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<span>Historical development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pyramid_symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyramid_symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pyramid symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyramid_symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_and_location_of_pyramids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_and_location_of_pyramids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Number and location of pyramids</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Number_and_location_of_pyramids-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Number and location of pyramids subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Number_and_location_of_pyramids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abu_Rawash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abu_Rawash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Abu Rawash</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abu_Rawash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Giza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zawyet_el-Aryan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zawyet_el-Aryan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Zawyet el-Aryan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zawyet_el-Aryan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abusir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abusir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Abusir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abusir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saqqara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saqqara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Saqqara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saqqara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dahshur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dahshur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Dahshur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dahshur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mazghuna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mazghuna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Mazghuna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mazghuna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lisht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lisht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Lisht</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lisht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meidum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meidum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Meidum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meidum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hawara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Hawara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_Lahun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Lahun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>El Lahun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_Lahun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El-Kurru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El-Kurru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>El-Kurru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El-Kurru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Nuri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_dates_and_heights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_dates_and_heights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Construction dates and heights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_dates_and_heights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Construction techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Egyptian pyramids</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptiese_piramide" title="Egiptiese piramide – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Egiptiese piramide" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="أهرام مصر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أهرام مصر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8" title="Եգիպտոսի բուրգերը – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Եգիպտոսի բուրգերը" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir%C3%A1mides_d%27Exiptu" title="Pirámides d'Exiptu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pirámides d'Exiptu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misir_ehramlar%C4%B1" title="Misir ehramları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Misir ehramları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="میصر هرملری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میصر هرملری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="মিশরীয় পিরামিড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিশরীয় পিরামিড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai-ki%CC%8Dp_%C3%AA_kim-j%C4%AB-thah" title="Ai-ki̍p ê kim-jī-thah – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ai-ki̍p ê kim-jī-thah" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Егіпецкія піраміды – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Егіпецкія піраміды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Египетски пирамиди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Египетски пирамиди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipatske_piramide" title="Egipatske piramide – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Egipatske piramide" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramidenn_(Egipt)" title="Piramidenn (Egipt) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Piramidenn (Egipt)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir%C3%A0mides_d%27Egipte" title="Piràmides d'Egipte – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Piràmides d'Egipte" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptsk%C3%A9_pyramidy" title="Egyptské pyramidy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Egyptské pyramidy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidau%27r_Aifft" title="Pyramidau'r Aifft – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pyramidau'r Aifft" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptisk_pyramide" title="Egyptisk pyramide – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Egyptisk pyramide" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Αιγυπτιακές πυραμίδες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αιγυπτιακές πυραμίδες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir%C3%A1mides_de_Egipto" title="Pirámides de Egipto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pirámides de Egipto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramidoj_de_Egiptio" title="Piramidoj de Egiptio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Piramidoj de Egiptio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptoko_piramideak" title="Egiptoko piramideak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Egiptoko piramideak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="اهرام مصر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اهرام مصر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramides_d%27%C3%89gypte" title="Pyramides d'Égypte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pyramides d'Égypte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirimid%C3%AD_na_h%C3%89igipte" title="Pirimidí na hÉigipte – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pirimidí na hÉigipte" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir%C3%A1mides_de_Exipto" title="Pirámides de Exipto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pirámides de Exipto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%91%ED%8A%B8_%ED%94%BC%EB%9D%BC%EB%AF%B8%EB%93%9C" title="이집트 피라미드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이집트 피라미드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalar_Misra" title="Dalar Misra – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dalar Misra" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Եգիպտական բուրգեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եգիպտական բուրգեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1" title="मिस्र के पिरामिड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मिस्र के पिरामिड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramida_Mesir" title="Piramida Mesir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Piramida Mesir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramidi_egizie" title="Piramidi egizie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Piramidi egizie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הפירמידות במצרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפירמידות במצרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%88%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಈಜಿಪ್ಟ್‌ನ ಪಿರಮಿಡ್‌ಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಈಜಿಪ್ಟ್‌ನ ಪಿರಮಿಡ್‌ಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ეგვიპტის პირამიდები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეგვიპტის პირამიდები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Мысыр пирамидалары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мысыр пирамидалары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Египет пирамидалары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Египет пирамидалары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B8)" title="Агьрам (Мисри) – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Агьрам (Мисри)" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramides_Aegyptiae" title="Pyramides Aegyptiae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pyramides Aegyptiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92%C4%A3iptes_piram%C4%ABdas" title="Ēģiptes piramīdas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ēģiptes piramīdas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipto_piramid%C4%97s" title="Egipto piramidės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Egipto piramidės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_egyiptomi_piramisok_tipol%C3%B3gi%C3%A1ja" title="Az egyiptomi piramisok tipológiája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az egyiptomi piramisok tipológiája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Египетски пирамиди – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Египетски пирамиди" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramidi_E%C4%A1izzjani" title="Piramidi Eġizzjani – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Piramidi Eġizzjani" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الاهرامات المصريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاهرامات المصريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Египетийн пирамидууд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Египетийн пирамидууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE_%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9B%E1%80%99%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အီဂျစ်မှ ပိရမစ်များ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီဂျစ်မှ ပိရမစ်များ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptische_piramide" title="Egyptische piramide – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Egyptische piramide" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="मिश्रका पिरामिडहरू – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मिश्रका पिरामिडहरू" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E3%81%AE%E3%83%94%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%89" title="エジプトのピラミッド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エジプトのピラミッド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidene_i_Egypt" title="Pyramidene i Egypt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pyramidene i Egypt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidane_i_Egypt" title="Pyramidane i Egypt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pyramidane i Egypt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramidas_d%27Egipte" title="Piramidas d'Egipte – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Piramidas d'Egipte" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misr_piramidalari" title="Misr piramidalari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Misr piramidalari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="د مصر اهرام – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د مصر اهرام" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir%C3%A2mides_eg%C3%ADpcias" title="Pirâmides