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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economic efficiency</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_efficiency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic efficiency subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Small-scale_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small-scale_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Small-scale facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small-scale_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Location requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Potential technologies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Potential_technologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Potential technologies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Potential_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seawater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seawater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Seawater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seawater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freshwater_coastal_reservoirs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freshwater_coastal_reservoirs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Freshwater coastal reservoirs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freshwater_coastal_reservoirs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underground_reservoirs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underground_reservoirs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Underground reservoirs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underground_reservoirs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decentralised_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decentralised_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Decentralised systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decentralised_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underwater_reservoirs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underwater_reservoirs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Underwater reservoirs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underwater_reservoirs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-density_pumped_hydro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-density_pumped_hydro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>High-density pumped hydro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-density_pumped_hydro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Worldwide use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worldwide_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Worldwide use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Worldwide_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Hybrid systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pumped-storage hydroelectricity</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompopgaarskema" title="Pompopgaarskema – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pompopgaarskema" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%B6%D8%AE_%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="محطة ضخ وتخزين الطاقة الكهرومائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محطة ضخ وتخزين الطاقة الكهرومائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%85%D9%BE_%D8%B0%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="پومپ ذخیره‌له‌مه الکتریک مرکزی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پومپ ذخیره‌له‌مه الکتریک مرکزی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Помпено-акумулираща водноелектрическа централа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Помпено-акумулираща водноелектрическа централа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_hidroel%C3%A8ctrica_reversible" title="Central hidroelèctrica reversible – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Central hidroelèctrica reversible" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99e%C4%8Derp%C3%A1vac%C3%AD_vodn%C3%AD_elektr%C3%A1rna" title="Přečerpávací vodní elektrárna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přečerpávací vodní elektrárna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8jdelager" title="Højdelager – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Højdelager" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpspeicherkraftwerk" title="Pumpspeicherkraftwerk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pumpspeicherkraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpelektrijaam" title="Pumpelektrijaam – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pumpelektrijaam" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_hidroel%C3%A9ctrica_reversible" title="Central hidroeléctrica reversible – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Central hidroeléctrica reversible" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumprezerva_akvoenergia_centralo" title="Pumprezerva akvoenergia centralo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pumprezerva akvoenergia centralo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentral_hidroelektriko_itzulgarri" title="Zentral hidroelektriko itzulgarri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zentral hidroelektriko itzulgarri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B0%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="نیروگاه تلمبه ذخیره‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروگاه تلمبه ذخیره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompage-turbinage" title="Pompage-turbinage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pompage-turbinage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%88%98_%EB%B0%9C%EC%A0%84" title="양수 발전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양수 발전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverzibilne_hidroelektrane" title="Reverzibilne hidroelektrane – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Reverzibilne hidroelektrane" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrale_idroelettrica#Centrali_con_impianti_ad_accumulazione" title="Centrale idroelettrica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Centrale idroelettrica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94" title="אנרגיה שאובה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנרגיה שאובה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Су айдыны – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Су айдыны" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B_(%D0%93%D0%90%D0%AD%D0%A1)" title="Гидроаккумулятор электр станциясы (ГАЭС) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гидроаккумулятор электр станциясы (ГАЭС)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroakumul%C4%81cijas_elektrostacija" title="Hidroakumulācijas elektrostacija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hidroakumulācijas elektrostacija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroakumuliacin%C4%97_elektrin%C4%97" title="Hidroakumuliacinė elektrinė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hidroakumuliacinė elektrinė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" 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For storage of water for other purposes, see <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raccoon_Mountain_Pumped-Storage_Plant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Raccoon_Mountain_Pumped-Storage_Plant.svg/300px-Raccoon_Mountain_Pumped-Storage_Plant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Raccoon_Mountain_Pumped-Storage_Plant.svg/450px-Raccoon_Mountain_Pumped-Storage_Plant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Raccoon_Mountain_Pumped-Storage_Plant.svg/600px-Raccoon_Mountain_Pumped-Storage_Plant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="326" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A diagram of the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">TVA</a> pumped storage facility at <a href="/wiki/Raccoon_Mountain_Pumped-Storage_Plant" title="Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant">Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant</a> in Tennessee, United States</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LudingtonPumpedHydro.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/LudingtonPumpedHydro.png/220px-LudingtonPumpedHydro.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/LudingtonPumpedHydro.png/330px-LudingtonPumpedHydro.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/LudingtonPumpedHydro.png/440px-LudingtonPumpedHydro.