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Boron - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persiapan_boron_elemental_di_laboratorium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persiapan_boron_elemental_di_laboratorium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Persiapan boron elemental di laboratorium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persiapan_boron_elemental_di_laboratorium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karakteristik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karakteristik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Karakteristik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Karakteristik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Karakteristik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Karakteristik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alotrop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alotrop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Alotrop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alotrop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sifat_kimia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifat_kimia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sifat kimia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sifat_kimia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Struktur_atom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktur_atom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Struktur atom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struktur_atom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senyawa_kimia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senyawa_kimia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Senyawa kimia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senyawa_kimia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kimia_organoboron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kimia_organoboron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.1</span> <span>Kimia organoboron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kimia_organoboron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senyawa_B(I)_dan_B(II)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senyawa_B(I)_dan_B(II)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.2</span> <span>Senyawa B(I) dan B(II)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senyawa_B(I)_dan_B(II)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Isotop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pengayaan_isotop_komersial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengayaan_isotop_komersial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Pengayaan isotop komersial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengayaan_isotop_komersial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boron_yang_diperkaya_(boron-10)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boron_yang_diperkaya_(boron-10)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Boron yang diperkaya (boron-10)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boron_yang_diperkaya_(boron-10)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boron_terdeplesi_(boron-11)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boron_terdeplesi_(boron-11)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Boron terdeplesi (boron-11)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boron_terdeplesi_(boron-11)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Semikonduktor_yang_diperkeras_radiasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semikonduktor_yang_diperkeras_radiasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3.1</span> <span>Semikonduktor yang diperkeras radiasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semikonduktor_yang_diperkeras_radiasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fusi_proton-boron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fusi_proton-boron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3.2</span> <span>Fusi proton-boron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fusi_proton-boron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spektroskopi_NMR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spektroskopi_NMR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Spektroskopi NMR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spektroskopi_NMR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keterjadian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keterjadian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Keterjadian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keterjadian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Produksi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Produksi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Produksi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Produksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tren_pasar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tren_pasar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tren pasar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tren_pasar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aplikasi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aplikasi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Aplikasi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aplikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Serat_boron_elemental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serat_boron_elemental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Serat boron elemental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serat_boron_elemental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiberglas_terboronasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiberglas_terboronasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Fiberglas terboronasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiberglas_terboronasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaca_borosilikat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaca_borosilikat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Kaca borosilikat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaca_borosilikat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keramik_boron_karbida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keramik_boron_karbida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Keramik boron karbida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keramik_boron_karbida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senyawa_kekerasan_dan_abrasif_tinggi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senyawa_kekerasan_dan_abrasif_tinggi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Senyawa kekerasan dan abrasif tinggi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senyawa_kekerasan_dan_abrasif_tinggi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metalurgi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metalurgi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Metalurgi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metalurgi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formulasi_detergen_dan_bahan_pemutih" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formulasi_detergen_dan_bahan_pemutih"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Formulasi detergen dan bahan pemutih</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formulasi_detergen_dan_bahan_pemutih-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insektisida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insektisida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Insektisida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insektisida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semikonduktor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semikonduktor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Semikonduktor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semikonduktor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Magnet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pelindung_dan_penyerap_neutron_dalam_reaktor_nuklir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelindung_dan_penyerap_neutron_dalam_reaktor_nuklir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Pelindung dan penyerap neutron dalam reaktor nuklir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelindung_dan_penyerap_neutron_dalam_reaktor_nuklir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kegunaan_nonmedis_lainnya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kegunaan_nonmedis_lainnya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Kegunaan nonmedis lainnya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kegunaan_nonmedis_lainnya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplikasi_farmasi_dan_biologis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplikasi_farmasi_dan_biologis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>Aplikasi farmasi dan biologis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplikasi_farmasi_dan_biologis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Area_penelitian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Area_penelitian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14</span> <span>Area penelitian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Area_penelitian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peran_biologis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peran_biologis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Peran biologis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Peran_biologis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Peran biologis</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Peran_biologis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kuantifikasi_analitis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuantifikasi_analitis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Kuantifikasi analitis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuantifikasi_analitis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masalah_kesehatan_dan_toksisitas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masalah_kesehatan_dan_toksisitas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Masalah kesehatan dan toksisitas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masalah_kesehatan_dan_toksisitas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Boron</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 166 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-166" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">166 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boor_(element)" title="Boor (element) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Boor (element)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A6%E1%88%AE%E1%8A%95" title="ቦሮን – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቦሮን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boro" title="Boro – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Boro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="बोरॉन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बोरॉन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="بورون – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بورون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="بور – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بور" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="بورون – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بورون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%27%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="ব&#039;ৰণ – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ব&#039;ৰণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boru" title="Boru – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Boru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="बोरोन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बोरोन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor" title="Bor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="بور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron" title="Boron – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Boron" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron" title="Boron – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Boron" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Бор (хімічны элемент) – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бор (хімічны элемент)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Бор (элемэнт) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бор (элемэнт)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Бор (елемент) – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бор (елемент)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="बोरॉन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बोरॉन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဘိုရွန် – Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဘိုရွန်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8" title="বোরন – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বোরন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9A%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%82" title="ཚ་ནག – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཚ་ནག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor" title="Bor – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor_(element)" title="Bor (element) – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bor (element)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor" title="Bor – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8ng" title="Bèng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bèng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boro" title="Boro – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Boro" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86" title="بۆرۆن – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆرۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boru" title="Boru – Korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Boru" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor_(prvek)" title="Bor (prvek) – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bor (prvek)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Бор (элемент) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бор (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron" title="Boron – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Boron" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor_(grundstof)" title="Bor (grundstof) – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bor (grundstof)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor" title="Bor – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%AF%DE%83%DE%AF%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ބޯރޯން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބޯރޯން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Βόριο – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βόριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron" title="Boron – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Boron" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boro" title="Boro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Boro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boro" title="Boro – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Boro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boor" title="Boor – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Boor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boro" title="Boro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Boro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="بور – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boori" title="Boori – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Boori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor_(frumevni)" title="Bor (frumevni) – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bor (frumevni)" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bore" title="Bore – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bore" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boor" title="Boor – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Boor" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B4r" title="Bôr – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Bôr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boar_(elemint)" title="Boar (elemint) – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Boar (elemint)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3r%C3%B3n" title="Bórón – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bórón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="硼" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2ron" title="Bòron – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bòron" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boro" title="Boro – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Boro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8" title="બોરોન – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બોરોન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron" title="Boron – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Boron" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%ACn" title="Phìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron" title="Boron – Hawaii" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Boron" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8_(%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93)" title="בור (יסוד) – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בור (יסוד)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="बोरॉन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बोरॉन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron" title="Boron – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Boron" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor_(element)" title="Bor (element) – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bor (element)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3r" title="Bór – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bór" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%80_(%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%80)" title="Բոր (քիմիական տարր) – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բոր (քիմիական տարր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boro" title="Boro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Boro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borono" title="Borono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Borono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3r" title="Bór – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bór" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boro" title="Boro – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Boro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%82%A6%E7%B4%A0" title="ホウ素 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホウ素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoran" title="Buoran – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Buoran" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jicmrboro" title="jicmrboro – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jicmrboro" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron" title="Boron – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Boron" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ბორი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%94r%C9%A9" title="Bɔrɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Bɔrɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron" title="Boron – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Boron" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Бор (элемент) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бор (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬೋರಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೋರಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%95%EC%86%8C" title="붕소 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="붕소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor" title="Bor – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bor" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Бор – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Бор" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron" title="Boron – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Boron" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Бор (элемент) – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бор (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borium" title="Borium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Borium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor" title="Bor – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bor" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boor" title="Boor – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Boor" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boro" title="Boro – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Boro" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor" title="Bor – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Bor" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boro" title="Boro – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Boro" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolo" title="Bolo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bolo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boras" title="Boras – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Boras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bors" title="Bors – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бора – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Бора" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%ABtiwha" title="Pūtiwha – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pūtiwha" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Бор (елемент) – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бор (елемент)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="ബോറോൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബോറോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Бор (химийн элемент) – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бор (химийн элемент)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯕꯣꯔꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕꯣꯔꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="बोरॉन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बोरॉन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Бор (элемент) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Бор (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron" title="Boron – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Boron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဘိုရွန် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘိုရွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Бор (элемент) – Eryza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Бор (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Eryza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xacoiztatl" title="Xacoiztatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Xacoiztatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor_(Element)" title="Bor (Element) – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bor (Element)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="बोरोन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बोरोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boor_(element)" title="Boor (element) – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boor (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunnstoffet_bor" title="Grunnstoffet bor – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grunnstoffet bor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor_(grunnstoff)" title="Bor (grunnstoff) – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bor (grunnstoff)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bore" title="Bore – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Bore" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2r" title="Bòr – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bòr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borum" title="Borum – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Borum" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booroonii" title="Booroonii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Booroonii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A8" title="ବୋରନ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବୋରନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Бор (элемент) – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бор (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਬੋਰਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੋਰਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="बोरोन – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बोरोन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor" title="Bor – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2r" title="Bòr – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bòr" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="بورون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بورون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="بورون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بورون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boro" title="Boro – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Boro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purun" title="Purun – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Purun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor_(element)" title="Bor (element) – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bor (element)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boru" title="Boru – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Boru" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Бор (элемент) – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бор (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="बोरान – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बोरान" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱵᱳᱨᱚᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱳᱨᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boru" title="Boru – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Boru" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boru" title="Boru – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Boru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron" title="Boron – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Boron" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="بورون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بورون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor_(element)" title="Bor (element) – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bor (element)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="බෝරෝන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බෝරෝන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron" title="Boron – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Boron" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3r" title="Bór – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bór" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor_(element)" title="Bor (element) – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bor (element)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhawaraki" title="Bhawaraki – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhawaraki" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booron" title="Booron – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Booron" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bori" title="Bori – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Бор (хемијски елемент) – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бор (хемијски елемент)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor" title="Bor – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bor" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron" title="Boron – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Boron" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor" title="Bor – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroni" title="Boroni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Boroni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="போரான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போரான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="బోరాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బోరాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80)" title="Бор (унсур) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бор (унсур)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="โบรอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โบรอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron" title="Boron – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Boron" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor" title="Bor – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Бор (элемент) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бор (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="بور – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بور" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Бор – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="بورون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بورون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor_(unsur)" title="Bor (unsur) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bor (unsur)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor_(himine_element)" title="Bor (himine element) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bor (himine element)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor" title="Bor – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bor" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borin" title="Borin – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Borin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boro" title="Boro – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Boro" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="硼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Борон – Kalmuk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Борон" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8_(%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%98)" title="באר (עלעמענט) – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באר (עלעמענט)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80n%C3%B9" title="Bórọ̀nù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bórọ̀nù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94" title="ⴰⴱⵓⵔ – Tamazight Maroko Standar" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴱⵓⵔ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maroko Standar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="硼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="硼" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%AAng-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Phêng-sò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phêng-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="硼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmBohlwa" title="UmBohlwa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmBohlwa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q618#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Boron" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Boron"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Boron"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Boron" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Boron" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;oldid=26556081" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&amp;page=Boron&amp;id=26556081&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBoron"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBoron"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Boron"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Boron&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Boron" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q618" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333552">.mw-parser-output .ib-station-name{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}@media only screen and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-station{width:25.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-station-name{width:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard" style="font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="background:lightgray;padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><div style="float:right;display:inline;background:lightgray;font-size:150%;"><sub><span style="font-size:smaller;">5</span></sub>B</div>Boron</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Boron_R105.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Boron_R105.jpg/220px-Boron_R105.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Boron_R105.jpg/330px-Boron_R105.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Boron_R105.jpg/440px-Boron_R105.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Boron (β-rombohedron)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background:black"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Boron_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Boron_spectrum_visible.png/220px-Boron_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Boron_spectrum_visible.png/330px-Boron_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Boron_spectrum_visible.png/440px-Boron_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </div><div class="infobox-caption">Garis spektrum boron</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#cccc99">Sifat umum</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Pengucapan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">/boron/<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Alotropi" title="Alotropi">Alotrop</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">α-, β-rombohedron, β-tetragon (dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alotrop_boron&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alotrop boron (halaman belum tersedia)">lainnya</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Penampilan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">hitam cokelat</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#cccc99">Boron dalam <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><div style="z-index:1;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;font-size:120%;right:185px;margin:0.1em;font-family:&#39;Linux Libertine&#39;,Georgia,Times,serif ; line-height:0.9"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Media:Electron_shell_005_Boron.svg" title="Media:Electron shell 005 Boron.svg"><img alt="Perbesar gambar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Electron_shell_005_Boron.svg/50px-Electron_shell_005_Boron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Electron_shell_005_Boron.svg/75px-Electron_shell_005_Boron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Electron_shell_005_Boron.svg/100px-Electron_shell_005_Boron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="z-index:1;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;font-size:120%;right:140px;margin:0.1em;font-family:&#39;Linux Libertine&#39;,Georgia,Times,serif ; line-height:0.9"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><sub><span style="font-size:smaller;">5</span></sub>B</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Hidrogen</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Helium</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Lithium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Berilium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Boron</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Karbon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Nitrogen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oksigen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluor"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Fluor</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Neon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Natrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Magnesium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Aluminium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Silikon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Fosfor</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Sulfur</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Clor (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Clor</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Argon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potasium" class="mw-redirect" title="Potasium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Potasium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Kalsium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Skandium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Titanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Vanadium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Chromium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Mangan</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Besi</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Cobalt</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Nikel</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tembaga</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Seng</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Gallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Germanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Arsen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Selen (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Selen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bromin</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Kripton</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Rubidium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Strontium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Yttrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Zirconium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Niobium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Molybdenum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Technetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Ruthenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rhodium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Palladium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Silver</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Cadmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Indium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tin</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Antimony</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tellurium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Iodine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Xenon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Caesium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Barium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Lanthanum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Cerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Praseodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Promethium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Samarium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Europium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Gadolinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Terbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Dysprosium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Holmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Erbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Thulium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Ytterbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Lutetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hafnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tantalum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tungsten</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rhenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Osmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Iridium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Platinum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Gold</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Mercury (element)</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Thallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Lead</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bismuth</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Polonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Astatine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Radon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Francium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Radium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Actinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Thorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Protactinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Uranium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neptunium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Plutonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Americium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Curium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Berkelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Californium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Einsteinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Fermium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Mendelevium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Nobelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Lawrencium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rutherfordium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Dubnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Seaborgium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Bohrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Meitnerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Darmstadtium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Roentgenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Copernicium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Nihonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Flerovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Moscovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Livermorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tennessine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oganesson</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;">–<br />↑<br /><strong>B</strong><br />↓<br /><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">berilium</a> ← <strong>boron</strong> → <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Navbox_unsur_diperbesar" title="Templat:Navbox unsur diperbesar">Lihat bagan navigasi yang diperbesar</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">Nomor atom</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<i>Z</i>)</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golongan (tabel periodik)">Golongan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_13" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur golongan 13">golongan&#160;13</a></span>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Periode_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Periode (tabel periodik)">Periode</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Periode_(tabel_periodik)#Periode_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Periode (tabel periodik)">periode&#160;2</a>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Blok_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok (tabel periodik)">Blok</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Blok-p" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-p">blok-p</a>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Nama_kategori_unsur_kimia#Kategori" title="Nama kategori unsur kimia">Kategori unsur</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><span title="color legend: metaloid" style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; width:6px; height:8px; border:1px solid black; background:#cccc99">&#160;</span> <a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">metaloid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Berat_atom_standar" class="mw-redirect" title="Berat atom standar">Berat atom standar</a><span style="font-weight:normal;">&#x20;(<i>A</i><sub>r</sub>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>[<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001108059999999999♠"></span>10,806</span>,&#160;<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001108210000000000♠"></span>10,821</span>]</li><li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001108100000000000♠"></span>10,81<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0,02</span>&#160;(diringkas)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron">Konfigurasi elektron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">[He] 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>1</sup>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kelopak_elektron" title="Kelopak elektron">Elektron per kelopak</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">2, 3</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#cccc99">Sifat fisik</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Fase_benda" title="Fase benda">Fase</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">pada&#160;<a href="/wiki/Temperatur_dan_tekanan_standar" title="Temperatur dan tekanan standar">STS</a> (0&#160;°C dan 101,325&#160;<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(satuan)" title="Pascal (satuan)">kPa</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Padat" title="Padat">padat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Titik_lebur" title="Titik lebur">Titik&#160;lebur</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">2349&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>&#x20;&#x200b;(2076&#160;°C,&#x20;&#x200b;3769&#160;°F)&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Titik_didih" title="Titik didih">Titik&#160;didih</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">4200&#160;K&#x20;&#x200b;(3927&#160;°C,&#x20;&#x200b;7101&#160;°F)&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Massa_jenis" title="Massa jenis">Kepadatan</a>&#x20;<span style="font-weight:normal;">saat&#160;cair, pada&#160;<abbr title="titik lebur">t.l.</abbr></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">2,08&#160;g/cm<sup>3</sup>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kalor_peleburan" title="Kalor peleburan">Kalor&#160;peleburan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">50,2&#160;<a href="/wiki/Joule_per_mol" title="Joule per mol">kJ/mol</a>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Entalpi_penguapan" title="Entalpi penguapan">Kalor&#160;penguapan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">480&#160;kJ/mol&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kapasitas_kalor" title="Kapasitas kalor">Kapasitas kalor molar</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">11,087&#160;J/(mol·K)&#x20;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Tekanan_uap" title="Tekanan uap"><b>Tekanan&#160;uap</b></a><div style="margin:0 auto;"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><i><abbr title="Suhu (Pascal)">P</abbr></i>&#160;<span style="font-weight:normal;">(Pa)</span> </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1&#160;k </th> <th>10&#160;k </th> <th>100&#160;k </th></tr> <tr> <th>pada&#160;<i><abbr title="Suhu (Kelvin)">T</abbr></i>&#160;<span style="font-weight:normal;">(K)</span> </th> <td>2348 </td> <td>2562 </td> <td>2822 </td> <td>3141 </td> <td>3545 </td> <td>4072 </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#cccc99">Sifat atom</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi" title="Bilangan oksidasi">Bilangan oksidasi</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">−5, −1, 0,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> +1, +2, <span style="font-size:112%;"><b>+3</b></span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (oksida agak <a href="/wiki/Asam" title="Asam">asam</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas" title="Elektronegativitas">Elektronegativitas</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">Skala&#160;Pauling: 2.04&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Energi_ionisasi" title="Energi ionisasi">Energi ionisasi</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">ke-1:&#160;800,6&#160;kJ/mol&#x20;<br />ke-2:&#160;2427,1&#160;kJ/mol&#x20;<br />ke-3:&#160;3659,7&#160;kJ/mol&#x20;<br />(<a href="/wiki/Energi_ionisasi_molar#boron" title="Energi ionisasi molar">artikel</a>)&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_atom" title="Jari-jari atom">Jari-jari atom</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">empiris:&#x20;90&#160;<a href="/wiki/Pikometer" title="Pikometer">pm</a>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_kovalen" title="Jari-jari kovalen">Jari-jari kovalen</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">84±3&#160;pm&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_van_der_Waals" title="Jari-jari van der Waals">Jari-jari van der Waals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">192&#160;pm&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#cccc99">Lain-lain</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Kelimpahan alami</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Nuklida_primordial" title="Nuklida primordial">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Struktur_kristal" title="Struktur kristal">Struktur kristal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">&#x20;&#x200b;<a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_trigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem kristal trigon">rombohedron</a><div style="float:right;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Rhombohedral.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Struktur kristal Rombohedral untuk boron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/50px-Rhombohedral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/75px-Rhombohedral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/100px-Rhombohedral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="141" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kecepatan_suara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kecepatan suara">Kecepatan suara</a>&#x20; <span style="font-weight:normal;">batang&#160;ringan</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">16.200&#160;m/s&#x20;(suhu&#160;20&#160;°C)&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Pemuaian" title="Pemuaian">Ekspansi kalor</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">(bentuk β) 5–7&#160;µm/(m·K)&#x20;(suhu&#160;25&#160;°C)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Konduktivitas_termal" title="Konduktivitas termal">Konduktivitas termal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">27,4&#160;W/(m·K)&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Resistivitas_listrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistivitas listrik">Resistivitas listrik</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">~10<sup>6</sup>&#160;&#160;Ω·m&#x20;(suhu&#160;20&#160;°C)&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Magnetisme" title="Magnetisme">Arah magnet</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetik">diamagnetik</a><sup id="cite_ref-magnet_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magnet-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Suseptibilitas_magnetik" title="Suseptibilitas magnetik">Suseptibilitas magnetik molar</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="3005330000000000000♠"></span>−6,7<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup></span>&#160;cm<sup>3</sup>/mol<sup id="cite_ref-crc97_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc97-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Skala_Mohs" title="Skala Mohs">Skala Mohs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">~9,5&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Nomor_CAS" title="Nomor CAS">Nomor CAS</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">7440-42-8&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#cccc99">Sejarah</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">Penemuan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac"><span class="nowrap">J. Gay-Lussac</span></a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Jacques_Th%C3%A9nard&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Jacques Thénard (halaman belum tersedia)"><span class="nowrap">L. Thénard</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-Lussac_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lussac-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="nowrap">&#x20;(30 Juni 1808)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Isolasi pertama</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">H. Davy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Davy_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="nowrap">&#x20;(9 Juli 1808)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Isotop_boron" title="Isotop boron">Isotop boron</a> yang utama</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"> <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="1" style="text-align:center;width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">Iso&#173;top</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_alami" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelimpahan alami">Kelim&#173;pahan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">Waktu paruh</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<i>t</i><sub>1/2</sub>)</span> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif#Mode_peluruhan" title="Peluruhan radioaktif">Mode peluruhan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Produk_peluruhan" title="Produk peluruhan">Pro&#173;duk</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><sup>10</sup>B </th> <td style="">19,9(7)%* </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Isotop_stabil" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotop stabil">stabil</a><sup id="cite_ref-NISTic_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NISTic-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><sup>11</sup>B </th> <td style="">80,1(7)%* </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Isotop_stabil" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotop stabil">stabil</a><sup id="cite_ref-NISTic_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NISTic-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="clear:both;"></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><small>Kelimpahan <sup>10</sup>B kemungkinan hanya serendah 19,1% dan setinggi 20,3% dalam sampel alami. Sisanya diisi oleh <sup>11</sup>B.</small><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="border-top:1px dotted #cccc99; line-height:0.7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kotak_info_boron" title="Templat:Kotak info boron"><span title="Lihat templat ini">lihat</span></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Kotak_info_boron&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Kotak info boron (halaman belum tersedia)"><span title="Diskusikan templat ini">bicara</span></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kotak_info_boron&amp;action=edit"><span title="Sunting templat ini">sunting</span></a></li></ul></div>|&#x20;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" class="extiw" title="en:List of data references for chemical elements">referensi</a>&#x20;|&#x20;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618" class="extiw" title="d:Q618">di Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Boron</b>&#32;(<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a>&#58; <span lang="la"><i>borium</i></span>) adalah <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur kimia</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Lambang_unsur" title="Lambang unsur">lambang</a> <b>B</b> dan <a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">nomor atom</a> 5. Dalam bentuk kristalnya, boron merupakan <a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">metaloid</a> yang rapuh, gelap, dan berkilau; dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Amorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorf">amorfnya</a>, boron berbentuk bubuk kecoklatan. Sebagai unsur yang paling ringan dalam <i><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">golongan boron</a></i>, ia memiliki tiga <a href="/wiki/Elektron_valensi" title="Elektron valensi">elektron valensi</a> untuk membentuk <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kovalen" title="Ikatan kovalen">ikatan kovalen</a>, menghasilkan banyak senyawa seperti <a href="/wiki/Asam_borat" title="Asam borat">asam borat</a>, mineral <a href="/wiki/Boraks" title="Boraks">natrium borat</a>, serta kristal ultra keras <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron_karbida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Boron karbida (halaman belum tersedia)">boron karbida</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Boron_nitrida" title="Boron nitrida">boron nitrida</a>. </p><p>Boron disintesis seluruhnya oleh <a href="/wiki/Spalasi_sinar_kosmik" title="Spalasi sinar kosmik">spalasi sinar kosmik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>, dan bukan oleh <a href="/wiki/Nukleosintesis_bintang" title="Nukleosintesis bintang">nukleosintesis bintang</a>, sehingga ia merupakan unsur dengan kelimpahan yang rendah di <a href="/wiki/Tata_Surya" title="Tata Surya">Tata Surya</a> dan di <a href="/wiki/Kerak_(geologi)" title="Kerak (geologi)">kerak Bumi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ia mencakup sekitar 0,001 persen dari total berat kerak Bumi.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ia terkonsentrasi di Bumi oleh kelarutan air dari senyawa alaminya yang lebih umum, <a href="/wiki/Mineral_borat" title="Mineral borat">mineral borat</a>. Mineral ini ditambang secara industri sebagai <a href="/wiki/Evaporit" title="Evaporit">evaporit</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Boraks" title="Boraks">boraks</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kernit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kernit (halaman belum tersedia)">kernit</a>. Deposito terbesar yang diketahui ada di <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a>, penghasil mineral boron terbesar. </p><p>Boron elemental merupakan sebuah <a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">metaloid</a> yang ditemukan dalam jumlah kecil pada <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroid</a> tetapi boron yang tidak digabungkan secara kimia tidak ditemukan secara alami di Bumi. Secara industri, unsur yang sangat murni diproduksi dengan kesulitan karena kontaminasi oleh karbon atau unsur lain yang menolak penghilangan.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Terdapat beberapa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alotrop_boron&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alotrop boron (halaman belum tersedia)">alotrop boron</a>: boron <a href="/wiki/Amorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorf">amorf</a> adalah bubuk kecoklatan; kristal boron berwarna keperakan sampai hitam, sangat keras (sekitar 9,5 pada <a href="/wiki/Skala_Mohs" title="Skala Mohs">skala Mohs</a>), dan <a href="/wiki/Penghantar_listrik" title="Penghantar listrik">konduktor listrik</a> yang buruk pada suhu kamar. Penggunaan utama dari boron adalah sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serat_boron&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Serat boron (halaman belum tersedia)">filamen boron</a> dengan aplikasi yang mirip dengan <a href="/wiki/Serat_karbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Serat karbon">serat karbon</a> dalam beberapa bahan berkekuatan tinggi. </p><p>Boron digunakan terutama dalam senyawa kimia. Sekitar setengah dari semua produksi yang dikonsumsi secara global adalah aditif dalam <a href="/wiki/Serat_kaca" title="Serat kaca">serat kaca</a> untuk bahan insulasi dan struktural. Penggunaan utama berikutnya adalah pada <a href="/wiki/Polimer" title="Polimer">polimer</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Keramik" title="Keramik">keramik</a> dalam bahan struktural berkekuatan tinggi, ringan, dan <a href="/wiki/Refraktori" title="Refraktori">tahan panas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kaca_borosilikat" title="Kaca borosilikat">Kaca borosilikat</a> lebih disukai karena kekuatannya yang lebih besar dan ketahanannya terhadap goncangan termal daripada kaca soda kapur biasa. Sebagai <a href="/wiki/Natrium_perborat" title="Natrium perborat">natrium perborat</a>, ia digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Pemutih" title="Pemutih">pemutih</a>. Sejumlah kecil boron digunakan sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dopan (halaman belum tersedia)">dopan</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Semikonduktor" title="Semikonduktor">semikonduktor</a>, dan zat intermediat <a href="/wiki/Pereaksi_kimia" title="Pereaksi kimia">reagen</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Sintesis_organik" title="Sintesis organik">sintesis bahan kimia halus organik</a>. Beberapa obat-obatan organik yang mengandung boron telah digunakan atau sedang dipelajari. Boron alami terdiri dari dua isotop stabil, salah satunya (<a href="#Boron_yang_diperkaya_(boron-10)">boron-10</a>) memiliki sejumlah kegunaan sebagai agen penangkap neutron. </p><p>Persimpangan boron dengan biologi sangatlah kecil. Konsensus mengenai hal ini sebagai hal yang penting bagi kehidupan mamalia masih kurang. <a href="/wiki/Borat" title="Borat">Borat</a> memiliki toksisitas yang rendah pada mamalia (mirip dengan <a href="/wiki/Garam_dapur" title="Garam dapur">garam dapur</a>) tetapi lebih beracun bagi <a href="/wiki/Artropoda" title="Artropoda">artropoda</a> dan kadang-kadang digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Insektisida" title="Insektisida">insektisida</a>. Antibiotik organik yang mengandung boron telah diketahui. Meskipun hanya jumlah renik yang diperlukan, ia merupakan nutrisi tanaman yang penting. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kata <i>boron</i> diciptakan dari <a href="/wiki/Boraks" title="Boraks">boraks</a>, mineral dari mana ia diisolasi, oleh analogi dengan <i>karbon</i>, yang secara kimiawi mirip dengan boron. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sassolite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sassolite.jpg/220px-Sassolite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sassolite.jpg/330px-Sassolite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sassolite.jpg/440px-Sassolite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sasolit" title="Sasolit">Sasolit</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Boraks dalam bentuk mineralnya (kemudian dikenal sebagai tincal) pertama kali digunakan sebagai glasir, dimulai di <a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a> sekitar tahun 300 M. Beberapa boraks mentah bergerak ke barat, dan tampaknya disebutkan oleh alkemis <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musa_Jabir_bin_Hayyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Musa Jabir bin Hayyan">Jabir bin Hayyan</a> sekitar tahun 700 M. <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> membawa beberapa glasir kembali ke Italia pada abad ke-13. Sekitar tahun 1600 M, <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Georgius Agricola</a>, melaporkan penggunaan boraks sebagai fluks dalam <a href="/wiki/Metalurgi" title="Metalurgi">metalurgi</a>. Pada tahun 1777, <a href="/wiki/Asam_borat" title="Asam borat">asam borat</a> dikenal di mata air panas (soffioni) dekat <a href="/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze">Firenze</a>, Italia, yang kemudian dikenal sebagai <i>sal sedativum</i>, dengan manfaat medis yang nyata. Mineral tersebut diberi nama <a href="/wiki/Sasolit" title="Sasolit">sasolit</a>, dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasso_Pisano&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sasso Pisano (halaman belum tersedia)">Sasso Pisano</a> di Italia. Sasso adalah sumber utama boraks <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a> dari tahun 1827 hingga 1872, ketika sumber-sumber <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika</a> menggantikannya.<sup id="cite_ref-borates_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borates-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boron_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boron-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Senyawa boron relatif jarang digunakan sampai akhir 1800-an ketika <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perusahaan_Boraks_Pantai_Pasifik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perusahaan Boraks Pantai Pasifik (halaman belum tersedia)">Perusahaan Boraks Pantai Pasifik</a> milik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Marion_Smith&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Marion Smith (halaman belum tersedia)">Francis Marion Smith</a> pertama kali memopulerkan dan memproduksinya dalam volume dengan biaya rendah.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boron tidak diakui sebagai unsur sampai diisolasi oleh Sir <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Davy_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan oleh <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac">Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac</a> serta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Jacques_Th%C3%A9nard&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Jacques Thénard (halaman belum tersedia)">Louis Jacques Thénard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lussac_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lussac-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1808, Davy mengamati bahwa arus listrik yang dikirim melalui larutan borat menghasilkan endapan coklat pada salah satu elektrode. Dalam eksperimen berikutnya, ia menggunakan kalium untuk mereduksi asam borat alih-alih menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Elektrolisis" title="Elektrolisis">elektrolisis</a>. Dia menghasilkan cukup boron untuk mengonfirmasi sebuah unsur baru dan menamakannya <i>boracium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davy_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gay-Lussac dan Thénard menggunakan besi untuk mereduksi asam borat pada suhu tinggi. Dengan mengoksidasi boron dengan udara, mereka menunjukkan bahwa asam borat adalah produk oksidasinya.<sup id="cite_ref-Lussac_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lussac-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weeks_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weeks-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a> mengidentifikasinya sebagai sebuah unsur pada tahun 1824.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Boron murni bisa dibilang pertama kali diproduksi oleh ahli kimia Amerika Ezekiel Weintraub pada tahun 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laubengayer_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laubengayer-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persiapan_boron_elemental_di_laboratorium">Persiapan boron elemental di laboratorium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Persiapan boron elemental di laboratorium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Persiapan boron elemental di laboratorium"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rute paling awal ke boron elemental melibatkan reduksi <a href="/wiki/Boron_trioksida" title="Boron trioksida">oksida borat</a> dengan beberapa logam seperti <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>. Namun, produk yang diproduksi hampir selalu terkontaminasi dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Borida (halaman belum tersedia)">borida</a> dari logam-logam tersebut.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan.&#160;since Agustus 2022" style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>&#93;</span></sup> Boron murni dapat dibuat dengan mereduksi boron halida yang mudah menguap dengan <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> pada suhu tinggi. Boron ultra murni untuk penggunaan dalam industri semikonduktor diproduksi oleh dekomposisi <a href="/wiki/Diborana" title="Diborana">diborana</a> pada suhu tinggi dan kemudian dimurnikan lebih lanjut dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peleburan_zona&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peleburan zona (halaman belum tersedia)">peleburan zona</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Proses_Czochralski" title="Proses Czochralski">proses Czochralski</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-berger_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berger-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Produksi senyawa boron tidak melibatkan pembentukan boron elemental, tetapi memanfaatkan ketersediaan borat yang telah ada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karakteristik">Karakteristik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Karakteristik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Karakteristik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alotrop">Alotrop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Alotrop" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Alotrop"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alotrop_boron&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alotrop boron (halaman belum tersedia)">Alotrop boron</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bor_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bor_1.jpg/110px-Bor_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bor_1.jpg/165px-Bor_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bor_1.jpg/220px-Bor_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Boron chunks</figcaption></figure> <p>Boron mirip dengan <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> karena kemampuannya untuk membentuk jaringan molekul <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kovalen" title="Ikatan kovalen">ikatan kovalen</a> yang stabil. Bahkan boron yang tidak teratur (<a href="/wiki/Amorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorf">amorf</a>) mengandung boron <a href="/wiki/Ikosahedron" title="Ikosahedron">ikosahedra</a> biasa yang terikat secara acak satu sama lain tanpa urutan jarak jauh.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Boron <a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal">kristal</a> merupakan bahan hitam yang sangat keras dengan titik lebur di atas 2000&#160;°C. Ia membentuk empat <a href="/wiki/Alotropi" title="Alotropi">alotrop</a> utama: α-rombohedron dan β-rombohedron (α-R dan β-R), γ-ortorombik (γ), dan β-tetragon (β-T). Keempat fase tersebut stabil pada <a href="/wiki/Temperatur_dan_tekanan_standar" title="Temperatur dan tekanan standar">kondisi sekitar</a>, dan β-rombohedron menjadi yang paling umum dan stabil. Fase α-tetragon juga eksis (α-T), tetapi sangat sulit untuk diproduksi tanpa kontaminasi yang signifikan. Sebagian besar fase tersebut didasarkan pada ikosahedra B<sub>12</sub>, tetapi fase γ dapat digambarkan sebagai susunan tipe <a href="/wiki/Natrium_klorida" title="Natrium klorida">garam batu</a> dari pasangan atom ikosahedra dan B<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-oganov_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oganov-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ia dapat diproduksi dengan mengompresi fase boron lainnya hingga 12–20&#160;GPa dan memanaskannya hingga suhu 1500–1800&#160;°C; ia tetap stabil setelah melepaskan suhu dan tekanan. Fase β-T diproduksi pada tekanan yang sama, tetapi pada suhu yang lebih tinggi, yaitu 1800–2200&#160;°C. Fase α-T dan β-T mungkin koeksis berdampingan pada kondisi sekitar, dengan fase β-T menjadi yang lebih stabil.<sup id="cite_ref-oganov_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oganov-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-widom_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-widom-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mengompresi boron di atas 160&#160;GPa akan menghasilkan fase boron dengan struktur yang belum diketahui, dan fase ini merupakan sebuah <a href="/wiki/Superkonduktivitas" title="Superkonduktivitas">superkonductor</a> pada suhu di bawah 6–12 K.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borosferena&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Borosferena (halaman belum tersedia)">Borosferena</a> (molekul B<sub>40</sub> yang berbentuk seperti <a href="/wiki/Fulerena" title="Fulerena">fulerena</a>) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borofena&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Borofena (halaman belum tersedia)">borofena</a> (struktur yang berbentuk seperti <a href="/wiki/Grafena" title="Grafena">grafena</a> yang diusulkan) telah dijelaskan pada tahun 2014. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Fase boron </th> <th>α-R </th> <th>β-R </th> <th>γ </th> <th>β-T </th></tr> <tr> <th>Simetri </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rombohedron&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rombohedron (halaman belum tersedia)">Rombohedron</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rombohedron&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rombohedron (halaman belum tersedia)">Rombohedron</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_kristal_ortorombus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem kristal ortorombus (halaman belum tersedia)">Ortorombik</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_kristal_tetragon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem kristal tetragon (halaman belum tersedia)">Tetragon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sel atom/satuan<sup id="cite_ref-oganov_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oganov-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th> <td>12 </td> <td>~105 </td> <td>28 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Massa jenis (g/cm<sup>3</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-wentorf_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wentorf-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-talley_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talley-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th> <td>2,46 </td> <td>2,35 </td> <td>2,52 </td> <td>2,36 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Uji_kekerasan_Vickers" title="Uji kekerasan Vickers">Kekerasan Vickers</a> (GPa)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-prl_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prl-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th> <td>42 </td> <td>45 </td> <td>50–58 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Modulus_kompresi" title="Modulus kompresi">Modulus kompresi</a> (GPa)<sup id="cite_ref-prl_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prl-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th> <td>185 </td> <td>224 </td> <td>227 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sela_pita&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sela pita (halaman belum tersedia)">Sela pita</a> (eV)<sup id="cite_ref-prl_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prl-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th> <td>2 </td> <td>1,6 </td> <td>2,1 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sifat_kimia">Sifat kimia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Sifat kimia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sifat kimia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Senyawa_boron" title="Kategori:Senyawa boron">Kategori:Senyawa boron</a></div> <p>Boron elemental jarang dan kurang dipelajari karena bahan murninya sangat sulit untuk disiapkan. Sebagian besar studi mengenai "boron" melibatkan sampel yang mengandung sejumlah kecil karbon. Perilaku kimia boron lebih <a href="/wiki/Hubungan_diagonal" title="Hubungan diagonal">menyerupai</a> <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikon</a> daripada <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>. Boron kristal secara kimiawi lengai dan tahan terhadap serangan dari <a href="/wiki/Asam_fluorida" title="Asam fluorida">asam fluorida</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Asam_klorida" title="Asam klorida">klorida</a> yang mendidih. Ketika dibagi halus, ia diserang secara perlahan oleh <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_peroksida" title="Hidrogen peroksida">hidrogen peroksida</a> pekat panas, <a href="/wiki/Asam_nitrat" title="Asam nitrat">asam nitrat</a> pekat panas, <a href="/wiki/Asam_sulfat" title="Asam sulfat">asam sulfat</a> panas, atau campuran panas asam sulfat dan <a href="/wiki/Asam_kromat" title="Asam kromat">kromat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Laubengayer_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laubengayer-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laju oksidasi boron tergantung pada kristalinitas, ukuran partikel, kemurnian dan suhu. Boron tidak bereaksi dengan udara pada suhu kamar, tetapi pada suhu yang lebih tinggi ia akan terbakar dan membentuk <a href="/wiki/Boron_trioksida" title="Boron trioksida">boron trioksida</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-HollemanAF_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>4 B + 3 O<sub>2</sub> → 2 B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tetraborate-xtal-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tetraborate-xtal-3D-balls.png/220px-Tetraborate-xtal-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tetraborate-xtal-3D-balls.png/330px-Tetraborate-xtal-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tetraborate-xtal-3D-balls.png/440px-Tetraborate-xtal-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>Model bola dan tongkat anion tetraborat, [B<sub>4</sub>O<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>, seperti yang terjadi pada kristal boraks, Na<sub>2</sub>[B<sub>4</sub>O<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub>]·8H<sub>2</sub>O. Atom boron berwarna merah muda, dengan oksigen penghubung berwarna merah, dan empat hidrogen hidroksil berwarna putih. Perhatikan dua boron merupakan sp<sup>2</sup> yang terikat secara trigonal tanpa muatan formal, sedangkan dua boron lainnya merupakan sp<sup>3</sup> yang terikat secara tetrahedral, masing-masing membawa muatan formal −1. Bilangan oksidasi semua boron adalah III. Campuran bilangan koordinasi boron dan muatan formal ini merupakan karakteristik mineral boron alam.</figcaption></figure> <p>Boron mengalami halogenasi untuk menghasilkan trihalida; misalnya, </p> <dl><dd>2 B + 3 Br<sub>2</sub> → 2 BBr<sub>3</sub></dd></dl> <p>Triklorida dalam praktek biasanya terbuat dari oksida.