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id="toc-British_government_preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_government_preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>British government preparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_government_preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>American preparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Militia_forces_assemble" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militia_forces_assemble"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Militia forces assemble</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Militia_forces_assemble-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_forces_advance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_forces_advance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>British forces advance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_forces_advance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_of_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Order of battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Continentals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continentals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Continentals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continentals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>British Forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Battles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Battles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lexington" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexington"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lexington</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexington-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_shot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_shot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>First shot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_shot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concord" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concord"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Concord</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concord-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Search_for_militia_supplies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Search_for_militia_supplies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Search for militia supplies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Search_for_militia_supplies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Bridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Bridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>North Bridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Bridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_fight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_fight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>After the fight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_fight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_march" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_march"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Return march</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_march-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concord_to_Lexington" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concord_to_Lexington"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Concord to Lexington</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concord_to_Lexington-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Percy's_rescue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Percy's_rescue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Percy's rescue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Percy's_rescue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexington_to_Menotomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexington_to_Menotomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Lexington to Menotomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexington_to_Menotomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Menotomy_to_Charlestown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menotomy_to_Charlestown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Menotomy to Charlestown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menotomy_to_Charlestown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Commemorations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commemorations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commemorations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commemorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Centennial_commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centennial_commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Centennial commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centennial_commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sesquicentennial_commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sesquicentennial_commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sesquicentennial commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sesquicentennial_commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bicentennial_commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bicentennial_commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bicentennial commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bicentennial_commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspaper_articles_published_near_the_time_of_the_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspaper_articles_published_near_the_time_of_the_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Newspaper articles published near the time of the battles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspaper_articles_published_near_the_time_of_the_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battles of Lexington and Concord</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_van_Lexington_en_Concord" title="Slag van Lexington en Concord – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slag van Lexington en Concord" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="معارك ليكسينغتون وكونكورد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معارك ليكسينغتون وكونكورد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksinqton_v%C9%99_Konkord_d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9Fl%C9%99ri" title="Leksinqton və Konkord döyüşləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Leksinqton və Konkord döyüşləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="های لکسینقتون و کنکورد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="های لکسینقتون و کنکورد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Битки при Лексингтън и Конкорд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битки при Лексингтън и Конкорд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalles_de_Lexington_i_Concord" title="Batalles de Lexington i Concord – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalles de Lexington i Concord" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Lexingtonu_a_Concordu" title="Bitva u Lexingtonu a Concordu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Lexingtonu a Concordu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Lexington_og_Concord" title="Slaget ved Lexington og Concord – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget ved Lexington og Concord" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefechte_von_Lexington_und_Concord" title="Gefechte von Lexington und Concord – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gefechte von Lexington und Concord" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Μάχες του Λέξινγκτον και Κόνκορντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχες του Λέξινγκτον και Κόνκορντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batallas_de_Lexington_y_Concord" title="Batallas de Lexington y Concord – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batallas de Lexington y Concord" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="نبردهای لکسینگتون و کنکورد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبردهای لکسینگتون و کنکورد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batailles_de_Lexington_et_Concord" title="Batailles de Lexington et Concord – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Batailles de Lexington et Concord" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%89%EC%8B%B1%ED%84%B4_%EC%BD%A9%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="렉싱턴 콩코드 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="렉싱턴 콩코드 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalii_di_Lexington_e_Concord" title="Batalii di Lexington e Concord – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Batalii di Lexington e Concord" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Lexington_dan_Concord" title="Pertempuran Lexington dan Concord – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Lexington dan Concord" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Lexington" title="Battaglia di Lexington – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Lexington" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord&params=42_26_58_N_71_13_51_W_type:landmark_scale:5000&title=Lexington"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°26′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">71°13′51″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.44944°N 71.23083°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.44944; -71.23083</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Lexington</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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.status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battles of Lexington and Concord</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Lexington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_Battle_of_Lexington.jpg/300px-The_Battle_of_Lexington.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_Battle_of_Lexington.jpg/450px-The_Battle_of_Lexington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_Battle_of_Lexington.jpg/600px-The_Battle_of_Lexington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="663" /></a></span><br />The Battle of Lexington depicted in a 1910 portrait by <a href="/wiki/William_Barnes_Wollen" title="William Barnes Wollen">William Barnes Wollen</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>April 19, 1775<span class="noprint"> (249 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1775-04-19</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Middlesex County, Massachusetts">Middlesex County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province of Massachusetts Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a></div>Lexington: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord&params=42_26_58_N_71_13_51_W_type:landmark_scale:5000&title=Lexington"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°26′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">71°13′51″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.44944°N 71.23083°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.44944; -71.23083</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Lexington</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span><br />Concord: <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord&params=42_28_09_N_71_21_01_W_type:landmark_scale:5000&title=Concord"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°28′09″N</span> <span class="longitude">71°21′01″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.46917°N 71.35028°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.46917; -71.35028</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Concord</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>American victory </p> <ul><li>British forces succeed in destroying cannon and supplies in <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord</a></li> <li>Militia successfully drive British back to <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></li> <li>Beginning of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="Province of Massachusetts Bay"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="Great Britain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(captain)" title="John Parker (captain)">John Parker</a><br /><a href="/wiki/James_Barrett_(colonel)" title="James Barrett (colonel)">James Barrett</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Buttrick" title="John Buttrick">John Buttrick</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lt._Col._John_Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. Col. John Robinson">John Robinson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Heath" title="William Heath">William Heath</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren" title="Joseph Warren">Joseph Warren</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Davis_(soldier)" title="Isaac Davis (soldier)">Isaac Davis</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Smith_(British_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Smith (British officer)">Francis Smith</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Pitcairn" title="John Pitcairn">John