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ludington_Pumped_Storage_Power_Plant" title="Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant">Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pumped-storage hydroelectricity</b> (<b>PSH</b>), or <b>pumped hydroelectric energy storage</b> (<b>PHES</b>), is a type of <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> <a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">energy storage</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_system" title="Electric power system">electric power systems</a> for <a href="/wiki/Load_balancing_(electrical_power)" title="Load balancing (electrical power)">load balancing</a>. A PSH system stores energy in the form of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_potential_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational potential energy">gravitational potential energy</a> of water, pumped from a lower elevation <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoir</a> to a higher elevation. Low-cost surplus off-peak electric power is typically used to run the pumps. During periods of high electrical demand, the stored water is released through <a href="/wiki/Water_turbine" title="Water turbine">turbines</a> to produce electric power. </p><p>Pumped-storage hydroelectricity allows energy from <a href="/wiki/Intermittent_energy_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermittent energy source">intermittent sources</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind</a>, and other renewables) or excess electricity from continuous base-load sources (such as coal or nuclear) to be saved for periods of higher demand.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reservoirs used with pumped storage can be quite small, when contrasted with the lakes of conventional hydroelectric plants of similar power capacity, and generating periods are often less than half a day. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Round-trip_efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Round-trip efficiency">round-trip efficiency</a> of PSH varies between 70% and 80%. Although the losses of the pumping process make the plant a net consumer of energy overall, the system increases revenue by selling more electricity during periods of <a href="/wiki/Peak_demand" title="Peak demand">peak demand</a>, when electricity prices are highest. If the upper lake collects significant rainfall, or is fed by a river, then the plant may be a net energy producer in the manner of a traditional hydroelectric plant. </p><p>Pumped storage is by far the largest-capacity form of <a href="/wiki/Grid_energy_storage" title="Grid energy storage">grid energy storage</a> available, and, as of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, accounts for around 95% of all active storage installations worldwide, with a total installed throughput capacity of over 181 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt">GW</a> and as of 2020 a total installed storage capacity of over 1.6 <a href="/wiki/TWh" class="mw-redirect" title="TWh">TWh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_principle">Basic principle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Basic principle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pumpspeicherkraftwerk_engl.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pumpspeicherkraftwerk_engl.png/203px-Pumpspeicherkraftwerk_engl.png" decoding="async" width="203" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pumpspeicherkraftwerk_engl.png/305px-Pumpspeicherkraftwerk_engl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pumpspeicherkraftwerk_engl.png/406px-Pumpspeicherkraftwerk_engl.png 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="538" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Power distribution, over a day, of a pumped-storage hydroelectricity facility. Green represents power consumed in pumping. Red is power generated.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:233px;max-width:233px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20240706_Energy_storage_-_renewable_energy_-_battery_-_100_ms.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/20240706_Energy_storage_-_renewable_energy_-_battery_-_100_ms.gif/231px-20240706_Energy_storage_-_renewable_energy_-_battery_-_100_ms.gif" decoding="async" width="231" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/20240706_Energy_storage_-_renewable_energy_-_battery_-_100_ms.gif/347px-20240706_Energy_storage_-_renewable_energy_-_battery_-_100_ms.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/20240706_Energy_storage_-_renewable_energy_-_battery_-_100_ms.gif/462px-20240706_Energy_storage_-_renewable_energy_-_battery_-_100_ms.gif 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Energy from a source such as sunlight is used to lift water upward against the force of gravity, giving it potential energy. The stored potential energy is later converted to electricity that is added to the power grid, even when the original energy source is not available.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>A pumped-storage hydroelectricity generally consists of two water reservoirs at different heights, connected with each other. At times of low electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the upper reservoir. When there is higher demand, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a>, generating electricity. Pumped storage plants usually use reversible turbine/generator assemblies, which can act both as a pump and as a turbine generator (usually <a href="/wiki/Francis_turbine" title="Francis turbine">Francis turbine</a> designs).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variable speed operation further optimizes the round trip efficiency in pumped hydro storage plants.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In micro-PSH applications, a group of pumps and <a href="/wiki/Pump_As_Turbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pump As Turbine">Pump As Turbine</a> (PAT) could be implemented respectively for pumping and generating phases.<sup id="cite_ref-:1a_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1a-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same pump could be used in both modes by changing rotational direction and speed:<sup id="cite_ref-:1a_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1a-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the operation point in pumping usually differs from the operation point in PAT mode. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In closed-loop systems, pure pumped-storage plants store water in an upper reservoir with no natural inflows, while pump-back plants utilize a combination of pumped storage and conventional <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric plants</a> with an upper reservoir that is replenished in part by natural inflows from a stream or river. Plants that do not use pumped storage are referred to as conventional hydroelectric plants; conventional hydroelectric plants that have significant storage capacity may be able to play a similar role in the <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">electrical grid</a> as pumped storage if appropriately equipped. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_efficiency">Economic efficiency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economic efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taking into account conversion losses and evaporation losses from the exposed water surface, <a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">energy recovery</a> of 70–80% or more can be achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-EconomistPSH_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EconomistPSH-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thier_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thier-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levine_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yang_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ESA_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique is currently the most cost-effective means of storing large amounts of electrical energy, but capital costs and the necessity of appropriate geography are critical decision factors in selecting pumped-storage plant sites. </p><p>The relatively low energy density of pumped storage systems requires either large flows and/or large differences in height between reservoirs. The only way to store a significant amount of energy is by having a large body of water located relatively near, but as high as possible above, a second body of water. In some places this occurs naturally, in others one or both bodies of water were man-made. Projects in which both reservoirs are artificial and in which no natural inflows are involved with either reservoir are referred to as "closed loop" systems.