egípcias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pirâmides egípcias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramide_egiptene" title="Piramide egiptene – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Piramide egiptene" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D2%91%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Еґипетьскі піраміды – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Еґипетьскі піраміды" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Египетские пирамиды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Египетские пирамиды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramidat_e_Egjiptit" title="Piramidat e Egjiptit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Piramidat e Egjiptit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9" title="ඊජිප්තුවේ පිරමීඩ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඊජිප්තුවේ පිරමීඩ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Egyptian pyramids" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptsk%C3%A9_pyram%C3%ADdy" title="Egyptské pyramídy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Egyptské pyramídy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egip%C4%8Danske_piramide" title="Egipčanske piramide – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Egipčanske piramide" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%85%DB%95_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ھەرەمە میسرییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەرەمە میسرییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Египатске пирамиде – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Египатске пирамиде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipatske_piramide" title="Egipatske piramide – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Egipatske piramide" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptin_pyramidit" title="Egyptin pyramidit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Egyptin pyramidit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramide_ng_Ehipto" title="Piramide ng Ehipto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Piramide ng Ehipto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Мисыр пирамидалары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мисыр пирамидалары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9B%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89" title="ပိရမိတ်ႉ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပိရမိတ်ႉ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%88%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఈజిప్టు పిరమిడ్లు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఈజిప్టు పిరమిడ్లు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" 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href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Єгипетські піраміди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єгипетські піраміди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="اہرام مصر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اہرام مصر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_t%E1%BB%B1_th%C3%A1p_Ai_C%E1%BA%ADp" title="Kim tự tháp Ai Cập – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kim tự tháp Ai Cập" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramide_han_Ehipto" title="Piramide han Ehipto – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Piramide han Ehipto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E9%87%91%E5%AD%97%E5%A1%94" title="埃及金字塔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃及金字塔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E9%87%91%E5%AD%97%E5%A1%94" title="埃及金字塔 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="埃及金字塔" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Egyptian_pyramids&params=29_58_21_N_31_07_42_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">29°58′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">31°07′42″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">29.97250°N 31.12833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">29.97250; 31.12833</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient masonry structures in Egypt</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/290px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/435px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/580px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4372" data-file-height="2906" /></a><figcaption>A view of the <a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Giza pyramid complex</a> from the plateau to the south of the complex. From left to right, the three largest are: the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Menkaure" title="Pyramid of Menkaure">Pyramid of Menkaure</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khafre" title="Pyramid of Khafre">Pyramid of Khafre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a>. The three smaller pyramids in the foreground are subsidiary structures associated with Menkaure's pyramid.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyramid_(Height_and_base)_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pyramid_%28Height_and_base%29_comparison.jpg/220px-Pyramid_%28Height_and_base%29_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pyramid_%28Height_and_base%29_comparison.jpg/330px-Pyramid_%28Height_and_base%29_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pyramid_%28Height_and_base%29_comparison.jpg/440px-Pyramid_%28Height_and_base%29_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2227" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Famous_pyramids_(cut-through_with_internal_labyrinth_layout).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Famous_pyramids_%28cut-through_with_internal_labyrinth_layout%29.jpg/220px-Famous_pyramids_%28cut-through_with_internal_labyrinth_layout%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Famous_pyramids_%28cut-through_with_internal_labyrinth_layout%29.jpg/330px-Famous_pyramids_%28cut-through_with_internal_labyrinth_layout%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Famous_pyramids_%28cut-through_with_internal_labyrinth_layout%29.jpg/440px-Famous_pyramids_%28cut-through_with_internal_labyrinth_layout%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7824" data-file-height="1493" /></a><figcaption>Famous pyramids (cut-through with internal labyrinth layout).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Egyptian pyramids</b> are ancient masonry structures located in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Sources cite at least 118 identified "Egyptian" <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately <a href="/wiki/Nubian_pyramids" title="Nubian pyramids">80 pyramids</a> were built within the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a>, now located in the modern country of <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. Of those located in modern Egypt, most were built as tombs for the country's <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaohs</a> and their consorts during the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> periods.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shadow_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shadow-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ritter2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritter2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known Egyptian pyramids are found at <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a>, northwest of <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>, although at least one step-pyramid-like structure has been found at Saqqara, dating to the <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty</a>: Mastaba 3808, which has been attributed to the reign of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a>, with inscriptions, and other archaeological remains of the period, suggesting there may have been others.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The otherwise earliest among these is the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser" title="Pyramid of Djoser">Pyramid of Djoser</a> built <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2630–2610 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Third dynasty of Egypt">Third Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pyramid and its surrounding complex are generally considered to be the world's oldest monumental structures constructed of <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">dressed masonry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner199784_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner199784-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most famous Egyptian pyramids are those found at <a href="/wiki/Giza_Plateau" title="Giza Plateau">Giza</a>, on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Cairo,_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo, Egypt">Cairo</a>. Several of the <a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Giza pyramids</a> are counted among the largest structures ever built.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khufu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid of Khufu">Pyramid of Khufu</a> is the largest Egyptian pyramid and the last of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a> still in existence, despite being the oldest by about 2,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: right; float: right; margin-right: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U23.png?9db3d" height="38" title="U23" alt="U23" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G17.png?3741e" height="31" title="G17" alt="G17" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="8" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O24.png?982d7" height="38" title="O24" alt="O24" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br />Unicode: <b>𓍋𓅓𓂋𓉴</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: navajowhite; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid peru; padding: 0.5em">Pyramid<br />in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The name for a pyramid in Egyptian is <i>myr</i>, written with the symbol <span style="font-size:120%">𓉴</span> (<b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs#O24" title="List of Egyptian hieroglyphs">O24</a></b> in the Gardner Sign List). <i>Myr</i> is preceded by three other signs used as phonetics. The meaning of <i>myr</i> is unclear, as it only self-references the built object itself. By comparison, some similar architectural terms become compound words, such as the word for 'temple' (<i>per-ka</i>) becoming a compound of the words for 'house' and 'soul'. By graphical analysis, <i>myr</i> uses the same sign, O24, as <i><a href="/wiki/Benben" title="Benben">benben</a></i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The <i>benben</i> is the mound of existence that arose out of the abyss, known as <i>nun</i> in the Egyptian creation myth. The relationship between <i>myr</i> and <i>benben</i> is further linked by the capstone architectural element of pyramids and obelisks, which was named <i>benbenet</i>, the feminine form of <i>benben</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Sign O24 related terms </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Hieroglyph</th> <th>Sign</th> <th>Egyptian</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U23.png?9db3d" height="38" title="U23" alt="U23" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G17.png?3741e" height="31" title="G17" alt="G17" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="8" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O24.png?982d7" height="38" title="O24" alt="O24" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td>O24</td> <td>myr</td> <td>Pyramid </td></tr> <tr> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D58.png?12f84" height="35" title="D58" alt="D58" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D58.png?12f84" height="35" title="D58" alt="D58" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O24.png?982d7" height="31" title="O24" alt="O24" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O39.png?8a60d" height="8" title="O39" alt="O39" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td>O24</td> <td>benben</td> <td>Primeval Mound </td></tr> <tr> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D58.png?12f84" height="35" title="D58" alt="D58" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D58.png?12f84" height="35" title="D58" alt="D58" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="8" title="X1" alt="X1" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O24.png?982d7" height="31" title="O24" alt="O24" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td>O24</td> <td>benbent</td> <td>Pyramidon </td></tr> <tr> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G1.png?4d556" height="38" title="G1" alt="G1" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D36.png?9d512" height="12" title="D36" alt="D36" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D36.png?9d512" height="12" title="D36" alt="D36" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O24.png?982d7" height="38" title="O24" alt="O24" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td>O24</td> <td>Aaa</td> <td>Pyramid tomb<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_development">Historical development</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mastaba-faraoun-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mastaba-faraoun-3.jpg/220px-Mastaba-faraoun-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mastaba-faraoun-3.jpg/330px-Mastaba-faraoun-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mastaba-faraoun-3.jpg/440px-Mastaba-faraoun-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mastabat_al-Fir%E2%80%99aun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastabat al-Fir’aun">Mastabat al-Fir’aun</a> at <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Preceded by assumed earlier sites in the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a> with megalithic monuments developed as early as 4700 BCE in the Saharan region of <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fekri_Hassan" title="Fekri Hassan">Fekri Hassan</a> (2002) indicates that the megalithic monuments in the Saharan region of Niger and the Eastern Sahara may have served as antecedents for the mastabas and pyramids of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/Predynastic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Predynastic Egypt">Predynastic Egypt</a>, tumuli were present at various locations (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Naqada" title="Naqada">Naqada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helwan" title="Helwan">Helwan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the time of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a> (c. 3150–2686 BCE), Egyptians with sufficient means were buried in bench-like structures known as <a href="/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba">mastabas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Saqqara, Mastaba 3808, dating from the latter part of the 1st Dynasty, was discovered to contain a large, independently built step-pyramid-like structure enclosed within the outer palace facade mastaba. Archaeological remains and inscriptions suggest there may have been other similar structures dating to this period.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first historically documented Egyptian pyramid is attributed by Egyptologists to the 3rd Dynasty pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a>. Although Egyptologists often credit his vizier <a href="/wiki/Imhotep" title="Imhotep">Imhotep</a> as its architect, the dynastic Egyptians themselves, contemporaneously or in numerous later dynastic writings about the character, did not credit him with either designing Djoser's pyramid or the invention of stone architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser" title="Pyramid of Djoser">Pyramid of Djoser</a> was first built as a square mastaba-like structure, which as a rule were known to otherwise be rectangular, and was expanded several times by way of a series of accretion layers, to produce the stepped pyramid structure we see today.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptologists believe this design served as a gigantic stairway by which the soul of the deceased pharaoh could ascend to the heavens.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though other pyramids were attempted in the 3rd Dynasty after Djoser, it was the <a href="/wiki/4th_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Dynasty">4th Dynasty</a>, transitioning from the <a href="/wiki/Step_pyramid" title="Step pyramid">step pyramid</a> to true pyramid shape, which gave rise to the great pyramids of <a href="/wiki/Meidum" title="Meidum">Meidum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dahshur" title="Dahshur">Dahshur</a>, and Giza. The last pharaoh of the 4th Dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a>, did not build a pyramid and beginning in the <a href="/wiki/5th_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Dynasty">5th Dynasty</a>; for various reasons, the massive scale and precision of construction decreased significantly leaving these later pyramids smaller, less well-built, and often hastily constructed. By the end of the <a href="/wiki/6th_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Dynasty">6th Dynasty</a>, pyramid building had largely ended and it was not until the Middle Kingdom that large pyramids were built again, though instead of stone, <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbrick</a> was the main construction material.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Long after the end of Egypt's own pyramid-building period, a burst of pyramid-building occurred in what is present-day <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, after much of Egypt came under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a>, which was then based at <a href="/wiki/Napata" title="Napata">Napata</a>. Napatan rule, known as the <a href="/wiki/25th_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="25th Dynasty">25th Dynasty</a>, lasted from 750 BCE to 664 BCE. The Meroitic period of Kushite history, when the kingdom was centered on <a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">Meroë</a>, (approximately in the period between 300 BCE and 300 CE), experienced a full-blown <a href="/wiki/Nubian_pyramids" title="Nubian pyramids">pyramid-building revival</a>, which saw about 180 Egyptian-inspired indigenous royal pyramid-tombs constructed in the vicinity of the kingdom's capital cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner1997194_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner1997194-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Uthman" title="Al-Aziz Uthman">Al-Aziz Uthman</a> (1171–1198), the second Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt, tried to destroy the Giza pyramid complex. He gave up after only damaging the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Menkaure" title="Pyramid of Menkaure">Pyramid of Menkaure</a> because the task proved too large.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner199741_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner199741-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pyramid_symbolism">Pyramid symbolism</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Pyramid_S-N_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Great_Pyramid_S-N_Diagram.svg/350px-Great_Pyramid_S-N_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Great_Pyramid_S-N_Diagram.svg/525px-Great_Pyramid_S-N_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Great_Pyramid_S-N_Diagram.svg/700px-Great_Pyramid_S-N_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1950" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the interior structures of the Great Pyramid. The inner line indicates the pyramid's present profile, the outer line indicates the original profile.</figcaption></figure> <p>The shape of Egyptian pyramids is thought to represent the <a href="/wiki/Benben" title="Benben">primordial mound</a> from which the Egyptians believed the earth was created. The shape of a pyramid is also thought to be representative of the descending rays of the sun, and most pyramids were faced with polished, highly reflective white limestone, in order to give them a brilliant appearance when viewed from a distance. Pyramids were often also named in ways that referred to solar luminescence. For example, the formal name of the <a href="/wiki/Bent_Pyramid" title="Bent Pyramid">Bent Pyramid</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dahshur" title="Dahshur">Dahshur</a> was <i>The Southern Shining Pyramid</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Senusret_II" title="Pyramid of Senusret II">that of Senusret II</a> at <a href="/wiki/El_Lahun" title="El Lahun">El Lahun</a> was <i>Senusret Shines</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While it is generally agreed that pyramids were burial monuments, there is continued disagreement on the particular theological principles that might have given rise to them. One suggestion is that they were designed as a type of "resurrection machine."<sup id="cite_ref-Peeters_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peeters-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Egyptians believed the <a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_star" title="Circumpolar star">dark area</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Night_sky" title="Night sky">night sky</a> around which the stars <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_motion" title="Diurnal motion">appear to revolve</a> was the physical gateway into the heavens. One of the narrow shafts that extend from the main burial chamber through the entire body of the Great Pyramid points directly towards <a href="/wiki/Celestial_pole" title="Celestial pole">the center</a> of this part of the sky. This suggests the pyramid may have been designed to serve as a means to magically launch the deceased pharaoh's soul directly into the abode of the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-Peeters_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peeters-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All Egyptian pyramids were built on the west bank of the Nile, which, as the site of the <a href="/wiki/Sunset" title="Sunset">setting sun</a>, was associated with the realm of the dead in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Egyptian mythology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_and_location_of_pyramids">Number and location of pyramids</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_pyramids" title="List of Egyptian pyramids">List of Egyptian pyramids</a>.</div> <p>In 1842, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Richard_Lepsius" title="Karl Richard Lepsius">Karl Richard Lepsius</a> produced the first modern list of pyramids—now known as the <a href="/wiki/Lepsius_list_of_pyramids" title="Lepsius list of pyramids">Lepsius list of pyramids</a>—in which he counted 67. A great many more have since been discovered. At least 118 Egyptian pyramids have been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The location of <a href="/wiki/Headless_Pyramid" title="Headless Pyramid">Pyramid 29</a> which Lepsius called the "Headless Pyramid", was lost for a second time when the structure was buried by desert sands after Lepsius's survey. It was found again only during an archaeological dig conducted in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many pyramids are in a poor state of preservation or buried by desert sands. If visible at all, they may appear as little more than mounds of rubble. As a consequence, archaeologists are continuing to identify and study previously unknown pyramid structures. </p><p>The most recent pyramid to be discovered was that of Neith, a wife of <a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of Egypt's pyramids, except the small Third Dynasty pyramid at <a href="/wiki/Zawyet_el-Maiyitin" title="Zawyet el-Maiyitin">Zawyet el-Maiyitin</a>, are sited on the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, and most are grouped together in a number of pyramid fields. The most important of these are listed geographically, from north to south, below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abu_Rawash">Abu Rawash</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abu_Rawash" title="Abu Rawash">Abu Rawash</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Rawash_Pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Abu_Rawash_Pyramid.jpg/220px-Abu_Rawash_Pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Abu_Rawash_Pyramid.jpg/330px-Abu_Rawash_Pyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Abu_Rawash_Pyramid.jpg/440px-Abu_Rawash_Pyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>The largely destroyed <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djedefre" title="Pyramid of Djedefre">Pyramid of Djedefre</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Abu Rawash is the site of Egypt's most northerly pyramid (other than the ruins of Lepsius pyramid number one),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the mostly ruined <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djedefre" title="Pyramid of Djedefre">Pyramid of Djedefre</a>, son and successor of <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a>. Originally it was thought that this pyramid had never been completed, but the current archaeological consensus is that not only was it completed, but that it was originally about the same size as the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Menkaure" title="Pyramid of Menkaure">Pyramid of Menkaure</a>, which would have placed it among the half-dozen or so largest pyramids in Egypt.