Pitcairn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Percy,_2nd_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="Hugh Percy, 2nd Duke of Northumberland">Hugh Percy</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>Lexington:</b> 77<sup id="cite_ref-MilitiaSize_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MilitiaSize-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Concord:</b> 400<sup id="cite_ref-ConcordMilitiaCount_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ConcordMilitiaCount-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>End of Battle:</b> 3,960<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>Departing Boston</b>: 700<sup id="cite_ref-Chidsey6_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chidsey6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Lexington:</b> 400<sup id="cite_ref-Coburn64_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coburn64-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Concord:</b> 100<sup id="cite_ref-Coburn77_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coburn77-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>End of Battle:</b> 1,500<sup id="cite_ref-Coburn114_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coburn114-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 49 killed<br />39 wounded<br />5 missing<sup id="cite_ref-Chidsey47_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chidsey47-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 73 killed<br />174 wounded<br />53 missing<sup id="cite_ref-Chidsey47_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chidsey47-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Boston" title="Template talk:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Boston"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Boston" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Boston"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boston_campaign_1774–17761728" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign"><span class="wrap">Boston campaign</span></a><br /> 1774–1776</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1774</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1775</dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington_Alarm" title="Lexington Alarm">Lexington Alarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson%27s_War" title="Thompson's War">Thompson's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Menotomy" title="Battle of Menotomy">Menotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Fairhaven" title="Battle off Fairhaven">Fairhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chelsea_Creek" title="Battle of Chelsea Creek">Chelsea Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Machias" title="Battle of Machias">Machias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gloucester_(1775)" title="Battle of Gloucester (1775)">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Saint_John" title="Raid on Saint John">Saint John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Falmouth" title="Burning of Falmouth">Falmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Charlottetown_(1775)" title="Raid on Charlottetown (1775)">Charlottetown</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1776</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_train_of_artillery" title="Noble train of artillery">Knox artillery train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification_of_Dorchester_Heights" title="Fortification of Dorchester Heights">Dorchester Heights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battles of Lexington and Concord</b> were the first major military campaign of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, resulting in an American victory and outpouring of militia support for the anti-British cause.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battles were fought on April 19, 1775, in <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Middlesex County, Massachusetts">Middlesex County</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial-era</a> <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province of Massachusetts Bay</a>, within the towns of <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Massachusetts" title="Lexington, Massachusetts">Lexington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Massachusetts" title="Lincoln, Massachusetts">Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Massachusetts" title="Arlington, Massachusetts">Menotomy</a> (present-day Arlington), and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>. They marked the outbreak of armed conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot militias</a> from America's <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. </p><p>In late 1774, Colonial leaders adopted the <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a> in resistance to the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Government_Act" title="Massachusetts Government Act">alterations made to the Massachusetts colonial government</a> by the British parliament following the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a>. The colonial assembly responded by forming a Patriot provisional government known as the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Provincial_Congress" title="Massachusetts Provincial Congress">Massachusetts Provincial Congress</a> and calling for local militias to train for possible hostilities. The Colonial government effectively controlled the colony outside of British-controlled <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>. In response, the British government in February 1775 declared Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion. </p><p>About 700 <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">regulars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Smith_(British_Army_officer)" title="Francis Smith (British Army officer)">Francis Smith</a>, were given secret orders to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies reportedly stored by the Massachusetts <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> at Concord. Through effective <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">intelligence</a> gathering, <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> leaders had received word weeks before the expedition that their supplies might be at risk and had moved most of them to other locations. On the night before the battle, warning of the British expedition had been <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere%27s_Midnight_Ride" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Revere's Midnight Ride">rapidly sent</a> from Boston to militias in the area by several riders, including <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere#"Midnight_Ride"" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Prescott" title="Samuel Prescott">Samuel Prescott</a>, with information about British plans. The initial mode of the Army's arrival by water was signaled from the <a href="/wiki/Old_North_Church#History" title="Old North Church">Old North Church</a> in Boston to <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston" title="Charlestown, Boston">Charlestown</a> using lanterns to communicate "one if by land, two if by sea". </p><p>The first shots were fired just as the sun was rising at Lexington. Eight militiamen were killed, including Ensign <a href="/wiki/Robert_Munroe" title="Robert Munroe">Robert Munroe</a>, their third in command.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British suffered only one casualty. The militia was outnumbered and fell back, and the regulars proceeded on to Concord, where they broke apart into companies to search for the supplies. At the <a href="/wiki/Old_North_Bridge" title="Old North Bridge">North Bridge</a> in Concord, approximately 400 militiamen engaged 100 regulars from three companies of the King's troops at about 11:00<span class="nowrap"> </span>am, resulting in casualties on both sides. The outnumbered regulars fell back from the bridge and rejoined the main body of British forces in Concord. </p><p>The British forces began their return march to Boston after completing their search for military supplies, and more militiamen continued to arrive from the neighboring towns. Gunfire erupted again between the two sides and continued throughout the day as the regulars marched back towards Boston. Upon returning to Lexington, Lt. Col. Smith's expedition was rescued by reinforcements under <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_(United_Kingdom)" title="Brigadier (United Kingdom)">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Percy,_2nd_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="Hugh Percy, 2nd Duke of Northumberland">Earl Percy</a>. The combined force of about 1,700 men marched back to Boston under heavy fire in a <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">tactical withdrawal</a> and eventually reached the safety of Charlestown. The accumulated militias then blockaded the narrow land accesses to Charlestown and Boston, starting the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">siege of Boston</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> describes the first shot fired by the Patriots at the North Bridge in his "<a href="/wiki/Concord_Hymn" title="Concord Hymn">Concord Hymn</a>" as the "<a href="/wiki/Shot_heard_round_the_world" title="Shot heard round the world">shot heard round the world</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-ConcordHymn_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ConcordHymn-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Gage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Thomas_Gage.jpg/220px-Thomas_Gage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Thomas_Gage.jpg/330px-Thomas_Gage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Thomas_Gage.jpg/440px-Thomas_Gage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1381" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Thomas Gage</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British Army</a>'s infantry were nicknamed "<a href="/wiki/Red_coat_(military_uniform)" title="Red coat (military uniform)">redcoats</a>" for their military uniforms, and sometimes "devils" <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by some colonists. They had <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">occupied</a> <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> since 1768 and had been augmented by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">naval</a> forces and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">marines</a> to enforce what the colonists called The <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a> of 1774, which had been passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">British Parliament</a> to punish the entire <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province of Massachusetts Bay</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a> and other acts of protest. </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Thomas Gage</a> was the military <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">governor of Massachusetts</a> and commander-in-chief of the roughly 3,000 British military forces garrisoned in Boston. He had no control over Massachusetts outside of Boston, however, where the implementation of the Acts had increased tensions between the Patriot <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Whig</a> majority and the pro-British <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Tory</a> minority. Gage's plan was to avoid conflict by removing military supplies from Whig militias using small, secret, and rapid strikes. This struggle for supplies led to one British success and several Patriot successes in a series of nearly bloodless conflicts known as the <a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarms</a>. Gage considered himself to be a friend of liberty and attempted to separate his duties as governor of the colony and as general of an occupying force. <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> described Gage's conflicted relationship with Massachusetts by saying in Parliament, "An Englishman is the unfittest person on Earth to argue another Englishman into slavery."<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer30_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer30-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The colonists had been forming militias since the very beginnings of Colonial settlement for the purpose of defense against <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indian</a> attacks. These forces also saw action in the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> between 1754 and 1763 when they fought alongside British regulars. Under the laws of each New England colony, all towns were obligated to form militia companies composed of all males 16 years of age and older (there were exemptions for some categories) and to ensure that the members were properly armed. The Massachusetts militias were formally under the jurisdiction of the provincial government, but militia companies throughout New England elected their own officers.