<sup id="cite_ref-ferc-psp-def_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferc-psp-def-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These systems may be economical because they flatten out load variations on the power grid, permitting <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_station" title="Thermal power station">thermal power stations</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuel power plant">coal-fired plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plants</a> that provide base-load electricity to continue operating at peak efficiency, while reducing the need for "peaking" power plants that use the same fuels as many base-load thermal plants, gas and oil, but have been designed for flexibility rather than maximal efficiency. Hence pumped storage systems are crucial when <a href="/wiki/Unit_commitment_problem_in_electrical_power_production" title="Unit commitment problem in electrical power production">coordinating large groups of heterogeneous generators</a>. Capital costs for pumped-storage plants are relatively high, although this is somewhat mitigated by their proven long service life of decades - and in some cases over a century,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is three to five times longer than utility-scale batteries. When <a href="/wiki/Negative_pricing#Electricity" title="Negative pricing">electricity prices become negative</a>, pumped hydro operators may earn twice - when "buying" the electricity to pump the water to the upper reservoir at negative <a href="/wiki/Spot_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Spot price">spot prices</a> and again when selling the electricity at a later time when prices are high. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stwlan.dam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Stwlan.dam.jpg/220px-Stwlan.dam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Stwlan.dam.jpg/330px-Stwlan.dam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Stwlan.dam.jpg/440px-Stwlan.dam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>The upper reservoir, Llyn Stwlan, and dam of the <a href="/wiki/Ffestiniog_Power_Station" title="Ffestiniog Power Station">Ffestiniog Pumped Storage Scheme</a> in North <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. The lower power station has four water turbines which generate 360 MW of electricity within 60 seconds of the need arising.</figcaption></figure> <p>Along with energy management, pumped storage systems help stabilize <a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">electrical network frequency</a> and provide reserve generation. Thermal plants are much less able to respond to sudden changes in electrical demand that potentially cause frequency and <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> instability. Pumped storage plants, like other hydroelectric plants, can respond to load changes within seconds. </p><p>The most important use for pumped storage has traditionally been to balance baseload powerplants, but they may also be used to <a href="/wiki/Load_following_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Load following power plant">abate</a> the fluctuating output of <a href="/wiki/Intermittent_energy_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermittent energy source">intermittent energy sources</a>. Pumped storage provides a load at times of high electricity output and low electricity demand, enabling additional system peak capacity. In certain jurisdictions, <a href="/wiki/Electricity_market" title="Electricity market">electricity prices</a> may be close to zero or occasionally negative on occasions that there is more electrical generation available than there is load available to absorb it. Although at present this is rarely due to <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind</a> or <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar</a> power alone, increased use of such generation will increase the likelihood of those occurrences.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is particularly likely that pumped storage will become especially important as a balance for very large-scale <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic">photovoltaic</a> and wind generation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increased long-distance transmission capacity combined with significant amounts of energy storage will be a crucial part of regulating any large-scale deployment of intermittent renewable power sources.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high <a href="/wiki/Intermittent_energy_source#Penetration" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermittent energy source">non-firm renewable electricity penetration</a> in some regions supplies 40% of annual output, but 60% may be reached before additional storage is necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-enet42_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enet42-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small-scale_facilities">Small-scale facilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Small-scale facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smaller pumped storage plants cannot achieve the same <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> as larger ones, but some do exist, including a recent 13 MW project in Germany. Shell Energy has proposed a 5 MW project in Washington State. Some have proposed small pumped storage plants in buildings, although these are not yet economical.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, it is difficult to fit large reservoirs into the urban landscape (and the fluctuating water level may make them unsuitable for recreational use).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, some authors defend the technological simplicity and security of water supply as important <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">externalities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location_requirements">Location requirements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Location requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main requirement for PSH is hilly country. The global greenfield pumped hydro atlas<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lists more than 800,000 potential sites around the world with combined storage of 86 million GWh (equivalent to the effective storage in about 2 trillion electric vehicle batteries), which is about 100 times more than needed to support 100% renewable electricity. Most are closed-loop systems away from rivers. Areas of natural beauty and new dams on rivers can be avoided because of the very large number of potential sites. Some projects utilise existing reservoirs (dubbed "bluefield") such as the 350 Gigawatt-hour Snowy 2.0 scheme<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under construction in Australia. Some recently proposed projects propose to take advantage of <a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">"brownfield" locations</a> such as disused mines such as the Kidston project<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under construction in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water requirements for PSH are small:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about 1 gigalitre of initial fill water per gigawatt-hour of storage. This water is recycled uphill and back downhill between the two reservoirs for many decades, but evaporation losses (beyond what rainfall and any inflow from local waterways provide) must be replaced. Land requirements are also small: about 10 hectares per gigawatt-hour of storage,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is much smaller than the land occupied by the solar and windfarms that the storage might support. Closed loop (off-river) pumped hydro storage has the smallest carbon emissions<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> per unit of storage of all candidates for large-scale energy storage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_technologies">Potential technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Potential technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seawater">Seawater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Seawater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pumped storage plants can operate with seawater, although there are additional challenges compared to using fresh water, such as saltwater corrosion and barnacle growth.