AF.D9.87"></span>په عدلي طب کې استفاده</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90&action=edit&section=8" title="د سمولو برخه: په عدلي طب کې استفاده"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د اټومي ډي.اېن.اې برعکس، چې له مور او پلار دواړو څخه په ارثي ډول اخیستل کېږی او جینونه په کې د بیا یوځای کېدو په بهیر کې تنظیمېږي، معمولاً په مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې کې له مور او پلار څخه اولاد ته هېڅ بدلون نه‌شته. که څه هم مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې هم بیا ترکیب کېږي، خو دغه کار په ورته مایتوکاندريا کې د خپل ځان د کاپيانو په مرسته کوي. له دې امله چې د حیواناتو د مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې د بدلون کچه د اټومي ډي.اېن.اې په پرتله لوړه ده، مایتوکاندري ډي.اېن.اې د ښځو (د مور له لارې د خپلوۍ د نسب او اړیکې ټاکلو) له لارې د نسبونو د تعقیب لپاره یوه ښه وسیله ده او په دغه رول کې له سلګونو نسلونو څخه د ډېری ډولونو د نسب د موندلو لپاره کارول کېږي.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچينې"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.B1.DA.86.D9.8A.D9.86.DB.90"></span>سرچينې</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90&action=edit&section=9" title="د سمولو برخه: سرچينې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r262776">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFSykes2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bryan_Sykes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bryan Sykes (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Sykes B</a> (10 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907140051/http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD020876.html">"Mitochondrial DNA and human history"</a>. <i>The Human Genome</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wellcome_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wellcome Trust (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Wellcome Trust</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD020876.html">the original</a> on 7 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Human+Genome&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+DNA+and+human+history&rft.date=2003-09-10&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenome.wellcome.ac.uk%2Fdoc_WTD020876.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid72195342-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid72195342_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson_S,_Bankier_AT,_Barrell_BG,_de_Bruijn_MH,_Coulson_AR,_Drouin_J,_Eperon_IC,_Nierlich_DP,_Roe_BA,_Sanger_F,_Schreier_PH,_Smith_AJ,_Staden_R,_Young_IG.1981" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson S, Bankier AT, Barrell BG, de Bruijn MH, Coulson AR, Drouin J, Eperon IC, Nierlich DP, Roe BA, Sanger F, Schreier PH, Smith AJ, Staden R, Young IG. 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"Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome". <i>Nature</i>. <b>290</b> (5806): 457–65. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بيبکوډ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Natur.290..457A">1981Natur.290..457A</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F290457a0">10.1038/290457a0</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7219534">7219534</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سمانتیک اسکالر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4355527">4355527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Sequence+and+organization+of+the+human+mitochondrial+genome.&rft.volume=290&rft.issue=5806&rft.pages=457-65&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F290457a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4355527%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7219534&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981Natur.290..457A&rft.au=Anderson+S%2C+Bankier+AT%2C+Barrell+BG%2C+de+Bruijn+MH%2C+Coulson+AR%2C+Drouin+J%2C+Eperon+IC%2C+Nierlich+DP%2C+Roe+BA%2C+Sanger+F%2C+Schreier+PH%2C+Smith+AJ%2C+Staden+R%2C+Young+IG.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:Cite_journal" title="کينډۍ:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: سرچينه ساتل:څونوميز:ليکوالانو نوملړ (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87:%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84:%DA%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2:%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%84%DA%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="وېشنيزه:سرچينه ساتل:څونوميز:ليکوالانو نوملړ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBoursotBonhomme1986" class="citation journal cs1">Boursot P, Bonhomme F (1986-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713894">"[Not Available]"</a>. <i>Génétique, Sélection, Évolution</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 73–98. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1297-9686-18-1-73">10.1186/1297-9686-18-1-73</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713894">2713894</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22879234">22879234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=G%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique%2C+S%C3%A9lection%2C+%C3%89volution&rft.atitle=%5BNot+Available%5D&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-98&rft.date=1986-01-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2713894%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22879234&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1297-9686-18-1-73&rft.aulast=Boursot&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Bonhomme%2C+F&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2713894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFDelsucStanhopeDouzery2003" class="citation journal cs1">Delsuc F, Stanhope MJ, Douzery EJ (August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00192983">"Molecular systematics of armadillos (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae): contribution of maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear genes"</a>. <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 261–75. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1055-7903%2803%2900111-8">10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00111-8</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12878463">12878463</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181104170057/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00192983">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Molecular+systematics+of+armadillos+%28Xenarthra%2C+Dasypodidae%29%3A+contribution+of+maximum+likelihood+and+Bayesian+analyses+of+mitochondrial+and+nuclear+genes&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=261-75&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs1055-7903%2803%2900111-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12878463&rft.aulast=Delsuc&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Stanhope%2C+MJ&rft.au=Douzery%2C+EJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalsde-00192983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFHassaninAnRopiquetNguyen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hassanin A, An J, Ropiquet A, Nguyen TT, Couloux A (March 2013). "Combining multiple autosomal introns for studying shallow phylogeny and taxonomy of Laurasiatherian mammals: Application to the tribe Bovini (Cetartiodactyla, Bovidae)". <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>. <b>66</b> (3): 766–75. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2012.11.003">10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.003</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23159894">23159894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Combining+multiple+autosomal+introns+for+studying+shallow+phylogeny+and+taxonomy+of+Laurasiatherian+mammals%3A+Application+to+the+tribe+Bovini+%28Cetartiodactyla%2C+Bovidae%29&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=766-75&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2012.11.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23159894&rft.aulast=Hassanin&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=An%2C+J&rft.au=Ropiquet%2C+A&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+TT&rft.au=Couloux%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnston,_I._G._and_Williams,_B._P._2016-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnston,_I._G._and_Williams,_B._P._2016_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstonWilliams2016" class="citation journal cs1">Johnston IG, Williams BP (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cels.2016.01.013">"Evolutionary Inference across Eukaryotes Identifies Specific Pressures Favoring Mitochondrial Gene Retention"</a>. <i>Cell Systems</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 101–11. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cels.2016.01.013">10.1016/j.cels.2016.01.013</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27135164">27135164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell+Systems&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+Inference+across+Eukaryotes+Identifies+Specific+Pressures+Favoring+Mitochondrial+Gene+Retention&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-11&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cels.2016.01.013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27135164&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=IG&rft.au=Williams%2C+BP&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cels.2016.01.013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_GiezenTovarClark2005" class="citation book cs1">van der Giezen, Mark; Tovar, Jorge; Clark, C. Graham (2005). "Mitochondrion‐Derived Organelles in Protists and Fungi". <i>A Survey of Cell Biology</i>. International Review of Cytology. Vol. 244. pp. 175–225. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0074-7696%2805%2944005-X">10.1016/S0074-7696(05)44005-X</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-12-364648-4" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-12-364648-4 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-12-364648-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16157181">16157181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mitochondrion%E2%80%90Derived+Organelles+in+Protists+and+Fungi&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Cell+Biology&rft.series=International+Review+of+Cytology&rft.pages=175-225&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16157181&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0074-7696%2805%2944005-X&rft.isbn=978-0-12-364648-4&rft.aulast=van+der+Giezen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Tovar%2C+Jorge&rft.au=Clark%2C+C.+Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsPalmer2003" class="citation journal cs1">Adams KL, Palmer JD (December 2003). "Evolution of mitochondrial gene content: gene loss and transfer to the nucleus". <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 380–95. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1055-7903%2803%2900194-5">10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00194-5</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14615181">14615181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+mitochondrial+gene+content%3A+gene+loss+and+transfer+to+the+nucleus&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=380-95&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1055-7903%2803%2900194-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14615181&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=KL&rft.au=Palmer%2C+JD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBjörkholmHarishHagströmErnst2015" class="citation journal cs1">Björkholm P, Harish A, Hagström E, Ernst AM, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siv_G._E._Andersson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siv G. E. Andersson (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Andersson SG</a> (August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4547212">"Mitochondrial genomes are retained by selective constraints on protein targeting"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>112</b> (33): 10154–61. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بيبکوډ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..11210154B">2015PNAS..11210154B</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1421372112">10.1073/pnas.1421372112</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4547212">4547212</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26195779">26195779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+genomes+are+retained+by+selective+constraints+on+protein+targeting&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=10154-61&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4547212%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26195779&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1421372112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..11210154B&rft.aulast=Bj%C3%B6rkholm&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Harish%2C+A&rft.au=Hagstr%C3%B6m%2C+E&rft.au=Ernst%2C+AM&rft.au=Andersson%2C+SG&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4547212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Allen JF (August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4547249">"Why chloroplasts and mitochondria retain their own genomes and genetic systems: Colocation for redox regulation of gene expression"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>112</b> (33): 10231–8. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بيبکوډ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..11210231A">2015PNAS..11210231A</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1500012112">10.1073/pnas.1500012112</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4547249">4547249</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26286985">26286985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Why+chloroplasts+and+mitochondria+retain+their+own+genomes+and+genetic+systems%3A+Colocation+for+redox+regulation+of+gene+expression&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=10231-8&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4547249%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26286985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1500012112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..11210231A&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=JF&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4547249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolesnikov,_A._A._2012-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kolesnikov,_A._A._2012_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFKolesnikovGerasimov2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kolesnikov AA, Gerasimov ES (December 2012). "Diversity of mitochondrial genome organization". <i>Biochemistry. Biokhimiia</i>. <b>77</b> (13): 1424–35. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS0006297912130020">10.1134/S0006297912130020</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23379519">23379519</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سمانتیک اسکالر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14441187">14441187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemistry.+Biokhimiia&rft.atitle=Diversity+of+mitochondrial+genome+organization&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=1424-35&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14441187%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23379519&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2FS0006297912130020&rft.aulast=Kolesnikov&rft.aufirst=AA&rft.au=Gerasimov%2C+ES&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFNosekTomáskaFukuharaSuyama1998" class="citation journal cs1">Nosek J, Tomáska L, Fukuhara H, Suyama Y, Kovác L (May 1998). "Linear mitochondrial genomes: 30 years down the line". <i>Trends in Genetics</i>. <b>14</b> (5): 184–8. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0168-9525%2898%2901443-7">10.1016/S0168-9525(98)01443-7</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9613202">9613202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Genetics&rft.atitle=Linear+mitochondrial+genomes%3A+30+years+down+the+line&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=184-8&rft.date=1998-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0168-9525%2898%2901443-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9613202&rft.aulast=Nosek&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Tom%C3%A1ska%2C+L&rft.au=Fukuhara%2C+H&rft.au=Suyama%2C+Y&rft.au=Kov%C3%A1c%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29945721-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid29945721_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBarshadMaromCohenMishmar2018" class="citation journal cs1">Barshad G, Marom S, Cohen T, Mishmar D (2018). "Mitochondrial DNA Transcription and Its Regulation: An Evolutionary Perspective". <i>Trends Genet</i>. <b>34</b> (9): 682–692. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tig.2018.05.009">10.1016/j.tig.2018.05.009</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29945721">29945721</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سمانتیک اسکالر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49430452">49430452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Genet&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+DNA+Transcription+and+Its+Regulation%3A+An+Evolutionary+Perspective.&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=682-692&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A49430452%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29945721&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tig.2018.05.009&rft.aulast=Barshad&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Marom%2C+S&rft.au=Cohen%2C+T&rft.au=Mishmar%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31064115-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid31064115_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBarchiesi_A,_Vascotto_C2019" class="citation journal cs1">Barchiesi A, Vascotto C (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6540609">"Transcription, Processing, and Decay of Mitochondrial RNA in Health and Disease"</a>. <i>Int J Mol Sci</i>. <b>20</b> (9): 2221. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms20092221">10.3390/ijms20092221</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6540609">6540609</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31064115">31064115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Mol+Sci&rft.atitle=Transcription%2C+Processing%2C+and+Decay+of+Mitochondrial+RNA+in+Health+and+Disease.&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2221&rft.date=2019&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6540609%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31064115&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijms20092221&rft.au=Barchiesi+A%2C+Vascotto+C&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6540609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFFalkenbergLarssonGustafsson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Falkenberg M, Larsson NG, Gustafsson CM (2007-06-19). "DNA replication and transcription in mammalian mitochondria". <i>Annual Review of Biochemistry</i>. <b>76</b> (1): 679–99. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.76.060305.152028">10.1146/annurev.biochem.76.060305.152028</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17408359">17408359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=DNA+replication+and+transcription+in+mammalian+mitochondria&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=679-99&rft.date=2007-06-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.76.060305.152028&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17408359&rft.aulast=Falkenberg&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Larsson%2C+NG&rft.au=Gustafsson%2C+CM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFOjalaMontoyaAttardi1981" class="citation journal cs1">Ojala D, Montoya J, Attardi G (April 1981). 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href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سمانتیک اسکالر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4323371">4323371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=tRNA+punctuation+model+of+RNA+processing+in+human+mitochondria&rft.volume=290&rft.issue=5806&rft.pages=470-4&rft.date=1981-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F290470a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4323371%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7219536&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981Natur.290..470O&rft.aulast=Ojala&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Montoya%2C+J&rft.au=Attardi%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBurgstallerJohnstonJonesAlbrechtová2014" class="citation journal cs1">Burgstaller JP, Johnston IG, Jones NS, Albrechtová J, Kolbe T, Vogl C, Futschik A, Mayrhofer C, Klein D, Sabitzer S, Blattner M, Gülly C, Poulton J, Rülicke T, Piálek J, Steinborn R, Brem G (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4570183">"MtDNA segregation in heteroplasmic tissues is common in vivo and modulated by haplotype differences and developmental stage"</a>. <i>Cell Reports</i>. <b>7</b> (6): 2031–2041. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.celrep.2014.05.020">10.1016/j.celrep.2014.05.020</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4570183">4570183</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24910436">24910436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell+Reports&rft.atitle=MtDNA+segregation+in+heteroplasmic+tissues+is+common+in+vivo+and+modulated+by+haplotype+differences+and+developmental+stage&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2031-2041&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4570183%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24910436&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.celrep.2014.05.020&rft.aulast=Burgstaller&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Johnston%2C+IG&rft.au=Jones%2C+NS&rft.au=Albrechtov%C3%A1%2C+J&rft.au=Kolbe%2C+T&rft.au=Vogl%2C+C&rft.au=Futschik%2C+A&rft.au=Mayrhofer%2C+C&rft.au=Klein%2C+D&rft.au=Sabitzer%2C+S&rft.au=Blattner%2C+M&rft.au=G%C3%BClly%2C+C&rft.au=Poulton%2C+J&rft.au=R%C3%BClicke%2C+T&rft.au=Pi%C3%A1lek%2C+J&rft.au=Steinborn%2C+R&rft.au=Brem%2C+G&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4570183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBurgstallerJohnstonPoulton2015" class="citation journal cs1">Burgstaller JP, Johnston IG, Poulton J (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4275042">"Mitochondrial DNA disease and developmental implications for reproductive strategies"</a>. <i>Molecular Human Reproduction</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 11–22. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolehr%2Fgau090">10.1093/molehr/gau090</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4275042">4275042</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25425607">25425607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Human+Reproduction&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+DNA+disease+and+developmental+implications+for+reproductive+strategies&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-22&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4275042%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25425607&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolehr%2Fgau090&rft.aulast=Burgstaller&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Johnston%2C+IG&rft.au=Poulton%2C+J&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4275042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26035426-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid26035426_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstonBurgstallerHavlicekKolbe2015" class="citation journal cs1">Johnston IG, Burgstaller JP, Havlicek V, Kolbe T, Rülicke T, Brem G, Poulton J, Jones NS (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4486817">"Stochastic modelling, Bayesian inference, and new in vivo measurements elucidate the debated mtDNA bottleneck mechanism"</a>. <i>eLife</i>. <b>4</b>: e07464. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88_(%D9%88%DB%90%D8%A8%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%BC%D9%87)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ارکايو (وېبپاڼه) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1512.02988">1512.02988</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.07464">10.7554/eLife.07464</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4486817">4486817</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26035426">26035426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eLife&rft.atitle=Stochastic+modelling%2C+Bayesian+inference%2C+and+new+in+vivo+measurements+elucidate+the+debated+mtDNA+bottleneck+mechanism&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=e07464&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4486817%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26035426&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1512.02988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7554%2FeLife.07464&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=IG&rft.au=Burgstaller%2C+JP&rft.au=Havlicek%2C+V&rft.au=Kolbe%2C+T&rft.au=R%C3%BClicke%2C+T&rft.au=Brem%2C+G&rft.au=Poulton%2C+J&rft.au=Jones%2C+NS&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4486817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFAlexeyevLedouxWilson2004" class="citation journal cs1">Alexeyev MF, Ledoux SP, Wilson GL (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c52e27abb1cf6e2d1b5690da425435216da78aab">"Mitochondrial DNA and aging"</a>. <i>Clinical Science</i>. <b>107</b> (4): 355–64. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1042%2FCS20040148">10.1042/CS20040148</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15279618">15279618</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سمانتیک اسکالر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5747202">5747202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Science&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+DNA+and+aging&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=355-64&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5747202%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15279618&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1042%2FCS20040148&rft.aulast=Alexeyev&rft.aufirst=MF&rft.au=Ledoux%2C+SP&rft.au=Wilson%2C+GL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2Fc52e27abb1cf6e2d1b5690da425435216da78aab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nature-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nature_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorTurnbull2005" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor RW, Turnbull DM (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1762815">"Mitochondrial DNA mutations in human disease"</a>. <i>Nature Reviews Genetics</i>. <b>6</b> (5): 389–402. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg1606">10.1038/nrg1606</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1762815">1762815</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15861210">15861210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Genetics&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+DNA+mutations+in+human+disease&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=389-402&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1762815%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15861210&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrg1606&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=RW&rft.au=Turnbull%2C+DM&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1762815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFAngeliniBelloSpinazziFerrati2009" class="citation journal cs1">Angelini C, Bello L, Spinazzi M, Ferrati C (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2859630">"Mitochondrial disorders of the nuclear genome"</a>. <i>Acta Myologica</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 16–23. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2859630">2859630</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19772191">19772191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Myologica&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+disorders+of+the+nuclear+genome&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-23&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2859630%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19772191&rft.aulast=Angelini&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Bello%2C+L&rft.au=Spinazzi%2C+M&rft.au=Ferrati%2C+C&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2859630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mair-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mair_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFMair2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mair, R (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/286401">"Measurement of plasma cell-free mitochondrial tumor DNA improves detection of glioblastoma in patient-derived orthotopic xenograft models"</a>. <i>Cancer Research</i>. <b>79</b> (1): 220–230. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-18-0074">10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-0074</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6753020">6753020</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30389699">30389699</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924104515/https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/286401">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Research&rft.atitle=Measurement+of+plasma+cell-free+mitochondrial+tumor+DNA+improves+detection+of+glioblastoma+in+patient-derived+orthotopic+xenograft+models.&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=220-230&rft.date=2019&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6753020%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30389699&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-18-0074&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.cam.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F1810%2F286401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20944788-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20944788_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFRegulyJakupciakParr2010" class="citation journal cs1">Reguly B, Jakupciak JP, Parr RL (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2950771">"3.4 kb mitochondrial genome deletion serves as a surrogate predictive biomarker for prostate cancer in histopathologically benign biopsy cores"</a>. <i>Canadian Urological Association Journal</i>. <b>4</b> (5): E118-22. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5489%2Fcuaj.932">10.5489/cuaj.932</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2950771">2950771</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20944788">20944788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Urological+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=3.4+kb+mitochondrial+genome+deletion+serves+as+a+surrogate+predictive+biomarker+for+prostate+cancer+in+histopathologically+benign+biopsy+cores&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=E118-22&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2950771%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20944788&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5489%2Fcuaj.932&rft.aulast=Reguly&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Jakupciak%2C+JP&rft.au=Parr%2C+RL&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2950771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20084081-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20084081_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonCreedRegulyPowell2010" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson K, Creed J, Reguly B, Powell C, Wittock R, Klein D, Maggrah A, Klotz L, Parr RL, Dakubo GD (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fpcan.2009.64">"Accurate prediction of repeat prostate biopsy outcomes by a mitochondrial DNA deletion assay"</a>. <i>Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 126–31. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fpcan.2009.64">10.1038/pcan.2009.64</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20084081">20084081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prostate+Cancer+and+Prostatic+Diseases&rft.atitle=Accurate+prediction+of+repeat+prostate+biopsy+outcomes+by+a+mitochondrial+DNA+deletion+assay&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=126-31&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fpcan.2009.64&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20084081&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Creed%2C+J&rft.au=Reguly%2C+B&rft.au=Powell%2C+C&rft.au=Wittock%2C+R&rft.au=Klein%2C+D&rft.au=Maggrah%2C+A&rft.au=Klotz%2C+L&rft.au=Parr%2C+RL&rft.au=Dakubo%2C+GD&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fpcan.2009.64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15857398-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15857398_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFWangXiongXieMarkesbery2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wang J, Xiong S, Xie C, Markesbery WR, Lovell MA (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-4159.2005.03053.x">"Increased oxidative damage in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in Alzheimer's disease"</a>. <i>Journal of Neurochemistry</i>. <b>93</b> (4): 953–62. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-4159.2005.03053.x">10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03053.x</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15857398">15857398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurochemistry&rft.atitle=Increased+oxidative+damage+in+nuclear+and+mitochondrial+DNA+in+Alzheimer%27s+disease&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=953-62&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1471-4159.2005.03053.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15857398&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Xiong%2C+S&rft.au=Xie%2C+C&rft.au=Markesbery%2C+WR&rft.au=Lovell%2C+MA&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1471-4159.2005.03053.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24733654-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24733654_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBondaWangLeeSmith2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bonda DJ, Wang X, Lee HG, Smith MA, Perry G, Zhu X (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4097013">"Neuronal failure in Alzheimer's disease: a view through the oxidative stress looking-glass"</a>. <i>Neuroscience Bulletin</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 243–52. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12264-013-1424-x">10.1007/s12264-013-1424-x</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4097013">4097013</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24733654">24733654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Neuronal+failure+in+Alzheimer%27s+disease%3A+a+view+through+the+oxidative+stress+looking-glass&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=243-52&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4097013%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24733654&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12264-013-1424-x&rft.aulast=Bonda&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Wang%2C+X&rft.au=Lee%2C+HG&rft.au=Smith%2C+MA&rft.au=Perry%2C+G&rft.au=Zhu%2C+X&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4097013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid28785371-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid28785371_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFLiuZhouZieglerDimitrion2017" class="citation journal cs1">Liu Z, Zhou T, Ziegler AC, Dimitrion P, Zuo L (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5529664">"Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Applications"</a>. <i>Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity</i>. <b>2017</b>: 2525967. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2017%2F2525967">10.1155/2017/2525967</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5529664">5529664</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28785371">28785371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxidative+Medicine+and+Cellular+Longevity&rft.atitle=Oxidative+Stress+in+Neurodegenerative+Diseases%3A+From+Molecular+Mechanisms+to+Clinical+Applications&rft.volume=2017&rft.pages=2525967&rft.date=2017&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5529664%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28785371&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2017%2F2525967&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Zhou%2C+T&rft.au=Ziegler%2C+AC&rft.au=Dimitrion%2C+P&rft.au=Zuo%2C+L&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5529664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23602907-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23602907_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFAyala-Peña2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ayala-Peña S (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3722255">"Role of oxidative DNA damage in mitochondrial dysfunction and Huntington's disease pathogenesis"</a>. <i>Free Radical Biology & Medicine</i>. <b>62</b>: 102–110. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.freeradbiomed.2013.04.017">10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.017</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3722255">3722255</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23602907">23602907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Free+Radical+Biology+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=Role+of+oxidative+DNA+damage+in+mitochondrial+dysfunction+and+Huntington%27s+disease+pathogenesis&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=102-110&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3722255%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23602907&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.freeradbiomed.2013.04.017&rft.aulast=Ayala-Pe%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3722255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11904761-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11904761_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFKikuchiFurutaNishiokaSuzuki2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kikuchi H, Furuta A, Nishioka K, Suzuki SO, Nakabeppu Y, Iwaki T (April 2002). "Impairment of mitochondrial DNA repair enzymes against accumulation of 8-oxo-guanine in the spinal motor neurons of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". <i>Acta Neuropathologica</i>. <b>103</b> (4): 408–14. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00401-001-0480-x">10.1007/s00401-001-0480-x</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11904761">11904761</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سمانتیک اسکالر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2102463">2102463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Neuropathologica&rft.atitle=Impairment+of+mitochondrial+DNA+repair+enzymes+against+accumulation+of+8-oxo-guanine+in+the+spinal+motor+neurons+of+amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=408-14&rft.date=2002-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2102463%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11904761&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00401-001-0480-x&rft.aulast=Kikuchi&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Furuta%2C+A&rft.au=Nishioka%2C+K&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+SO&rft.au=Nakabeppu%2C+Y&rft.au=Iwaki%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBrownGeorgeWilson1979" class="citation journal cs1">Brown WM, George M, Wilson AC (April 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC383514">"Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>76</b> (4): 1967–71. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بيبکوډ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979PNAS...76.1967B">1979PNAS...76.1967B</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.76.4.1967">10.1073/pnas.76.4.1967</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="جی سټور (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/69636">69636</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC383514">383514</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/109836">109836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Rapid+evolution+of+animal+mitochondrial+DNA&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1967-71&rft.date=1979-04&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC383514%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F69636%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979PNAS...76.1967B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F109836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.76.4.1967&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=WM&rft.au=George%2C+M&rft.au=Wilson%2C+AC&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC383514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A+%DA%89%D9%8A.%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86.%D8%A7%DB%90" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img 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