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gage effectively dissolved the provincial government under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Government_Act" title="Massachusetts Government Act">Massachusetts Government Act</a>, and these existing connections were employed by the colonists under the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Provincial_Congress" title="Massachusetts Provincial Congress">Massachusetts Provincial Congress</a> for the purpose of resistance to the military threat from Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer51_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer51-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_government_preparations">British government preparations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Smith.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Francis_Smith.jpeg/220px-Francis_Smith.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Francis_Smith.jpeg/330px-Francis_Smith.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Francis_Smith.jpeg/440px-Francis_Smith.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francis_Smith_(British_Army_officer)" title="Francis Smith (British Army officer)">Francis Smith</a>, commander of the military expedition, in a 1763 portrait</figcaption></figure> <p>A February 1775 address to <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">King George III</a>, by both houses of Parliament, declared that a state of rebellion existed: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We ... find that a part of your Majesty' s subjects, in the Province of the Massachusetts Bay, have proceeded so far to resist the authority of the supreme Legislature, that a rebellion at this time actually exists within the said Province; and we see, with the utmost concern, that they have been countenanced and encouraged by unlawful combinations and engagements entered into by your Majesty's subjects in several of the other Colonies, to the injury and oppression of many of their innocent fellow-subjects, resident within the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the rest of your Majesty' s Dominions ... We ... shall ... pay attention and regard to any real grievances ... laid before us; and whenever any of the Colonies shall make a proper application to us, we shall be ready to afford them every just and reasonable indulgence. At the same time we ... beseech your Majesty that you will ... enforce due obedience to the laws and authority of the supreme Legislature; and ... it is our fixed resolution, at the hazard of our lives and properties, to stand by your Majesty against all rebellious attempts in the maintenance of the just rights of your Majesty, and the two Houses of Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On April 14, 1775, Gage received instructions from <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(United_Kingdom)" title="Secretary of State (United Kingdom)">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Legge,_2nd_Earl_of_Dartmouth" title="William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth">William Legge, Earl of Dartmouth</a>, to disarm the rebels and to imprison the rebellion's leaders, but Dartmouth gave Gage considerable discretion in his commands.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer7576_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer7576-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gage's decision to act promptly may have been influenced by the information he received on April 15, from a spy within the Provincial Congress, telling him that although the Congress was still divided on the need for armed resistance, delegates were being sent to the other New England colonies to see if they would cooperate in raising a New England army of 18,000 colonial soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the morning of April 18, Gage ordered a mounted patrol of about 20 men under the command of Major Mitchell of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Northumberland_Fusiliers" title="Royal Northumberland Fusiliers">5th Regiment of Foot</a> into the surrounding country to intercept messengers who might be out on horseback.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This patrol behaved differently from patrols sent out from Boston in the past, staying out after dark and asking travelers about the location of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a>. This had the unintended effect of alarming many residents and increasing their preparedness. The Lexington militia, in particular, began to muster early that evening, hours before receiving any word from Boston. A well-known story alleges that after nightfall one farmer, Josiah Nelson, mistook the British patrol for the colonists and asked them, "Have you heard anything about when the regulars are coming out?" upon which he was slashed on his scalp with a sword. However, the story of this incident was not published until over a century later, which suggests that it may be a family myth.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Francis_Smith_(British_Army_officer)" title="Francis Smith (British Army officer)">Francis Smith</a> received orders from Gage on the afternoon of April 18 with instructions that he was not to read them until his troops were underway. He was to proceed from Boston "with utmost expedition and secrecy to Concord, where you will seize and destroy ... all Military stores ... But you will take care that the soldiers do not plunder the inhabitants or hurt private property." Gage used his discretion and did not issue written orders for the arrest of rebel leaders, as he feared doing so might spark an uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer85_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer85-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_preparations">American preparations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:17750324_Resolution_-_In_Provincial_Congress_-_John_Hancock_-_The_Virginia_Gazette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/17750324_Resolution_-_In_Provincial_Congress_-_John_Hancock_-_The_Virginia_Gazette.jpg/330px-17750324_Resolution_-_In_Provincial_Congress_-_John_Hancock_-_The_Virginia_Gazette.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/17750324_Resolution_-_In_Provincial_Congress_-_John_Hancock_-_The_Virginia_Gazette.jpg/495px-17750324_Resolution_-_In_Provincial_Congress_-_John_Hancock_-_The_Virginia_Gazette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/17750324_Resolution_-_In_Provincial_Congress_-_John_Hancock_-_The_Virginia_Gazette.jpg/660px-17750324_Resolution_-_In_Provincial_Congress_-_John_Hancock_-_The_Virginia_Gazette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption> A March 24, 1775, resolution, signed by John Hancock, resolves that measures for "putting this colony into a complete state of defense, be still most vigorously pursued by the several towns, as well as individual inhabitants".<sup id="cite_ref-Resolution_17750324_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resolution_17750324-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_Kemble_Gage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Margaret_Kemble_Gage.jpg/170px-Margaret_Kemble_Gage.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Margaret_Kemble_Gage.jpg/255px-Margaret_Kemble_Gage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Margaret_Kemble_Gage.jpg/340px-Margaret_Kemble_Gage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3208" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Kemble_Gage" title="Margaret Kemble Gage">Margaret Kemble Gage</a> may have given military intelligence to the rebels.</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 30, 1775, the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Provincial_Congress" title="Massachusetts Provincial Congress">Massachusetts Provincial Congress</a> issued the following resolution: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Whenever the army under command of General Gage, or any part thereof to the number of five hundred, shall march out of the town of Boston, with artillery and baggage, it ought to be deemed a design to carry into execution by force the late acts of Parliament, the attempting of which, by the resolve of the late honourable <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>, ought to be opposed; and therefore the military force of the Province ought to be assembled, and an army of observation immediately formed, to act solely on the defensive so long as it can be justified on the principles of reason and self-preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-Tourtellot51_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourtellot51-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The rebellion's leaders—with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren" title="Joseph Warren">Joseph Warren</a>—had all left Boston by April 8. They had received word of Dartmouth's secret instructions to General Gage from sources in London well before they reached Gage himself.<sup id="cite_ref-TourtellotIntel_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TourtellotIntel-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adams and Hancock had fled Boston to <a href="/wiki/Hancock%E2%80%93Clarke_House" title="Hancock–Clarke House">the home</a> of one of Hancock's relatives, <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Clarke" title="Jonas Clarke">Jonas Clarke</a>, where they thought they would be safe from the immediate threat of arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-Tourtellot70_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourtellot70-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Massachusetts militias had indeed been gathering a stock of weapons, powder, and supplies at Concord and much further west in <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer8085_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer8085-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An expedition from Boston to Concord was widely anticipated. After a large contingent of regulars alarmed the countryside by an expedition from Boston to <a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts" title="Watertown, Massachusetts">Watertown</a> on March 30, <i>The Pennsylvania Journal</i>, a newspaper in Philadelphia, reported, "It was supposed they were going to Concord, where the Provincial Congress is now sitting. A quantity of provisions and warlike stores are lodged there. ... It is ... said they are intending to go out again soon."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 18, Paul Revere began the "midnight ride" to Concord to warn the inhabitants that the British appeared to be planning an expedition. The ride was finished by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Prescott" title="Samuel Prescott">Samuel Prescott</a>. Upon hearing Prescott's news, the townspeople decided to remove the stores and distribute them among other towns nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer87_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer87-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The colonists were also aware that April 19 would be the date of the expedition, despite Gage's efforts to keep the details hidden from all the British rank and file and even from the officers who would command the mission. There is reasonable speculation that the confidential source of this intelligence was <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Kemble_Gage" title="Margaret Kemble Gage">Margaret Gage</a>, General Gage's <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a>-born wife, who had sympathies with the Colonial cause and a friendly relationship with Warren.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer96_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer96-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 9 and 10 pm on the night of April 18, 1775, Joseph Warren told Revere and <a href="/wiki/William_Dawes" title="William Dawes">William Dawes</a> that the British troops were about to embark in boats from Boston bound for Cambridge and the road to Lexington and Concord. Warren's intelligence suggested that the most likely objectives of the regulars' movements later that night would be the capture of Adams and Hancock. They did not worry about the possibility of regulars marching to Concord, since the supplies at Concord were safe, but they did think their leaders in Lexington were unaware of the potential danger that night. Revere and Dawes were sent out to warn them and to alert colonial militias in nearby towns.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Militia_forces_assemble">Militia forces assemble</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Alarm" title="Lexington Alarm">Lexington Alarm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">Minutemen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J_S_Copley_-_Paul_Revere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/J_S_Copley_-_Paul_Revere.jpg/170px-J_S_Copley_-_Paul_Revere.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/J_S_Copley_-_Paul_Revere.jpg/255px-J_S_Copley_-_Paul_Revere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/J_S_Copley_-_Paul_Revere.jpg/340px-J_S_Copley_-_Paul_Revere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="2223" /></a><figcaption>Silversmith <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a> and several other messengers on horseback sounded the alarm that the regulars were leaving Boston.