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inaugurated in 1966, the 240 MW <a href="/wiki/Rance_Tidal_Power_Station" title="Rance Tidal Power Station">Rance tidal power station</a> in France can partially work as a pumped-storage station. When high tides occur at off-peak hours, the turbines can be used to pump more seawater into the reservoir than the high tide would have naturally brought in. It is the only large-scale power plant of its kind. </p><p>In 1999, the 30 MW <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Yanbaru_Seawater_Pumped_Storage_Power_Station" title="Okinawa Yanbaru Seawater Pumped Storage Power Station">Yanbaru project</a> in Okinawa was the first demonstration of seawater pumped storage. It has since been decommissioned. A 300 MW seawater-based Lanai Pumped Storage Project was considered for Lanai, Hawaii, and seawater-based projects have been proposed in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pair of proposed projects in the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a> in northern Chile would use 600 MW of photovoltaic solar (Skies of Tarapacá) together with 300 MW of pumped storage (Mirror of Tarapacá) lifting seawater 600 metres (2,000 ft) up a coastal cliff.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freshwater_coastal_reservoirs">Freshwater coastal reservoirs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Freshwater coastal reservoirs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Freshwater from the river floods is stored in the sea area replacing seawater by constructing <a href="/wiki/Coastal_reservoir" title="Coastal reservoir">coastal reservoirs</a>. The stored river water is pumped to uplands by constructing a series of embankment canals and pumped storage hydroelectric stations for the purpose of energy storage, irrigation, industrial, municipal, rejuvenation of overexploited rivers, etc. These multipurpose coastal reservoir projects offer massive pumped-storage hydroelectric potential to utilize variable and intermittent solar and wind power that are carbon-neutral, clean, and renewable energy sources.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underground_reservoirs">Underground reservoirs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Underground reservoirs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of underground reservoirs has been investigated.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent examples include the proposed Summit project in <a href="/wiki/Norton,_Ohio" title="Norton, Ohio">Norton, Ohio</a>, the proposed Maysville project in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> (underground limestone mine), and the Mount Hope project in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, which was to have used a former iron mine as the lower reservoir. The proposed energy storage at the <a href="/wiki/Callio" title="Callio">Callio</a> site in <a href="/wiki/Pyh%C3%A4j%C3%A4rvi" title="Pyhäjärvi">Pyhäjärvi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>) would utilize the deepest base metal mine in Europe, with 1,450 metres (4,760 ft) elevation difference.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several new underground pumped storage projects have been proposed. Cost-per-kilowatt estimates for these projects can be lower than for surface projects if they use existing underground mine space. There are limited opportunities involving suitable underground space, but the number of underground pumped storage opportunities may increase if abandoned coal mines prove suitable.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bendigo" title="Bendigo">Bendigo</a>, Victoria, Australia, the Bendigo Sustainability Group has proposed the use of the old gold mines under Bendigo for Pumped Hydro Energy Storage.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bendigo has the greatest concentration of deep shaft hard rock mines anywhere in the world with over 5,000 shafts sunk under Bendigo in the second half of the 19th Century. The deepest shaft extends 1,406 metres vertically underground. A recent pre-feasibility study has shown the concept to be viable with a generation capacity of 30 MW and a run time of 6 hours using a water head of over 750 metres. </p><p>US-based start-up Quidnet Energy is exploring using abandoned oil and gas wells for pumped storage. If successful they hope to scale up, utilizing some of the 3 million abandoned wells in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a> pressure can be stored underground in <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(Earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (Earth sciences)">impermeable</a> strata such as shale.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shale used contains no hydrocarbons.<sup id="cite_ref-TM91221_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TM91221-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decentralised_systems">Decentralised systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Decentralised systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Small (or micro) applications for pumped storage could be built on streams and within infrastructures, such as drinking water networks<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and artificial snow-making infrastructures. In this regard, a storm-water basin has been concretely implemented as a cost-effective solution for a water reservoir in a micro-pumped hydro energy storage.<sup id="cite_ref-:1a_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1a-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such plants provide distributed <a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">energy storage</a> and distributed flexible <a href="/wiki/Electricity_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity production">electricity production</a> and can contribute to the decentralized integration of <a href="/wiki/Intermittent_renewable_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermittent renewable energy">intermittent renewable energy</a> technologies, such as <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a>. Reservoirs that can be used for small pumped-storage hydropower plants could include<sup id="cite_ref-Thesis_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thesis-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> natural or artificial lakes, reservoirs within other structures such as irrigation, or unused portions of mines or underground military installations. In <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> one study suggested that the total installed capacity of small pumped-storage hydropower plants in 2011 could be increased by 3 to 9 times by providing adequate <a href="/wiki/Market-based_environmental_policy_instruments" title="Market-based environmental policy instruments">policy instruments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thesis_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thesis-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using a pumped-storage system of <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cisterns</a> and small generators, <a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">pico hydro</a> may also be effective for "closed loop" home energy generation systems.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedaily_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedaily-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-homepower_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-homepower-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underwater_reservoirs">Underwater reservoirs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Underwater reservoirs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Stored_Energy_at_Sea" title="Stored Energy at Sea">Stored Energy at Sea</a></div> <p>In March 2017, the research project StEnSea (Storing Energy at Sea) announced their successful completion of a four-week test of a pumped storage underwater reservoir. In this configuration, a hollow sphere submerged and anchored at great depth acts as the lower reservoir, while the upper reservoir is the enclosing body of water. Electricity is created when water is let in via a reversible turbine integrated into the sphere. During off-peak hours, the turbine changes direction and pumps the water out again, using "surplus" electricity from the grid. </p><p>The quantity of power created when water is let in, grows proportionally to the height of the column of water above the sphere. In other words: the deeper the sphere is located, the more densely it can store energy. As such, the energy storage capacity of the submerged reservoir is not governed by the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_energy" title="Gravitational energy">gravitational energy</a> in the traditional sense, but by the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_pressure_variation" title="Vertical pressure variation">vertical pressure variation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-density_pumped_hydro">High-density pumped hydro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: High-density pumped hydro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>RheEnergise<sup id="cite_ref-RheEnergise_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RheEnergise-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aim to improve the efficiency of pumped storage by using fluid 2.5x denser than water ("a fine-milled suspended solid in water"<sup id="cite_ref-IoME_article_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IoME_article-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), such that "projects can be 2.5x smaller for the same power."