<sup id="cite_ref-HollemanAF_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Struktur_atom">Struktur atom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Struktur atom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Struktur atom"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boron merupakan unsur paling ringan yang memiliki elektron dalam <a href="/wiki/Orbital_atom" title="Orbital atom">orbital-p</a> dalam keadaan dasarnya. Namun, tidak seperti kebanyakan <a href="/wiki/Blok-p" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-p">unsur-p</a> lainnya, ia jarang mematuhi <a href="/wiki/Kaidah_oktet" title="Kaidah oktet">kaidah oktet</a> dan biasanya hanya menempatkan enam elektron<sup id="cite_ref-Key_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Key-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (dalam tiga <a href="/wiki/Orbital_molekul" title="Orbital molekul">orbital molekul</a>) pada <a href="/wiki/Elektron_valensi" title="Elektron valensi">kulit valensinya</a>. Boron merupakan prototipe untuk <a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">golongan boron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">golongan IUPAC</a>&#160;13), meskipun anggota lain dari golongan ini merupakan logam dan unsur-p yang lebih khas (hanya aluminium yang sampai batas tertentu berbagi keengganan boron terhadap kaidah oktet). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Senyawa_kimia">Senyawa kimia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Senyawa kimia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Senyawa kimia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Boron-trifluoride-pi-bonding-2D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Boron-trifluoride-pi-bonding-2D.png/110px-Boron-trifluoride-pi-bonding-2D.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Boron-trifluoride-pi-bonding-2D.png/165px-Boron-trifluoride-pi-bonding-2D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Boron-trifluoride-pi-bonding-2D.png/220px-Boron-trifluoride-pi-bonding-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Struktur <a href="/wiki/Boron_trifluorida" title="Boron trifluorida">boron (III) trifluorida</a>, menunjukkan orbital boron p yang "kosong" dalam <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kovalen_koordinasi" title="Ikatan kovalen koordinasi">ikatan kovalen koordinasi</a> tipe pi</figcaption></figure> <p>Dalam senyawa yang paling dikenal, boron memiliki bilangan oksidasi formal III. Mereka termasuk oksida, sulfida, nitrida, dan halida.<sup id="cite_ref-HollemanAF_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trihalida mengadopsi struktur trigonal planar. Senyawa ini merupakan <a href="/wiki/Asam_dan_basa_Lewis#Asam_Lewis" title="Asam dan basa Lewis">asam Lewis</a> yang siap membentuk <a href="/wiki/Aduk_(kimia)" title="Aduk (kimia)">aduk</a> dengan donor pasangan elektron, yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Asam_dan_basa_Lewis#Basa_Lewis" title="Asam dan basa Lewis">basa Lewis</a>. Misalnya, fluorida (F<sup>−</sup>) dan <a href="/wiki/Boron_trifluorida" title="Boron trifluorida">boron trifluorida</a> (BF<sub>3</sub>) digabungkan untuk menghasilkan anion <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrafluoroborat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrafluoroborat (halaman belum tersedia)">tetrafluoroborat</a>, BF<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>. Boron trifluorida digunakan dalam industri petrokimia sebagai katalis. Halida ini bereaksi dengan air dan membentuk <a href="/wiki/Asam_borat" title="Asam borat">asam borat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HollemanAF_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ia ditemukan di alam di Bumi hampir seluruhnya sebagai berbagai oksida B(III), sering dikaitkan dengan unsur-unsur lain. Lebih dari seratus <a href="/wiki/Mineral_borat" title="Mineral borat">mineral borat</a> mengandung boron dalam bilangan oksidasi +3. Mineral ini menyerupai silikat dalam beberapa hal, meskipun sering ditemukan tidak hanya dalam koordinasi tetrahedral dengan oksigen, tetapi juga dalam konfigurasi trigonal planar. Tidak seperti silikat, mineral boron tidak pernah mengandungnya dengan bilangan koordinasi lebih besar dari empat. Motif khas telah dicontohkan oleh anion tetraborat dari mineral umum <a href="/wiki/Boraks" title="Boraks">boraks</a>, yang ditunjukkan di sebelah kiri. Muatan negatif formal dari pusat borat tetrahedral diseimbangkan oleh kation logam dalam mineral, seperti natrium (Na<sup>+</sup>) dalam boraks.<sup id="cite_ref-HollemanAF_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Golongan turmalin borat-silikat juga merupakan golongan mineral pembawa boron yang sangat penting, dan sejumlah borosilikat juga diketahui eksis secara alami.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Borana" title="Borana">Borana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Deltahedral-borane-cluster-array-numbered-3D-bs-17.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Deltahedral-borane-cluster-array-numbered-3D-bs-17.png/220px-Deltahedral-borane-cluster-array-numbered-3D-bs-17.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="503" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Deltahedral-borane-cluster-array-numbered-3D-bs-17.png/330px-Deltahedral-borane-cluster-array-numbered-3D-bs-17.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Deltahedral-borane-cluster-array-numbered-3D-bs-17.png/440px-Deltahedral-borane-cluster-array-numbered-3D-bs-17.png 2x" data-file-width="3478" data-file-height="7958" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_bola_dan_tongkat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Model bola dan tongkat (halaman belum tersedia)">Model bola dan tongkat</a> menunjukkan struktur kerangka boron dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gugus_atom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gugus atom (halaman belum tersedia)">gugus</a> <a href="/wiki/Borana" title="Borana">borana</a>. Struktur ini dapat dirasionalisasikan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teori_pasangan_elektron_rangka_polihedral&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori pasangan elektron rangka polihedral (halaman belum tersedia)">teori pasangan elektron rangka polihedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Borana merupakan senyawa kimia boron dan hidrogen, dengan rumus umum B<sub>x</sub>H<sub>y</sub>. Senyawa-senyawa ini tidak terjadi di alam. Banyak borana mudah teroksidasi saat berkontak dengan udara, beberapa dengan keras. BH<sub>3</sub> yang merupakan anggota induk disebut borana, tetapi ia hanya diketahui dalam bentuk gas, dan dimerisasi untuk membentuk diborana, B<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>. Borana yang lebih besar semuanya terdiri dari gugus boron yang polihedral, beberapa di antaranya eksis sebagai isomer. Misalnya, isomer B<sub>20</sub>H<sub>26</sub> didasarkan pada fusi dua gugus 10 atom. </p><p>Borana yang paling penting adalah diborana B<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> dan dua produk pirolisisnya, pentaborana B<sub>5</sub>H<sub>9</sub> dan dekaborana B<sub>10</sub>H<sub>14</sub>. Sejumlah besar boron hidrida anionik telah diketahui, misalnya [B<sub>12</sub>H<sub>12</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi" title="Bilangan oksidasi">Bilangan oksidasi</a> formal dalam boran adalah positif, dan didasarkan pada asumsi bahwa hidrogen dihitung sebagai −1 seperti pada hidrida logam aktif. Bilangan oksidasi rata-rata untuk boron kemudian hanyalah rasio hidrogen terhadap boron dalam molekul. Sebagai contoh, dalam diborana B<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, bilangan oksidasi boron adalah +3, tetapi dalam dekaborana B<sub>10</sub>H<sub>14</sub>, biloksnya <sup>7</sup>/<sub>5</sub> atau +1,4. Dalam senyawa ini bilangan oksidasi boron seringkali bukan bilangan bulat. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Boron_nitrida" title="Boron nitrida">Boron nitrida</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Boron_nitrida" title="Boron nitrida">Boron nitrida</a> terkenal karena berbagai struktur yang mereka adopsi. Mereka menunjukkan struktur analog dengan berbagai <a href="/wiki/Alotrop_karbon" title="Alotrop karbon">alotrop karbon</a>, termasuk grafit, intan, dan tabung nano. Dalam struktur seperti intan, yang disebut boron nitrida kubik (nama dagang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borazon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Borazon (halaman belum tersedia)">Borazon</a>), atom boron ada dalam struktur tetrahedral atom karbon dalam intan, tetapi satu dari setiap empat ikatan B-N dapat dilihat sebagai <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kovalen_koordinasi" title="Ikatan kovalen koordinasi">ikatan kovalen koordinasi</a>, di mana dua elektron disumbangkan oleh atom nitrogen yang bertindak sebagai <a href="/wiki/Asam_dan_basa_Lewis#Basa_Lewis" title="Asam dan basa Lewis">basa Lewis</a> pada ikatan ke pusat <a href="/wiki/Asam_dan_basa_Lewis#Asam_Lewis" title="Asam dan basa Lewis">asam Lewis</a> boron(III). Boron nitrida kubik, di antara aplikasi lain, digunakan sebagai abrasif, karena memiliki kekerasan yang sebanding dengan intan (kedua zat tersebut mampu menghasilkan goresan satu sama lain). Dalam senyawa BN analog grafit, boron nitrida heksagonal (h-BN), atom boron bermuatan positif dan nitrogen bermuatan negatif di setiap bidang terletak berdekatan dengan atom bermuatan berlawanan di bidang berikutnya. Akibatnya, grafit dan h-BN memiliki sifat yang sangat berbeda, meskipun keduanya adalah pelumas, karena bidang-bidang ini mudah tergelincir satu sama lain. Namun, h-BN merupakan konduktor listrik dan termal yang relatif buruk dalam arah planar.<sup id="cite_ref-dkg_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dkg-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Kimia_organoboron">Kimia organoboron</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Kimia organoboron" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kimia organoboron"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Kimia_organoboron" title="Kimia organoboron">Kimia organoboron</a></div> <p>Sejumlah besar senyawa organoboron telah diketahui dan banyak dari mereka yang berguna dalam <a href="/wiki/Sintesis_organik" title="Sintesis organik">sintesis organik</a>. Banyak dari mereka yang dihasilkan dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_hidroborasi%E2%80%93oksidasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reaksi hidroborasi–oksidasi (halaman belum tersedia)">hidroborasi</a>, yang menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Diborana" title="Diborana">diborana</a>, B<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, sebuah bahan kimia simple <a href="/wiki/Borana" title="Borana">borana</a> sederhana. Organoboron(III) biasanya berbentuk tetrahedral atau trigonal planar, misalnya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrafenilborat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrafenilborat (halaman belum tersedia)">tetrafenilborat</a>, [B(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>−</sup> vs. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trifenilborana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Trifenilborana (halaman belum tersedia)">trifenilborana</a>, B(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub>. Namun, beberapa atom boron yang bereaksi satu sama lain memiliki kecenderungan untuk membentuk struktur dodekahedral (12-sisi) dan ikosahedral (20-sisi) baru yang tersusun sepenuhnya dari atom boron, atau dengan jumlah heteroatom karbon yang bervariasi. </p><p>Kimia organoboron telah digunakan dalam penggunaan yang beragam, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron_karbida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Boron karbida (halaman belum tersedia)">boron karbida</a> (lihat di bawah), sebuah keramik kompleks yang sangat keras yang terdiri dari anion dan kation gugus boron-karbon, hingga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karborana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karborana (halaman belum tersedia)">karborana</a>, senyawa kimia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gugus_atom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gugus atom (halaman belum tersedia)">gugus</a> karbon-boron yang dapat dihalogenasi untuk membentuk struktur reaktif termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_karborana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam karborana (halaman belum tersedia)">asam karborana</a>, sebuah <a href="/wiki/Superasam" title="Superasam">superasam</a>. Sebagai salah satu contoh, karborana membentuk bagian molekul yang berguna yang menambahkan sejumlah besar boron ke biokimia lain untuk menyintesis senyawa yang mengandung boron compounds untuk digunakan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terapi_penangkapan_neutron_boron&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Terapi penangkapan neutron boron (halaman belum tersedia)">terapi penangkapan neutron boron</a> untuk pengobatan kanker. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Senyawa_B(I)_dan_B(II)"><span id="Senyawa_B.28I.29_dan_B.28II.29"></span>Senyawa B(I) dan B(II)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Senyawa B(I) dan B(II)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Senyawa B(I) dan B(II)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seperti yang diantisipasi oleh <a href="/wiki/Diborana" title="Diborana">gugus hidridanya</a>, boron membentuk berbagai senyawa stabil dengan bilangan oksidasi formal kurang dari tiga. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diboron_tetrafluorida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Diboron tetrafluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">B<sub>2</sub>F<sub>4</sub></a> dan B<sub>4</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub> telah dikarakterisasi dengan baik.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Magnesium-diboride-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Magnesium-diboride-3D-balls.png/220px-Magnesium-diboride-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Magnesium-diboride-3D-balls.png/330px-Magnesium-diboride-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Magnesium-diboride-3D-balls.png/440px-Magnesium-diboride-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>Model bola dan tongkat dari superkonduktor magnesium diborida. Atom boron terletak pada lapisan seperti grafit aromatik heksagonal, dengan muatan −1 pada setiap atom boron. Ion magnesium(II) terletak di antara lapisan</figcaption></figure> <p>Senyawa boron logam biner, borida logam, mengandung boron dalam bilangan oksidasi negatif. Ilustrasi adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_diborida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium diborida (halaman belum tersedia)">magnesium diborida</a> (MgB<sub>2</sub>). Setiap atom boron memiliki muatan formal −1 dan magnesium diberi muatan formal +2. Dalam bahan ini, pusat boron adalah trigonal planar dengan ikatan rangkap tambahan untuk setiap boron, membentuk lembaran yang mirip dengan karbon dalam <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a>. Namun, tidak seperti boron nitrida heksagonal, yang kekurangan elektron pada bidang atom kovalen, elektron terdelokalisasi dalam magnesium diborida memungkinkannya menghantarkan listrik yang mirip dengan grafit isoelektronik. Pada tahun 2001, bahan ini ditemukan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Superkonduktor" class="mw-redirect" title="Superkonduktor">superkonduktor</a> suhu tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ia merupakan sebuah superkonduktor dalam pengembangan aktif. Sebuah proyek di <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> untuk membuat kabel MgB<sub>2</sub> telah menghasilkan kabel uji superkonduktor yang mampu membawa 20.000 ampere untuk aplikasi distribusi arus yang sangat tinggi, seperti versi luminositas tinggi yang dimaksudkan dari <a href="/wiki/Penumbuk_Hadron_Raksasa" title="Penumbuk Hadron Raksasa">Penumbuk Hadron Raksasa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Borida logam tertentu lainnya memiliki aplikasi khusus sebagai bahan keras untuk alat pemotong.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Seringkali boron dalam borida memiliki bilangan oksidasi pecahan, seperti −1/3 dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalsium_heksaborida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalsium heksaborida (halaman belum tersedia)">kalsium heksaborida</a> (CaB<sub>6</sub>). </p><p>Dari perspektif struktural, senyawa kimia boron yang paling khas adalah hidrida. Yang termasuk ke dalam deret ini adalah senyawa gugus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dodekaborat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dodekaborat (halaman belum tersedia)">dodekaborat</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">B<sub>12</sub>H<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em;"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">2−</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">12</span></span></span>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dekaborana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dekaborana (halaman belum tersedia)">dekaborana</a> (B<sub>10</sub>H<sub>14</sub>), dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karborana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karborana (halaman belum tersedia)">karborana</a> seperti C<sub>2</sub>B<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>. Secara karakteristik, senyawa tersebut mengandung boron dengan bilangan koordinasi lebih besar dari empat.<sup id="cite_ref-HollemanAF_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotop">Isotop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Isotop" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Isotop"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Isotop_boron" title="Isotop boron">Isotop boron</a></div> <p>Boron memiliki dua <a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">isotop</a> alami dan stabil, <sup>11</sup>B (80,1%) dan <sup>10</sup>B (19,9%). Hasil perbedaan massa dalam berbagai nilai δ<sup>11</sup>B, yang didefinisikan sebagai perbedaan fraksional antara <sup>11</sup>B dan <sup>10</sup>B dan secara tradisional dinyatakan dalam bagian per ribu, di perairan alami mulai dari −16 hingga +59. Ada 13 isotop boron yang diketahui; isotop yang berumur paling pendek adalah <sup>7</sup>B yang meluruh melalui <a href="/wiki/Emisi_proton" title="Emisi proton">emisi proton</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_alfa" title="Peluruhan alfa">peluruhan alfa</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">waktu paruh</a> 3,5<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>&#8722;22</sup> detik. Fraksinasi isotop boron dikendalikan oleh reaksi pertukaran spesies boron B(OH)<sub>3</sub> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrahidroksiborat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrahidroksiborat (halaman belum tersedia)">[B(OH)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>−</sup></a>. Isotop boron juga difraksinasi selama kristalisasi mineral, selama perubahan fase H<sub>2</sub>O dalam sistem <a href="/wiki/Sirkulasi_hidrotermal" title="Sirkulasi hidrotermal">hidrotermal</a>, dan selama <a href="/wiki/Metasomatisme#Kumpulan_perubahan" title="Metasomatisme">perubahan hidrotermal</a> <a href="/wiki/Batu" title="Batu">batuan</a>. Efek perubahan hidrotermal menghasilkan penghapusan preferensial <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> [<sup>10</sup>B(OH)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>−</sup> menjadi tanah liat. Efek ini menghasilkan larutan yang diperkaya dengan <sup>11</sup>B(OH)<sub>3</sub> dan oleh karena itu mungkin bertanggung jawab atas pengayaan <sup>11</sup>B yang besar dalam air laut dibandingkan dengan kerak <a href="/wiki/Samudra" title="Samudra">samudra</a> kerak <a href="/wiki/Benua" title="Benua">benua</a>; perbedaan ini dapat bertindak sebagai <a href="/wiki/Jejak_isotopik" title="Jejak isotopik">jejak isotopik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><sup>17</sup>B yang eksotis menunjukkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inti_halo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Inti halo (halaman belum tersedia)">inti halo</a>, yaitu jari-jarinya jauh lebih besar daripada yang diprediksi oleh <a href="/wiki/Rumus_massa_semi-empiris" title="Rumus massa semi-empiris">model tetesan cairan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Isotop <sup>10</sup>B berguna untuk menangkap <a href="/wiki/Suhu_neutron#Termal" title="Suhu neutron">neutron termal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daya_nuklir" class="mw-redirect" title="Daya nuklir">Industri nuklir</a> memperkaya boron alam hingga mendekati <sup>10</sup>B. Produk sampingan yang kurang berharga, boron terdeplesi, hampir semuanya merupakan <sup>11</sup>B murni. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pengayaan_isotop_komersial">Pengayaan isotop komersial</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Pengayaan isotop komersial" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengayaan isotop komersial"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karena penampang neutronnya yang tinggi, boron-10 sering digunakan untuk mengontrol fisi dalam reaktor nuklir sebagai zat penangkap neutron.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Beberapa proses pengayaan skala industri telah dikembangkan; namun, hanya distilasi vakum terfraksionasi dari aduk <a href="/wiki/Dimetil_eter" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimetil eter">dimetil eter</a> <a href="/wiki/Boron_trifluorida" title="Boron trifluorida">boron trifluorida</a> (DME-BF<sub>3</sub>) dan kromatografi kolom borat yang digunakan.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boron_yang_diperkaya_(boron-10)"><span id="Boron_yang_diperkaya_.28boron-10.29"></span>Boron yang diperkaya (boron-10)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Boron yang diperkaya (boron-10)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Boron yang diperkaya (boron-10)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Neutroncrosssectionboron.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Neutroncrosssectionboron.png/330px-Neutroncrosssectionboron.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Neutroncrosssectionboron.png/495px-Neutroncrosssectionboron.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Neutroncrosssectionboron.png/660px-Neutroncrosssectionboron.png 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>Penampang neutron boron (kurva atas untuk <sup>10</sup>B dan kurva bawah untuk <sup>11</sup>B)</figcaption></figure> <p>Boron yang diperkaya atau <sup>10</sup>B digunakan dalam perlindungan radiasi dan merupakan nuklida utama yang digunakan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terapi_penangkapan_neutron_kanker&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Terapi penangkapan neutron kanker (halaman belum tersedia)">terapi penangkapan neutron kanker</a> (<i>boron neutron capture therapy</i>, BNCT). Dalam BNCT, senyawa yang mengandung <sup>10</sup>B dimasukkan ke dalam obat yang secara selektif diambil oleh tumor ganas dan jaringan di dekatnya. Pasien kemudian dirawat dengan sinar neutron berenergi rendah pada dosis radiasi neutron yang relatif rendah. Neutron tersebut memicu <a href="/wiki/Partikel_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Partikel alfa">partikel alfa</a> sekunder energik dan jarak pendek dan radiasi ion berat litium-7 yang merupakan produk dari <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_nuklir" title="Reaksi nuklir">reaksi nuklir</a> boron + neutron, dan radiasi ion ini juga membombardir tumor, terutama dari dalam sel tumor.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di dalam reaktor nuklir, <sup>10</sup>B digunakan untuk kontrol reaktivitas dan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=SCRAM&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="SCRAM (halaman belum tersedia)">sistem <i>shutdown</i> darurat</a>. Ia dapat berfungsi baik dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Batang_kendali_(reaktor_nuklir)" title="Batang kendali (reaktor nuklir)">batang kendali</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaca_borosilikat" title="Kaca borosilikat">borosilikat</a> atau sebagai <a href="/wiki/Asam_borat" title="Asam borat">asam borat</a>. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Reaktor_air_bertekanan" title="Reaktor air bertekanan">reaktor air bertekanan</a>, asam borat <sup>10</sup>B ditambahkan ke dalam pendingin reaktor saat pembangkit dimatikan untuk pengisian bahan bakar. Ia kemudian disaring secara perlahan-lahan selama berbulan-bulan karena bahan <a href="/wiki/Bahan_fisil" title="Bahan fisil">fisil</a> akan habis dan bahan bakar menjadi kurang reaktif.<sup id="cite_ref-reactor_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reactor-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di wahana antariksa antarplanet masa depan, <sup>10</sup>B memiliki peran teoretis sebagai bahan struktural (sebagai serat boron atau bahan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabung_nano_anorganik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabung nano anorganik (halaman belum tersedia)">tabung nano</a> BN) yang juga akan melayani peran khusus dalam perlindungan radiasi. Salah satu kesulitan dalam menangani <a href="/wiki/Sinar_kosmik" title="Sinar kosmik">sinar kosmik</a>, yang sebagian besar merupakan proton berenergi tinggi, adalah bahwa beberapa radiasi sekunder dari interaksi sinar kosmik dan bahan wahana antariksa merupakan neutron <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spalasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spalasi (halaman belum tersedia)">spalasi</a> berenergi neutrons. tinggi. Neutron semacam ini dapat dimoderasi oleh bahan dengan unsur ringan yang tinggi, seperti <a href="/wiki/Polietilena" title="Polietilena">polietilena</a>, tetapi neutron yang dimoderasi terus menjadi bahaya radiasi kecuali jika diserap secara aktif dalam pelindung. Di antara unsur-unsur ringan yang menyerap neutron termal, <sup>6</sup>Li dan <sup>10</sup>B hadir sebagai bahan struktural wahana antariksa potensial yang berfungsi baik untuk penguatan mekanis dan perlindungan radiasi.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boron_terdeplesi_(boron-11)"><span id="Boron_terdeplesi_.28boron-11.29"></span>Boron terdeplesi (boron-11)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Boron terdeplesi (boron-11)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Boron terdeplesi (boron-11)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Semikonduktor_yang_diperkeras_radiasi">Semikonduktor yang diperkeras radiasi</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Semikonduktor yang diperkeras radiasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Semikonduktor yang diperkeras radiasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sinar_kosmik" title="Sinar kosmik">Radiasi kosmik</a> akan menghasilkan neutron sekunder jika ia mengenai struktur wahana antariksa. Neutron tersebut akan ditangkap di <sup>10</sup>B, jika ia ada di <a href="/wiki/Semikonduktor" title="Semikonduktor">semikonduktor</a> wahana antariksa, menghasilkan sebuah <a href="/wiki/Sinar_gama" title="Sinar gama">sinar gama</a>, sebuah <a href="/wiki/Partikel_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Partikel alfa">partikel alfa</a>, dan sebuah ion <a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">litium</a>. Produk peluruhan yang dihasilkan tersebut kemudian dapat mengiradiasi struktur "cip" semikonduktor di dekatnya, menyebabkan hilangnya data (<i>bit flipping</i>, atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gangguan_peristiwa_tunggal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gangguan peristiwa tunggal (halaman belum tersedia)">gangguan peristiwa tunggal</a>). Dalam desain semikonduktor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengerasan_radiasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengerasan radiasi (halaman belum tersedia)">yang diperkeras radiasi</a>, satu tindakan pencegahan adalah dengan menggunakan <i>boron terdeplesi</i>, yang sangat diperkaya dengan <sup>11</sup>B dan hampir tidak mengandung <sup>10</sup>B. Boron terdeplesi sangatlah berguna sebab <sup>11</sup>B sebagian besar kebal terhadap kerusakan radiasi. Boron terdeplesi adalah produk sampingan dari <a href="/wiki/Daya_nuklir" class="mw-redirect" title="Daya nuklir">industri nuklir</a> (lihat di atas).<sup id="cite_ref-reactor_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reactor-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Fusi_proton-boron">Fusi proton-boron</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Fusi proton-boron" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Fusi proton-boron"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup>11</sup>B juga merupakan kandidat sebagai bahan bakar untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fusi_anetronik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fusi anetronik (halaman belum tersedia)">fusi anetronik</a>. Ketika dihantam oleh proton dengan energi sekitar 500&#160;k<a href="/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt">eV</a>, ia menghasilkan tiga partikel alfa dan energi sebesar 8,7&#160;MeV. Kebanyakan reaksi fusi lain yang melibatkan hidrogen dan helium menghasilkan penetrasi radiasi neutron, yang melemahkan struktur reaktor dan menginduksi radioaktivitas jangka panjang, sehingga membahayakan personel operasi. Namun, <a href="/wiki/Partikel_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Partikel alfa">partikel alfa</a> dari fusi <sup>11</sup>B dapat langsung diubah menjadi tenaga listrik, dan semua radiasi berhenti segera setelah reaktor dimatikan.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spektroskopi_NMR">Spektroskopi NMR</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Spektroskopi NMR" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Spektroskopi NMR"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baik <sup>10</sup>B maupun <sup>11</sup>B memiliki <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_kuantum_spin#Spin_inti" title="Bilangan kuantum spin">spin inti</a>. Spin inti <sup>10</sup>B adalah 3 dan spin <sup>11</sup>B adalah <span class="sfrac nowrap" style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; margin:0 0.1em;">3</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; margin:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;">2</span></span>. Oleh karena itu, isotop-isotop ini digunakan dalam spektroskopi <a href="/wiki/Resonansi_magnet_inti" title="Resonansi magnet inti">resonansi magnet inti</a> (<i>nuclear magnetic resonance</i>, NMR); dan spektrometer yang secara khusus disesuaikan untuk mendeteksi inti boron-11 tersedia secara komersial. Inti <sup>10</sup>B dan <sup>11</sup>B juga menyebabkan pemisahan <a href="/wiki/Sonoran" title="Sonoran">resonansi</a> inti yang terikat.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keterjadian">Keterjadian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Keterjadian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keterjadian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ulexita_br.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ulexita_br.jpg/220px-Ulexita_br.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ulexita_br.jpg/330px-Ulexita_br.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ulexita_br.jpg/440px-Ulexita_br.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>Sepotong uleksit</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Borax_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Borax_crystals.jpg/220px-Borax_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Borax_crystals.jpg/330px-Borax_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Borax_crystals.jpg/440px-Borax_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Kristal boraks</figcaption></figure> <p>Boron cukup langka di Alam Semesta dan Tata Surya karena jejak pembentukan selama <a href="/wiki/Ledakan_Dahsyat" title="Ledakan Dahsyat">Ledakan Dahsyat</a> dan di bintang-bintang. Ia terbentuk dalam jumlah kecil dalam <a href="/wiki/Nukleosintesis" title="Nukleosintesis">nukleosintesis</a> <a href="/wiki/Spalasi_sinar_kosmik" title="Spalasi sinar kosmik">spalasi sinar kosmik</a> dan dapat ditemukan tidak tergabung dalam <a href="/wiki/Debu_kosmik" title="Debu kosmik">debu kosmik</a> serta material <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroid</a>. </p><p>Dalam lingkungan oksigen yang tinggi di Bumi, boron selalu ditemukan teroksidasi penuh menjadi borat. Boron tidak muncul di Bumi dalam bentuk elemental. Jejak yang sangat kecil dari boron elemental terdeteksi di regolit Bulan.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meskipun boron merupakan unsur yang relatif langka di kerak Bumi, hanya mewakili 0,001% dari massa kerak, ia dapat sangat terkonsentrasi oleh aksi air, di mana banyak borat larut. Ia ditemukan tergabung secara alami dalam beberapa senyawa seperti <a href="/wiki/Boraks" title="Boraks">boraks</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Asam_borat" title="Asam borat">asam borat</a> (kadang-kadang ditemukan di mata air <a href="/wiki/Gunung_berapi" title="Gunung berapi">vulkanik</a>). Sekitar seratus <a href="/wiki/Mineral_borat" title="Mineral borat">mineral borat</a> telah diketahui. </p><p>Pada 5 September 2017, para ilmuwan melaporkan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">penjelajah <i>Curiosity</i></a> mendeteksi boron, bahan yang penting untuk <a href="/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan">kehidupan</a> di <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a>, di planet <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. Temuan seperti ini, bersama dengan penemuan sebelumnya bahwa air mungkin telah ada di Mars kuno, lebih lanjut mendukung kemungkinan kelaikan awal <a href="/wiki/Gale_(kawah)" title="Gale (kawah)">Kawah Gale</a> di Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-GPL-20170905_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPL-20170905-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GZ-20170906_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GZ-20170906-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Produksi">Produksi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Produksi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Produksi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sumber boron yang penting secara ekonomi adalah mineral <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolemanit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolemanit (halaman belum tersedia)">kolemanit</a>, rasorit (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kernit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kernit (halaman belum tersedia)">kernit</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uleksit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Uleksit (halaman belum tersedia)">uleksit</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Boraks" title="Boraks">tinkal</a>. Mereka semua merupakan 90% dari bijih yang mengandung boron yang ditambang. Deposit boraks global terbesar yang diketahui, banyak yang masih belum dimanfaatkan, berada di <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a> Tengah dan Barat, termasuk provinsi <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%BCtahya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kütahya (halaman belum tersedia)">Kütahya</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir" title="Balıkesir">Balıkesir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cadangan pertambangan mineral boron terbukti global melebihi satu miliar metrik ton, dibandingkan dengan produksi tahunan yang sekitar empat juta ton.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> merupakan produsen terbesar produk boron. Turki memproduksi sekitar setengah dari permintaan tahunan global, melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eti_Maden&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eti Maden (halaman belum tersedia)">Eti Mine Works</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turki" title="Bahasa Turki">bahasa Turki</a>: <i>Eti Maden İşletmeleri</i>), sebuah perusahaan <a href="/wiki/Pertambangan#Industri" title="Pertambangan">pertambangan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Industri_kimia" title="Industri kimia">kimia</a> <a href="/wiki/Badan_usaha_milik_negara" title="Badan usaha milik negara">milik negara</a> Turki yang berfokus pada produk boron. Perusahaan ini memegang <a href="/wiki/Monopoli_negara" title="Monopoli negara">monopoli pemerintah</a> atas penambangan mineral borat di Turki, yang memiliki 72% dari deposit yang diketahui di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada 2012, ia memegang 47% <a href="/wiki/Pangsa_pasar" title="Pangsa pasar">pangsa</a> dari produksi mineral borat global, mengungguli pesaing utamanya, <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Group" title="Rio Tinto Group">Rio Tinto Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hampir seperempat (23%) produksi boron global berasal dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambang_Boraks_Rio_Tinto&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tambang Boraks Rio Tinto (halaman belum tersedia)">Tambang Boraks Rio Tinto</a> (juga dikenal sebagai Tambang Boraks Boron AS) <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25917590">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boron&amp;language=id&amp;params=35_2_34.447_N_117_40_45.412_W_type:landmark_globe:earth_region:US-CA&amp;title=Rio+Tinto+Borax+Mine"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°2′34.447″N</span> <span class="longitude">117°40′45.412″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.04290194°N 117.67928111°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">35.04290194; -117.67928111</span></span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; (<span class="fn org">Rio Tinto Borax Mine</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> dekat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron,_California&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Boron, California (halaman belum tersedia)">Boron, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tren_pasar">Tren pasar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Tren pasar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tren pasar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biaya rata-rata kristal boron elemental adalah AS$5/g.