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dawes covered the southern land route by horseback across <a href="/wiki/Boston_Neck" title="Boston Neck">Boston Neck</a> and over the <a href="/wiki/Great_Bridge_(Cambridge)" title="Great Bridge (Cambridge)">Great Bridge</a> to Lexington.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer97_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer97-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revere first gave instructions to send a signal to Charlestown using lanterns hung in the steeple of Boston's <a href="/wiki/Old_North_Church" title="Old North Church">Old North Church</a>. He then traveled the northern water route, crossing the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a> by rowboat, slipping past the British warship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Somerset_(1748)" title="HMS Somerset (1748)">HMS <i>Somerset</i></a> at anchor. Crossings were banned at that hour, but Revere safely landed in Charlestown and rode west to Lexington, warning almost every house along the route.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional riders were sent north from Charlestown. </p><p>After they arrived in Lexington, Revere, Dawes, Hancock, and Adams discussed the situation with the militia assembling there. They believed that the forces leaving the city were too large for the sole task of arresting two men and that Concord was the main target. The Lexington men dispatched riders to the surrounding towns, and Revere and Dawes continued along the road to Concord accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Prescott" title="Samuel Prescott">Samuel Prescott</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Massachusetts" title="Lincoln, Massachusetts">Lincoln</a>, they ran into the British patrol led by Major Mitchell. Revere was captured, Dawes was thrown from his horse, and only Prescott escaped to reach Concord.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional riders were sent out from Concord. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere%27s_Midnight_Ride" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Revere's Midnight Ride">ride of Revere</a>, Dawes, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Prescott" title="Samuel Prescott">Prescott</a> triggered a flexible system of "alarm and muster" that had been carefully developed months before, in reaction to the colonists' impotent response to the <a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a>. This system was an improved version of an old notification network for use in times of emergency. The colonists had periodically used it during the early years of Indian wars in the colony before it fell into disuse in the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>. In addition to other express riders delivering messages, bells, drums, alarm guns, bonfires and a trumpet were used for rapid communication from town to town, notifying the rebels in dozens of eastern Massachusetts villages that they should muster their militias because over 500 regulars were leaving Boston. This system was so effective that people in towns 25 miles (40 km) from Boston were aware of the army's movements while they were still unloading boats in Cambridge.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer138_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer138-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early warnings played a crucial role in assembling a sufficient number of colonial militia to inflict heavy damage on the British regulars later in the day. Adams and Hancock were eventually moved to safety, first to what is now <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Massachusetts" title="Burlington, Massachusetts">Burlington</a> and later to <a href="/wiki/Billerica,_Massachusetts" title="Billerica, Massachusetts">Billerica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham60_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham60-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Concord_Expedition_and_Patriot_Messengers-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A National Park Service map showing the routes of the initial Patriot messengers and of the British expedition"><img alt="Historical map of central Massachusetts, showing routes in different colors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Concord_Expedition_and_Patriot_Messengers-en.svg/800px-Concord_Expedition_and_Patriot_Messengers-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Concord_Expedition_and_Patriot_Messengers-en.svg/1200px-Concord_Expedition_and_Patriot_Messengers-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Concord_Expedition_and_Patriot_Messengers-en.svg/1600px-Concord_Expedition_and_Patriot_Messengers-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1019" data-file-height="426" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Concord_Expedition_and_Patriot_Messengers-en.svg" title="File:Concord Expedition and Patriot Messengers-en.svg"> </a></div>A <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> map showing the routes of the initial <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> messengers and of the British expedition</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_forces_advance">British forces advance</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lexington_Concord_Siege_of_Boston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Lexington_Concord_Siege_of_Boston.jpg/300px-Lexington_Concord_Siege_of_Boston.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Lexington_Concord_Siege_of_Boston.jpg/450px-Lexington_Concord_Siege_of_Boston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Lexington_Concord_Siege_of_Boston.jpg/600px-Lexington_Concord_Siege_of_Boston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3211" data-file-height="2476" /></a><figcaption>1775 map of the battles and of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">siege of Boston</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Around dusk, General Gage called a meeting of his senior officers at the <a href="/wiki/Province_House_(Boston,_Massachusetts)" title="Province House (Boston, Massachusetts)">Province House</a>. He informed them that instructions from Lord Dartmouth had arrived, ordering him to take action against the colonials. He also told them that the senior colonel of his regiments, Lieutenant Colonel Smith, would command, with Major <a href="/wiki/John_Pitcairn" title="John Pitcairn">John Pitcairn</a> as his executive officer. The meeting adjourned around 8:30 pm, after which Earl Percy mingled with town folk on <a href="/wiki/Boston_Common" title="Boston Common">Boston Common</a>. According to one account, the discussion among people there turned to the unusual movement of the British soldiers in the town. When Percy questioned one man further, the man replied, "Well, the regulars will miss their aim." </p><p>"What aim?" asked Percy. "Why, the cannon at Concord" was the reply.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer96_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer96-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon hearing this, Percy quickly returned to Province House and relayed this information to General Gage. Stunned, Gage issued orders to prevent messengers from getting out of Boston, but these were too late to prevent Dawes and Revere from leaving.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham58_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham58-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British regulars, around 700 infantry, were drawn from 11 of Gage's 13 occupying infantry regiments. Major Pitcairn commanded ten elite <a href="/wiki/Light_infantry" title="Light infantry">light infantry</a> companies, and Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Bernard commanded 11 <a href="/wiki/Grenadier" title="Grenadier">grenadier</a> companies, under the overall command of Lieutenant Colonel Smith.<sup id="cite_ref-Tourtellot105_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourtellot105-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the troops assigned to the expedition, 350 were from grenadier companies drawn from the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Own_Royal_Regiment_(Lancaster)" title="King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)">4th (King's Own)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Northumberland_Fusiliers" title="Royal Northumberland Fusiliers">5th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Lincolnshire_Regiment" title="Royal Lincolnshire Regiment">10th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Regiment_(1684%E2%80%931922)" title="Royal Irish Regiment (1684–1922)">18th (Royal Irish)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Welch_Fusiliers" title="Royal Welch Fusiliers">23rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/38th_(1st_Staffordshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="38th (1st Staffordshire) Regiment of Foot">38th</a>, <a href="/wiki/43rd_(Monmouthshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="43rd (Monmouthshire) Regiment of Foot">43rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/47th_(Lancashire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="47th (Lancashire) Regiment of Foot">47th</a>, <a href="/wiki/52nd_(Oxfordshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot">52nd</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Lancashire_Regiment" title="East Lancashire Regiment">59th</a> Regiments of Foot, and the 1st Battalion of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">His Majesty's Marine Forces</a>. Protecting the grenadier companies were about 320 <a href="/wiki/Light_infantry" title="Light infantry">light infantry</a> from the 4th, 5th, 10th, 23rd, 38th, 43rd, 47th, 52nd, and 59th Regiments, and the 1st Battalion of the Marines. Each company had its own lieutenant, but the majority of the captains commanding them were volunteers attached to them at the last minute, drawn from all the regiments stationed in Boston. This lack of familiarity between commander and company would cause problems during the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FischerRegiments_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FischerRegiments-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British began to awaken their troops at 9 pm on the night of April 18 and assembled them on the water's edge on the western end of Boston Common by 10 pm. Colonel Smith was late in arriving, and there was no organized boat-loading operation, resulting in confusion at the staging area. The boats used were naval barges that were packed so tightly that there was no room to sit down. When they disembarked near Phipps Farm in Cambridge, it was into waist-deep water at midnight. After a lengthy halt to unload their gear, the regulars began their 17 miles (27 km) march to Concord at about 2 am.<sup id="cite_ref-Tourtellot105_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourtellot105-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the wait they were provided with extra ammunition, cold <a href="/wiki/Salt_pork" title="Salt pork">salt pork</a>, and hard <a href="/wiki/Hardtack" title="Hardtack">sea biscuits</a>. They did not carry knapsacks, since they would not be encamped. They carried their <a href="/wiki/Haversack" title="Haversack">haversacks</a> (food bags), canteens, muskets, and accoutrements, and marched off in wet, muddy shoes and soggy uniforms. As they marched through <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Massachusetts" title="Arlington, Massachusetts">Menotomy</a>, sounds of the colonial alarms throughout the countryside caused the few officers who were aware of their mission to realize they had lost the element of surprise.<sup id="cite_ref-Tourtellot109_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourtellot109-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At about 3 am, Colonel Smith sent Major Pitcairn ahead with six companies of light infantry under orders to quick march to Concord. At about 4 am Smith made the wise but belated decision to send a messenger back to Boston asking for reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer127_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer127-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_of_battle">Order of battle</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continentals">Continentals</h4></div> <p>The continental force included some 4,000 militia and local minuteman companies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Provincial Congress had organized local companies into regiments and brigades with designated commanders, units turned out piecemeal over the course of the day. Thirty towns from the surrounding area sent men into combat with many more on the way. By afternoon, many regimental commands were fundamentally present and acting in a coordinated manner. Several provincial generals were en route to the fighting during the day but not in a position to assert overall command. General William Heath of Roxbury, Massachusetts exerted command of a phase of the fighting toward the day's end.