<sup id="cite_ref-RheEnergise_how_it_works_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RheEnergise_how_it_works-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Kurzerkl%C3%A4rt_-_wie_Wasserkraft_zur_Energiereserve_wird.webm/220px--Kurzerkl%C3%A4rt_-_wie_Wasserkraft_zur_Energiereserve_wird.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="391" data-durationhint="57" data-mwtitle="Kurzerklärt_-_wie_Wasserkraft_zur_Energiereserve_wird.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Kurzerkl%C3%A4rt_-_wie_Wasserkraft_zur_Energiereserve_wird.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Kurzerkl%C3%A4rt_-_wie_Wasserkraft_zur_Energiereserve_wird.webm/Kurzerkl%C3%A4rt_-_wie_Wasserkraft_zur_Energiereserve_wird.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="270" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Kurzerkl%C3%A4rt_-_wie_Wasserkraft_zur_Energiereserve_wird.webm/Kurzerkl%C3%A4rt_-_wie_Wasserkraft_zur_Energiereserve_wird.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="406" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Kurzerkl%C3%A4rt_-_wie_Wasserkraft_zur_Energiereserve_wird.webm/Kurzerkl%C3%A4rt_-_wie_Wasserkraft_zur_Energiereserve_wird.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="608" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Kurzerkl%C3%A4rt_-_wie_Wasserkraft_zur_Energiereserve_wird.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1080" data-height="1920" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Kurzerkl%C3%A4rt_-_wie_Wasserkraft_zur_Energiereserve_wird.webm/Kurzerkl%C3%A4rt_-_wie_Wasserkraft_zur_Energiereserve_wird.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="82" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Kurzerkl%C3%A4rt_-_wie_Wasserkraft_zur_Energiereserve_wird.webm/Kurzerkl%C3%A4rt_-_wie_Wasserkraft_zur_Energiereserve_wird.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="136" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Kurzerkl%C3%A4rt_-_wie_Wasserkraft_zur_Energiereserve_wird.webm/Kurzerkl%C3%A4rt_-_wie_Wasserkraft_zur_Energiereserve_wird.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Kurzerkl%C3%A4rt_-_wie_Wasserkraft_zur_Energiereserve_wird.webm/Kurzerkl%C3%A4rt_-_wie_Wasserkraft_zur_Energiereserve_wird.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Principle of the pumped storage power plant as an energy storage system</figcaption></figure> <p>The first use of pumped storage was in 1907 in <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Switzerland" title="Electricity sector in Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, at the Engeweiher pumped storage facility near Schaffhausen, Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1930s reversible hydroelectric turbines became available. This apparatus could operate both as turbine generators and in reverse as electric motor-driven pumps. The latest in large-scale engineering technology is variable speed machines for greater efficiency. These machines operate in synchronization with the network frequency when generating, but operate <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor#Three-phase_AC_induction_motors" title="Electric motor">asynchronously</a> (independent of the network frequency) when pumping. </p><p>The first use of pumped-storage in the United States was in 1930 by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Connecticut_Electric_and_Power_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Connecticut Electric and Power Company (page does not exist)">Connecticut Electric and Power Company</a>, using a large reservoir located near <a href="/wiki/New_Milford,_Connecticut" title="New Milford, Connecticut">New Milford, Connecticut</a>, pumping water from the <a href="/wiki/Housatonic_River" title="Housatonic River">Housatonic River</a> to the storage reservoir 70 metres (230 ft) above.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worldwide_use">Worldwide use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Worldwide use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_pumped-storage_hydroelectric_power_stations" title="List of pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations">List of pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations</a></div> <p>In 2009, world pumped storage generating capacity was 104 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt">GW</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-eia_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eia-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other sources claim 127 GW, which comprises the vast majority of all types of utility grade electric storage.<sup id="cite_ref-epri_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epri-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> had 38.3 GW net capacity (36.8% of world capacity) out of a total of 140 GW of hydropower and representing 5% of total net electrical capacity in the EU. <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> had 25.5 GW net capacity (24.5% of world capacity).<sup id="cite_ref-eia_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eia-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The six largest operational pumped-storage plants are listed below <i>(for a detailed list see <a href="/wiki/List_of_pumped-storage_hydroelectric_power_stations" title="List of pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations">List of pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations</a>)</i>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Station</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Location</th> <th>Installed generation<br /> capacity (<a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">MW</a>)</th> <th>Storage capacity (<a href="/wiki/Gigawatt-hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt-hour">GWh</a>)</th> <th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="References">Refs</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fengning_Pumped_Storage_Power_Station" title="Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station">Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydropower_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydropower in China">China</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&params=41_39_58_N_116_31_44_E_&title=Fengning+Pumped+Storage+Power+Station"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°39′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">116°31′44″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.66611°N 116.52889°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.66611; 116.52889</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td align="center">3,600</td> <td>40</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bath_County_Pumped_Storage_Station" title="Bath County Pumped Storage Station">Bath County Pumped Storage Station</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_in_the_United_States" title="Hydroelectric power in the United States">United States</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&params=38_12_32_N_79_48_00_W_&title=Bath+County+Pumped-storage+Station"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°12′32″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°48′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.20889°N 79.80000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.20889; -79.80000</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Bath County Pumped-storage Station</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td align="center">3,003</td> <td>24</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Pumped_Storage_Power_Station" title="Guangdong Pumped Storage Power Station">Guangdong Pumped Storage Power Station</a></td> <td>China</td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&params=23_45_52_N_113_57_12_E_&title=Guangzhou+Pumped+Storage+Power+Station"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">23°45′52″N</span> <span