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Boron elemental digunakan terutama dalam pembuatan serat boron, di mana ia disimpan oleh <a href="/wiki/Pengendapan_uap_kimia" title="Pengendapan uap kimia">pengendapan uap kimia</a> pada inti <a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">wolfram</a> (lihat di bawah). Serat boron digunakan dalam aplikasi komposit ringan, seperti pita kekuatan tinggi. Penggunaan ini merupakan fraksi yang sangat kecil dari total penggunaan boron. Boron dimasukkan ke dalam semikonduktor sebagai senyawa boron, dengan implantasi ion. </p><p>Perkiraan konsumsi global boron (hampir seluruhnya sebagai senyawa boron) adalah sekitar 4&#160;juta ton B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> pada tahun 2012. Sebagai senyawa seperti boraks dan kernit, biayanya adalah AS$377/ton pada tahun 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kapasitas penambangan dan pemurnian boron dianggap cukup untuk memenuhi tingkat pertumbuhan yang diperkirakan selama dekade berikutnya. </p><p>Bentuk konsumsi boron telah berubah dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Penggunaan bijih seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolemanit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolemanit (halaman belum tersedia)">kolemanit</a> telah menurun menyusul kekhawatiran atas kandungan <a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">arsen</a>. Konsumen telah beralih ke penggunaan borat halus dan asam borat yang memiliki kandungan polutan yang lebih rendah. </p><p>Meningkatnya permintaan asam borat telah mendorong sejumlah produsen untuk berinvestasi dalam kapasitas tambahan. Badan usaha milik negara Turki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eti_Maden&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eti Maden (halaman belum tersedia)">Eti Mine Works</a> membuka pabrik asam borat baru dengan kapasitas produksi 100.000 ton per tahun di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Emet (halaman belum tersedia)">Emet</a> pada tahun 2003. <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Group" title="Rio Tinto Group">Rio Tinto Group</a> meningkatkan kapasitas pabrik boronnya dari 260.000 ton per tahun pada tahun 2003 menjadi 310.000 ton per tahun pada Mei 2005, dengan rencana untuk meningkatkannya menjadi 366.000 ton per tahun pada tahun 2006. Produsen boron Tiongkok tidak dapat memenuhi permintaan borat berkualitas tinggi yang berkembang pesat. Hal ini menyebabkan impor natrium tetraborat (<a href="/wiki/Boraks" title="Boraks">boraks</a>) tumbuh seratus kali lipat antara tahun 2000 dan 2005 dan impor asam borat meningkat 28% per tahun selama periode yang sama.<sup id="cite_ref-roskill_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roskill-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kenaikan permintaan global telah didorong oleh tingkat pertumbuhan yang tinggi dalam produksi <a href="/wiki/Serat_kaca" title="Serat kaca">serat kaca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiberglas (halaman belum tersedia)">fiberglas</a> dan gelas <a href="/wiki/Borosilikat" class="mw-redirect" title="Borosilikat">borosilikat</a>. Peningkatan pesat dalam pembuatan fiberglas yang mengandung boron tingkat penguat di Asia, telah mengimbangi pengembangan fiberglas tingkat penguat tanpa boron di Eropa dan AS. Kenaikan harga energi baru-baru ini dapat menyebabkan penggunaan yang lebih besar dari fiberglas kelas insulasi, dengan pertumbuhan konsumsi boron yang konsekuen. Roskill Consulting Group memperkirakan bahwa permintaan dunia terhadap boron akan tumbuh sebesar 3,4% per tahun untuk mencapai 21 juta ton pada tahun 2010. Pertumbuhan permintaan tertinggi diperkirakan terjadi di Asia di mana permintaan dapat meningkat rata-rata 5,7% per tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-roskill_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roskill-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplikasi">Aplikasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Aplikasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Aplikasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hampir semua bijih boron yang diekstraksi dari Bumi ditakdirkan untuk disempurnakan menjadi <a href="/wiki/Asam_borat" title="Asam borat">asam borat</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Boraks" title="Boraks">natrium tetraborat pentahidrat</a>. Di Amerika Serikat, 70% boron digunakan untuk produksi kaca dan keramik.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CRC_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penggunaan utama skala industri global dari senyawa boron (sekitar 46% dari penggunaan akhir) adalah dalam produksi <a href="/wiki/Serat_kaca" title="Serat kaca">serat kaca</a> untuk penginsulasian yang mengandung boron dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiberglas (halaman belum tersedia)">fiberglas</a> struktural, terutama di Asia. Boron ditambahkan pada kaca sebagai boraks pentahidrat atau boron oksida, untuk memengaruhi kekuatan atau kualitas fluks serat kaca.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 10% lainnya dari produksi boron global adalah untuk <a href="/wiki/Kaca_borosilikat" title="Kaca borosilikat">kaca borosilikat</a> seperti yang digunakan dalam peralatan gelas berkekuatan tinggi. Sekitar 15% boron global digunakan dalam keramik boron, termasuk bahan super keras yang dibahas di bawah ini. Pertanian mengonsumsi 11% dari produksi boron global, dan pemutih serta detergen sekitar 6%.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serat_boron_elemental">Serat boron elemental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Serat boron elemental" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Serat boron elemental"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serat_boron&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Serat boron (halaman belum tersedia)">Serat boron</a> (filamen boron) adalah bahan berkekuatan tinggi dan ringan yang digunakan terutama untuk struktur <a href="/wiki/Dirgantara" title="Dirgantara">kedirgantaraan</a> canggih sebagai komponen <a href="/wiki/Material_komposit" title="Material komposit">material komposit</a>, serta barang konsumsi dan olahraga produksi terbatas seperti <a href="/wiki/Tongkat_golf" title="Tongkat golf">tongkat golf</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pancing" title="Pancing">pancing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Serat ini dapat diproduksi oleh <a href="/wiki/Pengendapan_uap_kimia" title="Pengendapan uap kimia">pengendapan uap kimia</a> boron pada filamen <a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">wolfram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS-YB-B-2008_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-YB-B-2008-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serat boron dan pegas boron kristal berukuran submilimeter diproduksi oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengendapan_uap_kimia_laser&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengendapan uap kimia laser (halaman belum tersedia)">pengendapan uap kimia</a> yang dibantu <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>. Translasi dari sinar laser terfokus memungkinkan produksi struktur heliks yang kompleks. Struktur tersebut menunjukkan sifat mekanik yang baik (<a href="/wiki/Modulus_elastisitas" title="Modulus elastisitas">modulus elastisitas</a> 450&#160;GPa, regangan fraktur 3,7%, tegangan fraktur 17&#160;GPa) dan dapat diterapkan sebagai penguat keramik atau dalam <a href="/wiki/MEMS" title="MEMS">sistem mikromekanis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiberglas_terboronasi">Fiberglas terboronasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Fiberglas terboronasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Fiberglas terboronasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiberglas (halaman belum tersedia)">Fiberglas</a></div> <p>Fiberglas adalah sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastik_yang_diperkuat_serat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Plastik yang diperkuat serat (halaman belum tersedia)">polimer yang diperkuat serat</a> yang terbuat dari <a href="/wiki/Plastik" title="Plastik">plastik</a> yang diperkuat oleh <a href="/wiki/Serat_kaca" title="Serat kaca">serat kaca</a>, biasanya ditenun menjadi tikar. Serat kaca yang digunakan dalam bahan ini terbuat dari berbagai jenis kaca tergantung pada penggunaan fiberglas. Semua kaca ini mengandung silika atau silikat, dengan jumlah oksida kalsium, magnesium, dan terkadang boron yang bervariasi. Boron hadir sebagai borosilikat, boraks, atau boron oksida, dan ditambahkan untuk meningkatkan kekuatan kaca, atau sebagai bahan fluks untuk menurunkan titik lebur <a href="/wiki/Silikon_dioksida" title="Silikon dioksida">silika</a>, yang terlalu tinggi untuk dengan mudah dikerjakan dalam bentuk murninya untuk membuat serat kaca. </p><p>Kaca-kaca terboronasi tinggi yang digunakan dalam fiberglas merupakan <i>E-glass</i> (dinamai untuk penggunaan "Elektrikal", tetapi sekarang penggunaan fiberglas yang paling umum adalah untuk penggunaan umum). <i>E-glass</i> adalah kaca alumino-borosilikat dengan kurang dari 1% b/b alkali oksida, digunakan terutama untuk plastik yang diperkuat. Kaca-kaca tinggi boron umum lainnya termasuk <i>C-glass</i>, sebuah kaca alkali kapur dengan kandungan boron oksida yang tinggi, digunakan untuk serat stapel kaca dan insulasi, dan <i>D-glass</i>, sebuah <a href="/wiki/Kaca_borosilikat" title="Kaca borosilikat">kaca borosilikat</a>, dinamai karena konstanta dielektriknya yang rendah.<sup id="cite_ref-ullmann1_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmann1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tidak semua fiberglas mengandung boron, tetapi dalam skala global, sebagian besar fiberglas yang digunakan memang mengandung boron. Karena penggunaan fiberglas di mana-mana dalam konstruksi dan insulasi, fiberglas yang mengandung boron mengonsumsi setengah dari produksi boron global, dan merupakan pasar boron komersial terbesar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kaca_borosilikat">Kaca borosilikat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Kaca borosilikat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kaca borosilikat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Kaca_borosilikat" title="Kaca borosilikat">Kaca borosilikat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Schott_Duran_glassware.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Schott_Duran_glassware.jpg/170px-Schott_Duran_glassware.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Schott_Duran_glassware.jpg/255px-Schott_Duran_glassware.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Schott_Duran_glassware.jpg/340px-Schott_Duran_glassware.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption>Peralatan kaca borosilikat. Ditampilkan dua gelas piala dan satu tabung reaksi.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kaca_borosilikat" title="Kaca borosilikat">Kaca borosilikat</a>, yang biasanya terdiri dari 12–15% B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, 80% SiO<sub>2</sub>, dan 2% Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, memiliki <a href="/wiki/Pemuaian#Koefisien_pemuaian" title="Pemuaian">koefisien pemuaian</a> yang rendah, sehingga memberikan ketahanan yang baik terhadap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejutan_termal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kejutan termal (halaman belum tersedia)">kejutan termal</a>. "Duran" milik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schott_AG&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Schott AG (halaman belum tersedia)">Schott AG</a> dan merek dagang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrex&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyrex (halaman belum tersedia)">Pyrex</a> milik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Owens_Corning&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Owens Corning (halaman belum tersedia)">Owens Corning</a> adalah dua nama merek utama untuk kaca ini, digunakan baik dalam <a href="/wiki/Peralatan_kaca_laboratorium" title="Peralatan kaca laboratorium">peralatan kaca laboratorium</a> maupun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peralatan_masak_dan_panggang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peralatan masak dan panggang (halaman belum tersedia)">peralatan masak dan panggang</a> konsumen, terutama untuk ketahanan mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keramik_boron_karbida">Keramik boron karbida</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Keramik boron karbida" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keramik boron karbida"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Borfig11a.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Borfig11a.png/150px-Borfig11a.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Borfig11a.png/225px-Borfig11a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Borfig11a.png/300px-Borfig11a.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2453" /></a><figcaption>Sel satuan B<sub>4</sub>C. Bola hijau dan <a href="/wiki/Ikosahedron" title="Ikosahedron">ikosahedra</a> terdiri dari atom boron, sedangkan bola hitam adalah atom karbon.<sup id="cite_ref-zhangyb28.5c4_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhangyb28.5c4-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Beberapa senyawa boron dikenal karena kekerasan dan ketangguhannya yang ekstrim. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron_karbida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Boron karbida (halaman belum tersedia)">Boron karbida</a> adalah bahan keramik yang diperoleh dengan menguraikan B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> dengan karbon dalam tungku listrik: </p> <dl><dd>2 B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 7 C → B<sub>4</sub>C + 6 CO</dd></dl> <p>Struktur boron karbida hanya sekitar B<sub>4</sub>C, dan ia menunjukkan penipisan karbon yang jelas dari rasio stoikiometri yang diperkirakan ini. Hal ini dikarenakan strukturnya yang sangat kompleks. Substansinya dapat dilihat dengan <a href="/wiki/Rumus_empiris" title="Rumus empiris">rumus empiris</a> B<sub>12</sub>C<sub>3</sub> (yaitu, dengan motif B<sub>12</sub> dodekahedra), tetapi dengan lebih sedikit karbon, karena unit C<sub>3</sub> yang diperkirakan diganti dengan rantai C-B-C, dan beberapa oktahedra yang lebih kecil (B<sub>6</sub>) juga ada (lihat artikel boron karbida untuk analisis struktural). Polimer berulang ditambah struktur semi-kristal boron karbida memberikan kekuatan struktural per berat yang besar. Ia digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Perisai_kendaraan" title="Perisai kendaraan">perisai tank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rompi_anti_peluru" class="mw-redirect" title="Rompi anti peluru">rompi antipeluru</a>, dan banyak aplikasi struktural lainnya. </p><p>Kemampuan boron karbida untuk menyerap neutron tanpa membentuk <a href="/wiki/Radionuklida" title="Radionuklida">radionuklida</a> radionuklida berumur panjang (terutama ketika didoping dengan boron-10 ekstra) membuat bahan ini menarik untuk digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Racun_neutron#Racun_yang_dapat_terbakar" title="Racun neutron">penyerap radiasi neutron yang timbul pada pembangkit listrik tenaga nuklir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aplikasi nuklir boron karbida termasuk pelindung, batang kendali dan pelet penutup. Di dalam batang kendali, boron karbida sering dibuat menjadi bubuk, untuk meningkatkan luas permukaannya.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senyawa_kekerasan_dan_abrasif_tinggi">Senyawa kekerasan dan abrasif tinggi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Sunting bagian: Senyawa kekerasan dan abrasif tinggi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Senyawa kekerasan dan abrasif tinggi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Bahan_super_keras" title="Bahan super keras">Bahan super keras</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:30px; text-align:center; float:right;"> <caption>Sifat mekanik padatan BCN<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan ReB<sub>2</sub><sup id="cite_ref-qin_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qin-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Material </th> <th>Intan </th> <th>BC<sub>2</sub>N kubik </th> <th>BC<sub>5</sub> kubik </th> <th>BN kubik </th> <th>B<sub>4</sub>C </th> <th>ReB<sub>2</sub> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Uji_kekerasan_Vickers" title="Uji kekerasan Vickers">Kekerasan Vickers</a> (GPa) </th> <td>115 </td> <td>76 </td> <td>71 </td> <td>62 </td> <td>38 </td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketangguhan_fraktur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketangguhan fraktur (halaman belum tersedia)">Ketangguhan fraktur</a> (MPa&#160;m<sup>1⁄2</sup>) </th> <td>5,3 </td> <td>4,5 </td> <td>9,5 </td> <td>6,8 </td> <td>3,5 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Boron karbida dan bubuk boron nitrida kubik banyak digunakan sebagai bahan abrasif. <a href="/wiki/Boron_nitrida" title="Boron nitrida">Boron nitrida</a> merupakan bahan isoelektronik terhadap <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a>. Mirip dengan karbon, ia memiliki bentuk heksagonal (h-BN, seperti grafit lunak) dan kubik (c-BN, keras seperti intan). h-BN digunakan sebagai komponen dan pelumas suhu tinggi. c-BN, juga dikenal dengan nama komersial <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borazon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Borazon (halaman belum tersedia)">borazon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> merupakan bahan abrasif yang unggul. Kekerasannya hanya sedikit lebih kecil, tetapi stabilitas kimianya lebih unggul, daripada intan. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterointan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterointan (halaman belum tersedia)">Heterointan</a> (juga disebut BCN) merupakan senyawa boron mirip intan lainnya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metalurgi">Metalurgi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Sunting bagian: Metalurgi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Metalurgi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boron ditambahkan ke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baja_boron&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Baja boron (halaman belum tersedia)">baja boron</a> pada tingkat beberapa bagian per juta untuk meningkatkan kemampuan mengerasnya. Persentase yang lebih tinggi ditambahkan ke baja yang digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Daya_nuklir" class="mw-redirect" title="Daya nuklir">industri nuklir</a> karena kemampuan penyerapan neutron milik boron. </p><p>Boron juga dapat meningkatkan kekerasan permukaan baja dan paduan melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemboridasian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemboridasian (halaman belum tersedia)">pemboridasian</a>. Selain itu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Borida (halaman belum tersedia)">borida</a> logam digunakan untuk alat pelapis melalui <a href="/wiki/Pengendapan_uap_kimia" title="Pengendapan uap kimia">pengendapan uap kimia</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengendapan_uap_fisik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengendapan uap fisik (halaman belum tersedia)">pengendapan uap fisik</a>. Implantasi ion boron ke dalam logam dan paduan, melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Implantasi_ion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Implantasi ion (halaman belum tersedia)">implantasi ion</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengendapan_berkas_ion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengendapan berkas ion (halaman belum tersedia)">pengendapan berkas ion</a>, akan menghasilkan peningkatan ketahanan permukaan dan kekerasan mikro yang spektakuler. Pemaduan laser juga telah berhasil digunakan untuk tujuan yang sama. Borida-borida ini merupakan alternatif untuk alat berlapis inti, dan permukaan mereka memiliki sifat yang mirip dengan borida curah.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Misalnya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renium_diborida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Renium diborida (halaman belum tersedia)">renium diborida</a> dapat diproduksi pada tekanan sekitar, tetapi agak mahal karena adanya <a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">renium</a>. Kekerasan ReB<sub>2</sub> menunjukkan <a href="/wiki/Anisotropi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisotropi">anisotropi</a> yang cukup besar karena struktur berlapis heksagonalnya. Nilainya sebanding dengan <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_karbida" title="Wolfram karbida">wolfram karbida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silikon_karbida" title="Silikon karbida">silikon karbida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_diborida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Titanium diborida (halaman belum tersedia)">titanium diborida</a>, atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirkonium_diborida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zirkonium diborida (halaman belum tersedia)">zirkonium diborida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-qin_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qin-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Demikian pula, komposit AlMgB<sub>14</sub> + TiB<sub>2</sub> memiliki kekerasan dan ketahanan aus yang tinggi dan digunakan baik dalam bentuk curah atau sebagai pelapis untuk komponen yang terpapar suhu tinggi dan beban aus.<sup id="cite_ref-tib1_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tib1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formulasi_detergen_dan_bahan_pemutih">Formulasi detergen dan bahan pemutih</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Sunting bagian: Formulasi detergen dan bahan pemutih" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Formulasi detergen dan bahan pemutih"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boraks digunakan dalam berbagai produk cucian dan pembersih rumah tangga.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ia ini juga hadir dalam beberapa formula <a href="/wiki/Pemutih_gigi" title="Pemutih gigi">pemutih gigi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Natrium_perborat" title="Natrium perborat">Natrium perborat</a> berfungsi sebagai sumber <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen aktif</a> dalam banyak <a href="/wiki/Detergen" title="Detergen">detergen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Detergen_cucian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Detergen cucian (halaman belum tersedia)">detergen cucian</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahan_pembersih&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahan pembersih (halaman belum tersedia)">produk pembersih</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Pemutih" title="Pemutih">pemutih</a> cucian. Namun, terlepas dari namanya, pemutih cucian "Borateem" tidak lagi mengandung senyawa boron, tetapi menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natrium_perkarbonat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Natrium perkarbonat (halaman belum tersedia)">natrium perkarbonat</a> sebagai bahan pemutih.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insektisida">Insektisida</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=28" title="Sunting bagian: Insektisida" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Insektisida"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asam borat digunakan sebagai insektisida, terutama terhadap semut, kutu, dan kecoa.<sup id="cite_ref-Klotz_1994_1534–1536_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klotz_1994_1534–1536-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semikonduktor">Semikonduktor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=29" title="Sunting bagian: Semikonduktor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Semikonduktor"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boron adalah sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dopan (halaman belum tersedia)">dopan</a> yang berguna untuk semikonduktor seperti <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Silikon_karbida" title="Silikon karbida">silikon karbida</a>. Memiliki satu elektron valensi lebih sedikit daripada atom inang, ia menyumbangkan sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lubang_elektron&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lubang elektron (halaman belum tersedia)">lubang</a> yang menghasilkan konduktivitas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semikonduktor_ekstrinsik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Semikonduktor ekstrinsik (halaman belum tersedia)">tipe p</a>. Metode pemasukan boron ke dalam semikonduktor adalah melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Difusi_atom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Difusi atom (halaman belum tersedia)">difusi atom</a> pada suhu tinggi. Proses ini menggunakan sumber boron padat (B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), cair (BBr<sub>3</sub>), atau gas (B<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> atau BF<sub>3</sub>). Namun, setelah tahun 1970-an, ia sebagian besar digantikan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Implantasi_ion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Implantasi ion (halaman belum tersedia)">implantasi ion</a>, yang sebagian besar bergantung pada BF<sub>3</sub> sebagai sumber boron.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gas boron triklorida juga merupakan bahan kimia yang penting dalam industri semikonduktor, namun bukan untuk doping, melainkan untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etsa_plasma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Etsa plasma (halaman belum tersedia)">etsa plasma</a> logam dan oksida mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trietilborana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Trietilborana (halaman belum tersedia)">Trietilborana</a> juga disuntikkan ke dalam reaktor <a href="/wiki/Pengendapan_uap_kimia" title="Pengendapan uap kimia">pengendapan uap</a> sebagai sumber boron.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan.&#160;since Agustus 2022" style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>&#93;</span></sup> Contohnya adalah pengendapan plasma dari film karbon keras yang mengandung boron, film silikon nitrida–boron nitrida, dan untuk <a href="/wiki/Doping_(semikonduktor)" title="Doping (semikonduktor)">doping</a> film <a href="/wiki/Intan" title="Intan">intan</a> dengan boron.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnet">Magnet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=30" title="Sunting bagian: Magnet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Magnet"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boron adalah salah satu komponen <a href="/wiki/Magnet_neodimium" title="Magnet neodimium">magnet neodimium</a> (Nd<sub>2</sub>Fe<sub>14</sub>B), yang merupakan salah satu jenis magnet permanen terkuat. Magnet ini ditemukan pada berbagai perangkat elektromekanis dan elektronik, seperti sistem pencitraan medis <a href="/wiki/Pencitraan_resonansi_magnetik" title="Pencitraan resonansi magnetik">pencitraan resonansi magnetik</a> (<i>magnetic resonance imaging</i>, MRI), dalam motor dan <a href="/wiki/Aktuator" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktuator">aktuator</a> yang kompak dan relatif kecil. Sebagai contoh, pemutar <a href="/wiki/Cakram_keras" title="Cakram keras">HDD</a> (<i>hard disk drive</i>, cakram keras), <a href="/wiki/Cakram_padat" title="Cakram padat">CD</a> (<i>compact disc</i>, cakram padat), dan <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> (<i>digital versatile disk</i>, cakram serbaguna digital) komputer mengandalkan motor magnet neodimium untuk menghasilkan daya putar yang kuat dalam paket yang sangat ringkas. Di dalam ponsel, magnet 'Neo' memberikan medan magnet yang memungkinkan pengeras suara kecil menghasilkan daya audio yang cukup besar.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pelindung_dan_penyerap_neutron_dalam_reaktor_nuklir">Pelindung dan penyerap neutron dalam reaktor nuklir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=31" title="Sunting bagian: Pelindung dan penyerap neutron dalam reaktor nuklir" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pelindung dan penyerap neutron dalam reaktor nuklir"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pelindung boron digunakan sebagai kontrol untuk <a href="/wiki/Reaktor_nuklir" title="Reaktor nuklir">reaktor nuklir</a>, mengambil keuntungan dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penampang_neutron&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penampang neutron (halaman belum tersedia)">penampangnya</a> yang tinggi untuk menangkap neutron.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam reaktor air bertekanan, konsentrasi variabel asam boronat dalam air pendingin digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Racun_neutron#Racun_yang_dapat_larut" title="Racun neutron">racun neutron</a> untuk mengompensasi variabel reaktivitas bahan bakar. Ketika batang baru dimasukkan, konsentrasi asam boronat akan maksimal, dan berkurang selama masa pakai.<sup id="cite_ref-PastinaIsabey1999_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PastinaIsabey1999-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kegunaan_nonmedis_lainnya">Kegunaan nonmedis lainnya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=32" title="Sunting bagian: Kegunaan nonmedis lainnya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kegunaan nonmedis lainnya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Apollo_15_launch.ogv/220px--Apollo_15_launch.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="74" data-mwtitle="Apollo_15_launch.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Berkas:Apollo_15_launch.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Apollo_15_launch.ogv/Apollo_15_launch.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Apollo_15_launch.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs=&quot;theora, vorbis&quot;" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Apollo_15_launch.ogv/Apollo_15_launch.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Apollo_15_launch.ogv/Apollo_15_launch.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>Peluncuran roket <i>Apollo 15</i> Saturn V, yang menggunakan ignitor trietilborana</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Karena nyala api hijaunya yang khas, boron amorf digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Suar" title="Suar">suar piroteknik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Perekat berbasis <a href="/wiki/Amilum" title="Amilum">amilum</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kasein" title="Kasein">kasein</a> mengandung natrium tetraborat dekahidrat (Na<sub>2</sub>B<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub>·10 H<sub>2</sub>O)</li> <li>Beberapa sistem antikorosi mengandung boraks.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Natrium borat digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Fluks_(metalurgi)" title="Fluks (metalurgi)">fluks</a> untuk menyolder perak dan emas dan dengan <a href="/wiki/Amonium_klorida" title="Amonium klorida">amonium klorida</a> untuk mengelas logam besi.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mereka juga merupakan aditif penghambat api untuk plastik dan barang karet.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_borat" title="Asam borat">Asam borat</a> (juga dikenal sebagai asam ortoborat) H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub> digunakan dalam produksi fiberglas tekstil dan <a href="/wiki/Tampilan_layar_datar" title="Tampilan layar datar">tampilan layar datar</a><sup id="cite_ref-CRC_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan dalam banyak perekat berbasis <a href="/wiki/Polivinil_asetat" title="Polivinil asetat">PVAc</a> serta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polivinil_alkohol&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Polivinil alkohol (halaman belum tersedia)">PVOH</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trietilborana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Trietilborana (halaman belum tersedia)">Trietilborana</a> adalah zat yang menyalakan bahan bakar <a href="/wiki/JP-7" title="JP-7">JP-7</a> dari mesin <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ramjet_(mesin_jet)" title="Ramjet (mesin jet)">ramjet</a> <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_J58" title="Pratt &amp; Whitney J58">Pratt &amp; Whitney J58</a> yang menggerakkan <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed</a> <a href="/wiki/SR-71_Blackbird" title="SR-71 Blackbird">SR-71 Blackbird</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ia juga digunakan untuk menyalakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocketdyne_F-1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rocketdyne F-1 (halaman belum tersedia)">Mesin F-1</a> pada Roket <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> yang digunakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Program_Apollo" title="Program Apollo">program Apollo</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> milik <a href="/wiki/Badan_Penerbangan_dan_Antariksa" title="Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa">NASA</a> dari tahun 1967 hingga 1973. Saat ini, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> menggunakannya untuk menyalakan mesin pada roket <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-sfn20100602_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfn20100602-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Trietilborana cocok untuk hal ini karena sifat <a href="/wiki/Piroforik" title="Piroforik">piroforiknya</a>, terutama dengan fakta bahwa ia terbakar dengan suhu yang sangat tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Trietilborana adalah sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inisiator_radikal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Inisiator radikal (halaman belum tersedia)">inisiator</a> industri dalam reaksi <a href="/wiki/Radikal_bebas" title="Radikal bebas">radikal</a>, di mana ia efektif bahkan pada suhu rendah.</li> <li>Borat digunakan sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengawet_kayu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengawet kayu (halaman belum tersedia)">pengawet kayu</a> yang ramah lingkungan.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aplikasi_farmasi_dan_biologis">Aplikasi farmasi dan biologis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=33" title="Sunting bagian: Aplikasi farmasi dan biologis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Aplikasi farmasi dan biologis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Asam_borat" title="Asam borat">Asam borat</a></b> memiliki sifat antiseptik, antijamur, dan antivirus, dan untuk alasan ini digunakan ia sebagai penjernih air dalam pengolahan air kolam renang.<sup id="cite_ref-acid_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acid-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Larutan ringan asam borat telah digunakan sebagai antiseptik mata. </p><p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bortezomib&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bortezomib (halaman belum tersedia)">Bortezomib</a></b> (dipasarkan sebagai <b>Velcade</b> dan <b>Cytomib</b>). Boron muncul sebagai unsur aktif dalam farmasi organik bortezomib, kelas obat baru yang disebut inhibitor proteasom, untuk pengobatan mieloma dan salah satu bentuk limfoma (saat ini sedang dalam uji coba eksperimental terhadap jenis limfoma lainnya). Atom boron dalam bortezomib mengikat situs katalitik <a href="/wiki/Proteasom" title="Proteasom">proteasom 26S</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17268529_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17268529-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dengan afinitas dan spesifisitas yang tinggi. </p> <ul><li>Sejumlah obat-obatan terboronasi potensial yang menggunakan <a href="#Boron_yang_diperkaya_(boron-10)">boron-10</a>, telah disiapkan untuk digunakan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terapi_penangkapan_neutron_untuk_kanker&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Terapi penangkapan neutron untuk kanker (halaman belum tersedia)">terapi penangkapan neutron boron</a> (<i>boron neutron capture therapy</i>, BNCT).<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Beberapa senyawa boron terlihat menjanjikan dalam mengobati <a href="/wiki/Artritis" title="Artritis">artritis</a>, meskipun belum ada dari mereka yang secara umum disetujui untuk tujuan tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tavaborol&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tavaborol (halaman belum tersedia)">Tavaborol</a></b> (dipasarkan sebagai <b>Kerydin</b>) adalah sebuah inhibitor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintetase_aminoasil_tRNA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintetase aminoasil tRNA (halaman belum tersedia)">sintetase aminoasil tRNA</a> yang digunakan untuk mengobati jamur kuku. Ia memperoleh persetujuan FDA pada Juli 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kimia dioksaborolana memungkinkan pelabelan <a href="/wiki/Fluorida" title="Fluorida">fluorida</a> radioaktif (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorin-18&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorin-18 (halaman belum tersedia)"><sup>18</sup>F</a>) untuk <a href="/wiki/Antibodi" title="Antibodi">antibodi</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Sel_darah_merah" title="Sel darah merah">sel darah merah</a>, yang memungkinkan pencitraan <a href="/wiki/Tomografi_emisi_positron" title="Tomografi emisi positron">tomografi emisi positron</a> (<i>positron emission tomography</i>, PET) untuk <a href="/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker">kanker</a><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Perdarahan" title="Perdarahan">hemoragi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> masing-masing. Sistem reporter <i><u>H</u>uman-<u>D</u>erived, <u>G</u>enetic, <u>P</u>ositron-emitting and <u>F</u>luorescent</i> (HD-GPF) menggunakan protein manusia, <a href="/wiki/Glutamat_karboksipeptidase_II" title="Glutamat karboksipeptidase II">PSMA</a> dan nonimunogenik, dan molekul kecil yang memancarkan positron (boron terikat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorin-18&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorin-18 (halaman belum tersedia)"><sup>18</sup>F</a>) dan fluoresensi untuk PET modalitas ganda serta pencitraan fluoresen sel yang dimodifikasi genom, misalnya <a href="/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker">kanker</a>, <a href="/wiki/CRISPR" title="CRISPR">CRISPR/Cas9</a>, atau sel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sel_CAR_T&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sel CAR T (halaman belum tersedia)">CAR T</a>, di seluruh tikus.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Molekul kecil modalitas ganda yang menargetkan <a href="/wiki/Glutamat_karboksipeptidase_II" title="Glutamat karboksipeptidase II">PSMA</a> telah diuji pada manusia dan menemukan lokasi <a href="/wiki/Kanker_prostat" title="Kanker prostat">kanker prostat</a> primer dan <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastatik</a>, serta mendeteksi sel kanker tunggal di dalam margin jaringan.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Area_penelitian">Area penelitian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=34" title="Sunting bagian: Area penelitian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Area penelitian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_diborida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium diborida (halaman belum tersedia)">Magnesium diborida</a> merupakan sebuah <a href="/wiki/Superkonduktivitas" title="Superkonduktivitas">bahan superkonduktor</a> yang penting dengan suhu transisi 39&#160;K. Kabel MgB<sub>2</sub> diproduksi dengan proses <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabel_penyuperkonduksi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabel penyuperkonduksi (halaman belum tersedia)">bubuk-dalam-tabung</a> dan diterapkan dalam magnet superkonduktor.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boron amorf digunakan sebagai depresan titik lebur dalam paduan patri nikel-kromium.