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_Forces">British Forces</h4></div> <p>The British force was organized into:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Column</b> <ul><li>Commander, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Colonel">Lieutenant Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Smith_(British_Army_officer)" title="Francis Smith (British Army officer)">Francis Smith</a></li> <li>Supernumeraries (6 Officers)</li> <li>Mitchell's Party (8+ Officers)</li> <li>Flank Companies (Grenadiers and Light Infantry) from: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_(The_King%27s_Own)_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="4th (The King's Own) Regiment of Foot">4th (The King's Own) Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Regiment of Foot">5th Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="10th Regiment of Foot">10th Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_(The_Royal_Irish)_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="18th (The Royal Irish) Regiment of Foot">18th (The Royal Irish) Regiment of Foot</a> (Grenadiers only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Regiment_of_Foot_(Royal_Welsh_Fusiliers)" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fusiliers)">23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welch Fusiliers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="38th Regiment of Foot">38th Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43rd_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="43rd Regiment of Foot">43rd Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/47th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="47th Regiment of Foot">47th Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/52nd_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="52nd Regiment of Foot">52nd Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/59th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="59th Regiment of Foot">59th Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li>1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Relief Force</b> <ul><li>Commander, <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Percy,_2nd_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="Hugh Percy, 2nd Duke of Northumberland">His Grace Hugh Percy, 2nd Duke of Northumberland</a></li> <li>2 6-pounder guns from 4th Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Artillery" title="Royal Artillery">Royal Artillery</a></li> <li>Battalion Companies from (7 regular companies, these did not include the flank companies): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_(The_King%27s_Own)_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="4th (The King's Own) Regiment of Foot">4th (The King's Own) Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Regiment_of_Foot_(Royal_Welsh_Fusiliers)" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fusiliers)">23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welch Fusiliers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/47th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="47th Regiment of Foot">47th Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li>1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battles">Battles</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexington">Lexington</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Battle of Lexington" redirects here. For the American Civil War battles, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lexington_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Battle of Lexington (disambiguation)">Battle of Lexington (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BEP-DELNOCE-Battle_of_Lexington_(Darley).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/BEP-DELNOCE-Battle_of_Lexington_%28Darley%29.jpg/220px-BEP-DELNOCE-Battle_of_Lexington_%28Darley%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/BEP-DELNOCE-Battle_of_Lexington_%28Darley%29.jpg/330px-BEP-DELNOCE-Battle_of_Lexington_%28Darley%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/BEP-DELNOCE-Battle_of_Lexington_%28Darley%29.jpg/440px-BEP-DELNOCE-Battle_of_Lexington_%28Darley%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9000" data-file-height="11400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing" title="Bureau of Engraving and Printing">BEP</a> <a href="/wiki/Art_and_engraving_on_United_States_banknotes" title="Art and engraving on United States banknotes">engraved</a> vignette <i>Battle of Lexington</i> which appeared on the <a href="/wiki/File:US-NBN-MT-Butte-2566-1875-20-4943-A.jpg" title="File:US-NBN-MT-Butte-2566-1875-20-4943-A.jpg">$20 National Bank Note</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Lexington,_April_19,_1775_(NYPL_b12610192-422627).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Battle_of_Lexington%2C_April_19%2C_1775_%28NYPL_b12610192-422627%29.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Lexington%2C_April_19%2C_1775_%28NYPL_b12610192-422627%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Battle_of_Lexington%2C_April_19%2C_1775_%28NYPL_b12610192-422627%29.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Lexington%2C_April_19%2C_1775_%28NYPL_b12610192-422627%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Battle_of_Lexington%2C_April_19%2C_1775_%28NYPL_b12610192-422627%29.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Lexington%2C_April_19%2C_1775_%28NYPL_b12610192-422627%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2926" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption><i>Battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775</i>, New York Public Library</figcaption></figure> <p>Although often styled a battle, in reality, the engagement at Lexington was a minor brush or skirmish.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the regulars' advance guard under Pitcairn entered Lexington at sunrise on April 19, 1775, about 80 Lexington militiamen emerged from <a href="/wiki/Buckman_Tavern" title="Buckman Tavern">Buckman Tavern</a> and stood in ranks on <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Battle_Green" title="Lexington Battle Green">Lexington common</a> watching them, and between 40 and 100 spectators watched from along the side of the road.<sup id="cite_ref-MilitiaSize_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MilitiaSize-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their leader was Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(captain)" title="John Parker (captain)">John Parker</a>, a veteran of the French and Indian War, who had developed <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> and was at times difficult to hear. Of the militiamen who lined up, nine had the surname Harrington, seven Munroe (including the company's orderly sergeant, <a href="/wiki/William_Munroe_(American_soldier)" title="William Munroe (American soldier)">William Munroe</a>), four Parker, three Tidd, three Locke, and three Reed; fully one-quarter of them were related to Captain Parker in some way.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer158_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer158-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group of militiamen was part of Lexington's <a href="/wiki/Trainband" class="mw-redirect" title="Trainband">"training band"</a>, a way of organizing local militias dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a>, and not what was styled a <i><a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">minuteman company</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer153_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer153-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After having waited most of the night with no sign of any British troops (and wondering if Paul Revere's warning was true), at about 4:15 a.m., Parker got his confirmation.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Bowman" title="Thaddeus Bowman">Thaddeus Bowman</a>, the last scout that Parker had sent out, rode up at a gallop and told him that they were not only coming but coming in force and they were close.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Captain Parker was clearly aware that he was outmatched in the confrontation and was not prepared to sacrifice his men for no purpose. He knew that most of the colonists' powder and military supplies at Concord had already been hidden. No war had been declared. (The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> was more than fourteen months in the future.) He also knew the British had gone on such expeditions before in Massachusetts, found nothing, and marched back to Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parker had every reason to expect that to occur again. The Regulars would march to Concord, find nothing, and return to Boston, tired but empty-handed. He positioned his company carefully. He placed them in <a href="/wiki/Military_parade" title="Military parade">parade-ground formation</a>, on Lexington Common. They were in plain sight (not hiding behind walls), but not blocking the road to Concord. They made a show of political and military determination, but no effort to prevent the march of the Regulars.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many years later, one of the participants recalled Parker's words as being what is now engraved in stone at the site of the battle: "Stand your ground; don't fire unless fired upon, but if they mean to have a war, let it begin here."<sup id="cite_ref-Coburn63_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coburn63-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Parker's sworn deposition taken after the battle: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I ... ordered our Militia to meet on the Common in said Lexington to consult what to do, and concluded not to be discovered, nor meddle or make with said Regular Troops (if they should approach) unless they should insult or molest us; and, upon their sudden Approach, I immediately ordered our Militia to disperse, and not to fire:—Immediately said Troops made their appearance and rushed furiously, fired upon, and killed eight of our Party without receiving any Provocation therefor from us.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas1775_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas1775-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tourtellot123_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourtellot123-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>John Parker</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Rather than turn left towards Concord, Marine Lieutenant Jesse Adair, at the head of the advance guard, decided on his own to protect the flank of the British column by first turning right and then leading the companies onto the Common itself, in a confused effort to surround and disarm the militia. Major Pitcairn arrived from the rear of the advance force and led his three companies to the left and halted them. The remaining companies under Colonel Smith lay further down the road toward Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer189190_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer189190-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_shot">First shot</h4></div> <p>A British officer (probably Pitcairn, but accounts are uncertain, as it may also have been <a href="/wiki/William_Sutherland_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Sutherland (British Army officer)">Lieutenant William Sutherland</a>) then rode forward, waving his sword, and called out for the assembled militia to disperse, and may also have ordered them to "lay down your arms, you damned rebels!"<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Captain Parker told his men instead to disperse and go home, but, because of the confusion, the yelling all around, and due to the raspiness of Parker's tubercular voice, some did not hear him, some left very slowly, and none laid down their arms. Both Parker and Pitcairn ordered their men to hold fire, but a shot was fired from an unknown source.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer190191_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer190191-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Lexington_Detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Battle_of_Lexington_Detail.jpg/240px-Battle_of_Lexington_Detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Battle_of_Lexington_Detail.jpg/360px-Battle_of_Lexington_Detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Battle_of_Lexington_Detail.jpg/480px-Battle_of_Lexington_Detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>The first of four engravings by <a href="/wiki/Amos_Doolittle" title="Amos Doolittle">Amos Doolittle</a> from 1775. Doolittle visited the battle sites and interviewed soldiers and witnesses. Contains controversial elements, possibly inaccuracies. Fire from the militia may have occurred but is not depicted.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[A]t 5 o'clock we arrived [in Lexington], and saw a number of people, I believe between 200 and 300, formed in a common in the middle of town; we still continued advancing, keeping prepared against an attack though without intending to attack them; but on our coming near them they fired on us two shots, upon which our men without any orders, rushed upon them, fired and put them to flight; several of them were killed, we could not tell how many, because they were behind walls and into the woods. We had a man of the 10th light Infantry wounded, nobody else was hurt. We then formed on the Common, but with some difficulty, the men were so wild they could hear no orders; we waited a considerable time there, and at length proceeded our way to Concord.