class="longitude">113°57′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">23.76444°N 113.95333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">23.76444; 113.95333</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Guangzhou Pumped Storage Power Station</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td align="center">2,400</td> <td></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Pumped_Storage_Power_Station" title="Huizhou Pumped Storage Power Station">Huizhou Pumped Storage Power Station</a></td> <td>China</td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&params=23_16_07_N_114_18_50_E_&title=Huizhou+Pumped+Storage+Power+Station"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">23°16′07″N</span> <span class="longitude">114°18′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">23.26861°N 114.31389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">23.26861; 114.31389</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Huizhou Pumped Storage Power Station</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td align="center">2,400</td> <td></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-mndone_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mndone-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mndtwo_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mndtwo-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mndtre_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mndtre-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Okutataragi_Pumped_Storage_Power_Station" title="Okutataragi Pumped Storage Power Station">Okutataragi Pumped Storage Power Station</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Japan" title="Hydroelectricity in Japan">Japan</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&params=35_14_13_N_134_49_55_E_&title=Okutataragi+Hydroelectric+Power+Station"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°14′13″N</span> <span class="longitude">134°49′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.23694°N 134.83194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.23694; 134.83194</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Okutataragi Hydroelectric Power Station</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td align="center">1,932</td> <td></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ludington_Pumped_Storage_Power_Plant" title="Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant">Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant</a></td> <td>United States</td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&params=43_53_37_N_86_26_43_W_&title=Ludington+Pumped+Storage+Power+Plant"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°53′37″N</span> <span class="longitude">86°26′43″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.89361°N 86.44528°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.89361; -86.44528</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td align="center">1,872</td> <td>20</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="font-size: 0.95em; background-color: #f2f2f2; padding: 6px 2px 4px 4px"><div style="max-width: 740px">Note: The power-generating capacity in megawatts is the usual measure for power station size and reflects the maximum instantaneous output power. The energy storage in <a href="/wiki/Gigawatt-hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt-hour">gigawatt-hours</a> (GWh) is the capacity to store energy, determined by the size of the upper reservoir, the elevation difference, and the generation efficiency.</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Countries with the largest power pumped-storage hydro capacity in 2017<sup id="cite_ref-IRENA2017_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRENA2017-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Pumped storage<br />generating capacity<br /> (<a href="/wiki/Gigawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt">GW</a>)</th> <th>Total installed <br />generating capacity <br />(<a href="/wiki/Gigawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt">GW</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Pumped storage/<br /> total generating <br />capacity </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydropower_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydropower in China">China</a></td> <td align="center">32.0</td> <td align="center">1646.0</td> <td align="center">1.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Japan" title="Hydroelectricity in Japan">Japan</a></td> <td align="center">28.3</td> <td align="center">322.2</td> <td align="center">8.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_in_the_United_States" title="Hydroelectric power in the United States">United States</a></td> <td align="center">22.6</td> <td align="center">1074.0</td> <td align="center">2.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Spain">Spain</a></td> <td align="center">8.0</td> <td align="center">106.7</td> <td align="center">7.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power in Italy">Italy</a></td> <td align="center">7.1</td> <td align="center">117.0</td> <td align="center">6.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_in_India" title="Hydroelectric power in India">India</a></td> <td align="center">6.8</td> <td align="center">308.8</td> <td align="center">2.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Germany" title="Hydroelectricity in Germany">Germany</a></td> <td align="center">6.5</td> <td align="center">204.1</td> <td align="center">3.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td align="center">6.4</td> <td align="center">19.6</td> <td align="center">32.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td align="center">5.8</td> <td align="center">129.3</td> <td align="center">4.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td align="center">4.7</td> <td align="center">25.2</td> <td align="center">18.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td> <td align="center">4.7</td> <td align="center">103.0</td> <td align="center">4.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td align="center">3.5</td> <td align="center">19.6</td> <td align="center">17.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td align="center">3.1</td> <td align="center">56.9</td> <td align="center">5.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td align="center">2.9</td> <td align="center">56.6</td> <td align="center">5.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td align="center">2.8</td> <td align="center">94.6</td> <td align="center">3.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td align="center">2.6</td> <td align="center">67.0</td> <td align="center">3.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td align="center">2.2</td> <td align="center">263.5</td> <td align="center">0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td align="center">1.7</td> <td align="center">37.3</td> <td align="center">4.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td align="center">1.4</td> <td align="center">41.0</td> <td align="center">3.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td align="center">1.4</td> <td align="center">12.5</td> <td align="center">9.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power in Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td align="center">1.2</td> <td align="center">21.2</td> <td align="center">5.7% </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kruonis_Pumped_Storage_Plant.Lithuania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kruonis_Pumped_Storage_Plant.Lithuania.jpg/220px-Kruonis_Pumped_Storage_Plant.Lithuania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kruonis_Pumped_Storage_Plant.Lithuania.jpg/330px-Kruonis_Pumped_Storage_Plant.Lithuania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kruonis_Pumped_Storage_Plant.Lithuania.jpg/440px-Kruonis_Pumped_Storage_Plant.Lithuania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3208" data-file-height="2247" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kruonis_Pumped_Storage_Plant" title="Kruonis Pumped Storage Plant">Kruonis Pumped Storage Plant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australia has 15GW of pumped storage under construction or in development. </p><p>Examples include: </p> <ul><li>In June 2018, the Australian federal government announced that 14 sites had been identified in Tasmania for pumped storage hydro, with the potential of adding 4.8GW to the national grid if a second interconnector beneath Bass Strait was constructed.</li> <li>The Snowy 2.0 project will link two existing dams in the New South Wales' Snowy Mountains to provide 2 GW of capacity and 350 GWh of storage.