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Its location adjacent to a major crossroads made it an easy source of stone. Quarrying, which began in Roman times, has left little apart from about fifteen courses of stone superimposed upon the natural hillock that formed part of the pyramid's core. A small adjacent satellite pyramid is in a better state of preservation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Giza">Giza</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Giza pyramid complex</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giza_pyramid_complex_(map).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Giza_pyramid_complex_%28map%29.svg/300px-Giza_pyramid_complex_%28map%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Giza_pyramid_complex_%28map%29.svg/450px-Giza_pyramid_complex_%28map%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Giza_pyramid_complex_%28map%29.svg/600px-Giza_pyramid_complex_%28map%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1177" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Giza pyramid complex</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giza-pyramids.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Giza-pyramids.JPG/220px-Giza-pyramids.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Giza-pyramids.JPG/330px-Giza-pyramids.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Giza-pyramids.JPG/440px-Giza-pyramids.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1833" data-file-height="1208" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the Giza pyramid complex</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Giza_Plateau" title="Giza Plateau">Giza Plateau</a> is the location of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Pyramid of Khufu</a> (also known as the "Great Pyramid" and the "Pyramid of Cheops"), the somewhat smaller <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khafre" title="Pyramid of Khafre">Pyramid of Khafre</a> (or Chephren), the relatively modest-sized <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Menkaure" title="Pyramid of Menkaure">Pyramid of Menkaure</a> (or Mykerinus), along with a number of smaller satellite edifices known as "Queen's pyramids", and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Great Sphinx of Giza</a>. Of the three, only Khafre's pyramid retains part of its original polished limestone casing, near its apex. This pyramid appears larger than the adjacent Khufu pyramid by virtue of its more elevated location, and the steeper angle of inclination of its construction—it is, in fact, smaller in both height and volume. </p><p>The Giza pyramid complex has been a popular tourist destination since antiquity and was popularized in Hellenistic times when the Great Pyramid was listed by <a href="/wiki/Antipater_of_Sidon" title="Antipater of Sidon">Antipater of Sidon</a> as one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a>. Today it is the only one of those wonders still in existence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zawyet_el-Aryan">Zawyet el-Aryan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zawyet_el%27Aryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zawyet el'Aryan">Zawyet el'Aryan</a></div> <p>This site, halfway between Giza and <a href="/wiki/Abusir" title="Abusir">Abusir</a>, is the location for two unfinished Old Kingdom pyramids. The northern structure's owner is believed to be pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a>, while the southern structure, known as the <a href="/wiki/Layer_Pyramid" title="Layer Pyramid">Layer Pyramid</a>, may be attributable to the Third Dynasty pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a>, a close successor of <a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a>. If this attribution is correct, Khaba's short reign could explain the seemingly unfinished state of this step pyramid. Today it stands around 17 m (56 ft) high; had it been completed, it is likely to have exceeded 40 m (130 ft). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abusir">Abusir</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abusir" title="Abusir">Abusir</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SahurePyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/SahurePyramid.jpg/220px-SahurePyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/SahurePyramid.jpg/330px-SahurePyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/SahurePyramid.jpg/440px-SahurePyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Sahure" title="Pyramid of Sahure">Pyramid of Sahure</a> at Abusir, viewed from the pyramid's causeway</figcaption></figure> <p>There are a total of fourteen pyramids at this site, which served as the main royal necropolis during the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty</a>. The quality of construction of the Abusir pyramids is inferior to those of the Fourth Dynasty—perhaps signaling a decrease in royal power or a less vibrant economy. They are smaller than their predecessors and are built of low-quality local limestone. </p><p>The three major pyramids are those of <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Niuserre" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid of Niuserre">Niuserre</a>, which is also the best-preserved, <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Neferirkare" title="Pyramid of Neferirkare">Neferirkare Kakai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Sahure" title="Pyramid of Sahure">Sahure</a>. The site is also home to the incomplete <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Neferefre" title="Pyramid of Neferefre">Pyramid of Neferefre</a>. Most of the major pyramids at Abusir were built using similar construction techniques, comprising a rubble core surrounded by steps of <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbricks</a> with a limestone outer casing. The largest of these Fifth Dynasty pyramids, the Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai, is believed to have been built originally as a step pyramid some 70 m (230 ft) high and then later transformed into a "true" pyramid by having its steps filled in with loose masonry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saqqara">Saqqara</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saqqara_stepped_pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Saqqara_stepped_pyramid.jpg/220px-Saqqara_stepped_pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Saqqara_stepped_pyramid.jpg/330px-Saqqara_stepped_pyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Saqqara_stepped_pyramid.jpg/440px-Saqqara_stepped_pyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="1924" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser" title="Pyramid of Djoser">Pyramid of Djoser</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Major pyramids located here include the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser" title="Pyramid of Djoser">Pyramid of Djoser</a>—generally identified as the world's oldest substantial monumental structure to be built of dressed stone—the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Userkaf" title="Pyramid of Userkaf">Pyramid of Userkaf</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Teti" title="Pyramid of Teti">Pyramid of Teti</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Merikare" title="Pyramid of Merikare">Pyramid of Merikare</a>, dating to the <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period of Egypt</a>. Also at Saqqara is the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Unas" title="Pyramid of Unas">Pyramid of Unas</a>, which retains a pyramid causeway that is one of the best-preserved in Egypt. Together with the pyramid of Userkaf, this pyramid was the subject of one of the earliest known restoration attempts, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Khaemweset" title="Khaemweset">Khaemweset</a>, a son of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saqqara is also the location of the incomplete step pyramid of Djoser's successor <a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Buried_Pyramid" title="Buried Pyramid">Buried Pyramid</a>. Archaeologists believe that had this pyramid been completed, it would have been larger than Djoser's. </p><p>South of the main pyramid field at Saqqara is a second collection of later, smaller pyramids, including those of <a href="/wiki/Pepi_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepi I">Pepi I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pepi_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepi II">Pepi II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi#Pyramid_complex" title="Qakare Ibi">Ibi</a>. Most of these are in a poor state of preservation. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty</a> pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a> either did not share an interest in or have the capacity to undertake pyramid construction like his predecessors. His tomb, which is also sited at south Saqqara, was instead built as an unusually large mastaba and offering temple complex. It is commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Mastabat_al-Fir%E2%80%99aun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastabat al-Fir’aun">Mastabat al-Fir’aun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A previously unknown pyramid was discovered in north Saqqara in late 2008. Believed to be the tomb of Teti's mother, it currently stands approximately 5 m (16 ft) high, although the original height was closer to 14 m (46 ft). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dahshur">Dahshur</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dahshur" title="Dahshur">Dahshur</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snofru%27s-Red-Pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Snofru%27s-Red-Pyramid.jpg/220px-Snofru%27s-Red-Pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Snofru%27s-Red-Pyramid.jpg/330px-Snofru%27s-Red-Pyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Snofru%27s-Red-Pyramid.jpg/440px-Snofru%27s-Red-Pyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Sneferu's</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Pyramid" title="Red Pyramid">Red Pyramid</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>This area is arguably the most important pyramid field in Egypt outside Giza and Saqqara, although until 1996 the site was inaccessible due to its location within a military base and was relatively unknown outside archaeological circles. </p><p>The southern Pyramid of <a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Sneferu</a>, commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Bent_Pyramid" title="Bent Pyramid">Bent Pyramid</a>, is believed to be the first Egyptian pyramid intended by its builders to be a "true" smooth-sided pyramid from the outset; the earlier <a href="/wiki/Meidum" title="Meidum">pyramid at Meidum</a> had smooth sides in its finished state, but it was conceived and built as a step pyramid, before having its steps filled in and concealed beneath a smooth outer casing of dressed stone. As a true smooth-sided structure, the Bent Pyramid was only a partial success—albeit a unique, visually imposing one; it is also the only major Egyptian pyramid to retain a significant proportion of its original smooth outer limestone casing intact. As such it serves as the best contemporary example of how the ancient Egyptians intended their pyramids to look. Several kilometres to the north of the Bent Pyramid is the last—and most successful—of the three pyramids constructed during the reign of Sneferu; the <a href="/wiki/Red_Pyramid" title="Red Pyramid">Red Pyramid</a> is the world's first successfully completed smooth-sided pyramid. The structure is also the third-largest pyramid in Egypt, after the pyramids of Khufu and Khafra at Giza. </p><p>Also at Dahshur is one of two pyramids built by <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Amenemhat_III_(Dahshur)" title="Pyramid of Amenemhat III (Dahshur)">Black Pyramid</a>, as well as a number of small, mostly ruined subsidiary pyramids. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mazghuna">Mazghuna</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mazghuna" title="Mazghuna">Mazghuna</a></div> <p>Located to the south of Dahshur, several <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbrick</a> pyramids were built in this area in the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a>, perhaps for <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmenemhetIPyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/AmenemhetIPyramid.jpg/220px-AmenemhetIPyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/AmenemhetIPyramid.jpg/330px-AmenemhetIPyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/AmenemhetIPyramid.jpg/440px-AmenemhetIPyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Amenemhet_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid of Amenemhet I">Pyramid of Amenemhet I</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lisht" title="Lisht">Lisht</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lisht">Lisht</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lisht" title="Lisht">Lisht</a></div> <p>Two major pyramids are known to have been built at Lisht: those of <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a> and his son, <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a>. The latter is surrounded by the ruins of ten smaller subsidiary pyramids. One of these subsidiary pyramids is known to be that of Amenemhat's cousin, Khaba II.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site which is in the vicinity of the oasis of the <a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Faiyum</a>, midway between Dahshur and Meidum, and about 100 kilometres south of Cairo, is believed to be in the vicinity of the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Itjtawy" title="Itjtawy">Itjtawy</a> (the precise location of which remains unknown), which served as the capital of Egypt during the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meidum">Meidum</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Meidum" title="Meidum">Meidum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:02_meidum_pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/02_meidum_pyramid.jpg/220px-02_meidum_pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/02_meidum_pyramid.jpg/330px-02_meidum_pyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/02_meidum_pyramid.jpg/440px-02_meidum_pyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The pyramid at <a href="/wiki/Meidum" title="Meidum">Meidum</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The pyramid at <a href="/wiki/Meidum" title="Meidum">Meidum</a> is one of three constructed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Sneferu</a>, and is believed by some to have been started by that pharaoh's father and predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a>. However, that attribution is uncertain, as no record of Huni's name has been found at the site. It was constructed as a <a href="/wiki/Step_pyramid" title="Step pyramid">step pyramid</a> and then later converted into the first "true" smooth-sided pyramid, when the steps were filled in and an outer casing added. The pyramid suffered several catastrophic collapses in ancient and medieval times. Medieval Arab writers described it as having seven steps, although today only the three uppermost of these remain, giving the structure its odd, tower-like appearance. The hill on which the pyramid is situated is not a natural landscape feature, it is the small mountain of debris created when the lower courses and outer casing of the pyramid gave way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hawara">Hawara</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hawara" title="Hawara">Hawara</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyramid_of_amenemhet_hawarra_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Pyramid_of_amenemhet_hawarra_01.jpg/220px-Pyramid_of_amenemhet_hawarra_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Pyramid_of_amenemhet_hawarra_01.jpg/330px-Pyramid_of_amenemhet_hawarra_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Pyramid_of_amenemhet_hawarra_01.jpg/440px-Pyramid_of_amenemhet_hawarra_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>The Pyramid of <a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet III">Amenemhet III</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hawara" title="Hawara">Hawara</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a> was the last powerful ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty, and the pyramid he built at Hawara, near the Faiyum, is believed to post-date the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Amenemhat_III_(Dahshur)" title="Pyramid of Amenemhat III (Dahshur)">Black Pyramid</a>" built by the same ruler at Dahshur. It is the Hawara pyramid that is believed to have been Amenemhet's final resting place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="El_Lahun">El Lahun</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/El_Lahun" title="El Lahun">El Lahun</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Lahun_Pyramid_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/El_Lahun_Pyramid_01.JPG/220px-El_Lahun_Pyramid_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/El_Lahun_Pyramid_01.JPG/330px-El_Lahun_Pyramid_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/El_Lahun_Pyramid_01.JPG/440px-El_Lahun_Pyramid_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Senusret_II" title="Pyramid of Senusret II">Pyramid of Senusret II</a>. The pyramid's natural limestone core is clearly visible as the yellow stratum at its base.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Senusret_II" title="Pyramid of Senusret II">Pyramid of Senusret II</a> at <a href="/wiki/El_Lahun" title="El Lahun">El Lahun</a> is the southernmost royal-tomb pyramid structure in Egypt. Its builders reduced the amount of work necessary to construct it by using as its foundation and core a 12-meter-high natural limestone hill. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="El-Kurru">El-Kurru</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/El-Kurru" title="El-Kurru">El-Kurru</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Kurru,main_pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Al-Kurru%2Cmain_pyramid.jpg/220px-Al-Kurru%2Cmain_pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Al-Kurru%2Cmain_pyramid.jpg/330px-Al-Kurru%2Cmain_pyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Al-Kurru%2Cmain_pyramid.jpg/440px-Al-Kurru%2Cmain_pyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye's</a> pyramid at <a href="/wiki/El-Kurru" title="El-Kurru">El-Kurru</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a>, the king of Kush who became the first ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty">Twenty-fifth Dynasty</a>, built a pyramid at El-Kurru. He was the first Egyptian pharaoh to be buried in a pyramid in centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuri">Nuri</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuri" title="Nuri">Nuri</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuri_main_pyr.northeast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Nuri_main_pyr.northeast.jpg/220px-Nuri_main_pyr.northeast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Nuri_main_pyr.northeast.jpg/330px-Nuri_main_pyr.northeast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Nuri_main_pyr.northeast.jpg/440px-Nuri_main_pyr.northeast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="2527" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa's</a> pyramid at <a href="/wiki/Nuri" title="Nuri">Nuri</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a>, a Kushite ruler of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, built his pyramid at Nuri. It was the largest in the area (North Sudan). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_dates_and_heights">Construction dates and heights</h3></div> <p>The following table lays out the chronology of the construction of most of the major pyramids mentioned here. Each pyramid is identified through the pharaoh who ordered it built, his approximate reign, and its location. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pyramid (Pharaoh) </th> <th>Reign </th> <th>Field </th> <th>Height </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser" title="Pyramid of Djoser">Pyramid of Djoser</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a>) </th> <td>c. 2670 BCE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a> </td> <td>62 meters (203 feet) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Red_Pyramid" title="Red Pyramid">Red Pyramid</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Sneferu</a>) </th> <td>c. 2612–2589 BCE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dahshur" title="Dahshur">Dahshur</a> </td> <td>104 meters (341 feet) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Meidum_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Meidum Pyramid">Meidum Pyramid</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Sneferu</a>) </th> <td>c. 2612–2589 BCE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meidum" title="Meidum">Meidum</a> </td> <td>65 meters (213 feet) (ruined) <p><br />Would have been 91.65 meters (301 feet)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or 175 Egyptian Royal <a href="/wiki/Cubits" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubits">cubits</a>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a>) </th> <td>c. 2589–2566 BCE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Giza</a> </td> <td>146.7 meters (481 feet) or 280 Egyptian Royal <a href="/wiki/Cubits" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubits">cubits</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djedefre" title="Pyramid of Djedefre">Pyramid of Djedefre</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a>) </th> <td>c. 2566–2558 BCE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abu_Rawash" title="Abu Rawash">Abu Rawash</a> </td> <td>60 meters (197 feet) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khafre" title="Pyramid of Khafre">Pyramid of Khafre</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a>) </th> <td>c. 2558–2532 BCE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Giza</a> </td> <td>136.4 meters (448 feet) <p><br />Originally: 143.5 m (471 ft) or 274 Egyptian Royal <a href="/wiki/Cubits" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubits">cubits</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Menkaure" title="Pyramid of Menkaure">Pyramid of Menkaure</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a>) </th> <td>c. 2532–2504 BCE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Giza</a> </td> <td>65 meters (213 feet) or 125 Egyptian Royal <a href="/wiki/Cubits" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubits">cubits</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Userkaf" title="Pyramid of Userkaf">Pyramid of Userkaf</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a>) </th> <td>c. 2494–2487 BCE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a> </td> <td>48 meters (161 feet) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Sahure" title="Pyramid of Sahure">Pyramid of Sahure</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a>) </th> <td>c. 2487–2477 BCE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abusir" title="Abusir">Abusir</a> </td> <td>47 meters (155 feet) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Neferirkare" title="Pyramid of Neferirkare">Pyramid of Neferirkare</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a>) </th> <td>c. 2477–2467 BCE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abusir" title="Abusir">Abusir</a> </td> <td>72.8 meters (239 feet) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Nyuserre" title="Pyramid of Nyuserre">Pyramid of Nyuserre</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a>) </th> <td>c. 2416–2392 BCE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abusir" title="Abusir">Abusir</a> </td> <td>51.68 m (169.6 feet) or 99 Egyptian Royal <a