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Lieutenant John Barker, 4th Regiment of Foot</cite></div></blockquote> <p>According to one member of Parker's militia, none of the Americans had discharged their muskets as they faced the oncoming British troops. The British did suffer one casualty, a slight wound, the particulars of which were corroborated by a deposition made by Corporal John Munroe. Munroe stated that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After the first fire of the regulars, I thought, and so stated to Ebenezer Munroe ... who stood next to me on the left, that they had fired nothing but powder; but on the second firing, Munroe stated they had fired something more than powder, for he had received a wound in his arm; and now, said he, to use his own words, "I'll give them the guts of my gun." We then both took aim at the main body of British troops the smoke preventing our seeing anything but the heads of some of their horses and discharged our pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some witnesses among the regulars reported the first shot was fired by a colonial onlooker from behind a hedge or around the corner of a tavern. Some observers reported a mounted British officer firing first. Both sides generally agreed that the initial shot did not come from the men on the ground immediately facing each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer193_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer193-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speculation arose later in Lexington that a man named Solomon Brown fired the first shot from inside the tavern or from behind a wall, but this has been discredited.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer402_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer402-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some witnesses (on each side) claimed that someone on the other side fired first; however, many more witnesses claimed to not know. Yet another theory is that the first shot was fired by the British, one which killed Asahel Porter, their prisoner who was running away (he had been told to walk away and he would be let go, though he panicked and began to run). Historian <a href="/wiki/David_Hackett_Fischer" title="David Hackett Fischer">David Hackett Fischer</a> has proposed that there may actually have been multiple near-simultaneous shots.<sup id="cite_ref-FischerShot_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FischerShot-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Historian Mark Urban said that after telling them to disperse, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Pitcairn signalled his soldiers to move forward and disarm the locals. The sight...of the Americans lowering their weapons and moving off touched [a] nerve...among the British soldiers. For months the local people had abused and taunted them. Instead of a deliberate, orderly walk forward, many [British soldiers] started shouting and cheering, running towards the Americans with...bayonets [still fixed]. Facing this onslaught, one or two of those villagers opened fire...Without orders from Pitcairn, one of the formed British companies levelled its weapons and let fly a crashing volley.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Witnesses at the scene described several intermittent shots fired from both sides before the lines of regulars began to fire volleys without receiving orders to do so. A few of the militiamen believed at first that the regulars were only firing powder with no ball, but when they realized the truth, few if any of the militia managed to load and return fire. The rest ran for their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer194195_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer194195-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We Nathaniel Mulliken, Philip Russell, [and 32 other men ...] do testify and declare, that on the nineteenth in the morning, being informed that ... a body of regulars were marching from Boston towards Concord ... About five o'clock in the morning, hearing our drum beat, we proceeded towards the parade, and soon found that a large body of troops were marching towards us, some of our company were coming to the parade, and others had reached it, at which time, the company began to disperse, whilst our backs were turned on the troops, we were fired on by them, and a number of our men were instantly killed and wounded, not a gun was fired by any person in our company on the regulars to our knowledge before they fired on us, and continued firing until we had all made our escape.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas1775_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas1775-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The regulars then charged forward with bayonets. Captain Parker's cousin, Jonas, was run through. Eight Lexington men were killed, and ten were wounded. The only British casualty was a soldier who was wounded in the thigh. The eight colonists killed were John Brown, Samuel Hadley, Caleb Harrington, Jonathon Harrington, Robert Munroe, Isaac Muzzey, Asahel Porter, and Jonas Parker. Jonathon Harrington, fatally wounded by a British musket ball, managed to crawl back to his home, and died on his own doorstep. One wounded man, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Estabrook" title="Prince Estabrook">Prince Estabrook</a>, was a black slave who was serving in the militia.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The companies under Pitcairn's command got beyond their officers' control in part because they were unaware of the actual purpose of the day's mission. They fired in different directions and prepared to enter private homes. Colonel Smith, who was just arriving with the remainder of the regulars, heard the musket fire and rode forward from the grenadier column to see the action. He quickly found a drummer and ordered him to beat assembly. The grenadiers arrived shortly thereafter, and once order was restored among the soldiers, the light infantry was permitted to fire a victory volley, after which the column was reformed and marched on toward Concord.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer198200_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer198200-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concord">Concord</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_in_Concord_Detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/British_Army_in_Concord_Detail.jpg/240px-British_Army_in_Concord_Detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/British_Army_in_Concord_Detail.jpg/360px-British_Army_in_Concord_Detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/British_Army_in_Concord_Detail.jpg/480px-British_Army_in_Concord_Detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The second of four engravings by <a href="/wiki/Amos_Doolittle" title="Amos Doolittle">Amos Doolittle</a> from 1775, depicting the British entering Concord</figcaption></figure> <p>In response to the raised alarm, the militiamen of Concord and Lincoln had mustered in Concord. They received reports of firing at Lexington and were not sure whether to wait until they could be reinforced by troops from towns nearby, or to stay and defend the town, or to move east and greet the British Army from superior terrain. A column of militia marched down the road toward Lexington to meet the British, traveling about 1.5 miles (2 km) until they met the approaching column of regulars. As the regulars numbered about 700 and the militia at this time only numbered about 250, the militia column turned around and marched back into Concord, preceding the regulars by a distance of about 500 yards (457 m).<sup id="cite_ref-Tourtellot152_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourtellot152-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The militia retreated to a ridge overlooking the town, and their officers discussed what to do next. Caution prevailed, and <a href="/wiki/James_Barrett_(colonel)" title="James Barrett (colonel)">Colonel James Barrett</a> withdrew from the center of town and led the men across the North Bridge to a hill about a mile north, where they could continue to watch the troop movements of the British and the activities in the town center. This step proved fortuitous, as the ranks of the militia continued to grow as minuteman companies arriving from the western towns joined them there.<sup id="cite_ref-Tourtellot154_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourtellot154-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Search_for_militia_supplies">Search for militia supplies</h4></div> <p>When the British troops arrived in the village of Concord, Lt. Col. Smith divided them to carry out Gage's orders. The 10th Regiment's company of grenadiers secured South Bridge under Captain Mundy Pole, while seven companies of light infantry under Captain Parsons, numbering about 100, secured the North Bridge, where they were visible across the cleared fields to the assembling militia companies. Captain Parsons took four companies from the 5th, 23rd, 38th, and 52nd Regiments up the road 2 miles (3.2 km) beyond the North Bridge to search <a href="/wiki/Col._James_Barrett_Farm" title="Col. James Barrett Farm">Barrett's Farm</a>, where intelligence indicated supplies would be found.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham67_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham67-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two companies from the 4th and 10th Regiments were stationed to guard their return route, and one company from the 43rd remained to guard the bridge itself. These companies, which were under the relatively inexperienced command of Captain Walter Laurie, were aware that they were significantly outnumbered by the 400-plus militiamen. The concerned Captain Laurie sent a messenger to Lt. Col. Smith requesting reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer215_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer215-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using detailed information provided by Loyalist spies, the grenadier companies searched the small town for military supplies. When they arrived at Ephraim Jones's tavern, by the jail on the South Bridge road, they found the door barred shut, and Jones refused them entry. According to reports provided by local Loyalists, Pitcairn knew cannon had been buried on the property. Jones was ordered at gunpoint to show where the guns were buried. These turned out to be three massive pieces, firing 24-pound shot, that were much too heavy to use defensively, but very effective against fortifications.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer207_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer207-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grenadiers smashed the <a href="/wiki/Trunnion" title="Trunnion">trunnions</a> of these three guns so they could not be mounted. They also burned some <a href="/wiki/Gun_carriage" title="Gun carriage">gun carriages</a> found in the village meetinghouse, and when the fire spread to the meetinghouse itself, local resident Martha Moulton persuaded the soldiers to help in a <a href="/wiki/Bucket_brigade" title="Bucket brigade">bucket brigade</a> to save the building.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly a hundred barrels of flour and salted food were thrown into the millpond,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (January 2022)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as were 550 pounds of musket balls. Of the damage done, only that done to the cannon was significant. All of the shot and much of the food was recovered after the British left. During the search, the regulars were generally scrupulous in their treatment of the locals, including paying for food and drink consumed. This excessive politeness was used to advantage by the locals, who were able to misdirect searches from several smaller caches of militia supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-Tourtellot155158_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourtellot155158-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barrett's Farm had been an arsenal weeks before, but few weapons remained now, and according to family legend, these were quickly buried in furrows to look like a crop had been planted. The troops sent there did not find any supplies of consequence.<sup id="cite_ref-French197_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French197-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Bridge">North Bridge</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_North_Bridge,_Concord,_Massachusetts,_July_2005.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Old_North_Bridge%2C_Concord%2C_Massachusetts%2C_July_2005.JPG/220px-Old_North_Bridge%2C_Concord%2C_Massachusetts%2C_July_2005.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Old_North_Bridge%2C_Concord%2C_Massachusetts%2C_July_2005.JPG/330px-Old_North_Bridge%2C_Concord%2C_Massachusetts%2C_July_2005.