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Boron_nitrida" title="Boron nitrida">Boron nitrida</a> heksagonal membentuk lapisan tipis atom, yang telah digunakan untuk meningkatkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobilitas_elektron&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobilitas elektron (halaman belum tersedia)">mobilitas elektron</a> dalam perangkat <a href="/wiki/Grafena" title="Grafena">grafena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ia juga membentuk struktur nanotubular (<a href="/wiki/Boron_nitrida#Tabung_nano_boron_nitrida" title="Boron nitrida">BNNT</a>), yang memiliki kekuatan tinggi, stabilitas kimia yang tinggi, dan <a href="/wiki/Konduktivitas_termal" title="Konduktivitas termal">konduktivitas termal</a> yang tinggi, di antara daftar sifat yang diinginkan.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peran_biologis">Peran biologis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=35" title="Sunting bagian: Peran biologis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Peran biologis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boron merupakan <a href="/wiki/Nutrien" title="Nutrien">nutrien</a> yang penting bagi tanaman, diperlukan terutama untuk menjaga integritas dinding sel. Namun, konsentrasi tanah yang tinggi lebih besar dari 1,0&#160;<a href="/wiki/Bagian_per_juta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagian per juta">ppm</a> akan menyebabkan nekrosis marginal dan ujung daun serta kinerja pertumbuhan keseluruhan menjadi buruk. Tingkat serendah 0,8&#160;ppm menghasilkan gejala yang sama pada tanaman yang sangat sensitif terhadap boron di dalam tanah. Hampir semua tanaman, bahkan yang agak toleran terhadap boron tanah, akan menunjukkan setidaknya beberapa gejala keracunan boron ketika kandungan boron tanah lebih besar dari 1,8&#160;ppm. Ketika kandungan ini melebihi 2,0&#160;ppm, beberapa tanaman akan berkinerja baik dan beberapa mungkin tidak akan bertahan.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diperkirakan bahwa boron memainkan beberapa peran penting pada hewan, termasuk manusia, tetapi peran fisiologis yang tepat masih kurang dipahami.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-utrace_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utrace-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebuah percobaan kecil pada manusia yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1987 melaporkan pada wanita pascamenopause pertama kali membuat defisiensi boron dan kemudian diisi dengan 3&#160;mg/hari. Suplementasi boron secara nyata mengurangi ekskresi kalsium urin dan meningkatkan konsentrasi serum 17 beta-estradiol dan testosteron.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Institut Kedokteran A.S. belum mengonfirmasi bahwa boron adalah nutrien yang penting bagi manusia, jadi baik <a href="/wiki/Asupan_Referensi_Diet" title="Asupan Referensi Diet">Angka Kecukupan Gizi</a> (Recommended Dietary Allowance, RDA) maupun Asupan yang Memadai belum ditetapkan. Asupan makanan orang dewasa diperkirakan 0,9 hingga 1,4&#160;mg/hari, dengan sekitar 90% diserap. Apa yang diserap sebagian besar diekskresikan dalam urin. Tingkat Asupan Atas yang Dapat Ditoleransi untuk orang dewasa adalah 20&#160;mg/hari.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 2013, sebuah hipotesis menyatakan bahwa boron dan molibdenum mungkin mengkatalisasi produksi <a href="/wiki/Asam_ribonukleat" title="Asam ribonukleat">RNA</a> di <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> dengan kehidupan yang diangkut ke Bumi melalui meteorit sekitar 3 miliar tahun yang lalu.<sup id="cite_ref-mars_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mars-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ada beberapa <a href="/wiki/Antibiotik" title="Antibiotik">antibiotik</a> alami yang mengandung boron yang telah diketahui.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Yang pertama ditemukan adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boromisin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Boromisin (halaman belum tersedia)">boromisin</a>, diisolasi dari <i><a href="/wiki/Streptomyces" title="Streptomyces">streptomyces</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distrofi_endotel_herediter_bawaan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Distrofi endotel herediter bawaan (halaman belum tersedia)">Distrofi endotel kongenital tipe 2</a>, bentuk langka dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Distrofi_kornea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Distrofi kornea (halaman belum tersedia)">distrofi kornea</a>, memiliki kaitan dengan mutasi pada gen <a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC4A11&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC4A11 (halaman belum tersedia)">SLC4A11</a> yang mengodekan pengangkut yang dilaporkan mengatur konsentrasi boron intraseluler.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuantifikasi_analitis">Kuantifikasi analitis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=36" title="Sunting bagian: Kuantifikasi analitis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kuantifikasi analitis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Untuk penentuan kandungan boron dalam makanan atau bahan, <i>metode kurkumin</i> <a href="/wiki/Kolorimetri" title="Kolorimetri">kolorimetris</a> digunakan. Boron diubah menjadi asam borat atau <a href="/wiki/Borat" title="Borat">borat</a> dan pada reaksi dengan <a href="/wiki/Kurkumin" title="Kurkumin">kurkumin</a> dalam larutan asam, kompleks <a href="/wiki/Pengelatan" title="Pengelatan">kelat</a> boron berwarna merah, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rososianin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rososianin (halaman belum tersedia)">rososianin</a>, terbentuk.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masalah_kesehatan_dan_toksisitas">Masalah kesehatan dan toksisitas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=37" title="Sunting bagian: Masalah kesehatan dan toksisitas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Masalah kesehatan dan toksisitas"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox bordered" style="border-collapse:collapse; width:22em; text-align:left; ;"> <caption style="text-align:center;">Boron </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Bahaya </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Piktogram_bahaya_GHS" title="Piktogram bahaya GHS">Piktogram GHS</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS07: Tanda Seru"><img alt="GHS07: Tanda Seru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sistem_Harmonisasi_Global_Klasifikasi_dan_Label_pada_Bahan_Kimia" title="Sistem Harmonisasi Global Klasifikasi dan Label pada Bahan Kimia">Keterangan bahaya GHS</a> </td> <td>{{{value}}} </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pernyataan_bahaya_GHS" title="Pernyataan bahaya GHS">Pernyataan bahaya GHS</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="Harmful if swallowed">H302</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects">H412</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Langkah_perlindungan_GHS" title="Langkah perlindungan GHS">Langkah perlindungan GHS</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="Wash … thoroughly after handling">P264</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product">P270</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="Avoid release to the environment">P273</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell">P301+312</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="Dispose of contents/container to …">P501</abbr> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Boron elemental, <a href="/wiki/Boron_trioksida" title="Boron trioksida">boron oksida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asam_borat" title="Asam borat">asam borat</a>, borat, dan banyak <a href="/wiki/Kimia_organoboron" title="Kimia organoboron">senyawa organoboron</a> relatif tidak beracun bagi manusia dan hewan (dengan toksisitas yang mirip dengan garam dapur). <a href="/wiki/Median_dosis_letal" title="Median dosis letal">LD<sub>50</sub></a> (dosis di mana ada 50% kematian) untuk hewan adalah sekitar 6&#160;g per kg berat badan. Zat dengan LD<sub>50</sub> di atas 2&#160;g/kg dianggap tidak beracun. Asupan 4&#160;g/hari asam borat dilaporkan tidak memiliki insiden, tetapi lebih dari ini dianggap beracun di lebih dari beberapa dosis. Asupan lebih dari 0,5&#160;grams per hari selama 50 hari menyebabkan masalah pencernaan ringan dan masalah lain yang menunjukkan toksisitas.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Suplementasi boron dalam makanan dapat membantu pertumbuhan tulang, penyembuhan luka, dan aktivitas antioksidan,<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan jumlah boron yang tidak mencukupi dalam makanan dapat menyebabkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Defesiensi_boron_(kedokteran)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Defesiensi boron (kedokteran) (halaman belum tersedia)">defesiensi boron</a>. </p><p>Dosis medis tunggal 20&#160;g of <a href="/wiki/Asam_borat" title="Asam borat">asam borat</a> untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terapi_penangkapan_neutron_untuk_kanker&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Terapi penangkapan neutron untuk kanker (halaman belum tersedia)">terapi penangkapan neutron</a> telah digunakan tanpa toksisitas yang tidak semestinya. </p><p>Asam borat lebih beracun bagi serangga daripada mamalia, dan secara rutin digunakan sebagai insektisida.<sup id="cite_ref-Klotz_1994_1534–1536_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klotz_1994_1534–1536-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Borana" title="Borana">Borana</a> (senyawa boron hidrogen) dan senyawa gas serupa cukup beracun. Seperti biasa, boron bukanlah unsur yang secara intrinsik beracun, tetapi toksisitas senyawa ini bergantung pada strukturnya (untuk contoh lain dari fenomena ini, lihat <a href="/wiki/Fosfina" title="Fosfina">fosfina</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-borates_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borates-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boron_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boron-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Borana juga sangat mudah terbakar dan memerlukan penanganan khusus saat menanganinya, beberapa kombinasi borana dan senyawa lain sangat mudah meledak. Natrium borohidrida dapat menimbulkan bahaya kebakaran karena sifat pereduksinya dan pelepasan hidrogen saat kontak dengan asam. Boron halida bersifat korosif.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Boron_toxicity_(2313046082).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Boron_toxicity_%282313046082%29.jpg/220px-Boron_toxicity_%282313046082%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Boron_toxicity_%282313046082%29.jpg/330px-Boron_toxicity_%282313046082%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Boron_toxicity_%282313046082%29.jpg/440px-Boron_toxicity_%282313046082%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Toksisitas boron pada daun mawar.</figcaption></figure> <p>Boron diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan tanaman, tetapi kelebihan boron bersifat racun bagi tanaman, dan terjadi terutama di tanah asam.<sup id="cite_ref-Boron_(B)_and_Chlorine_(Cl)_for_Citrus_Trees_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boron_(B)_and_Chlorine_(Cl)_for_Citrus_Trees-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PeverillSparrow1999_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeverillSparrow1999-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ia muncul sebagai warna kuning yang muncul dari ujung daun ke dalam daun tertua dan bintik-bintik hitam pada daun barli, tetapi dapat disalahartikan dengan tekanan lain seperti kekurangan magnesium pada tanaman lain.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds2001_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds2001-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=38" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18261910">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width:20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alotrop_boron&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alotrop boron (halaman belum tersedia)">Alotrop boron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_boronat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam boronat (halaman belum tersedia)">Asam boronat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_nitrida" title="Boron nitrida">Boron nitrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_oksida" class="mw-disambig" title="Boron oksida">Boron oksida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defesiensi_boron_(kedokteran)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Defesiensi boron (kedokteran) (halaman belum tersedia)">Defesiensi boron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_hidroborasi-oksidasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reaksi hidroborasi-oksidasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Reaksi hidroborasi-oksidasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaksi_Suzuki" title="Reaksi Suzuki">Reaksi Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terapi_penangkapan_neutron_untuk_kanker&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Terapi penangkapan neutron untuk kanker (halaman belum tersedia)">Terapi penangkapan neutron boron</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px; background:#FFF0F5; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em; font-size:85%;"> <table style="background:transparent;" width="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:32px; height:28px; overflow:hidden"><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px; z-index:3;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kimia" title="Portal:Kimia"><span style="color:#FF4F00">Portal Kimia</span></a></b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=39" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Indonesia" lang="Indonesia">(Indonesia)</span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/boron">"Boron"</a>. <i>KBBI Daring</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">17 Juli</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=KBBI+Daring&amp;rft.atitle=Boron&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkbbi.kemdikbud.go.id%2Fentri%2Fboron&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Braunschweig, H.; Dewhurst, R. D.; Hammond, K.; Mies, J.; Radacki, K.; Vargas, A. (2012). "Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond". <i>Science</i>. <b>336</b> (6087): 1420–2. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...336.1420B">2012Sci...336.1420B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1221138">10.1126/science.1221138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22700924">22700924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Ambient-Temperature+Isolation+of+a+Compound+with+a+Boron-Boron+Triple+Bond&amp;rft.volume=336&amp;rft.issue=6087&amp;rft.pages=1420-2&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22700924&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1221138&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Sci...336.1420B&amp;rft.aulast=Braunschweig&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rft.au=Dewhurst%2C+R.+D.&amp;rft.au=Hammond%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Mies%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Radacki%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Vargas%2C+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Zhang, K.Q.; Guo, B.; Braun, V.; Dulick, M.; Bernath, P.F. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/125.pdf">"Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>J. Molecular Spectroscopy</i>. <b>170</b> (1): 82. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JMoSp.170...82Z">1995JMoSp.170...82Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmsp.1995.1058">10.1006/jmsp.1995.1058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Molecular+Spectroscopy&amp;rft.atitle=Infrared+Emission+Spectroscopy+of+BF+and+AIF&amp;rft.volume=170&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=82&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjmsp.1995.1058&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995JMoSp.170...82Z&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+K.Q.&amp;rft.au=Guo%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Braun%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Dulick%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Bernath%2C+P.F.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbernath.uwaterloo.ca%2Fmedia%2F125.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Melanie Schroeder. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/binary/KKUKEQ5AXZBNJVU7NJCHZB4UXT2HAGJE/full/1.pdf"><i>Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (dalam bahasa Jerman). hlm.&#160;139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Eigenschaften+von+borreichen+Boriden+und+Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden&amp;rft.pages=139&amp;rft.au=Melanie+Schroeder&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de%2Fbinary%2FKKUKEQ5AXZBNJVU7NJCHZB4UXT2HAGJE%2Ffull%2F1.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Holcombe Jr., C. E.; Smith, D. D.; Lorc, J. D.; Duerlesen, W. K.; Carpenter; D. A. (October 1973). "Physical-Chemical Properties of beta-Rhombohedral Boron". <i>High Temp. Sci</i>. <b>5</b> (5): 349–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=High+Temp.+Sci.&amp;rft.atitle=Physical-Chemical+Properties+of+beta-Rhombohedral+Boron&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=349-57&amp;rft.date=1973-10&amp;rft.au=Holcombe+Jr.%2C+C.+E.%3B+Smith%2C+D.+D.%3B+Lorc%2C+J.+D.%3B+Duerlesen%2C+W.+K.%3B+Carpenter%3B+D.+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-magnet-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-magnet_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lide, David R. (ed.) (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf"><i>Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. CRC press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0849304814" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0849304814">0849304814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Magnetic+susceptibility+of+the+elements+and+inorganic+compounds%2C+in+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&amp;rft.pub=CRC+press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=0849304814&amp;rft.au=Lide%2C+David+R.+%28ed.%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-d0.fnal.gov%2Fhardware%2Fcal%2Flvps_info%2Fengineering%2Felementmagn.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crc97-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crc97_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). <i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i> (edisi ke-97). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. hlm.&#160;4.127. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781498754293" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781498754293">9781498754293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&amp;rft.pages=4.127&amp;rft.edition=97&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.isbn=9781498754293&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lussac-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lussac_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lussac_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lussac_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gay Lussac, J.L. and Thenard, L.J. (1808) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=e6Aw616K5ysC&amp;pg=PA169#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">"Sur la décomposition et la recomposition de l'acide boracique,"</a> <i>Annales de chimie</i> [later: Annales de chemie et de physique], vol. 68, hlm. 169–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davy-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davy_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davy_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davy_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Davy H (1809). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=gpwEAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA140#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">"An account of some new analytical researches on the nature of certain bodies, particularly the alkalies, phosphorus, sulphur, carbonaceous matter, and the acids hitherto undecomposed: with some general observations on chemical theory"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>99</b>: 33–104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&amp;rft.atitle=An+account+of+some+new+analytical+researches+on+the+nature+of+certain+bodies%2C+particularly+the+alkalies%2C+phosphorus%2C+sulphur%2C+carbonaceous+matter%2C+and+the+acids+hitherto+undecomposed%3A+with+some+general+observations+on+chemical+theory&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.pages=33-104&amp;rft.date=1809&amp;rft.au=Davy+H&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgpwEAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA140%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NISTic-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NISTic_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NISTic_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl">"Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements"</a>. National Institute of Standards and Technology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Atomic+Weights+and+Isotopic+Compositions+for+All+Elements&amp;rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2FCompositions%2Fstand_alone.pl&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Szegedi, S.; Váradi, M.; Buczkó, Cs. M.; Várnagy, M.; Sztaricskai, T. (1990). "Determination of boron in glass by neutron transmission method". <i>Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters</i>. <b>146</b> (3): 177. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02165219">10.1007/BF02165219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Radioanalytical+and+Nuclear+Chemistry+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Determination+of+boron+in+glass+by+neutron+transmission+method&amp;rft.volume=146&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=177&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02165219&amp;rft.au=Szegedi%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=V%C3%A1radi%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Buczk%C3%B3%2C+Cs.+M.&amp;rft.au=V%C3%A1rnagy%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Sztaricskai%2C+T.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529072641/http://van.physics.illinois.edu/qa/listing.php?id=17594">"Q &amp; A: Where does the element Boron come from?"</a>. <i>physics.illinois.edu</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://van.physics.illinois.edu/qa/listing.php?id=17594">versi asli</a> tanggal 29 Mei 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=physics.illinois.edu&amp;rft.atitle=Q+%26+A%3A+Where+does+the+element+Boron+come+from%3F&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvan.physics.illinois.edu%2Fqa%2Flisting.php%3Fid%3D17594&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804181151/https://www.britannica.com/science/boron-chemical-element">"Boron"</a>. <i>Britannica encyclopedia</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/boron-chemical-element">versi asli</a> tanggal 4 Agustus 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Britannica+encyclopedia&amp;rft.atitle=Boron&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fboron-chemical-element&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hobbs, Dale Z.; Campbell, Thomas T.; Block, F. E. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=37NtbclQPRgC&amp;pg=PA14"><i>Methods Used in Preparing Boron</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. hlm.&#160;14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Methods+Used+in+Preparing+Boron&amp;rft.pages=14&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+the+Interior%2C+Bureau+of+Mines&amp;rft.date=1964&amp;rft.aulast=Hobbs&amp;rft.aufirst=Dale+Z.&amp;rft.au=Campbell%2C+Thomas+T.&amp;rft.au=Block%2C+F.+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D37NtbclQPRgC%26pg%3DPA14&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-borates-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-borates_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-borates_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Garrett, Donald E. (1998). <i>Borates: handbook of deposits, processing, properties, and use</i>. Academic Press. hlm.&#160;102; 385–386. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-276060-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-12-276060-0">978-0-12-276060-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Borates%3A+handbook+of+deposits%2C+processing%2C+properties%2C+and+use&amp;rft.pages=102%3B+385-386&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-276060-0&amp;rft.au=Garrett%2C+Donald+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boron-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boron_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boron_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Calvert, J. B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924201219/http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/boron.htm">"Boron"</a>. Universitas Denver. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/boron.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 24 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Boron&amp;rft.pub=Universitas+Denver&amp;rft.au=Calvert%2C+J.+B.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmysite.du.edu%2F~jcalvert%2Fphys%2Fboron.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hildebrand, G. H. (1982) "Borax Pioneer: Francis Marion Smith." San Diego: Howell-North Books. p. 267 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8310-7148-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8310-7148-6">0-8310-7148-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weeks-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weeks_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Weeks, Mary Elvira (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140920165959/http://books.google.com/books?id=SJIk9BPdNWcC&amp;pg=PA156">"XII. Other Elements Isolated with the Aid of Potassium and Sodium: Beryllium, Boron, Silicon and Aluminum"</a>. <i>The Discovery of the Elements</i>. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. hlm.&#160;156. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7661-3872-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7661-3872-8">978-0-7661-3872-8</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SJIk9BPdNWcC&amp;pg=PA156">versi asli</a> tanggal 20 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=XII.+Other+Elements+Isolated+with+the+Aid+of+Potassium+and+Sodium%3A+Beryllium%2C+Boron%2C+Silicon+and+Aluminum&amp;rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+the+Elements&amp;rft.place=Easton%2C+PA&amp;rft.pages=156&amp;rft.pub=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&amp;rft.date=1933&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7661-3872-8&amp;rft.aulast=Weeks&amp;rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSJIk9BPdNWcC%26pg%3DPA156&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berzelius menghasilkan boron dengan mereduksi garam borofluorida; secara spesifik, dengan memanaskan kalium borofluorida dengan logam kalium. Lihat: Berzelius, J. (1824) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pJlPAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA46">"Undersökning af flusspatssyran och dess märkvärdigaste föreningar"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160613221714/https://books.google.com/books?id=pJlPAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA46">Diarsipkan</a> 13 Juni 2016 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (Bagian 2) (Penyelidikan mengenai asam fluorida dan senyawanya yang paling penting), <i>Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Handlingar</i> (Prosiding Royal Science Academy), vol. 12, hlm. 46–98; lihat khususnya di hlm. 88ff. Dicetak ulang dalam bahasa Jerman sebagai: Berzelius, J. J. (1824) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k150878/f123.image.r=Annalen%20der%20Physic.langEN">"Untersuchungen über die Flußspathsäure und deren merkwürdigste Verbindungen"</a> , Poggendorff's <i>Annalen der Physik und Chemie</i>, vol. 78, hlm. 113–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Weintraub, Ezekiel (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509105556/https://books.google.com/books?id=e5USAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA165">"Preparation and properties of pure boron"</a>. <i>Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society</i>. <b>16</b>: 165–184. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e5USAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA165">versi asli</a> tanggal 9 Mei 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Electrochemical+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Preparation+and+properties+of+pure+boron&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.pages=165-184&amp;rft.date=1910&amp;rft.au=Weintraub%2C+Ezekiel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De5USAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA165&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laubengayer-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laubengayer_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laubengayer_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Laubengayer, A. W.; Hurd, D. T.; Newkirk, A. E.; Hoard, J. L. (1943). "Boron. I. Preparation and Properties of Pure Crystalline Boron". <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>. <b>65</b> (10): 1924–1931. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01250a036">10.1021/ja01250a036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Boron.+I.+Preparation+and+Properties+of+Pure+Crystalline+Boron&amp;rft.volume=65&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1924-1931&amp;rft.date=1943&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01250a036&amp;rft.aulast=Laubengayer&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+W.&amp;rft.au=Hurd%2C+D.+T.&amp;rft.au=Newkirk%2C+A.+E.&amp;rft.au=Hoard%2C+J.+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Borchert, W.; Dietz, W.; Koelker, H. (1970). "Crystal Growth of Beta–Rhombohedrical Boron". <i>Zeitschrift für Angewandte Physik</i>. <b>29</b>: 277. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Scientific_and_Technical_Information&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of Scientific and Technical Information (halaman belum tersedia)">OSTI</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=4098583">4098583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Angewandte+Physik&amp;rft.atitle=Crystal+Growth+of+Beta%E2%80%93Rhombohedrical+Boron&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.pages=277&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fenergycitations%2Fproduct.biblio.jsp%3Fosti_id%3D4098583&amp;rft.au=Borchert%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Dietz%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Koelker%2C+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berger-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-berger_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Berger, L. I. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/semiconductormat0000berg/page/37"><i>Semiconductor materials</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/semiconductormat0000berg/page/37">37–43</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8493-8912-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8493-8912-2">978-0-8493-8912-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Semiconductor+materials&amp;rft.pages=37-43&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8493-8912-2&amp;rft.au=Berger%2C+L.+I.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsemiconductormat0000berg%2Fpage%2F37&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Delaplane, R.G.; Dahlborg, U.; Graneli, B.; Fischer, P.; Lundstrom, T. (1988). 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Delaplane; Dahlborg, U.; Howells, W.; Lundstrom, T. (1988). "A neutron diffraction study of amorphous boron using a pulsed source". <i>Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids</i>. <b>106</b> (1–3): 66–69. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988JNCS..106...66D">1988JNCS..106...66D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-3093%2888%2990229-3">10.1016/0022-3093(88)90229-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Non-Crystalline+Solids&amp;rft.atitle=A+neutron+diffraction+study+of+amorphous+boron+using+a+pulsed+source&amp;rft.volume=106&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&amp;rft.pages=66-69&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-3093%2888%2990229-3&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988JNCS..106...66D&amp;rft.au=R.G.+Delaplane&amp;rft.au=Dahlborg%2C+U.&amp;rft.au=Howells%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Lundstrom%2C+T.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oganov-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oganov_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oganov_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oganov_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Oganov, A.R.; Chen J.; Gatti C.; Ma Y.-M.; Yu T.; Liu Z.; Glass C.W.; Ma Y.-Z.; Kurakevych O.O.; Solozhenko V.L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728071425/https://mysbfiles.stonybrook.edu/~aoganov/files/Boron-Nature-2009.pdf">"Ionic high-pressure form of elemental boron"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>457</b> (7231): 863–867. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/0911.3192">0911.3192</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.457..863O">2009Natur.457..863O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07736">10.1038/nature07736</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19182772">19182772</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mysbfiles.stonybrook.edu/~aoganov/files/Boron-Nature-2009.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 28 Juli 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Ionic+high-pressure+form+of+elemental+boron&amp;rft.volume=457&amp;rft.issue=7231&amp;rft.pages=863-867&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0911.3192&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19182772&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature07736&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.457..863O&amp;rft.au=Oganov%2C+A.R.&amp;rft.au=Chen+J.&amp;rft.au=Gatti+C.&amp;rft.au=Ma+Y.-M.&amp;rft.au=Yu+T.&amp;rft.au=Liu+Z.&amp;rft.au=Glass+C.W.&amp;rft.au=Ma+Y.-Z.&amp;rft.au=Kurakevych+O.O.&amp;rft.au=Solozhenko+V.L.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmysbfiles.stonybrook.edu%2F~aoganov%2Ffiles%2FBoron-Nature-2009.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">van Setten M.J.; Uijttewaal M.A.; de Wijs G.A.; de Groot R.A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415015024/https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/2796591/2007JAmChemSocvSetten.pdf">"Thermodynamic stability of boron: The role of defects and zero point motion"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>J. Am. Chem. Soc</i>. <b>129</b> (9): 2458–2465. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja0631246">10.1021/ja0631246</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295480">17295480</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/2796591/2007JAmChemSocvSetten.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&amp;rft.atitle=Thermodynamic+stability+of+boron%3A+The+role+of+defects+and+zero+point+motion&amp;rft.volume=129&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=2458-2465&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja0631246&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17295480&amp;rft.au=van+Setten+M.J.&amp;rft.au=Uijttewaal+M.A.&amp;rft.au=de+Wijs+G.A.&amp;rft.au=de+Groot+R.A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.rug.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F2796591%2F2007JAmChemSocvSetten.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-widom-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-widom_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Widom M.; Mihalkovic M. (2008). "Symmetry-broken crystal structure of elemental boron at low temperature". <i>Phys. Rev. B</i>. <b>77</b> (6): 064113. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/0712.0530">0712.0530</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhRvB..77f4113W">2008PhRvB..77f4113W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.77.064113">10.1103/PhysRevB.77.064113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.+B&amp;rft.atitle=Symmetry-broken+crystal+structure+of+elemental+boron+at+low+temperature&amp;rft.volume=77&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=064113&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0712.0530&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevB.77.064113&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PhRvB..77f4113W&amp;rft.au=Widom+M.&amp;rft.au=Mihalkovic+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Eremets, M. I.; Struzhkin, V. V.; Mao, H.; Hemley, R. J. (2001). "Superconductivity in Boron". <i>Science</i>. <b>293</b> (5528): 272–4. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...293..272E">2001Sci...293..272E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1062286">10.1126/science.1062286</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11452118">11452118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Superconductivity+in+Boron&amp;rft.volume=293&amp;rft.issue=5528&amp;rft.pages=272-4&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11452118&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1062286&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Sci...293..272E&amp;rft.au=Eremets%2C+M.+I.&amp;rft.au=Struzhkin%2C+V.+V.&amp;rft.au=Mao%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Hemley%2C+R.+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wentorf-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wentorf_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wentorf, R. H. Jr (1 Januari 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1965-01-01_147_3653/page/49">"Boron: Another Form"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>147</b> (3653): 49–50. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965Sci...147...49W">1965Sci...147...49W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.147.3653.49">10.1126/science.147.3653.49</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17799779">17799779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Boron%3A+Another+Form&amp;rft.volume=147&amp;rft.issue=3653&amp;rft.pages=49-50&amp;rft.date=1965-01-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17799779&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.147.3653.49&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965Sci...147...49W&amp;rft.aulast=Wentorf&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+H.+Jr&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_science_1965-01-01_147_3653%2Fpage%2F49&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hoard, J. L.; Sullenger, D. B.; Kennard, C. H. L.; Hughes, R. E. (1970). "The structure analysis of β-rhombohedral boron". <i>J. Solid State Chem</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 268–277. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970JSSCh...1..268H">1970JSSCh...1..268H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-4596%2870%2990022-8">10.1016/0022-4596(70)90022-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Solid+State+Chem.&amp;rft.atitle=The+structure+analysis+of+%CE%B2-rhombohedral+boron&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=268-277&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-4596%2870%2990022-8&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1970JSSCh...1..268H&amp;rft.au=Hoard%2C+J.+L.&amp;rft.au=Sullenger%2C+D.+B.&amp;rft.au=Kennard%2C+C.+H.+L.&amp;rft.au=Hughes%2C+R.+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Will, G.; Kiefer, B. 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"On the hardness of a new boron phase, orthorhombic γ-B<sub>28</sub>". <i>Journal of Superhard Materials</i>. <b>30</b> (6): 428–429. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1101.2959">1101.2959</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3103%2FS1063457608060117">10.3103/S1063457608060117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Superhard+Materials&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+hardness+of+a+new+boron+phase%2C+orthorhombic+%CE%B3-B%3Csub%3E28%3C%2Fsub%3E&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=428-429&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1101.2959&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3103%2FS1063457608060117&amp;rft.aulast=Solozhenko&amp;rft.aufirst=V.+L.&amp;rft.au=Kurakevych%2C+O.+O.&amp;rft.au=Oganov%2C+A.+R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prl-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prl_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prl_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prl_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Zarechnaya, E. 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Lett</i>. <b>102</b> (18): 185501. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhRvL.102r5501Z">2009PhRvL.102r5501Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.102.185501">10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.185501</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19518885">19518885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.+Lett.&amp;rft.atitle=Superhard+Semiconducting+Optically+Transparent+High+Pressure+Phase+of+Boron&amp;rft.volume=102&amp;rft.issue=18&amp;rft.pages=185501&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19518885&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.102.185501&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PhRvL.102r5501Z&amp;rft.aulast=Zarechnaya&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+Yu.&amp;rft.au=Dubrovinsky%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Dubrovinskaia%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Filinchuk%2C+Y.&amp;rft.au=Chernyshov%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Dmitriev%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Miyajima%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=El+Goresy%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Braun%2C+H.+F.&amp;rft.au=van+Smaalen%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Kantor%2C+I.&amp;rft.au=Kantor%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Prakapenka%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Hanfland%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Mikhaylushkin%2C+A.+S.&amp;rft.au=Abrikosov%2C+I.+A.&amp;rft.au=Simak%2C+S.+I.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nelmes, R. 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B</i>. <b>47</b> (13): 7668–7673. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PhRvB..47.7668N">1993PhRvB..47.7668N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.47.7668">10.1103/PhysRevB.47.7668</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10004773">10004773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.+B&amp;rft.atitle=Neutron-+and+x-ray-diffraction+measurements+of+the+bulk+modulus+of+boron&amp;rft.volume=47&amp;rft.issue=13&amp;rft.pages=7668-7673&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10004773&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevB.47.7668&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993PhRvB..47.7668N&amp;rft.au=Nelmes%2C+R.+J.&amp;rft.au=Loveday%2C+J.+S.&amp;rft.au=Allan%2C+D.+R.&amp;rft.au=Hull%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Hamel%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Grima%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Hull%2C+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Madelung, O., ed. 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Walter de Gruyter. hlm.&#160;814–864. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-11-007511-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-11-007511-3">978-3-11-007511-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Bor&amp;rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&amp;rft.pages=814-864&amp;rft.edition=91%E2%80%93100&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-11-007511-3&amp;rft.aulast=Holleman&amp;rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&amp;rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&amp;rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Key-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Key_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Key, Jessie A. (14 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517090709/https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/violations-of-the-octet-rule-2/">"Violations of the Octet Rule"</a>. <i>Introductory Chemistry</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/violations-of-the-octet-rule-2/">versi asli</a> tanggal 17 Mei 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=mindat.org&amp;rft.atitle=Mindat.org+-+Mines%2C+Minerals+and+More&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Welch, Alan J. (2013). "The significance and impact of Wade's rules". <i>Chem. Commun</i>. <b>49</b> (35): 3615–3616. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC3CC00069A">10.1039/C3CC00069A</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23535980">23535980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Chem.+Commun.&amp;rft.atitle=The+significance+and+impact+of+Wade%27s+rules&amp;rft.volume=49&amp;rft.issue=35&amp;rft.pages=3615-3616&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC3CC00069A&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23535980&amp;rft.aulast=Welch&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dkg-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dkg_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Engler, M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130613174727/http://www.esk.com/uploads/tx_userjspresseveroeff/PR_0712_CFI_12-2007_Hexagonales-BN_e_01.pdf">"Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) – Applications from Metallurgy to Cosmetics"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cfi/Ber. DKG</i>. <b>84</b>: D25. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0173-9913">0173-9913</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esk.com/uploads/tx_userjspresseveroeff/PR_0712_CFI_12-2007_Hexagonales-BN_e_01.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 13 Juni 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Cfi%2FBer.+DKG&amp;rft.atitle=Hexagonal+Boron+Nitride+%28hBN%29+%E2%80%93+Applications+from+Metallurgy+to+Cosmetics&amp;rft.volume=84&amp;rft.pages=D25&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.issn=0173-9913&amp;rft.au=Engler%2C+M.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esk.com%2Fuploads%2Ftx_userjspresseveroeff%2FPR_0712_CFI_12-2007_Hexagonales-BN_e_01.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b1_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Greim, Jochen; Schwetz, Karl A. (2005). "Boron Carbide, Boron Nitride, and Metal Borides". <i>Boron Carbide, Boron Nitride, and Metal Borides, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>. Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a04_295.pub2">10.1002/14356007.a04_295.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3527306732" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3527306732">978-3527306732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Boron+Carbide%2C+Boron+Nitride%2C+and+Metal+Borides&amp;rft.btitle=Boron+Carbide%2C+Boron+Nitride%2C+and+Metal+Borides%2C+in+Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-VCH%3A+Weinheim&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a04_295.pub2&amp;rft.isbn=978-3527306732&amp;rft.au=Greim%2C+Jochen&amp;rft.au=Schwetz%2C+Karl+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood,_Norman_N.;_Earnshaw,_A.1997" class="citation">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997), <i>Chemistry of the Elements</i> (edisi ke-2), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7506-3365-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7506-3365-4">0-7506-3365-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=0-7506-3365-4&amp;rft.au=Greenwood%2C+Norman+N.%3B+Earnshaw%2C+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jones, Morton E.; Marsh, Richard E. (1954). "The Preparation and Structure of Magnesium Boride, MgB<sub>2</sub>". <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>. <b>76</b> (5): 1434–1436. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01634a089">10.1021/ja01634a089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&amp;rft.atitle=The+Preparation+and+Structure+of+Magnesium+Boride%2C+MgB%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E&amp;rft.volume=76&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1434-1436&amp;rft.date=1954&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01634a089&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+Morton+E.&amp;rft.au=Marsh%2C+Richard+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Canfield, Paul C.; Crabtree, George W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120226233637/http://cmp.physics.iastate.edu/canfield/pub/pt0303.pdf">"Magnesium Diboride: Better Late than Never"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>56</b> (3): 34–40. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PhT....56c..34C">2003PhT....56c..34C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1570770">10.1063/1.1570770</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmp.physics.iastate.edu/canfield/pub/pt0303.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 26 Februari 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&amp;rft.atitle=Magnesium+Diboride%3A+Better+Late+than+Never&amp;rft.volume=56&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=34-40&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1570770&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PhT....56c..34C&amp;rft.aulast=Canfield&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+C.&amp;rft.au=Crabtree%2C+George+W.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcmp.physics.iastate.edu%2Fcanfield%2Fpub%2Fpt0303.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220075257/http://cds.cern.ch/journal/CERNBulletin/2014/16/News+Articles/1693853">"Category "News+Articles" not found - CERN Document Server"</a>. <i>cds.cern.ch</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cds.cern.ch/journal/CERNBulletin/2014/16/News+Articles/1693853">versi asli</a> tanggal 20 Februari 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=cds.cern.ch&amp;rft.atitle=Category+%22News%2BArticles%22+not+found+-+CERN+Document+Server&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcds.cern.ch%2Fjournal%2FCERNBulletin%2F2014%2F16%2FNews%2BArticles%2F1693853&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cardarelli, François (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108051112/https://books.google.com/books?id=PvU-qbQJq7IC&amp;pg=PA638">"Titanium Diboride"</a>. <i>Materials handbook: A concise desktop reference</i>. hlm.&#160;638–639. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-84628-668-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-84628-668-1">978-1-84628-668-1</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvU-qbQJq7IC&amp;pg=PA638">versi asli</a> tanggal 8 Januari 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Titanium+Diboride&amp;rft.btitle=Materials+handbook%3A+A+concise+desktop+reference&amp;rft.pages=638-639&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-84628-668-1&amp;rft.au=Cardarelli%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPvU-qbQJq7IC%26pg%3DPA638&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Barth, S. (1997). "Boron isotopic analysis of natural fresh and saline waters by negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry". <i>Chemical Geology</i>. <b>143</b> (3–4): 255–261. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ChGeo.143..255B">1997ChGeo.143..255B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0009-2541%2897%2900107-1">10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00107-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemical+Geology&amp;rft.atitle=Boron+isotopic+analysis+of+natural+fresh+and+saline+waters+by+negative+thermal+ionization+mass+spectrometry&amp;rft.volume=143&amp;rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&amp;rft.pages=255-261&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0009-2541%2897%2900107-1&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997ChGeo.143..255B&amp;rft.aulast=Barth&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Liu, Z. (2003). "Two-body and three-body halo nuclei". <i>Science China Physics, Mechanics &amp; Astronomy</i>. <b>46</b> (4): 441. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ScChG..46..441L">2003ScChG..46..441L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1360%2F03yw0027">10.1360/03yw0027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+China+Physics%2C+Mechanics+%26+Astronomy&amp;rft.atitle=Two-body+and+three-body+halo+nuclei&amp;rft.volume=46&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=441&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1360%2F03yw0027&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003ScChG..46..441L&amp;rft.aulast=Liu&amp;rft.aufirst=Z.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Steinbrück, Martin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719031833/http://bibliothek.fzk.de/zb/berichte/FZKA6746.pdf">"Results of the B4C Control Rod Test QUENCH-07"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibliothek.fzk.de/zb/berichte/FZKA6746.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 19 Juli 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Forschungszentrum+Karlsruhe+in+der+Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft&amp;rft.atitle=Results+of+the+B4C+Control+Rod+Test+QUENCH-07&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.au=Steinbr%C3%BCck%2C+Martin&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbibliothek.fzk.de%2Fzb%2Fberichte%2FFZKA6746.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208114410/http://library.igcar.gov.in/html/Contents/IGCNewsletter/nl48/A2.htm">"Commissioning of Boron Enrichment Plant"</a>. Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.igcar.gov.in/html/Contents/IGCNewsletter/nl48/A2.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 8 Desember 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Commissioning+of+Boron+Enrichment+Plant&amp;rft.pub=Indira+Gandhi+Centre+for+Atomic+Research&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.igcar.gov.in%2Fhtml%2FContents%2FIGCNewsletter%2Fnl48%2FA2.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Aida, Masao; Fujii, Yasuhiko; Okamoto, Makoto (1986). "Chromatographic Enrichment of 10B by Using Weak-Base Anion-Exchange Resin". <i>Separation Science and Technology</i>. <b>21</b> (6): 643–654. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01496398608056140">10.1080/01496398608056140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Separation+Science+and+Technology&amp;rft.atitle=Chromatographic+Enrichment+of+10B+by+Using+Weak-Base+Anion-Exchange+Resin&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=643-654&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01496398608056140&amp;rft.aulast=Aida&amp;rft.aufirst=Masao&amp;rft.au=Fujii%2C+Yasuhiko&amp;rft.au=Okamoto%2C+Makoto&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> menunjukkan pengayaan dari 18% hingga di atas 94%.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Barth, Rolf F. (2003). "A Critical Assessment of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: An Overview". <i>Journal of Neuro-Oncology</i>. <b>62</b> (1): 1–5. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1023262817500">10.1023/A:1023262817500</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12749698">12749698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neuro-Oncology&amp;rft.atitle=A+Critical+Assessment+of+Boron+Neutron+Capture+Therapy%3A+An+Overview&amp;rft.volume=62&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1-5&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1023262817500&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12749698&amp;rft.aulast=Barth&amp;rft.aufirst=Rolf+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Coderre, Jeffrey A.; Morris, G. M. (1999). "The Radiation Biology of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy". <i>Radiation Research</i>. <b>151</b> (1): 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999RadR..151....1C">1999RadR..151....1C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3579742">10.2307/3579742</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3579742">3579742</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9973079">9973079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Radiation+Research&amp;rft.atitle=The+Radiation+Biology+of+Boron+Neutron+Capture+Therapy&amp;rft.volume=151&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1-18&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3579742&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9973079&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3579742&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999RadR..151....1C&amp;rft.aulast=Coderre&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+A.&amp;rft.au=Morris%2C+G.+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Barth, Rolf F.; S; F (1990). "Boron Neutron Capture Therapy of Cancer". <i>Cancer Research</i>. <b>50</b> (4): 1061–1070. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2404588">2404588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Cancer+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Boron+Neutron+Capture+Therapy+of+Cancer&amp;rft.volume=50&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=1061-1070&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2404588&amp;rft.aulast=Barth&amp;rft.aufirst=Rolf+F.&amp;rft.au=S&amp;rft.au=F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723014243/http://www.pharmainfo.net/reviews/boron-neutron-capture-therapy-overview">"Boron Neutron Capture Therapy – An Overview"</a>. Pharmainfo.net. 22 Agustus 2006. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pharmainfo.net/reviews/boron-neutron-capture-therapy-overview">versi asli</a> tanggal 23 Juli 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Boron+Neutron+Capture+Therapy+%E2%80%93+An+Overview&amp;rft.pub=Pharmainfo.net&amp;rft.date=2006-08-22&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pharmainfo.net%2Freviews%2Fboron-neutron-capture-therapy-overview&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reactor-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reactor_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reactor_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Duderstadt, James J.; Hamilton, Louis J. (1976). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nuclearreactoran00dude"><i>Nuclear Reactor Analysis</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Akses gratis dibatasi (uji coba), biasanya perlu berlangganan"><img alt="Akses gratis dibatasi (uji coba), biasanya perlu berlangganan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span>. Wiley-Interscience. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nuclearreactoran00dude/page/n267">245</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-471-22363-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-471-22363-4">978-0-471-22363-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nuclear+Reactor+Analysis&amp;rft.pages=245&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-Interscience&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-471-22363-4&amp;rft.aulast=Duderstadt&amp;rft.aufirst=James+J.&amp;rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Louis+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnuclearreactoran00dude&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Yu, J.; Chen, Y.; Elliman, R. G.; Petravic, M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080803192520/http://www.rsphysse.anu.edu.au/nanotube/pdf/B10Nnanotubes.pdf">"Isotopically Enriched 10BN Nanotubes"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Advanced Materials</i>. <b>18</b> (16): 2157–2160. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadma.200600231">10.1002/adma.200600231</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsphysse.anu.edu.au/nanotube/pdf/B10Nnanotubes.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 3 Agustus 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Advanced+Materials&amp;rft.atitle=Isotopically+Enriched+10BN+Nanotubes&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.pages=2157-2160&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fadma.200600231&amp;rft.au=Yu%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Chen%2C+Y.&amp;rft.au=Elliman%2C+R.+G.&amp;rft.au=Petravic%2C+M.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsphysse.anu.edu.au%2Fnanotube%2Fpdf%2FB10Nnanotubes.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nevins, W. M. (1998). "A Review of Confinement Requirements for Advanced Fuels". <i>Journal of Fusion Energy</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 25–32. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JFuE...17...25N">1998JFuE...17...25N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1022513215080">10.1023/A:1022513215080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Fusion+Energy&amp;rft.atitle=A+Review+of+Confinement+Requirements+for+Advanced+Fuels&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=25-32&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1022513215080&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998JFuE...17...25N&amp;rft.aulast=Nevins&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090502140944/http://rmn.iqfr.csic.es/guide/eNMR/chem/B.html">"Boron NMR"</a>. BRUKER Biospin. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rmn.iqfr.csic.es/guide/eNMR/chem/B.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2 Mei 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Boron+NMR&amp;rft.pub=BRUKER+Biospin&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frmn.iqfr.csic.es%2Fguide%2FeNMR%2Fchem%2FB.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mokhov, A.V., Kartashov, P.M., Gornostaeva, T.A., Asadulin, A.A., Bogatikov, O.A., 2013: Complex nanospherulites of zinc oxide and native amorphous boron in the Lunar regolith from Mare Crisium. Doklady Earth Sciences 448(1) 61-63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mindat, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-43412.html">http://www.mindat.org/min-43412.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306043016/http://www.mindat.org/min-43412.html">Diarsipkan</a> 6 Maret 2016 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GPL-20170905-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GPL-20170905_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gasda, Patrick J.; et al. (5 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828182218/https://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/185473087/Gasda_et_al_2017_Geophysical_Research_Letters.pdf">"In situ detection of boron by ChemCam on Mars"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>44</b> (17): 8739–8748. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.8739G">2017GeoRL..44.8739G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2017GL074480">10.1002/2017GL074480</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/185473087/Gasda_et_al_2017_Geophysical_Research_Letters.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 28 Agustus 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=In+situ+detection+of+boron+by+ChemCam+on+Mars&amp;rft.volume=44&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=8739-8748&amp;rft.date=2017-09-05&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2017GL074480&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017GeoRL..44.8739G&amp;rft.au=Gasda%2C+Patrick+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcuris.ku.dk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F185473087%2FGasda_et_al_2017_Geophysical_Research_Letters.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GZ-20170906-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GZ-20170906_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Paoletta, Rae (6 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190804164517/https://gizmodo.com/curiosity-has-discovered-something-that-raises-more-que-1800879035">"Curiosity Has Discovered Something That Raises More Questions About Life on Mars"</a>. <i>Gizmodo</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/curiosity-has-discovered-something-that-raises-more-que-1800879035">versi asli</a> tanggal 4 Agustus 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Gizmodo&amp;rft.atitle=Curiosity+Has+Discovered+Something+That+Raises+More+Questions+About+Life+on+Mars&amp;rft.date=2017-09-06&amp;rft.aulast=Paoletta&amp;rft.aufirst=Rae&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2Fcuriosity-has-discovered-something-that-raises-more-que-1800879035&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kistler, R. B. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604063540/http://kisi.deu.edu.tr/cahit.helvaci/Boron.pdf">"Boron and Borates"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Industrial Minerals and Rocks</i> (edisi ke-6): 171–186. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kisi.deu.edu.tr/cahit.helvaci/Boron.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 4 Juni 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Industrial+Minerals+and+Rocks&amp;rft.atitle=Boron+and+Borates&amp;rft.pages=171-186&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.aulast=Kistler&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+B.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkisi.deu.edu.tr%2Fcahit.helvaci%2FBoron.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Zbayolu, G.; Poslu, K. (1992). "Mining and Processing of Borates in Turkey". <i>Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review</i>. <b>9</b> (1–4): 245–254. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08827509208952709">10.1080/08827509208952709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Mineral+Processing+and+Extractive+Metallurgy+Review&amp;rft.atitle=Mining+and+Processing+of+Borates+in+Turkey&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&amp;rft.pages=245-254&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08827509208952709&amp;rft.au=Zbayolu%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Poslu%2C+K.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kar, Y.; Şen, Nejdet; Demİrbaş, Ayhan (2006). "Boron Minerals in Turkey, Their Application Areas and Importance for the Country's Economy". <i>Minerals &amp; Energy&#160;– Raw Materials Report</i>. <b>20</b> (3–4): 2–10. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14041040500504293">10.1080/14041040500504293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Minerals+%26+Energy+%E2%80%93+Raw+Materials+Report&amp;rft.atitle=Boron+Minerals+in+Turkey%2C+Their+Application+Areas+and+Importance+for+the+Country%27s+Economy&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&amp;rft.pages=2-10&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14041040500504293&amp;rft.aulast=Kar&amp;rft.aufirst=Y.&amp;rft.au=%C5%9Een%2C+Nejdet&amp;rft.au=Dem%C4%B0rba%C5%9F%2C+Ayhan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.yudu.com/Library/A1vi5r/AsianCeramicsFeb12/resources/62.htm">Global reserves chart</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141031121512/http://content.yudu.com/Library/A1vi5r/AsianCeramicsFeb12/resources/62.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 31 Oktober 2014 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Diakses tanggal 15 Agustus 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Şebnem Önder; Ayşe Eda Biçer; Işıl Selen Denemeç (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170324/http://www.cakmak.av.tr/articles/Mining_Metals/Are%20Certain%20Minerals%20Still%20Under%20State%20Monopoly.pdf">"Are certain minerals still under state monopoly?"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mining Turkey</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cakmak.av.tr/articles/Mining_Metals/Are%20Certain%20Minerals%20Still%20Under%20State%20Monopoly.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 3 Maret 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Mining+Turkey&amp;rft.atitle=Are+certain+minerals+still+under+state+monopoly%3F&amp;rft.date=2013-09&amp;rft.au=%C5%9Eebnem+%C3%96nder&amp;rft.au=Ay%C5%9Fe+Eda+Bi%C3%A7er&amp;rft.au=I%C5%9F%C4%B1l+Selen+Deneme%C3%A7&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cakmak.av.tr%2Farticles%2FMining_Metals%2FAre%2520Certain%2520Minerals%2520Still%2520Under%2520State%2520Monopoly.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170457/http://www.easpd.eu/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/EVENTS/Conference2013/presentation_ayfer_atabey.pdf">"Turkey as the global leader in boron export and production"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. European Association of Service Providers for Persons with Disabilities Annual Conference 2013. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easpd.eu/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/EVENTS/Conference2013/presentation_ayfer_atabey.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 3 Maret 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Turkey+as+the+global+leader+in+boron+export+and+production&amp;rft.pub=European+Association+of+Service+Providers+for+Persons+with+Disabilities+Annual+Conference+2013&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.easpd.eu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FEVENTS%2FConference2013%2Fpresentation_ayfer_atabey.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211220543/http://ludb.clui.org/ex/i/CA4982">"U.S. Borax Boron Mine"</a>. <i>The Center for Land Use Interpretation, Ludb.clui.org</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ludb.clui.org/ex/i/CA4982/">versi asli</a> tanggal 11 Februari 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Center+for+Land+Use+Interpretation%2C+Ludb.clui.org&amp;rft.atitle=U.S.+Borax+Boron+Mine&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fludb.clui.org%2Fex%2Fi%2FCA4982%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120918084003/http://www.riotinto.com/ourproducts/218_our_companies_4438.asp">"Boras"</a>. Rio Tinto. 10 April 2012. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riotinto.com/ourproducts/218_our_companies_4438.asp">versi asli</a> tanggal 18 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Boras&amp;rft.pub=Rio+Tinto&amp;rft.date=2012-04-10&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riotinto.com%2Fourproducts%2F218_our_companies_4438.asp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926224305/http://www.rareearth.org/boron_properties.htm">"Boron Properties"</a>. Los Alamos National Laboratory. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rareearth.org/boron_properties.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 26 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Boron+Properties&amp;rft.pub=Los+Alamos+National+Laboratory&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rareearth.org%2Fboron_properties.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2020/mcs2020-boron.pdf">"BORON"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. USGS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=BORON&amp;rft.pub=USGS&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2020%2Fmcs2020-boron.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roskill-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roskill_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roskill_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>The Economics of Boron</i> (edisi ke-11). Roskill Information Services, Ltd. 2006. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-86214-516-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-86214-516-3">978-0-86214-516-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Boron&amp;rft.edition=11&amp;rft.pub=Roskill+Information+Services%2C+Ltd.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-86214-516-3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708133327/http://www.ceramicindustry.com/Articles/Cover_Story/4b0b7a6ed1cb8010VgnVCM100000f932a8c0____">"Raw and Manufactured Materials 2006 Overview"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceramicindustry.com/Articles/Cover_Story/4b0b7a6ed1cb8010VgnVCM100000f932a8c0____">versi asli</a> tanggal 8 Juli 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Raw+and+Manufactured+Materials+2006+Overview&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceramicindustry.com%2FArticles%2FCover_Story%2F4b0b7a6ed1cb8010VgnVCM100000f932a8c0&#95;_&#95;_&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031004160834/http://www.roskill.com/reports/boron">"Roskill reports: boron"</a>. Roskill. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roskill.com/reports/boron">versi asli</a> tanggal 4 Oktober 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Roskill+reports%3A+boron&amp;rft.pub=Roskill&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roskill.com%2Freports%2Fboron&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080916114142/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/boron/">"Boron: Statistics and Information"</a>. USGS. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/boron/">versi asli</a> tanggal 16 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Boron%3A+Statistics+and+Information&amp;rft.pub=USGS&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fboron%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hammond, C. R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide"><i>The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i></a> (edisi ke-81). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8493-0485-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8493-0485-9">978-0-8493-0485-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Elements%2C+in+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&amp;rft.edition=81&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9&amp;rft.au=Hammond%2C+C.+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrchandbookofche81lide&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.etimineusa.com/en/applications-fiberglass-and-specialty-glass">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081049/http://www.etimineusa.com/en/applications-fiberglass-and-specialty-glass">Diarsipkan</a> 6 Oktober 2014 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Pembahasan mengenai berbagai jenis penambahan boron pada serat kaca pada <i>fiberglass</i>. Diakses tanggal 15 Agustus 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webstreetangels.com/MiningPresentations/0-940-Orhan-YILMAZ.pdf">Penggunaan akhir dari boron secara global pada tahun 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422002657/http://www.webstreetangels.com/MiningPresentations/0-940-Orhan-YILMAZ.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 22 April 2016 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Diakses tanggal 15 Agustus 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Herring, H. W. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222135127/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19660005941_1966005941.pdf">"Selected Mechanical and Physical Properties of Boron Filaments"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Badan_Penerbangan_dan_Antariksa" title="Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa">NASA</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19660005941_1966005941.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 22 Februari 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Selected+Mechanical+and+Physical+Properties+of+Boron+Filaments&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.aulast=Herring&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19660005941_1966005941.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Layden, G. K. (1973). "Fracture behaviour of boron filaments". <i>Journal of Materials Science</i>. <b>8</b> (11): 1581–1589. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973JMatS...8.1581L">1973JMatS...8.1581L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00754893">10.1007/BF00754893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Materials+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Fracture+behaviour+of+boron+filaments&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=1581-1589&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00754893&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973JMatS...8.1581L&amp;rft.aulast=Layden&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+K.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS-YB-B-2008-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USGS-YB-B-2008_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kostick, Dennis S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080920072528/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/boron/myb1-2006-boron.pdf">"Mineral Yearbook: Boron"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Survei_Geologi_Amerika_Serikat" title="Survei Geologi Amerika Serikat">United States Geological Survey</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/boron/myb1-2006-boron.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 20 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Mineral+Yearbook%3A+Boron&amp;rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.aulast=Kostick&amp;rft.aufirst=Dennis+S.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fboron%2Fmyb1-2006-boron.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cooke, Theodore F. (1991). "Inorganic Fibers—A Literature Review". <i>Journal of the American Ceramic Society</i>. <b>74</b> (12): 2959–2978. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1151-2916.1991.tb04289.x">10.1111/j.1151-2916.1991.tb04289.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Ceramic+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Inorganic+Fibers%E2%80%94A+Literature+Review&amp;rft.volume=74&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=2959-2978&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1151-2916.1991.tb04289.x&amp;rft.aulast=Cooke&amp;rft.aufirst=Theodore+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Johansson, S.; Schweitz, Jan-Åke; Westberg, Helena; Boman, Mats (1992). "Microfabrication of three-dimensional boron structures by laser chemical processing". <i>Journal of Applied Physics</i>. <b>72</b> (12): 5956–5963. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992JAP....72.5956J">1992JAP....72.5956J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.351904">10.1063/1.351904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Physics&amp;rft.atitle=Microfabrication+of+three-dimensional+boron+structures+by+laser+chemical+processing&amp;rft.volume=72&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=5956-5963&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.351904&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992JAP....72.5956J&amp;rft.aulast=Johansson&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Schweitz%2C+Jan-%C3%85ke&amp;rft.au=Westberg%2C+Helena&amp;rft.au=Boman%2C+Mats&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ullmann1-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ullmann1_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">E. Fitzer; et al. (2000). "Fibers, 5. Synthetic Inorganic". <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a11_001">10.1002/14356007.a11_001</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3527306732" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3527306732">978-3527306732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Fibers%2C+5.+Synthetic+Inorganic&amp;rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a11_001&amp;rft.isbn=978-3527306732&amp;rft.au=E.+Fitzer&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pfaender, H. G. (1996). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/schottguidetogla00pfae"><i>Schott guide to glass</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Akses gratis dibatasi (uji coba), biasanya perlu berlangganan"><img alt="Akses gratis dibatasi (uji coba), biasanya perlu berlangganan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span> (edisi ke-2). Springer. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/schottguidetogla00pfae/page/n131">122</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-412-62060-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-412-62060-7">978-0-412-62060-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Schott+guide+to+glass&amp;rft.pages=122&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-412-62060-7&amp;rft.aulast=Pfaender&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+G.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fschottguidetogla00pfae&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zhangyb28.5c4-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zhangyb28.5c4_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Zhang, F. X.; Xu, F. F.; Mori, T.; Liu, Q. L.; Sato, A.; Tanaka, T. (2001). "Crystal structure of new rare-earth boron-rich solids: REB28.5C4". <i>J. Alloys Compd</i>. <b>329</b> (1–2): 168–172. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0925-8388%2801%2901581-X">10.1016/S0925-8388(01)01581-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Alloys+Compd.&amp;rft.atitle=Crystal+structure+of+new+rare-earth+boron-rich+solids%3A+REB28.5C4&amp;rft.volume=329&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&amp;rft.pages=168-172&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0925-8388%2801%2901581-X&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+F.+X.&amp;rft.au=Xu%2C+F.+F.&amp;rft.au=Mori%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Liu%2C+Q.+L.&amp;rft.au=Sato%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Tanaka%2C+T.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=czTi4G6-Hq8C&amp;pg=PA311&amp;lpg=PA311&amp;dq=Carborundum+B4C+nuclear&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Hc8OPQTMsR&amp;sig=ACfU3U3Qe5IZtR99SlCfRuKKTpro3mIebw&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiexfnYtPziAhUjxVkKHT6KCb4Q6AEwGHoECDAQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Carborundum%20B4C%20nuclear&amp;f=false">Fabrication and Evaluation of Urania-Alumina Fuel Elements and Boron Carbide Burnable Poison Elements</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727125515/https://books.google.com/books?id=czTi4G6-Hq8C&amp;pg=PA311&amp;lpg=PA311&amp;dq=Carborundum+B4C+nuclear&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Hc8OPQTMsR&amp;sig=ACfU3U3Qe5IZtR99SlCfRuKKTpro3mIebw&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiexfnYtPziAhUjxVkKHT6KCb4Q6AEwGHoECDAQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Carborundum%20B4C%20nuclear&amp;f=false"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727125515/https://books.google.com/books?id=czTi4G6-Hq8C&amp;pg=PA311&amp;lpg=PA311&amp;dq=Carborundum+B4C+nuclear&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Hc8OPQTMsR&amp;sig=ACfU3U3Qe5IZtR99SlCfRuKKTpro3mIebw&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiexfnYtPziAhUjxVkKHT6KCb4Q6AEwGHoECDAQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Carborundum%20B4C%20nuclear&amp;f=false"> Diarsipkan</a> 27 Juli 2020 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Wisnyi, L. G. dan Taylor, K. M., dalam "ASTM Special Technical Publication No. 276: Materials in Nuclear Applications", Committee E-10 Staff, American Society for Testing Materials, 1959</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Weimer, Alan W. (1997). <i>Carbide, Nitride and Boride Materials Synthesis and Processing</i>. Chapman &amp; Hall (London, New York). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-412-54060-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-412-54060-8">978-0-412-54060-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Carbide%2C+Nitride+and+Boride+Materials+Synthesis+and+Processing&amp;rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall+%28London%2C+New+York%29&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-412-54060-8&amp;rft.aulast=Weimer&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan+W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Solozhenko, V. L.; Kurakevych, Oleksandr O.; Le Godec, Yann; Mezouar, Mohamed; Mezouar, Mohamed (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921211544/http://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/87949/files/GetPDFServlet.pdf">"Ultimate Metastable Solubility of Boron in Diamond: Synthesis of Superhard Diamondlike BC5"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Phys. Rev. Lett</i>. <b>102</b> (1): 015506. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhRvL.102a5506S">2009PhRvL.102a5506S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.102.015506">10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.015506</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19257210">19257210</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/87949/files/GetPDFServlet.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 21 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.+Lett.&amp;rft.atitle=Ultimate+Metastable+Solubility+of+Boron+in+Diamond%3A+Synthesis+of+Superhard+Diamondlike+BC5&amp;rft.volume=102&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=015506&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19257210&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.102.015506&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PhRvL.102a5506S&amp;rft.aulast=Solozhenko&amp;rft.aufirst=V.+L.&amp;rft.au=Kurakevych%2C+Oleksandr+O.&amp;rft.au=Le+Godec%2C+Yann&amp;rft.au=Mezouar%2C+Mohamed&amp;rft.au=Mezouar%2C+Mohamed&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbib-pubdb1.desy.de%2Frecord%2F87949%2Ffiles%2FGetPDFServlet.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qin-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qin_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qin_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Qin, Jiaqian; He, Duanwei; Wang, Jianghua; Fang, Leiming; Lei, Li; Li, Yongjun; Hu, Juan; Kou, Zili; Bi, Yan (2008). "Is Rhenium Diboride a Superhard Material?". <i>Advanced Materials</i>. <b>20</b> (24): 4780–4783. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadma.200801471">10.1002/adma.200801471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Advanced+Materials&amp;rft.atitle=Is+Rhenium+Diboride+a+Superhard+Material%3F&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=4780-4783&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fadma.200801471&amp;rft.aulast=Qin&amp;rft.aufirst=Jiaqian&amp;rft.au=He%2C+Duanwei&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+Jianghua&amp;rft.au=Fang%2C+Leiming&amp;rft.au=Lei%2C+Li&amp;rft.au=Li%2C+Yongjun&amp;rft.au=Hu%2C+Juan&amp;rft.au=Kou%2C+Zili&amp;rft.au=Bi%2C+Yan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wentorf, R. H. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-physics_1957-04_26_4/page/956">"Cubic form of boron nitride"</a>. <i>J. Chem. Phys</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 956. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957JChPh..26..956W">1957JChPh..26..956W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1745964">10.1063/1.1745964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Phys.&amp;rft.atitle=Cubic+form+of+boron+nitride&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=956&amp;rft.date=1957&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1745964&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1957JChPh..26..956W&amp;rft.aulast=Wentorf&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+H.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-chemical-physics_1957-04_26_4%2Fpage%2F956&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gogotsi, Y. G.; Andrievski, R.A. (1999). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/materialsscience00andr"><i>Materials Science of Carbides, Nitrides and Borides</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Akses gratis dibatasi (uji coba), biasanya perlu berlangganan"><img alt="Akses gratis dibatasi (uji coba), biasanya perlu berlangganan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span>. Springer. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/materialsscience00andr/page/n279">270</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7923-5707-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7923-5707-0">978-0-7923-5707-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Materials+Science+of+Carbides%2C+Nitrides+and+Borides&amp;rft.pages=270&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7923-5707-0&amp;rft.au=Gogotsi%2C+Y.+G.&amp;rft.au=Andrievski%2C+R.A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaterialsscience00andr&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tib1-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tib1_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schmidt, Jürgen; Boehling, Marian; Burkhardt, Ulrich; Grin, Yuri (2007). "Preparation of titanium diboride TiB<sub>2</sub> by spark plasma sintering at slow heating rate". <i>Science and Technology of Advanced Materials</i>. <b>8</b> (5): 376–382. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007STAdM...8..376S">2007STAdM...8..376S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.stam.2007.06.009">10.1016/j.stam.2007.06.009</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+and+Technology+of+Advanced+Materials&amp;rft.atitle=Preparation+of+titanium+diboride+TiB%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+by+spark+plasma+sintering+at+slow+heating+rate&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=376-382&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.stam.2007.06.009&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007STAdM...8..376S&amp;rft.aulast=Schmidt&amp;rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&amp;rft.au=Boehling%2C+Marian&amp;rft.au=Burkhardt%2C+Ulrich&amp;rft.au=Grin%2C+Yuri&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/household/brands?tbl=chem&amp;id=136">Catatan</a> di Basis Data Produk Rumah Tangga <a href="/wiki/Perpustakaan_Kedokteran_Nasional_Amerika_Serikat" title="Perpustakaan Kedokteran Nasional Amerika Serikat">NLM</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Thompson, R. 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"Industrial applications of boron compounds". <i>Pure and Applied Chemistry</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 547. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac197439040547">10.1351/pac197439040547</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&amp;rft.atitle=Industrial+applications+of+boron+compounds&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=547&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fpac197439040547&amp;rft.aulast=Thompson&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klotz_1994_1534–1536-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klotz_1994_1534–1536_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klotz_1994_1534–1536_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Klotz, J. H.; Moss, J. I.; Zhao, R.; Davis Jr., L. R.; Patterson, R. S. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-entomology_1994-12_87_6/page/1534">"Oral toxicity of boric acid and other boron compounds to immature cat fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)"</a>. <i>J. Econ. Entomol</i>. <b>87</b> (6): 1534–1536. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjee%2F87.6.1534">10.1093/jee/87.6.1534</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7836612">7836612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Econ.+Entomol.&amp;rft.atitle=Oral+toxicity+of+boric+acid+and+other+boron+compounds+to+immature+cat+fleas+%28Siphonaptera%3A+Pulicidae%29&amp;rft.volume=87&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1534-1536&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjee%2F87.6.1534&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7836612&amp;rft.aulast=Klotz&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+H.&amp;rft.au=Moss%2C+J.+I.&amp;rft.au=Zhao%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Davis+Jr.%2C+L.+R.&amp;rft.au=Patterson%2C+R.+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-economic-entomology_1994-12_87_6%2Fpage%2F1534&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">May, Gary S.; Spanos, Costas J. (2006). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalssemi00mayg"><i>Fundamentals of semiconductor manufacturing and process control</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Akses gratis dibatasi (uji coba), biasanya perlu berlangganan"><img alt="Akses gratis dibatasi (uji coba), biasanya perlu berlangganan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" title="John Wiley &amp; Sons">John Wiley and Sons</a>. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalssemi00mayg/page/n66">51</a>–54. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-471-78406-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-471-78406-7">978-0-471-78406-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+semiconductor+manufacturing+and+process+control&amp;rft.pages=51-54&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-471-78406-7&amp;rft.aulast=May&amp;rft.aufirst=Gary+S.&amp;rft.au=Spanos%2C+Costas+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentalssemi00mayg&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sherer, J. Michael (2005). <i>Semiconductor industry: wafer fab exhaust management</i>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. hlm.&#160;39–60. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-57444-720-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-57444-720-0">978-1-57444-720-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Semiconductor+industry%3A+wafer+fab+exhaust+management&amp;rft.pages=39-60&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-57444-720-0&amp;rft.aulast=Sherer&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+Michael&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Zschech, Ehrenfried; Whelan, Caroline; Mikolajick, Thomas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/materialsforinfo0000euro"><i>Materials for information technology: devices, interconnects and packaging</i></a>. Birkhäuser. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/materialsforinfo0000euro/page/44">44</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-85233-941-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-85233-941-8">978-1-85233-941-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Materials+for+information+technology%3A+devices%2C+interconnects+and+packaging&amp;rft.pages=44&amp;rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-85233-941-8&amp;rft.au=Zschech%2C+Ehrenfried&amp;rft.au=Whelan%2C+Caroline&amp;rft.au=Mikolajick%2C+Thomas&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaterialsforinfo0000euro&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Campbell, Peter (1996). <i>Permanent magnet materials and their application</i>. Cambridge University Press. hlm.&#160;45. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-56688-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-521-56688-9">978-0-521-56688-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Permanent+magnet+materials+and+their+application&amp;rft.pages=45&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-56688-9&amp;rft.aulast=Campbell&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Martin, James E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603212753/https://books.google.com/books?id=4GzRaq0rIEwC&amp;pg=PA660"><i>Physics for Radiation Protection: A Handbook</i></a>. hlm.&#160;660–661. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-527-61880-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-527-61880-4">978-3-527-61880-4</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4GzRaq0rIEwC&amp;pg=PA660">versi asli</a> tanggal 3 Juni 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Physics+for+Radiation+Protection%3A+A+Handbook&amp;rft.pages=660-661&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-527-61880-4&amp;rft.au=Martin%2C+James+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4GzRaq0rIEwC%26pg%3DPA660&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PastinaIsabey1999-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PastinaIsabey1999_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pastina, B.; Isabey, J.; Hickel, B. (1999). "The influence of water chemistry on the radiolysis of the primary coolant water in pressurized water reactors". <i>Journal of Nuclear Materials</i>. <b>264</b> (3): 309–318. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JNuM..264..309P">1999JNuM..264..309P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-3115%2898%2900494-2">10.1016/S0022-3115(98)00494-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3115">0022-3115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nuclear+Materials&amp;rft.atitle=The+influence+of+water+chemistry+on+the+radiolysis+of+the+primary+coolant+water+in+pressurized+water+reactors&amp;rft.volume=264&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=309-318&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.issn=0022-3115&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-3115%2898%2900494-2&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999JNuM..264..309P&amp;rft.aulast=Pastina&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rft.au=Isabey%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Hickel%2C+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kosanke, B. J.; et al. (2004). <i>Pyrotechnic Chemistry</i>. Journal of Pyrotechnics. hlm.&#160;419. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-889526-15-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-889526-15-7">978-1-889526-15-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Pyrotechnic+Chemistry&amp;rft.pages=419&amp;rft.pub=Journal+of+Pyrotechnics&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-889526-15-7&amp;rft.au=Kosanke%2C+B.+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090420125306/http://chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/inorganic/BORAX%20DECAHYDRATE.htm">"Borax Decahydrate"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/inorganic/BORAX%20DECAHYDRATE.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 20 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Borax+Decahydrate&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchemicalland21.com%2Findustrialchem%2Finorganic%2FBORAX%2520DECAHYDRATE.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Davies, A. C. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencepracticeo0010davi"><i>The Science and Practice of Welding: Welding science and technology</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencepracticeo0010davi/page/56">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-43565-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-521-43565-9">978-0-521-43565-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Science+and+Practice+of+Welding%3A+Welding+science+and+technology&amp;rft.pages=56&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-43565-9&amp;rft.au=Davies%2C+A.+C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsciencepracticeo0010davi&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Horrocks, A.R.; Price, D. (2001). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fireretardantmat00horr_765"><i>Fire Retardant Materials</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Akses gratis dibatasi (uji coba), biasanya perlu berlangganan"><img alt="Akses gratis dibatasi (uji coba), biasanya perlu berlangganan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span>. Woodhead Publishing Ltd. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fireretardantmat00horr_765/page/n67">55</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-85573-419-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-85573-419-7">978-1-85573-419-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Fire+Retardant+Materials&amp;rft.pages=55&amp;rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing+Ltd.&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-85573-419-7&amp;rft.au=Horrocks%2C+A.R.&amp;rft.au=Price%2C+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffireretardantmat00horr_765&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ide, F. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313115907/http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200311/000020031103A0287941.php">"Information technology and polymers. Flat panel display"</a>. <i>Engineering Materials</i>. <b>51</b>: 84. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200311/000020031103A0287941.php">versi asli</a> tanggal 13 Maret 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Engineering+Materials&amp;rft.atitle=Information+technology+and+polymers.+Flat+panel+display&amp;rft.volume=51&amp;rft.pages=84&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.au=Ide%2C+F.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsciencelinks.jp%2Fj-east%2Farticle%2F200311%2F000020031103A0287941.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000304181849/http://www.marchfield.org/sr71a.htm">"Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird"</a>. March Field Air Museum. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marchfield.org/sr71a.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 4 Maret 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Lockheed+SR-71+Blackbird&amp;rft.pub=March+Field+Air+Museum&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marchfield.org%2Fsr71a.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfn20100602-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sfn20100602_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceflightnow.com/falcon9/001/status.html">Mission Status Center, 2 Juni 2010, 1905 GMT</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100530232910/http://www.spaceflightnow.com/tracking/index.html">Diarsipkan</a> 30 Mei 2010 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <i>SpaceflightNow</i>, diakses tanggal 16 Agustus 2022, Kutipan: "Flensa akan menghubungkan roket dengan tangki penyimpanan tanah yang berisi oksigen cair, bahan bakar minyak tanah, helium, gas nitrogen dan sumber penyala tahap pertama yang disebut trietilaluminum-trietilborana, lebih dikenal sebagai TEA-TEB."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Young, A. (2008). <i>The Saturn V F-1 Engine: Powering Apollo into History</i>. Springer. hlm.&#160;86. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-387-09629-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-387-09629-2">978-0-387-09629-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Saturn+V+F-1+Engine%3A+Powering+Apollo+into+History&amp;rft.pages=86&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-387-09629-2&amp;rft.au=Young%2C+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Carr, J. M.; Duggan, P. J.; Humphrey, D. G.; Platts, J. A.; Tyndall, E. M. (2010). "Wood Protection Properties of Quaternary Ammonium Arylspiroborate Esters Derived from Naphthalene 2,3-Diol, 2,2'-Biphenol and 3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic Acid". <i>Australian Journal of Chemistry</i>. <b>63</b> (10): 1423. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FCH10132">10.1071/CH10132</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Chemistry&amp;rft.atitle=Wood+Protection+Properties+of+Quaternary+Ammonium+Arylspiroborate+Esters+Derived+from+Naphthalene+2%2C3-Diol%2C+2%2C2%27-Biphenol+and+3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic+Acid&amp;rft.volume=63&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1423&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FCH10132&amp;rft.aulast=Carr&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+M.&amp;rft.au=Duggan%2C+P.+J.&amp;rft.au=Humphrey%2C+D.+G.&amp;rft.au=Platts%2C+J.+A.&amp;rft.au=Tyndall%2C+E.+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acid-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-acid_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090603032815/http://chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/inorganic/BORIC%20ACID.htm">"Boric acid"</a>. chemicalland21.com. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/inorganic/BORIC%20ACID.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 3 Juni 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Boric+acid&amp;rft.pub=chemicalland21.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchemicalland21.com%2Findustrialchem%2Finorganic%2FBORIC%2520ACID.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17268529-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17268529_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bonvini P; Zorzi E; Basso G; Rosolen A (2007). 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Pharmainfo.net. 22 Agustus 2006. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pharmainfo.net/reviews/boron-neutron-capture-therapy-overview">versi asli</a> tanggal 23 Juli 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Overview+of+neutron+capture+therapy+pharmaceuticals&amp;rft.pub=Pharmainfo.net&amp;rft.date=2006-08-22&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pharmainfo.net%2Freviews%2Fboron-neutron-capture-therapy-overview&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Travers, Richard L.; Rennie, George; Newnham, Rex (1990). "Boron and Arthritis: The Results of a Double-blind Pilot Study". <i>Journal of Nutritional Medicine</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 127–132. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F13590849009003147">10.3109/13590849009003147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nutritional+Medicine&amp;rft.atitle=Boron+and+Arthritis%3A+The+Results+of+a+Double-blind+Pilot+Study&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=127-132&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F13590849009003147&amp;rft.aulast=Travers&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&amp;rft.au=Rennie%2C+George&amp;rft.au=Newnham%2C+Rex&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Thompson, Cheryl (8 Juli 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208160134/http://www.ashp.org/menu/News/PharmacyNews/NewsArticle.aspx?Id=4077">"FDA Approves Boron-based Drug to Treat Toenail Fungal Infections"</a>. ashp. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashp.org/menu/News/PharmacyNews/NewsArticle.aspx?Id=4077">versi asli</a> tanggal 8 Desember 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=FDA+Approves+Boron-based+Drug+to+Treat+Toenail+Fungal+Infections&amp;rft.pub=ashp&amp;rft.date=2014-07-08&amp;rft.aulast=Thompson&amp;rft.aufirst=Cheryl&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashp.org%2Fmenu%2FNews%2FPharmacyNews%2FNewsArticle.aspx%3FId%3D4077&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rodriguez, Erik A.; Wang, Ye; Crisp, Jessica L.; Vera, David R.; Tsien, Roger Y.; Ting, Richard (2016-04-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4916912">"New Dioxaborolane Chemistry Enables &#91;18F&#93;-Positron-Emitting, Fluorescent &#91;18F&#93;-Multimodality Biomolecule Generation from the Solid Phase"</a>. <i>Bioconjugate Chemistry</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>27</b> (5): 1390–1399. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.bioconjchem.6b00164">10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00164</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4916912">4916912</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27064381">27064381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bioconjugate+Chemistry&amp;rft.atitle=New+Dioxaborolane+Chemistry+Enables+%5B18F%5D-Positron-Emitting%2C+Fluorescent+%5B18F%5D-Multimodality+Biomolecule+Generation+from+the+Solid+Phase&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1390-1399&amp;rft.date=2016-04-27&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4916912&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27064381&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.bioconjchem.6b00164&amp;rft.aulast=Rodriguez&amp;rft.aufirst=Erik+A.&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+Ye&amp;rft.au=Crisp%2C+Jessica+L.&amp;rft.au=Vera%2C+David+R.&amp;rft.au=Tsien%2C+Roger+Y.&amp;rft.au=Ting%2C+Richard&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4916912&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wang, Ye; 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Harikrishna, Kommidi; Vedvyas, Yogindra; McCloskey, Jaclyn E; Zhang, Weiqi; Chen, Nandi; Nurili, Fuad; Wu, Amy P; Sayman, Haluk B. (23 Mei 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6775626">"A fluorescent, &#91; 18 F&#93;-positron-emitting agent for imaging PMSA allows genetic reporting in adoptively-transferred, genetically-modified cells"</a>. <i>ACS Chemical Biology</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>14</b> (7): 1449–1459. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facschembio.9b00160">10.1021/acschembio.9b00160</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1554-8929">1554-8929</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6775626">6775626</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31120734">31120734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=ACS+Chemical+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=A+fluorescent%2C+%5B+18+F%5D-positron-emitting+agent+for+imaging+PMSA+allows+genetic+reporting+in+adoptively-transferred%2C+genetically-modified+cells&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1449-1459&amp;rft.date=2019-05-23&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6775626&amp;rft.issn=1554-8929&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31120734&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facschembio.9b00160&amp;rft.aulast=Guo&amp;rft.aufirst=Hua&amp;rft.au=Harikrishna%2C+Kommidi&amp;rft.au=Vedvyas%2C+Yogindra&amp;rft.au=McCloskey%2C+Jaclyn+E&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+Weiqi&amp;rft.au=Chen%2C+Nandi&amp;rft.au=Nurili%2C+Fuad&amp;rft.au=Wu%2C+Amy+P&amp;rft.au=Sayman%2C+Haluk+B.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6775626&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Aras, Omer; Demirdag, Cetin; Kommidi, Harikrishna; Guo, Hua; Pavlova, Ina; Aygun, Aslan; Karayel, Emre; Pehlivanoglu, Hüseyin; Yeyin, Nami; Kyprianou, Natasha; Chen, Nandi (Maret 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8449790">"Small Molecule, Multimodal &#91;18F&#93;-PET and Fluorescence Imaging Agent Targeting Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen: First-in-Human Study"</a>. <i>Clinical Genitourinary Cancer</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>19</b> (5): 405–416. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clgc.2021.03.011">10.1016/j.clgc.2021.03.011</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8449790">8449790</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;pmc=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_pmc" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33879400">33879400</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;pmid=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_pmid" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Clinical+Genitourinary+Cancer&amp;rft.atitle=Small+Molecule%2C+Multimodal+%5B18F%5D-PET+and+Fluorescence+Imaging+Agent+Targeting+Prostate+Specific+Membrane+Antigen%3A+First-in-Human+Study&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=405-416&amp;rft.date=2021-03&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8449790&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33879400&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.clgc.2021.03.011&amp;rft.aulast=Aras&amp;rft.aufirst=Omer&amp;rft.au=Demirdag%2C+Cetin&amp;rft.au=Kommidi%2C+Harikrishna&amp;rft.au=Guo%2C+Hua&amp;rft.au=Pavlova%2C+Ina&amp;rft.au=Aygun%2C+Aslan&amp;rft.au=Karayel%2C+Emre&amp;rft.au=Pehlivanoglu%2C+H%C3%BCseyin&amp;rft.au=Yeyin%2C+Nami&amp;rft.au=Kyprianou%2C+Natasha&amp;rft.au=Chen%2C+Nandi&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8449790&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;pmc-embargo-date=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Canfield, Paul C.; Crabtree, George W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217171956/http://www.cmp.ameslab.gov/personnel/canfield/pub/pt0303.pdf">"Magnesium Diboride: Better Late than Never"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>56</b> (3): 34–41. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PhT....56c..34C">2003PhT....56c..34C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1570770">10.1063/1.1570770</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmp.ameslab.gov/personnel/canfield/pub/pt0303.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 17 Desember 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&amp;rft.atitle=Magnesium+Diboride%3A+Better+Late+than+Never&amp;rft.volume=56&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=34-41&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1570770&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PhT....56c..34C&amp;rft.aulast=Canfield&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+C.&amp;rft.au=Crabtree%2C+George+W.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmp.ameslab.gov%2Fpersonnel%2Fcanfield%2Fpub%2Fpt0303.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Braccini, Valeria; Nardelli, D.; Penco, R.; Grasso, G. (2007). "Development of ex situ processed MgB<sub>2</sub> wires and their applications to magnets". <i>Physica C: Superconductivity</i>. <b>456</b> (1–2): 209–217. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhyC..456..209B">2007PhyC..456..209B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physc.2007.01.030">10.1016/j.physc.2007.01.030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Physica+C%3A+Superconductivity&amp;rft.atitle=Development+of+ex+situ+processed+MgB%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+wires+and+their+applications+to+magnets&amp;rft.volume=456&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&amp;rft.pages=209-217&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physc.2007.01.030&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PhyC..456..209B&amp;rft.aulast=Braccini&amp;rft.aufirst=Valeria&amp;rft.au=Nardelli%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Penco%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Grasso%2C+G.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wu, Xiaowei; Chandel, R. S.; Li, Hang (2001). "Evaluation of transient liquid phase bonding between nickel-based superalloys". <i>Journal of Materials Science</i>. <b>36</b> (6): 1539–1546. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JMatS..36.1539W">2001JMatS..36.1539W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1017513200502">10.1023/A:1017513200502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Materials+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+transient+liquid+phase+bonding+between+nickel-based+superalloys&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1539-1546&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1017513200502&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JMatS..36.1539W&amp;rft.aulast=Wu&amp;rft.aufirst=Xiaowei&amp;rft.au=Chandel%2C+R.+S.&amp;rft.au=Li%2C+Hang&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dean, C. R.; Young, A. F.; Meric, I.; Lee, C.; Wang, L.; Sorgenfrei, S.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Kim, P.; Shepard, K. L.; Hone, J. (2010). "Boron nitride substrates for high-quality graphene electronics". <i>Nature Nanotechnology</i>. <b>5</b> (10): 722–726. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1005.4917">1005.4917</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NatNa...5..722D">2010NatNa...5..722D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnnano.2010.172">10.1038/nnano.2010.172</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20729834">20729834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Nanotechnology&amp;rft.atitle=Boron+nitride+substrates+for+high-quality+graphene+electronics&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=722-726&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1005.4917&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20729834&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnnano.2010.172&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010NatNa...5..722D&amp;rft.aulast=Dean&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+R.&amp;rft.au=Young%2C+A.+F.&amp;rft.au=Meric%2C+I.&amp;rft.au=Lee%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Sorgenfrei%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Watanabe%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Taniguchi%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Kim%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Shepard%2C+K.+L.&amp;rft.au=Hone%2C+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gannett, W.; Regan, W.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Crommie, M. F.; Zettl, A. (2010). "Boron nitride substrates for high mobility chemical vapor deposited graphene". <i>Applied Physics Letters</i>. <b>98</b> (24): 242105. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1105.4938">1105.4938</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApPhL..98x2105G">2011ApPhL..98x2105G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3599708">10.1063/1.3599708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Applied+Physics+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Boron+nitride+substrates+for+high+mobility+chemical+vapor+deposited+graphene&amp;rft.volume=98&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=242105&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1105.4938&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.3599708&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011ApPhL..98x2105G&amp;rft.aulast=Gannett&amp;rft.aufirst=W.