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project is facing large challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In September 2022, a pumped hydroelectric storage (PHES) scheme was announced at Pioneer-<a href="/wiki/Burdekin_River" title="Burdekin River">Burdekin</a> in central Queensland with the potential to be one of the largest PHES in the world at 2.5 — 5 GW / 120 GWh. When the project was cancelled in 2024,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> power price forecasts increased by 60% for 2035.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China has the largest capacity of pumped-storage hydroelectricity in the world. </p><p>In January 2019, the <a href="/wiki/State_Grid_Corporation_of_China" title="State Grid Corporation of China">State Grid Corporation of China</a> announced plans to invest US$5.7 billion in five pumped hydro storage plants with a total 6 GW capacity, to be located in Hebei, Jilin, Zhejiang, Shandong provinces, and in Xinjiang Autonomous Region. China is seeking to build 40 GW of pumped hydro capacity installed by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 9 power stations capable of pumping with a total installed capacity of 1344 MW and an average annual production of 2247 GWh. The pumped storage hydropower in Norway is built a bit differently from the rest of the world. They are designed for seasonal pumping. Most of them can also not cycle the water endlessly, but only pump and reuse once. The reason for this is the design of the tunnels and the elevation of lower and upper reservoirs. Some, like Nygard power station, pump water from several river intakes up to a reservoir. </p><p>The largest one, Saurdal, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Ulla-F%C3%B8rre" title="Ulla-Førre">Ulla-Førre</a> complex, has four 160 MW <a href="/wiki/Francis_turbine" title="Francis turbine">Francis turbines</a>, but only two are reversible. The lower reservoir is at a higher elevation than the station itself, and thus the water pumped up can only be used once before it has to flow to the next station, Kvilldal, further down the tunnel system. And in addition to the lower reservoir, it will receive water that can be pumped up from 23 river/stream and small reservoir intakes. Some of which will have already gone through a smaller power station on its way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taum_Sauk_Pumped_Storage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Taum_Sauk_Pumped_Storage.jpg/220px-Taum_Sauk_Pumped_Storage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Taum_Sauk_Pumped_Storage.jpg/330px-Taum_Sauk_Pumped_Storage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Taum_Sauk_Pumped_Storage.jpg/440px-Taum_Sauk_Pumped_Storage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>A shaded-relief <a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">topo map</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Taum_Sauk_Hydroelectric_Power_Station" title="Taum Sauk Hydroelectric Power Station">Taum Sauk pumped storage plant</a> in Missouri, United States. The lake on the mountain is built upon a flat surface, requiring a dam around the entire perimeter.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2010, the United States had 21.5 GW of pumped storage generating capacity (20.6% of world capacity).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PSH contributed 21,073 GWh of energy in 2020 in the United States, but −5,321 GWh (net) because more energy is consumed in pumping than is generated.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nameplate pumped storage capacity had grown to 21.6 GW by 2014, with pumped storage comprising 97% of grid-scale energy storage in the United States. As of late 2014, there were 51 active project proposals with a total of 39 GW of new nameplate capacity across all stages of the FERC licensing process for new pumped storage hydroelectric plants in the United States, but no new plants were currently under construction in the United States at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italy reached peak usage of pumped storage (<i>pompaggi</i>) in 2003, with about 8 TWh.<sup id="cite_ref-qe2019_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qe2019-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For decades, Italy had excess capacity because its own nuclear program was interrupted in the 1980s, so pumping stations are mostly operated by night when France exports surplus nuclear electricity at near-zero prices.<sup id="cite_ref-qe2019_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qe2019-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the grid operator wanted 6 GW of extra capacity to be built in central and Southern Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-qe2019_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qe2019-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, <a href="/wiki/Edison_(company)" title="Edison (company)">Edison</a> planned 500 MW new capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hybrid_systems">Hybrid systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hybrid systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conventional hydroelectric dams may also make use of pumped storage in a hybrid system that both generates power from water naturally flowing into the reservoir as well as storing water pumped back to the reservoir from below the dam. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Coulee_Dam" title="Grand Coulee Dam">Grand Coulee Dam</a> in the United States was expanded with a pump-back system in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Existing dams may be repowered with reversing turbines thereby extending the length of time the plant can operate at capacity. Optionally a pump back powerhouse such as the <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Russell_Dam" title="Richard B. Russell Dam">Russell Dam</a> (1992) may be added to a dam for increased generating capacity. Making use of an existing dam's upper reservoir and transmission system can expedite projects and reduce costs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_energy_storage_power_plants" title="List of energy storage power plants">List of energy storage power plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pumped-storage_hydroelectric_power_stations" title="List of pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations">List of pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_economy" title="Methanol economy">Methanol economy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poppware.de/Storage_for_a_secure_Power_Supply_from_Wind_and_Sun.pdf">"Storage for a secure Power Supply from Wind and Sun"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110223053809/http://poppware.de/Storage_for_a_secure_Power_Supply_from_Wind_and_Sun.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2017</span>. <q>Schucht says, in the region he is operating in, 42 percent of the power supply (in output, not capacity), came from wind and solar – about the same as South Australia. Schucht believes that integration of 60 to 70 percent variable renewable energy – just wind and solar – could be accommodated within the German market without the need for additional storage. Beyond that, storage will be needed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Renew+Economy&rft.atitle=German+grid+operator+sees+70%25+wind+%2B+solar+before+storage+needed&rft.date=2015-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freneweconomy.com.au%2Fgerman-grid-operator-sees-70-wind-solar-storage-needed-35731%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APumped-storage+hydroelectricity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDehmer2016" class="citation web cs1">Dehmer, Dagmar (8 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/interview/german-electricity-transmission-ceo-80-renewables-is-no-problem/">"German electricity transmission CEO: '80% renewables is no problem'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel" title="Der Tagesspiegel">Der Tagesspiegel</a> / <a href="/wiki/EurActiv" class="mw-redirect" title="EurActiv">EurActiv</a>.