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Old_North_Bridge%2C_Concord%2C_Massachusetts%2C_July_2005.JPG/440px-Old_North_Bridge%2C_Concord%2C_Massachusetts%2C_July_2005.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="1863" /></a><figcaption>The reconstructed North Bridge in Minute Man National Historical Park, Concord</figcaption></figure> <p>Colonel Barrett's troops, upon seeing smoke rising from the village square as the British burned cannon carriages, and seeing only a few light infantry companies directly below them, decided to march back toward the town from their vantage point on <a href="/wiki/Punkatasset_Hill" title="Punkatasset Hill">Punkatasset Hill</a> to a lower, closer flat hilltop about 300 yards (274 m) from the <a href="/wiki/Old_North_Bridge" title="Old North Bridge">North Bridge</a>. As the militia advanced, the two British companies from the 4th and 10th Regiments that held the position near the road retreated to the bridge and yielded the hill to Barrett's men.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer208_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer208-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five full companies of Minutemen and five more of militia from <a href="/wiki/Acton,_Massachusetts" title="Acton, Massachusetts">Acton</a>, Concord, Bedford and Lincoln occupied this hill as more groups of men streamed in, totaling at least 400 against Captain Laurie's light infantry companies, a force totaling 90–95 men. Barrett ordered the Massachusetts men to form one long line two abreast on the highway leading down to the bridge, and then he called for another consultation. While overlooking North Bridge from the top of the hill, Barrett, <a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_(militiaman)" title="John Robinson (militiaman)">Lt. Col. John Robinson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Westford,_Massachusetts" title="Westford, Massachusetts">Westford</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the other captains discussed a possible advance on the bridge. Barrett asked Captain <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Davis_(soldier)" title="Isaac Davis (soldier)">Isaac Davis</a>, who commanded a company of Minutemen from Acton, if his company would be willing to lead the advance. Davis responded, "I'm not afraid to go, and I haven't a man that's afraid to go."<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer209_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer209-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Bridge_Fight_Detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/North_Bridge_Fight_Detail.jpg/240px-North_Bridge_Fight_Detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/North_Bridge_Fight_Detail.jpg/360px-North_Bridge_Fight_Detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/North_Bridge_Fight_Detail.jpg/480px-North_Bridge_Fight_Detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>The third of four engravings by <a href="/wiki/Amos_Doolittle" title="Amos Doolittle">Amos Doolittle</a> from 1775, depicting the engagement at the North Bridge</figcaption></figure> <p>Barrett told the men to load their weapons but not to fire unless fired upon, and then ordered them to advance. Laurie ordered the British companies guarding the bridge to retreat across it. One officer then tried to pull up the loose planks of the bridge to impede the colonial advance, but Major Buttrick began to yell at the regulars to stop harming the bridge. The Minutemen and militia from Concord, Acton, Lincoln and a handful of Westford Minutemen, advanced in column formation, two by two, led by Major Buttrick, Lt. Col. Robinson,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then Capt. Davis,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the light infantry, keeping to the road, since it was surrounded by the spring floodwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Concord_River" title="Concord River">Concord River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer209212_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer209212-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Captain Laurie then made a poor tactical decision. Since his summons for help had not produced any results, he ordered his men to form positions for "street firing" behind the bridge in a column running perpendicular to the river. This formation was appropriate for sending a large volume of fire into a narrow alley between the buildings of a city, but not for an open path behind a bridge. Confusion reigned as regulars retreating over the bridge tried to form up in the street-firing position of the other troops. Lieutenant Sutherland, who was in the rear of the formation, saw Laurie's mistake and ordered flankers to be sent out. But as he was from a company different from the men under his command, only three soldiers obeyed him. The remainder tried as best they could in the confusion to follow the orders of the superior officer.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer212_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer212-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_T_Merrill_1909_North_Bridge_Concord_19_April_1775.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Frank_T_Merrill_1909_North_Bridge_Concord_19_April_1775.jpg/220px-Frank_T_Merrill_1909_North_Bridge_Concord_19_April_1775.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Frank_T_Merrill_1909_North_Bridge_Concord_19_April_1775.jpg/330px-Frank_T_Merrill_1909_North_Bridge_Concord_19_April_1775.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Frank_T_Merrill_1909_North_Bridge_Concord_19_April_1775.jpg/440px-Frank_T_Merrill_1909_North_Bridge_Concord_19_April_1775.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3534" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>A 1909 artist's version of the fight at the North Bridge</figcaption></figure> <p>A shot rang out. It was likely a warning shot fired by a panicked, exhausted British soldier from the 43rd, according to Captain Laurie's report to his commander after the fight. Two other regulars then fired immediately after that, shots splashing in the river, and then the narrow group up front, possibly thinking the order to fire had been given, fired a ragged volley before Laurie could stop them.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two of the Acton Minutemen, Private Abner Hosmer and Captain Isaac Davis, who were at the head of the line marching to the bridge, were hit and killed instantly. Rev. Dr. Ripley recalled: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Americans commenced their march in double file… In a minute or two, the Americans being in quick motion and within ten or fifteen rods of the bridge, a single gun was fired by a British soldier, which marked the way, passing under Col. Robinson's arm and slightly wounding the side of Luther Blanchard, a fifer, in the Acton Company.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Four more men were wounded. Major Buttrick then yelled to the militia, "Fire, for God's sake, fellow soldiers, fire!"<sup id="cite_ref-Tourtellot165_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourtellot165-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point the lines were separated by the Concord River and the bridge, and were only 50 yards (46 m) apart. The few front rows of colonists, bound by the road and blocked from forming a line of fire, managed to fire over each other's heads and shoulders at the regulars massed across the bridge. Four of the eight British officers and sergeants, who were leading from the front of their troops, were wounded by the volley of musket fire. At least three privates (Thomas Smith, Patrick Gray, and James Hall, all from the 4th) were killed or mortally wounded, and nine were wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer214_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer214-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1824, Reverend and Minuteman Joseph Thaxter wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I was an eyewitness to the following facts. The people of Westford and Acton, some few of Concord, were the first who faced the British at Concord bridge. The British had placed about ninety men as a guard at the North Bridge; we had then no certain information that any had been killed at Lexington, we saw the British making destruction in the town of Concord; it was proposed to advance to the bridge; on this Colonel Robinson, of Westford, together with Major Buttrick, took the lead; strict orders were given not to fire, unless the British fired first; when they advanced about halfway on the causeway the British fired one gun, a second, a third, and then the whole body; they killed Colonel Davis, of Acton, and a Mr. Hosmer. Our people then fired over one another's heads, being in a long column, two and two; they killed two and wounded eleven. Lieutenant Hawkstone, said to be the greatest beauty of the British army, had his cheeks so badly wounded that it disfigured him much, of which he bitterly complained. On this, the British fled, and assembled on the hill, the north side of Concord, and dressed their wounded, and then began their retreat. As they descended the hill near the road that comes out from Bedford they were pursued; Colonel Bridge, with a few men from Bedford and Chelmsford, came up, and killed several men.<sup id="cite_ref-thaxter_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thaxter-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The regulars found themselves trapped in a situation where they were both outnumbered and outmaneuvered. Lacking effective leadership and terrified at the superior numbers of the enemy, with their spirit broken, and likely not having experienced combat before, they abandoned their wounded, and fled to the safety of the approaching grenadier companies coming from the town center, isolating Captain Parsons and the companies searching for arms at Barrett's Farm.<sup id="cite_ref-Tourtellot165_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourtellot165-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_the_fight">After the fight</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minuteman_statue_3_-_Old_North_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Minuteman_statue_3_-_Old_North_Bridge.jpg/170px-Minuteman_statue_3_-_Old_North_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Minuteman_statue_3_-_Old_North_Bridge.jpg/255px-Minuteman_statue_3_-_Old_North_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Minuteman_statue_3_-_Old_North_Bridge.jpg/340px-Minuteman_statue_3_-_Old_North_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>"The Minute Man" by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a> at the North Bridge was meant to represent the typical provincial but was also inspired in large part by the story of Capt. Isaac Davis of Acton who died where the statue now stands. It is inscribed with verse from Emerson's "<a href="/wiki/Concord_Hymn" title="Concord Hymn">Concord Hymn</a>".</figcaption></figure> <p>The colonists were stunned by their success. No one had actually believed either side would shoot to kill the other. Some advanced; many more retreated; and some went home to see to the safety of their homes and families. Colonel Barrett eventually began to recover control. He moved some of the militia back to the hilltop 300 yards (274 m) away and sent Major Buttrick with others across the bridge to a defensive position on a hill behind a stone wall.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer214-15_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer214-15-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lieutenant Colonel Smith heard the exchange of fire from his position in the town moments after he received the request for reinforcements from Laurie. He quickly assembled two companies of grenadiers to lead toward the North Bridge himself. As these troops marched, they met the shattered remnants of the three light infantry companies running towards them. Smith was concerned about the four companies that had been at Barrett's since their route to town was now unprotected. When he saw the Minutemen in the distance behind their wall, he halted his two companies and moved forward with only his officers to take a closer look. One of the Minutemen behind that wall observed, "If we had fired, I believe we could have killed almost every officer there was in the front, but we had no orders to fire and there wasn't a gun fired."