href="/wiki/Cubits" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubits">cubits</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Amenemhat_I" title="Pyramid of Amenemhat I">Pyramid of Amenemhat I</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a>) </th> <td>c. 1991–1962 BCE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisht" title="Lisht">Lisht</a> </td> <td>55 meters (181 feet) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Senusret_I" title="Pyramid of Senusret I">Pyramid of Senusret I</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a>) </th> <td>c. 1971–1926 BCE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisht" title="Lisht">Lisht</a> </td> <td>61.25 meters (201 feet) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Senusret_II" title="Pyramid of Senusret II">Pyramid of Senusret II</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a>) </th> <td>c. 1897–1878 BCE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/El-Lahun" class="mw-redirect" title="El-Lahun">el-Lahun</a> </td> <td>48.65 m (159.6 ft; 93 Egyptian Royal <a href="/wiki/Cubits" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubits">cubits</a>) or <p>47.6 m (156 ft; 91 Egyptian Royal <a href="/wiki/Cubits" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubits">cubits</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Black_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Pyramid">Black Pyramid</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a>) </th> <td>c. 1860–1814 BCE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dahshur" title="Dahshur">Dahshur</a> </td> <td>75 meters (246 feet) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khendjer" title="Pyramid of Khendjer">Pyramid of Khendjer</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Khendjer" title="Khendjer">Khendjer</a>) </th> <td>c. 1764–1759 BCE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a> </td> <td>about 37 metres (121 ft), now completely ruined </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Piye#Burial" title="Piye">Pyramid of Piye</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a>) </th> <td>c. 721 BCE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/El-Kurru" title="El-Kurru">El-Kurru</a> </td> <td>20 meters (66 feet) or <p>30 meters (99 feet) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Taharqa#Nuri_pyramid" title="Taharqa">Pyramid of Taharqa</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a>) </th> <td>c. 664 BCE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuri" title="Nuri">Nuri</a> </td> <td>40 meters (132 feet) or <p>50 meters (164 feet) </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_techniques">Construction techniques</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colosse-dj%C3%A9houtih%C3%A9tep2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Colosse-dj%C3%A9houtih%C3%A9tep2.jpg/300px-Colosse-dj%C3%A9houtih%C3%A9tep2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Colosse-dj%C3%A9houtih%C3%A9tep2.jpg/450px-Colosse-dj%C3%A9houtih%C3%A9tep2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Colosse-dj%C3%A9houtih%C3%A9tep2.jpg/600px-Colosse-dj%C3%A9houtih%C3%A9tep2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1975" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption>Drawing showing transportation of a colossus. The water poured in the path of the sledge, long dismissed by Egyptologists as ritual, but now confirmed as feasible, served to increase the stiffness of the sand, and likely reduced by 50% the force needed to move the statue.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pyramid construction techniques">Egyptian pyramid construction techniques</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Diary_of_Merer" title="Diary of Merer">Diary of Merer</a></div><p>Constructing the pyramids involved moving huge quantities of stone. While most blocks came from nearby quarries, special stones were transported on great barges from distant locations, for instance white limestone from <a href="/wiki/Tura,_Egypt" title="Tura, Egypt">Tura</a> and granite from <a href="/wiki/Stone_quarries_of_ancient_Egypt#The_quarries_of_Aswan" title="Stone quarries of ancient Egypt">Aswan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner1997207_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner1997207-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, papyri, named <a href="/wiki/Diary_of_Merer" title="Diary of Merer">Diary of Merer</a>, were discovered at an ancient Egyptian harbor at the Red Sea coast. They are logbooks written over 4,500 years ago by an official with the title <i>inspector</i>, who documented the transport of white limestone from the Tura quarries, along the Nile River, to the Great Pyramid of Giza, the tomb of the Pharaoh Khufu.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible that quarried blocks were then transported to the construction site by wooden sleds, with sand in front of the sled wetted to reduce <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a>. Droplets of water created bridges between the grains of sand, helping them stick together.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers cut the stones close to the construction site, as indicated by the numerous finds of cutting tools. The finished blocks were placed on the pre-prepared foundations.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foundations were levelled using a rough square level, water trenches and experienced surveyors.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_pyramids" title="List of Egyptian pyramids">List of Egyptian pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_finds_in_Egyptian_pyramids" title="List of finds in Egyptian pyramids">List of finds in Egyptian pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_megalithic_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of megalithic sites">List of megalithic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramidion" title="Pyramidion">Pyramidion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_pyramids" title="Nubian pyramids">Nubian pyramids</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSlackman2008" class="citation news cs1">Slackman, Michael (17 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/17/world/middleeast/17cairo.html">"In the Shadow of a Long Past, Patiently Awaiting the Future"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180106054739/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/17/world/middleeast/17cairo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+the+Shadow+of+a+Long+Past%2C+Patiently+Awaiting+the+Future&rft.date=2008-11-17&rft.aulast=Slackman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F11%2F17%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F17cairo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+pyramids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Lehner2008" class="citation book cs1">Mark Lehner (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nNVsHwAACAAJ"><i>The Complete Pyramids: Solving the Ancient Mysteries</i></a>. Thames & Hudson. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28547-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28547-3"><bdi>978-0-500-28547-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212170226/https://books.google.com/books?id=nNVsHwAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Egypt+says+has+found+pyramid+built+for+ancient+queen&rft.date=2008-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-egypt-pyramid%2Fegypt-says-has-found-pyramid-built-for-ancient-queen-idUSTRE4AA3ID20081111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+pyramids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shadow-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shadow_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlackman2007" class="citation news cs1">Slackman, Michael (16 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/17/world/middleeast/17cairo.html">"In the Shadow of a Long Past, Patiently Awaiting the Future"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180106054739/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/17/world/middleeast/17cairo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+the+Shadow+of+a+Long+Past%2C+Patiently+Awaiting+the+Future&rft.date=2007-11-16&rft.aulast=Slackman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F11%2F17%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F17cairo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+pyramids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ritter2003-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ritter2003_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitter2003" class="citation web cs1">Ritter, Michael (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511163647/http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/connections/connections_dating_pyramids.html">"Dating the Pyramids"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/connections/connections_dating_pyramids.html">the original</a> on 11 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dating+the+Pyramids&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwsp.edu%2Fgeo%2Ffaculty%2Fritter%2Fgeog101%2Ftextbook%2Fconnections%2Fconnections_dating_pyramids.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+pyramids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Archaic Egypt</i>, Walter B. Emery, p. 144–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Gardner_(art_historian)" title="Helen Gardner (art historian)">Gardner, Helen</a> (1980) [1926]. De La Croix, Horst; Tansey, Richard G. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Gardner%27s_Art_Through_the_Ages" title="Gardner's Art Through the Ages">Art through the Ages</a></i> (7th ed.). New York: Harcourt Brave Jovanovitch. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-503758-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-503758-7"><bdi>0-15-503758-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+through+the+Ages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=68&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brave+Jovanovitch&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-15-503758-7&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+pyramids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner199784-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner199784_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLehner1997">Lehner 1997</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkin2005" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39T1zElEBrQC&q=giza+pyramids+largest+structures&pg=PA14"><i>A History of Western Architecture</i></a> (4th ed.). Laurence King Publishing. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85669-459-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85669-459-9"><bdi>978-1-85669-459-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220112205540/https://books.google.com/books?id=39T1zElEBrQC&q=giza+pyramids+largest+structures&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F0-306-47547-2_2">10.1007/0-306-47547-2_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-46755-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-46755-0"><bdi>0-306-46755-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512161107/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-306-47547-2_2">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University College London (2001) Retrieved 14 April 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/burialcustoms/earlydynastic.html">"Early Dynastic burial customs"</a>. Digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130722231319/http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/burialcustoms/earlydynastic.