&amp;rft.au=Regan%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Watanabe%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Taniguchi%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Crommie%2C+M.+F.&amp;rft.au=Zettl%2C+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Zettl, Alex; Cohen, Marvin (2010). "The physics of boron nitride nanotubes". <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>63</b> (11): 34–38. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhT....63k..34C">2010PhT....63k..34C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3518210">10.1063/1.3518210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&amp;rft.atitle=The+physics+of+boron+nitride+nanotubes&amp;rft.volume=63&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=34-38&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.3518210&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PhT....63k..34C&amp;rft.aulast=Zettl&amp;rft.aufirst=Alex&amp;rft.au=Cohen%2C+Marvin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Mahler, R. L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091001005107/http://info.ag.uidaho.edu/Resources/PDFs/CIS1085.pdf">"Essential Plant Micronutrients. Boron in Idaho"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. University of Idaho. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.ag.uidaho.edu/Resources/PDFs/CIS1085.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 1 Oktober 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Essential+Plant+Micronutrients.+Boron+in+Idaho&amp;rft.aulast=Mahler&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+L.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.ag.uidaho.edu%2FResources%2FPDFs%2FCIS1085.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090320175602/http://www.borax.com/agriculture/files/an203.pdf">"Functions of Boron in Plant Nutrition"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Borax Inc. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.borax.com/agriculture/files/an203.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 20 Maret 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Functions+of+Boron+in+Plant+Nutrition&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Borax+Inc.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.borax.com%2Fagriculture%2Ffiles%2Fan203.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Blevins, Dale G.; Lukaszewski, K. M. (1998). "Functions of Boron in Plant Nutrition". <i>Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology</i>. <b>49</b>: 481–500. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.arplant.49.1.481">10.1146/annurev.arplant.49.1.481</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15012243">15012243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Plant+Physiology+and+Plant+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Functions+of+Boron+in+Plant+Nutrition&amp;rft.volume=49&amp;rft.pages=481-500&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.arplant.49.1.481&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15012243&amp;rft.aulast=Blevins&amp;rft.aufirst=Dale+G.&amp;rft.au=Lukaszewski%2C+K.+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011101928/http://pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/bor_0040.shtml">"Boron"</a>. PDRhealth. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/bor_0040.shtml">versi asli</a> tanggal 11 Oktober 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Boron&amp;rft.pub=PDRhealth&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdrhealth.com%2Fdrug_info%2Fnmdrugprofiles%2Fnutsupdrugs%2Fbor_0040.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-utrace-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-utrace_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nielsen, Forrest H. (1998). "Ultratrace elements in nutrition: Current knowledge and speculation". <i>The Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine</i>. <b>11</b> (2–3): 251–274. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291520-670X%281998%2911%3A2%2F3%3C251%3A%3AAID-JTRA15%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Q">10.1002/(SICI)1520-670X(1998)11:2/3&#60;251::AID-JTRA15&#62;3.0.CO&#59;2-Q</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Trace+Elements+in+Experimental+Medicine&amp;rft.atitle=Ultratrace+elements+in+nutrition%3A+Current+knowledge+and+speculation&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&amp;rft.pages=251-274&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291520-670X%281998%2911%3A2%2F3%3C251%3A%3AAID-JTRA15%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Q&amp;rft.aulast=Nielsen&amp;rft.aufirst=Forrest+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nielsen FH, Hunt CD, Mullen LM, Hunt JR (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_faseb-journal_1987-11_1_5/page/394">"Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women"</a>. <i>FASEB J</i>. <b>1</b> (5): 394–7. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffasebj.1.5.3678698">10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3678698</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3678698">3678698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=FASEB+J.&amp;rft.atitle=Effect+of+dietary+boron+on+mineral%2C+estrogen%2C+and+testosterone+metabolism+in+postmenopausal+women&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=394-7&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1096%2Ffasebj.1.5.3678698&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3678698&amp;rft.aulast=Nielsen&amp;rft.aufirst=FH&amp;rft.au=Hunt%2C+CD&amp;rft.au=Mullen%2C+LM&amp;rft.au=Hunt%2C+JR&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_faseb-journal_1987-11_1_5%2Fpage%2F394&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boron. IN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/read/10026/chapter/15">Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Copper</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922174144/https://www.nap.edu/read/10026/chapter/15">Diarsipkan</a> 22 September 2017 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. National Academy Press. 2001, hlm. 510–521.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mars-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mars_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150424181341/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24120-primordial-broth-of-life-was-a-dry-martian-cupasoup.html">"Primordial broth of life was a dry Martian cup-a-soup"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. 29 Agustus 2013. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24120-primordial-broth-of-life-was-a-dry-martian-cupasoup.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 24 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft.atitle=Primordial+broth+of+life+was+a+dry+Martian+cup-a-soup&amp;rft.date=2013-08-29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn24120-primordial-broth-of-life-was-a-dry-martian-cupasoup.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Irschik H, Schummer D, Gerth K, Höfle G, Reichenbach H (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510223356/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/antibiotics1968/48/1/48_1_26/_pdf">"The tartrolons, new boron-containing antibiotics from a myxobacterium, <i>Sorangium cellulosum</i>"</a>. <i>The Journal of Antibiotics</i>. <b>48</b> (1): 26–30. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7164%2Fantibiotics.48.26">10.7164/antibiotics.48.26</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7532644">7532644</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/antibiotics1968/48/1/48_1_26/_pdf">versi asli</a> tanggal 10 Mei 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Antibiotics&amp;rft.atitle=The+tartrolons%2C+new+boron-containing+antibiotics+from+a+myxobacterium%2C+Sorangium+cellulosum&amp;rft.volume=48&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=26-30&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7164%2Fantibiotics.48.26&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7532644&amp;rft.aulast=Irschik&amp;rft.aufirst=H&amp;rft.au=Schummer%2C+D&amp;rft.au=Gerth%2C+K&amp;rft.au=H%C3%B6fle%2C+G&amp;rft.au=Reichenbach%2C+H&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fantibiotics1968%2F48%2F1%2F48_1_26%2F_pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hütter, R.; Keller-Schien, W.; Knüsel, F.; Prelog, V.; Rodgers Jr., G. C.; Suter, P.; Vogel, G.; Voser, W.; Zähner, H. (1967). "Stoffwechselprodukte von Mikroorganismen. 57. Mitteilung. Boromycin". <i><a href="/wiki/Helvetica_Chimica_Acta" title="Helvetica Chimica Acta">Helvetica Chimica Acta</a></i>. <b>50</b> (6): 1533–1539. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhlca.19670500612">10.1002/hlca.19670500612</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6081908">6081908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Helvetica+Chimica+Acta&amp;rft.atitle=Stoffwechselprodukte+von+Mikroorganismen.+57.+Mitteilung.+Boromycin&amp;rft.volume=50&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1533-1539&amp;rft.date=1967&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhlca.19670500612&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6081908&amp;rft.aulast=H%C3%BCtter&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.au=Keller-Schien%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Kn%C3%BCsel%2C+F.&amp;rft.au=Prelog%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Rodgers+Jr.%2C+G.+C.&amp;rft.au=Suter%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Vogel%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Voser%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Z%C3%A4hner%2C+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dunitz, J. D.; Hawley, D. M.; Miklos, D.; White, D. N. J.; Berlin, Y.; Marusić, R.; Prelog, V. (1971). "Structure of boromycin". <i>Helvetica Chimica Acta</i>. <b>54</b> (6): 1709–1713. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhlca.19710540624">10.1002/hlca.19710540624</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5131791">5131791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Helvetica+Chimica+Acta&amp;rft.atitle=Structure+of+boromycin&amp;rft.volume=54&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1709-1713&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhlca.19710540624&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5131791&amp;rft.aulast=Dunitz&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+D.&amp;rft.au=Hawley%2C+D.+M.&amp;rft.au=Miklos%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=White%2C+D.+N.+J.&amp;rft.au=Berlin%2C+Y.&amp;rft.au=Marusi%C4%87%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Prelog%2C+V.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Vithana, En; Morgan, P; Sundaresan, P; Ebenezer, Nd; Tan, Dt; Mohamed, Md; Anand, S; Khine, Ko; Venkataraman, D; Yong, Vh; Salto-Tellez, M; Venkatraman, A; Guo, K; Hemadevi, B; Srinivasan, M; Prajna, V; Khine, M; Casey, Jr.; Inglehearn, Cf; Aung, T (July 2006). "Mutations in sodium-borate cotransporter SLC4A11 cause recessive congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED2)". <i>Nature Genetics</i>. <b>38</b> (7): 755–7. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1824">10.1038/ng1824</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1061-4036">1061-4036</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16767101">16767101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Genetics&amp;rft.atitle=Mutations+in+sodium-borate+cotransporter+SLC4A11+cause+recessive+congenital+hereditary+endothelial+dystrophy+%28CHED2%29&amp;rft.volume=38&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=755-7&amp;rft.date=2006-07&amp;rft.issn=1061-4036&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16767101&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng1824&amp;rft.au=Vithana%2C+En&amp;rft.au=Morgan%2C+P&amp;rft.au=Sundaresan%2C+P&amp;rft.au=Ebenezer%2C+Nd&amp;rft.au=Tan%2C+Dt&amp;rft.au=Mohamed%2C+Md&amp;rft.au=Anand%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Khine%2C+Ko&amp;rft.au=Venkataraman%2C+D&amp;rft.au=Yong%2C+Vh&amp;rft.au=Salto-Tellez%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Venkatraman%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Guo%2C+K&amp;rft.au=Hemadevi%2C+B&amp;rft.au=Srinivasan%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Prajna%2C+V&amp;rft.au=Khine%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Casey%2C+Jr.&amp;rft.au=Inglehearn%2C+Cf&amp;rft.au=Aung%2C+T&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Silverman, L.; Trego, Katherine (1953). "Corrections-Colorimetric Microdetermination of Boron by the Curcumin-Acetone Solution Method". <i>Anal. Chem</i>. <b>25</b> (11): 1639. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fac60083a061">10.1021/ac60083a061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Anal.+Chem.&amp;rft.atitle=Corrections-Colorimetric+Microdetermination+of+Boron+by+the+Curcumin-Acetone+Solution+Method&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=1639&amp;rft.date=1953&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fac60083a061&amp;rft.aulast=Silverman&amp;rft.aufirst=L.&amp;rft.au=Trego%2C+Katherine&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sigmaaldrich-catalog-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sigmaaldrich-catalog_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220075301/https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/266620">"Boron 266620"</a>. <i>Sigma-Aldrich</i>. 3 Oktober 2021. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/266620">versi asli</a> tanggal 20 Februari 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Sigma-Aldrich&amp;rft.atitle=Boron+266620&amp;rft.date=2021-10-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F266620&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202015444/https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=US&amp;language=en&amp;productNumber=266620&amp;brand=ALDRICH&amp;PageToGoToURL=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F266620%3Flang%3Den">"MSDS - 266620"</a>. <i>sigmaaldrich.com</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=US&amp;language=en&amp;productNumber=266620&amp;brand=ALDRICH&amp;PageToGoToURL=https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/266620?lang=en">versi asli</a> tanggal 2 Februari 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=sigmaaldrich.com&amp;rft.atitle=MSDS+-+266620&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2FMSDS%2FMSDS%2FDisplayMSDSPage.do%3Fcountry%3DUS%26language%3Den%26productNumber%3D266620%26brand%3DALDRICH%26PageToGoToURL%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F266620%3Flang%3Den&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nielsen, Forrest H. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200312091734/https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=45215&amp;content=PDF">"Boron in human and animal nutrition"</a>. <i>Plant and Soil</i>. <b>193</b> (2): 199–208. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1004276311956">10.1023/A:1004276311956</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=45215&amp;content=PDF">versi asli</a> tanggal 12 Maret 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Plant+and+Soil&amp;rft.atitle=Boron+in+human+and+animal+nutrition&amp;rft.volume=193&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=199-208&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1004276311956&amp;rft.aulast=Nielsen&amp;rft.aufirst=Forrest+H.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov%2Fnaldc%2Fdownload.xhtml%3Fid%3D45215%26content%3DPDF&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pizzorno, L (Aug 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712861">"Nothing boring about boron"</a>. <i>Integrative Medicine</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 35–48. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712861">4712861</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26770156">26770156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Integrative+Medicine&amp;rft.atitle=Nothing+boring+about+boron&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=35-48&amp;rft.date=2015-08&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4712861&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26770156&amp;rft.aulast=Pizzorno&amp;rft.aufirst=L&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4712861&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403043829/http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc204.htm">"Environmental Health Criteria 204: Boron"</a>. the IPCS. 1998. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc204.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Environmental+Health+Criteria+204%3A+Boron&amp;rft.pub=the+IPCS&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inchem.org%2Fdocuments%2Fehc%2Fehc%2Fehc204.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boron_(B)_and_Chlorine_(Cl)_for_Citrus_Trees-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boron_(B)_and_Chlorine_(Cl)_for_Citrus_Trees_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Zekri, Mongi; Obreza, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909071409/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/SS/SS61900.pdf">"Boron (B) and Chlorine (Cl) for Citrus Trees"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>IFAS Extension</i>. Universitas Florida. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/SS/SS61900.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 9 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=IFAS+Extension&amp;rft.atitle=Boron+%28B%29+and+Chlorine+%28Cl%29+for+Citrus+Trees&amp;rft.aulast=Zekri&amp;rft.aufirst=Mongi&amp;rft.au=Obreza%2C+Tom&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedis.ifas.ufl.edu%2Fpdffiles%2FSS%2FSS61900.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PeverillSparrow1999-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PeverillSparrow1999_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">K. I. Peverill; L. A. Sparrow; Douglas J. Reuter (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200312192335/https://books.google.com/books?id=pWR1vUWbEhEC&amp;pg=PA309"><i>Soil Analysis: An Interpretation Manual</i></a>. Csiro Publishing. hlm.&#160;309–311. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-643-06376-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-643-06376-1">978-0-643-06376-1</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pWR1vUWbEhEC&amp;pg=PA309">versi asli</a> tanggal 12 Maret 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Soil+Analysis%3A+An+Interpretation+Manual&amp;rft.pages=309-311&amp;rft.pub=Csiro+Publishing&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-643-06376-1&amp;rft.au=K.+I.+Peverill&amp;rft.au=L.+A.+Sparrow&amp;rft.au=Douglas+J.+Reuter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpWR1vUWbEhEC%26pg%3DPA309&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds2001-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds2001_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">M. P. Reynolds (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200310194730/https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ1a3yfTgg4C&amp;pg=PA225"><i>Application of Physiology in Wheat Breeding</i></a>. CIMMYT. hlm.&#160;225. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-970-648-077-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-970-648-077-4">978-970-648-077-4</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ1a3yfTgg4C&amp;pg=PA225">versi asli</a> tanggal 10 Maret 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Agustus</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Application+of+Physiology+in+Wheat+Breeding&amp;rft.pages=225&amp;rft.pub=CIMMYT&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-970-648-077-4&amp;rft.au=M.+P.+Reynolds&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJ1a3yfTgg4C%26pg%3DPA225&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABoron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=40" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/005.htm">Boron</a> di <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (Universitas Nottingham)</li> <li>J. B. Calvert: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mysite.du.edu:80/~jcalvert/phys/boron.htm">Boron</a>, 2004, situs web pribadi (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030202000419/http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/boron.htm">versi yang diarsipkan</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <table class="navbox collapsible uncollapsed" cellpadding="0" style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="33" style="padding:0 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" title="Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">Tabel periodik</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(sel_besar)" title="Tabel periodik (sel besar)"><small>(besar)</small></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">2</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_6" title="Unsur golongan 6">6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">7</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_8" title="Unsur golongan 8">8</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">9</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">10</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">11</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">13</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">14</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">15</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">16</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_1" title="Unsur periode 1">1</a> </td> <td title="Hidrogen, 1 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen"><span style="display:block">H</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="Helium, 2 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block">He</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">2</a> </td> <td title="Litium, 3 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a> </td> <td title="Berilium, 4 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Boron, 5 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:1px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="display:block">B</span></a> </td> <td title="Karbon, 6 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon"><span style="display:block">C</span></a> </td> <td title="Nitrogen, 7 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block">N</span></a> </td> <td title="Oksigen, 8 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen"><span style="display:block">O</span></a> </td> <td title="Fluorin, 9 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin"><span style="display:block">F</span></a> </td> <td title="Neon, 10 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_3" title="Unsur periode 3">3</a> </td> <td title="Natrium, 11 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a> </td> <td title="Magnesium, 12 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Aluminium, 13 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a> </td> <td title="Silikon, 14 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a> </td> <td title="Fosforus, 15 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus"><span style="display:block">P</span></a> </td> <td title="Belerang, 16 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang"><span style="display:block">S</span></a> </td> <td title="Klorin, 17 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin"><span style="display:block">Cl</span></a> </td> <td title="Argon, 18 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a> </td> <td title="Kalium, 19 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium"><span style="display:block">K</span></a> </td> <td title="Kalsium, 20 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Skandium, 21 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a> </td> <td title="Titanium, 22 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a> </td> <td title="Vanadium, 23 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block">V</span></a> </td> <td title="Kromium, 24 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a> </td> <td title="Mangan, 25 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a> </td> <td title="Besi, 26 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a> </td> <td title="Kobalt, 27 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a> </td> <td title="Nikel, 28 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a> </td> <td title="Tembaga, 29 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a> </td> <td title="Seng, 30 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a> </td> <td title="Galium, 31 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a> </td> <td title="Germanium, 32 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a> </td> <td title="Arsen, 33 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen"><span style="display:block">As</span></a> </td> <td title="Selenium, 34 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a> </td> <td title="Bromin, 35 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin"><span style="display:block">Br</span></a> </td> <td title="Kripton, 36 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a> </td> <td title="Rubidium, 37 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a> </td> <td title="Stronsium, 38 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Itrium, 39 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium"><span style="display:block">Y</span></a> </td> <td title="Zirkonium, 40 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a> </td> <td title="Niobium, 41 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a> </td> <td title="Molibdenum, 42 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a> </td> <td title="Teknesium, 43 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a> </td> <td title="Rutenium, 44 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a> </td> <td title="Rodium, 45 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a> </td> <td title="Paladium, 46 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a> </td> <td title="Perak, 47 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a> </td> <td title="Kadmium, 48 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a> </td> <td title="Indium, 49 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span style="display:block">In</span></a> </td> <td title="Timah, 50 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a> </td> <td title="Antimon, 51 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a> </td> <td title="Telurium, 52 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a> </td> <td title="Iodin, 53 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin"><span style="display:block">I</span></a> </td> <td title="Xenon, 54 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a> </td> <td title="Sesium, 55 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a> </td> <td title="Barium, 56 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a> </td> <td title="Lantanum, 57 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum"><span style="display:block">La</span></a> </td> <td title="Serium, 58 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium"><span style="display:block">Ce</span></a> </td> <td title="Praseodimium, 59 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium"><span style="display:block">Pr</span></a> </td> <td title="Neodimium, 60 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium"><span style="display:block">Nd</span></a> </td> <td title="Prometium, 61 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium"><span style="display:block">Pm</span></a> </td> <td title="Samarium, 62 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block">Sm</span></a> </td> <td title="Europium, 63 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span style="display:block">Eu</span></a> </td> <td title="Gadolinium, 64 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block">Gd</span></a> </td> <td title="Terbium, 65 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block">Tb</span></a> </td> <td title="Disprosium, 66 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Disprosium" title="Disprosium"><span style="display:block">Dy</span></a> </td> <td title="Holmium, 67 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block">Ho</span></a> </td> <td title="Erbium, 68 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block">Er</span></a> </td> <td title="Tulium, 69 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium"><span style="display:block">Tm</span></a> </td> <td title="Iterbium, 70 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium"><span style="display:block">Yb</span></a> </td> <td title="Lutesium, 71 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium"><span style="display:block">Lu</span></a> </td> <td title="Hafnium, 72 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a> </td> <td title="Tantalum, 73 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a> </td> <td title="Wolfram, 74 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram"><span style="display:block">W</span></a> </td> <td title="Renium, 75 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a> </td> <td title="Osmium, 76 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a> </td> <td title="Iridium, 77 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a> </td> <td title="Platina, 78 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a> </td> <td title="Emas, 79 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a> </td> <td title="Raksa, 80 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a> </td> <td title="Talium, 81 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a> </td> <td title="Timbal, 82 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a> </td> <td title="Bismut, 83 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a> </td> <td title="Polonium, 84 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a> </td> <td title="Astatin, 85 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin"><span style="display:block">At</span></a> </td> <td title="Radon, 86 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">7</a> </td> <td title="Fransium, 87 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a> </td> <td title="Radium, 88 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a> </td> <td title="Aktinium, 89 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium"><span style="display:block">Ac</span></a> </td> <td title="Torium, 90 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium"><span style="display:block">Th</span></a> </td> <td title="Protaktinium, 91 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium"><span style="display:block">Pa</span></a> </td> <td title="Uranium, 92 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block">U</span></a> </td> <td title="Neptunium, 93 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block">Np</span></a> </td> <td title="Plutonium, 94 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block">Pu</span></a> </td> <td title="Amerisium, 95 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Amerisium" title="Amerisium"><span style="display:block">Am</span></a> </td> <td title="Kurium, 96 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium"><span style="display:block">Cm</span></a> </td> <td title="Berkelium, 97 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block">Bk</span></a> </td> <td title="Kalifornium, 98 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium"><span style="display:block">Cf</span></a> </td> <td title="Einsteinium, 99 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block">Es</span></a> </td> <td title="Fermium, 100 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block">Fm</span></a> </td> <td title="Mendelevium, 101 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block">Md</span></a> </td> <td title="Nobelium, 102 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block">No</span></a> </td> <td title="Lawrensium, 103 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrensium" title="Lawrensium"><span style="display:block">Lr</span></a> </td> <td title="Ruterfordium, 104 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruterfordium" title="Ruterfordium"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a> </td> <td title="Dubnium, 105 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a> </td> <td title="Seaborgium, 106 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a> </td> <td title="Bohrium, 107 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a> </td> <td title="Hasium, 108 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a> </td> <td title="Meitnerium, 109 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a> </td> <td title="Darmstadtium, 110 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a> </td> <td title="Roentgenium, 111 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a> </td> <td title="Kopernisium, 112 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a> </td> <td title="Nihonium, 113 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a> </td> <td title="Flerovium, 114 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a> </td> <td title="Moskovium, 115 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moskovium" title="Moskovium"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a> </td> <td title="Livermorium, 116 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a> </td> <td title="Tenesin, 117 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a> </td> <td title="Oganeson, 118 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson"><span style="display:block">Og</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="33"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:90%; margin-top:0.5em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Logam alkali</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">Logam alkali tanah</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">Lan&#173;tanida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Aktinida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_miskin" title="Logam miskin">Logam miskin</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_poliatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam poliatomik">Nonlogam poliatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_diatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam diatomik">Nonlogam diatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e8e8e8;">Sifat kimia<br />belum diketahui </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Senyawa_boron" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Senyawa_boron" title="Templat:Senyawa boron"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Senyawa_boron" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Senyawa boron"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Senyawa_boron&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Senyawa_boron" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Senyawa_boron" title="Kategori:Senyawa boron">Senyawa</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">boron</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron_arsenida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Boron arsenida (halaman belum tersedia)">BAs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron_tribromida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Boron tribromida (halaman belum tersedia)">BBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_triklorida" title="Boron triklorida">BCl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron_monofluorida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Boron monofluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">BF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_trifluorida" title="Boron trifluorida">BF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_triiodida" title="Boron triiodida">BI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_nitrida" title="Boron nitrida">BN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron_nitrat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Boron nitrat (halaman belum tersedia)">B(NO'<span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Too many (</span>'";</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_borat" title="Asam borat">B(OH)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron_fosfida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Boron fosfida (halaman belum tersedia)">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron_fosfat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Boron fosfat (halaman belum tersedia)">BPO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diboron_tetrafluorida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Diboron tetrafluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diboron_tetraklorida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Diboron tetraklorida (halaman belum tersedia)">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diborana" title="Diborana">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amonia_borana" title="Amonia borana">BH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_monoksida" title="Boron monoksida">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_trioksida" title="Boron trioksida">B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron_sulfida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Boron sulfida (halaman belum tersedia)">B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron_karbida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Boron karbida (halaman belum tersedia)">B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron_suboksida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Boron suboksida (halaman belum tersedia)">B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentaborana(9)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentaborana(9) (halaman belum tersedia)">B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentaborana(11)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentaborana(11) (halaman belum tersedia)">B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heksaborana(10)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Heksaborana(10) (halaman belum tersedia)">B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heksaborana(12)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Heksaborana(12) (halaman belum tersedia)">B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618#identifiers&amp;#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618#identifiers&amp;#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12140810z">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85015871">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=lnc10&amp;doc_number=000310483&amp;P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563492">Jepang</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph118964&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.microsoft.com/v2/detail/501308230">Microsoft Academic</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐7556f8b5dd‐mlvgs Cached time: 20241123030358 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.484 seconds Real time usage: 2.824 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 43031/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 710988/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 32324/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 262604/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.069/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7707383/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: ? 360 ms 25.4% recursiveClone <mwInit.lua:45> 240 ms 16.9% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument 140 ms 9.9% 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