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018130552/http://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/interview/german-electricity-transmission-ceo-80-renewables-is-no-problem/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Renewablesnow.com&rft.atitle=China%27s+State+Grid+powers+up+3.6-GW+pumped-storage+hydro+complex&rft.date=2022-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frenewablesnow.com%2Fnews%2Fchinas-state-grid-powers-up-36-gw-pumped-storage-hydro-complex-767926%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APumped-storage+hydroelectricity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120103080341/http://www.dom.com/about/stations/hydro/bath-county-pumped-storage-station.jsp"><i>Bath County Pumped-storage Station</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dom.com/about/stations/hydro/bath-county-pumped-storage-station.jsp">the original</a> on 3 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bath+County+Pumped-storage+Station&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dom.com%2Fabout%2Fstations%2Fhydro%2Fbath-county-pumped-storage-station.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APumped-storage+hydroelectricity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121208175304/http://www.industcards.com/ps-china.htm"><i>Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations in China</i></a>, archived from the original on 8 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pumped-storage+hydroelectric+power+stations+in+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.industcards.com%2Fps-china.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APumped-storage+hydroelectricity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707050431/http://www.chincold.org.cn/news/li080321-9-Guangzhou.pdf">"Guangzhou Pumped-storage Power Station"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.edison.it&rft.atitle=10+Luglio+2024+Edison+e+Webuild%3A+alleanza+industriale+per+lo+sviluppo+dei+pompaggi+idroelettrici+in+Italia+-+Edison+Spa+Sito+Ufficiale&rft.date=2017-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edison.it%2Fit%2Fedison-e-webuild-alleanza-industriale-lo-sviluppo-dei-pompaggi-idroelettrici-italia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APumped-storage+hydroelectricity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehrKeeley2016" class="citation book cs1">Lehr, Jay H.; Keeley, Jack, eds. (2016). <i>Alternative Energy and Shale Gas Encyclopedia</i> (1st ed.). Wiley. p. 424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470894415" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470894415"><bdi>978-0470894415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Energy+and+Shale+Gas+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=424&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0470894415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APumped-storage+hydroelectricity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pumped_hydro" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:pumped hydro">pumped hydro</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pumped-storage_hydroelectric_power_plants" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pumped-storage hydroelectric power plants">Pumped-storage hydroelectric power plants</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://re100.eng.anu.edu.au/global/">Global pumped hydro atlas</a>, 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href="/wiki/Combined_cycle_power_plant" title="Combined cycle power plant">Combined cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_generator" title="Induction generator">Induction generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_combined_heat_and_power" title="Micro combined heat and power">Micro CHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power" title="Three-phase electric power">Three-phase electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_power_plant" title="Virtual power plant">Virtual power plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Transmission</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">distribution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_response" title="Demand response">Demand response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">Distributed generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_demand_(electric_power)" title="Dynamic demand (electric power)">Dynamic demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">Electric power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_system" title="Electric power system">Electric power system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Electric power transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_busbar_system" title="Electrical busbar system">Electrical busbar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">Electrical grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_substation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical substation">Electrical substation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_retailing" title="Electricity retailing">Electricity retailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">High-voltage direct current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_shore_connection" title="High-voltage shore connection">High-voltage shore connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interconnector" title="Interconnector">Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_management" title="Load management">Load management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity_by_country" title="Mains electricity by country">Mains electricity by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">Power station</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pumped hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-wire_earth_return" title="Single-wire earth return">Single-wire earth return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_grid" title="Super grid">Super grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_system_operator" title="Transmission system operator">Transmission system operator</a> (TSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_tower" title="Transmission tower">Transmission tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">Utility pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Failure modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_start" title="Black start">Black start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownout_(electricity)" title="Brownout (electricity)">Brownout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascading_failure" title="Cascading failure">Cascading failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">Power outage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_blackout" title="Rolling blackout">Rolling blackout</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Protective<br />devices</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc-fault_circuit_interrupter" title="Arc-fault circuit interrupter">Arc-fault circuit interrupter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">Circuit breaker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth-leakage_circuit_breaker" title="Earth-leakage circuit breaker">Earth-leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride_circuit_breaker" title="Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker">Sulfur hexafluoride</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generator_interlock_kit" title="Generator interlock kit">Generator interlock kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_relay" title="Numerical relay">Numerical relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_system_protection" title="Power system protection">Power system protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protective_relay" title="Protective relay">Protective relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual-current_device" title="Residual-current device">Residual-current device</a> (GFI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Economics<br />and policies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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href="/wiki/Pigouvian_tax" title="Pigouvian tax">Pigouvian tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Certificate_(United_States)" title="Renewable Energy Certificate (United States)">Renewable Energy Certificates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable energy commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Payments" title="Renewable Energy Payments">Renewable Energy Payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_spread" title="Spark spread">Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Statistics and<br />production</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_energy_consumption" title="Electric energy consumption">Electric energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_sectors" title="List of electricity sectors">List of electricity sectors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_distribution" title="Category:Electric power distribution">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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