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Dynastic+burial+customs&rft.pub=Digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk%2Fburialcustoms%2Fearlydynastic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+pyramids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archaic Egypt, Walter B. Emery, pp. 144–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A History of Ancient Egypt: From the First Farmers to the Great Pyramid, John Romer, pp. 294–295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Pyramids</i>, Miroslav Verner, pp. 109–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quirke, Stephen (2001). <i>The Cult of Ra: Sun Worship in Ancient Egypt</i>. Thames & Hudson, pp. 118–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt/">"Old Kingdom of Egypt"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423193856/https://www.worldhistory.org/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Studies in Memory of Barbara Adams Proceedings of the International Conference "Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt", Krakow, 28th August – 1st September 2002</i>. Peeters. p. 1142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1469-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1469-8"><bdi>978-90-429-1469-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518173141/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z169xREnHQwC&q=pyramids+%22resurrection+machine%22&pg=PA1141">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=Egypt+uncovers+%27missing%27+pyramid+of+a+pharaoh&rft.date=2008-06-05&rft.aulast=Kratovac&rft.aufirst=Katarina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Fap%2F20080606%2Fap_on_re_mi_ea%2Fegypt_missing_pyramid%3B_ylt%3DAtJMeqg4khfjCZgFw4P7z5us0NUE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+pyramids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagazineDavis-Marks" class="citation web cs1">Magazine, Smithsonian; Davis-Marks, Isis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archaeologists-unearth-50-more-sarcophagi-saqqara-necropolis-180976794/">"Archaeologists Unearth Egyptian Queen's Tomb, 13-Foot 'Book of the Dead' Scroll"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+Unearth+Egyptian+Queen%27s+Tomb%2C+13-Foot+%27Book+of+the+Dead%27+Scroll&rft.aulast=Magazine&rft.aufirst=Smithsonian&rft.au=Davis-Marks%2C+Isis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Farchaeologists-unearth-50-more-sarcophagi-saqqara-necropolis-180976794%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+pyramids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Kitchen">Kenneth Kitchen</a>: <i>Ramesside Inscriptions, Translated & Annotated, Translations, Volume II</i>, Blackwell Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-18435-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-18435-X">0-631-18435-X</a>, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://egyptphoto.ncf.ca/pyramid%20of%20shepseskaf.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161115153419/http://egyptphoto.ncf.ca/pyramid%20of%20shepseskaf.htm">Archived</a> 15 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Mastaba of Shepseskaf</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenManuelian2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Allen" title="James Peter Allen">Allen, James</a>; Manuelian, Peter (2005). <i>The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts (Writings from the Ancient World, No. 23)</i>. Brill Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13777-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13777-6"><bdi>978-90-04-13777-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Egyptian+Pyramid+Texts+%28Writings+from+the+Ancient+World%2C+No.+23%29&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13777-6&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Manuelian%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+pyramids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerrence_McCoy2014" class="citation news cs1">Terrence McCoy (2 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/05/02/the-surprisingly-simple-way-egyptians-moved-massive-pyramid-stones-without-modern-technology/">"The surprisingly simple way Egyptians moved massive pyramid stones without modern technology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140505081145/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/05/02/the-surprisingly-simple-way-egyptians-moved-massive-pyramid-stones-without-modern-technology/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+surprisingly+simple+way+Egyptians+moved+massive+pyramid+stones+without+modern+technology&rft.date=2014-05-02&rft.au=Terrence+McCoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmorning-mix%2Fwp%2F2014%2F05%2F02%2Fthe-surprisingly-simple-way-egyptians-moved-massive-pyramid-stones-without-modern-technology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+pyramids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner1997207-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner1997207_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLehner1997">Lehner 1997</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStille" class="citation web cs1">Stille, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/ancient-egypt-shipping-mining-farming-economy-pyramids-180956619/">"The World's Oldest Papyrus and What It Can Tell Us About the Great Pyramids"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923062548/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/ancient-egypt-shipping-mining-farming-economy-pyramids-180956619/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Oldest+Papyrus+and+What+It+Can+Tell+Us+About+the+Great+Pyramids&rft.aulast=Stille&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fancient-egypt-shipping-mining-farming-economy-pyramids-180956619%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+pyramids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/45285-how-egyptians-moved-pyramid-stones.html">"Solved! How Ancient Egyptians Moved Massive Pyramid Stones"</a>. <i>Live Science</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220101042714/https://www.livescience.com/45285-how-egyptians-moved-pyramid-stones.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=Solved%21+How+Ancient+Egyptians+Moved+Massive+Pyramid+Stones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F45285-how-egyptians-moved-pyramid-stones.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+pyramids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/architecture/foundation.html">"Building in Ancient Egypt: foundations of stone buildings"</a>. <i>ucl.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ucl.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Building+in+Ancient+Egypt%3A+foundations+of+stone+buildings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Fmuseums-static%2Fdigitalegypt%2Farchitecture%2Ffoundation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+pyramids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surveyhistory.org/egyptian_surveying_tools1.htm">"EGYPTIAN SURVEYING TOOLS"</a>. <i>surveyhistory.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=surveyhistory.org&rft.atitle=EGYPTIAN+SURVEYING+TOOLS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.surveyhistory.org%2Fegyptian_surveying_tools1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+pyramids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I._E._S._Edwards" title="I. E. S. Edwards">Edwards, I. E. S.</a>, <i>The Pyramids of Egypt</i> Penguin Books Ltd; New edition (1991), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013634-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013634-0">978-0-14-013634-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehner1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Lehner" title="Mark Lehner">Lehner, Mark</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completepyramids00lehn"><i>The Complete Pyramids</i></a>. London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05084-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05084-8"><bdi>0-500-05084-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Pyramids&rft.pub=London%3A+Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-500-05084-8&rft.aulast=Lehner&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletepyramids00lehn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+pyramids" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Mendelssohn" title="Kurt Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn, Kurt</a>, <i>The Riddle of the Pyramids</i>, Thames & Hudson Ltd (1974), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05015-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05015-6">978-0-500-05015-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pyramids_of_Egypt" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pyramids of Egypt">Pyramids of Egypt</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians">Ancient Egyptians from BBC History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213522/http://www.whtour.org/86">Pyramids World Heritage Site in panographies</a> – 360-degree interactive imaging</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/pyramids_of_egypt/index.php">The Pyramids of Egypt</a> – The meaning and construction of the Egyptian pyramids by Egyptologist Professor Nabil Swelim.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/digital_egypt/hawara/bibliography_old.html#her">Ancient Authors</a> – A site that quotes descriptions of the "Labyrinth" of Amenemhet III's pyramid at el-Lahun by various ancient authors.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.narmer.pl/indexen.htm">Ancient Egypt – History & Chronology</a> – A site detailing the major pyramid sites of ancient Egypt and Nubia (Sudan).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ok9AQAAIAAJ">How the Pyramids were Built</a>", 25 September 1880, p. 201</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Egyptian_pyramids" title="Template:Egyptian pyramids"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Egyptian_pyramids" title="Template talk:Egyptian pyramids"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Egyptian_pyramids" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Egyptian pyramids"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Egyptian_pyramids1258" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egyptian pyramids</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_pyramids" title="List of Egyptian pyramids">List of Egyptian pyramids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lepsius_list_of_pyramids" title="Lepsius list of pyramids">Lepsius</a>)</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pyramids_of_Egypt" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pyramids of Egypt">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Period35" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">Period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty46" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Egyptian dynasties">Dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Pyramids</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2686–2181 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser" title="Pyramid of Djoser">Djoser</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buried_Pyramid" title="Buried Pyramid">Buried</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Layer_Pyramid" title="Layer Pyramid">Layer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepsius_I_Pyramid" title="Lepsius I Pyramid">Lepsius I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Athribis" title="Pyramid of Athribis">Athribis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Elephantine" title="Pyramid of Elephantine">Elephantine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edfu_South_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Edfu South Pyramid">Edfu South</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_el-Kula" title="Pyramid of el-Kula">el-Kula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Naqada" title="Pyramid of Naqada">Naqada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Zawyet_el-Maiyitin" title="Pyramid of Zawyet el-Maiyitin">Zawyet el-Maiyitin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Sinki" title="Pyramid of Sinki">Sinki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Seila" title="Pyramid of Seila">Seila</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meidum" title="Meidum">Meidum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bent_Pyramid" title="Bent Pyramid">Bent</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Pyramid" title="Red Pyramid">Red</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djedefre" title="Pyramid of Djedefre">Djedefre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Northern_Pyramid_of_Zawyet_el%27Aryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan">Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khafre" title="Pyramid of Khafre">Khafre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Menkaure" title="Pyramid of Menkaure">Menkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khentkaus_I" title="Pyramid of Khentkaus I">Khentkaus I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mastabat_al-Fir%27aun" title="Mastabat al-Fir'aun">Mastabet el-Fara'un</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_G1-a" title="Pyramid G1-a">G1-a</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_G1-b" title="Pyramid G1-b">G1-b</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_G1-c" title="Pyramid G1-c">G1-c</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_G1-d" title="Pyramid G1-d">G1-d</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_G2-a" title="Pyramid G2-a">G2-a</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_G3-a" title="Pyramid G3-a">G3-a</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_G3-b" title="Pyramid G3-b">G3-b</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_G3-c" title="Pyramid G3-c">G3-c</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepsius_L" title="Lepsius L">Lepsius L</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Userkaf" title="Pyramid of Userkaf">Userkaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Neferhetepes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid of Neferhetepes">Neferhetepes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Sahure" title="Pyramid of Sahure">Sahure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Neferirkare" title="Pyramid of Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khentkaus_II" title="Pyramid of Khentkaus II">Khentkaus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Neferefre" title="Pyramid of Neferefre">Neferefre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Pyramid_of_Abusir" title="Unfinished Pyramid of Abusir">Unfinished</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Nyuserre" title="Pyramid of Nyuserre">Nyuserre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepsius_XXIV" title="Lepsius XXIV">Lepsius XXIV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Double_Pyramid" title="Double Pyramid">Double</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headless_Pyramid" title="Headless Pyramid"><i>Headless</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djedkare_Isesi" title="Pyramid of Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare-Isesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Unas" title="Pyramid of Unas">Unas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Teti" title="Pyramid of Teti">Teti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Pepi_I" title="Pyramid of Pepi I">Pepi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Merenre" title="Pyramid of Merenre">Merenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Pepi_II" title="Pyramid of Pepi II">Pepi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Sesheshet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid of Sesheshet">Sesheshet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1<sup>st</sup> Intermediate Period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2181–2040 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.5em;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt"> VIII</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Ity" title="Pyramid of Ity">Ity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Neferkare_Neby" title="Pyramid of Neferkare Neby">Neferkare Neby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi#Pyramid_complex" title="Qakare Ibi">Ibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khui" title="Pyramid of Khui">Khui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Merikare" title="Pyramid of Merikare">Merikare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2040–1650 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Reherishefnakht" title="Pyramid of Reherishefnakht">Reherishefnakht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Amenemhat_I" title="Pyramid of Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Senusret_I" title="Pyramid of Senusret I">Senusret I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Pyramid" title="White Pyramid">White</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Senusret_II" title="Pyramid of Senusret II">Senusret II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Senusret_III" title="Pyramid of Senusret III">Senusret III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Amenemhat_III_(Dahshur)" title="Pyramid of Amenemhat III (Dahshur)">Black</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawara" title="Hawara">Hawara</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Neferuptah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyramid of Neferuptah (page does not exist)">Neferuptah</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferuptah-Pyramide" class="extiw" title="de:Neferuptah-Pyramide">de</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Central_Dahshur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyramid of Central Dahshur (page does not exist)">Central Dahshur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramide_von_Zentral-Dahschur" class="extiw" title="de:Pyramide von Zentral-Dahschur">de</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mazghuna_pyramid" title="Southern Mazghuna pyramid">South Mazghuna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mazghuna_pyramid" title="Northern Mazghuna pyramid">North Mazghuna</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Ameny_Qemau" title="Pyramid of Ameny Qemau">Ameny Qemau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khendjer" title="Pyramid of Khendjer">Khendjer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_South_Saqqara_pyramid" title="Southern South Saqqara pyramid">Southern South Saqqara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SAK_S_3" title="SAK S 3">SAK S 3</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAK_S_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAK S 7 (page does not exist)">SAK S 7</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAK_S_7" class="extiw" title="de:SAK S 7">de</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Dahshur_Pyramid_A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Dahshur Pyramid A (page does not exist)">South Dahshur A</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCddahschur-A-Pyramide" class="extiw" title="de:Süddahschur-A-Pyramide">de</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Dahshur_Pyramid_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Dahshur Pyramid B (page does not exist)">South Dahshur B</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCddahschur-B-Pyramide" class="extiw" title="de:Süddahschur-B-Pyramide">de</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=DAS_46&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DAS 46 (page does not exist)">DAS 46</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=DAS_49&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DAS 49 (page does not exist)">DAS 49</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=DAS_50&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DAS 50 (page does not exist)">DAS 50</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=DAS_51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DAS 51 (page does not exist)">DAS 51</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=DAS_53&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DAS 53 (page does not exist)">DAS 53</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAS_53" class="extiw" title="de:DAS 53">de</a>]</span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_9_(Abydos)" title="S 9 (Abydos)">S 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_10_(Abydos)" title="S 10 (Abydos)">S 10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Merneferre_Ay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyramid of Merneferre Ay (page does not exist)">Merneferre Ay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Intermediate Period">Second Intermediate</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1650–1570 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XVII37" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Sobekemsaf_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyramid of Sobekemsaf I (page does not exist)">Sobekemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Sobekemsaf_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyramid of Sobekemsaf II (page does not exist)">Sobekemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Sekhemre-Wepmaat_Intef&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyramid of Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef (page does not exist)">Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dra%27_Abu_el-Naga%27#Other_tombs" title="Dra' Abu el-Naga'">Nubkheperre Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Senakhtenre_Ahmose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyramid of Senakhtenre Ahmose (page does not exist)">Senakhtenre Ahmose</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Seqenenre_Tao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyramid of Seqenenre Tao (page does not exist)">Seqenenre Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Kamose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyramid of Kamose (page does not exist)">Kamose</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1570–1070 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Ahmose" title="Pyramid of Ahmose">Ahmose</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Step_pyramid" title="Step pyramid">Step pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pyramid construction techniques">Construction techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seked" title="Seked">Seked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramidion" title="Pyramidion">Pyramidion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramidology" title="Pyramidology">Pyramidology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Egypt_topics809" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template:Ancient Egypt topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Egypt topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Egypt topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Egypt_topics809" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Egypt_artifacts" title="Glossary of ancient Egypt artifacts">Glossary of artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_ancient_Egypt%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of ancient Egypt–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt/Main_topics" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt/Main topics">Main topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:81px"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_obelisks" title="List of Egyptian obelisks">Obelisks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)" title="Pylon (architecture)">Pylon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Portraiture in ancient Egypt">Portraiture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Urban planning in ancient Egypt">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_towns_and_cities" title="List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Clothing in ancient Egypt">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy" title="Ancient Egyptian race controversy">Ancient Egyptian race controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_Egypt" title="Population history of Egypt">Population history of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Dance in ancient Egypt">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Dynasties of ancient Egypt">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerary practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Geography of ancient Egypt">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Royal_Wife" title="Great Royal Wife">Great Royal Wives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_royal_consorts" title="List of ancient Egyptian royal consorts">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_hieroglyphs" title="Cursive hieroglyphs">Cursive hieroglyphs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_mathematics" title="Ancient Egyptian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine" title="Ancient Egyptian medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Military of ancient Egypt">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptians" title="List of ancient Egyptians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Titulary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_pottery" title="Ancient Egyptian pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_scribes" title="List of ancient Egyptian scribes">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_sites" title="List of ancient Egyptian sites">Sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical 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