<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer216_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer216-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a tense standoff lasting about 10 minutes, a mentally ill local man named Elias Brown wandered through both sides selling <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">hard cider</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer216_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer216-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this point, the detachment of regulars sent to Barrett's farm marched back from their fruitless search of that area. They passed through the now mostly-deserted battlefield and saw dead and wounded comrades lying on the bridge. There was one who looked to them as if he had been scalped, which angered and shocked the British soldiers. They crossed the bridge and returned to the town by 11:30 a.m., under the watchful eyes of the colonists, who continued to maintain defensive positions. The regulars continued to search for and destroy colonial military supplies in the town, ate lunch, reassembled for marching, and left Concord after noon. This delay in departure gave colonial militiamen from outlying towns additional time to reach the road back to Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-Tourtellot166168_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourtellot166168-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_march">Return march</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Concord_to_Lexington">Concord to Lexington</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concord_Retreat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Concord_Retreat.png/350px-Concord_Retreat.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Concord_Retreat.png/525px-Concord_Retreat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Concord_Retreat.png/700px-Concord_Retreat.png 2x" data-file-width="3235" data-file-height="1381" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> map showing the retreat from Concord and Percy's rescue</figcaption></figure> <p>Lieutenant Colonel Smith, concerned about the safety of his men, sent flankers to follow a ridge and protect his forces from the roughly 1,000 colonials now in the field as the British marched east out of Concord. This ridge ended near <a href="/wiki/Meriam%27s_Corner" title="Meriam's Corner">Meriam's Corner</a>, a crossroads about a mile (2 km) outside the village of Concord, where the main road came to a bridge across Elm Brook, a tributary of <a href="/wiki/Mill_Brook_(Massachusetts)" title="Mill Brook (Massachusetts)">Mill Brook</a>. To cross the narrow bridge, the British had to pull the flankers back into the main column and close ranks to a mere three soldiers abreast. Colonial militia companies arriving from the north and east had converged at this point and held a clear numerical advantage over the regulars.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British were now witnessing once again what General Gage had hoped to avoid by dispatching the expedition in secrecy and in the dark of night: the ability of the colonial militiamen to rise and converge by the thousands when British forces ventured out of Boston. As the last of the British column marched over the narrow bridge, the British rear guard wheeled and fired a volley at the colonial militiamen, who had been firing irregularly and ineffectively from a distance but now had closed to within musket range.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colonists returned fire, this time with deadly effect. Two regulars were killed and perhaps six wounded, with no colonial casualties. Smith sent out his flanking troops again after crossing the small bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Brooks_Hill" title="Brooks Hill">Brooks Hill</a> (also known as Hardy's Hill) about 1 mile (1.6 km) past Meriam's Corner, nearly 500 militiamen had assembled to the south of the road, awaiting an opportunity to fire down upon the British column on the road below.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith's leading forces charged up the hill to drive them off, but the colonists did not withdraw, inflicting significant casualties on the attackers. Smith withdrew his men from Brooks Hill, and the column continued on to another small bridge into Lincoln, at Brooks Tavern, where more militia companies intensified the attack from the north side of the road. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minute_Man_Statue_Lexington_Massachusetts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Minute_Man_Statue_Lexington_Massachusetts.jpg/170px-Minute_Man_Statue_Lexington_Massachusetts.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Minute_Man_Statue_Lexington_Massachusetts.jpg/255px-Minute_Man_Statue_Lexington_Massachusetts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Minute_Man_Statue_Lexington_Massachusetts.jpg/340px-Minute_Man_Statue_Lexington_Massachusetts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2290" data-file-height="1625" /></a><figcaption>This statue is known as <i>The Lexington Minuteman</i> is commonly believed to depict <a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(captain)" title="John Parker (captain)">Captain John Parker</a>. It is by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson_Kitson" title="Henry Hudson Kitson">Henry Hudson Kitson</a> and stands at the town green of <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Massachusetts" title="Lexington, Massachusetts">Lexington, Massachusetts</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The regulars soon reached a point in the road, now referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Bloody_Angle_(Lexington_and_Concord)" title="Bloody Angle (Lexington and Concord)">Bloody Angle</a>", where the road rises and curves sharply to the left through a lightly wooded area.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this place, the militia company from <a href="/wiki/Woburn,_Massachusetts" title="Woburn, Massachusetts">Woburn</a> had positioned themselves on the southeast side of the bend in the road in a rocky, lightly wooded field. Additional militia flowing parallel to the road from the engagement at Meriam's Corner positioned themselves on the northwest side of the road, catching the British in a crossfire, while other militia companies on the road closed from behind to attack. Some 500 yards (460 m) further along, the road took another sharp curve, this time to the right, and again the British column was caught by another large force of militiamen firing from both sides. In passing through these two sharp curves, the British force lost thirty soldiers killed or wounded, and four colonial militia were also killed, including Captain Jonathan Wilson of <a href="/wiki/Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="Bedford, Massachusetts">Bedford</a>, Captain Nathan Wyman of <a href="/wiki/Billerica,_Massachusetts" title="Billerica, Massachusetts">Billerica</a>, Lt. John Bacon of <a href="/wiki/Natick,_Massachusetts" title="Natick, Massachusetts">Natick</a>, and Daniel Thompson of <a href="/wiki/Woburn,_Massachusetts" title="Woburn, Massachusetts">Woburn</a>. The British soldiers escaped by breaking into a trot, a pace that the colonials could not maintain through the woods and swampy terrain. Colonial forces on the road itself behind the British were too densely packed and disorganized to mount more than a harassing attack from the rear.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer226227_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer226227-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As militia forces from other towns continued to arrive, the colonial forces had risen to about 2,000 men. The road now straightened to the east, with cleared fields and orchards along the sides. Lt. Col. Smith sent out flankers again, who succeeded in trapping some militia from behind and inflicting casualties. British casualties were also mounting from these engagements and from persistent long-range fire from the militiamen, and the exhausted British were running out of ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the British column neared the boundary between Lincoln and Lexington, it encountered another ambush from a hill overlooking the road, set by Captain John Parker's Lexington militiamen, including some of them bandaged up from the encounter in Lexington earlier in the day. At this point, Lt. Col. Smith was wounded in the thigh and knocked from his horse. Major John Pitcairn assumed effective command of the column and sent light infantry companies up the hill to clear the militia forces.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The light infantry cleared two additional hills as the column continued east—"The Bluff" and "Fiske Hill"— and took still more casualties from ambushes set by fresh militia companies joining the battle. In one of the musket volleys from the colonial soldiers, Major Pitcairn's horse bolted in fright, throwing Pitcairn to the ground and injuring his arm.<sup id="cite_ref-Coburn106107_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coburn106107-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now both principal leaders of the expedition were injured or unhorsed, and their men were tired, thirsty, and exhausting their ammunition. A few surrendered or were captured; some now broke formation and ran forward toward Lexington. In the words of one British officer, "we began to run rather than retreat in order. ... We attempted to stop the men and form them two deep, but to no purpose, the confusion increased rather than lessened. ... the officers got to the front and presented their bayonets, and told the men if they advanced they should die. Upon this, they began to form up under heavy fire."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only one British officer remained uninjured among the three companies at the head of the British column as it approached Lexington Center. He understood the column's perilous situation: "There were very few men had any ammunition left, and so fatigued that we could not keep flanking parties out, so that we must soon have laid down our arms, or been picked off by the Rebels at their pleasure—nearer to—and we were not able to keep them off."<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then heard cheering further ahead. A full brigade, about 1,000 men with artillery under the command of Earl Percy, had arrived to rescue them. It was about 2:30 p.m., and the British column had now been on the march since 2 o'clock in the morning.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer232_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer232-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Westford Minuteman, Rev. Joseph Thaxter, wrote of his account: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We pursued them and killed some; when they got to Lexington, they were so close pursued and fatigued, that they must have soon surrendered, had not Lord Percy met them with a large reinforcement and two field-pieces. They fired them, but the balls went high over our heads. But no cannon ever did more execution, such stories of their effects had been spread by the tories through our troops, that from this time more wont back than pursed. We pursued to Charlestown Common, and then retired to Cambridge. When the army collected at Cambridge, Colonel Prescott with his regiment of minute men, and John Robinson, his Lieutenant Colonel, were prompt at being at their post.<sup id="cite_ref-thaxter_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thaxter-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> In their accounts afterward, British officers and soldiers alike noted their frustration that the colonial militiamen fired at them from behind trees and stone walls, rather than confronting them in large, linear formations in the style of European warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This image of the individual colonial farmer, musket in hand and fighting under his own command, has also been fostered in American myth: "Chasing the red-coats down the lane / Then crossing the fields to emerge again / Under the trees at the turn of the road, / And only pausing to fire and load."<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the contrary, beginning at the North Bridge and throughout the British retreat, the colonial militias repeatedly operated as coordinated companies, even when dispersed to take advantage of cover. Reflecting on the British experience that day, Earl Percy understood the significance of the American tactics: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>During the whole affair the Rebels attacked us in a very scattered, irregular manner, but with perseverance & resolution, nor did they ever dare to form into any regular body. Indeed, they knew too well what was proper, to do so. Whoever looks upon them as an irregular mob, will find himself much mistaken. They have men amongst them who know very well what they are about, having been employed as Rangers against the Indians & Canadians, & this country being much covered with wood, and hilly, is very advantageous for their method of fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Percy's_rescue"><span id="Percy.27s_rescue"></span>Percy's rescue</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percy%27s_Rescue_at_Lexington_Detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Percy%27s_Rescue_at_Lexington_Detail.jpg/240px-Percy%27s_Rescue_at_Lexington_Detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Percy%27s_Rescue_at_Lexington_Detail.jpg/360px-Percy%27s_Rescue_at_Lexington_Detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Percy%27s_Rescue_at_Lexington_Detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>The fourth of four engravings by <a href="/wiki/Amos_Doolittle" title="Amos Doolittle">Amos Doolittle</a> from 1775, showing Percy's rescue in Lexington</figcaption></figure> <p>General Gage had anticipated that Lt. Col. Smith's expedition might require reinforcement, so Gage drafted orders for reinforcing units to assemble in Boston at 4 a.m. But in his obsession for secrecy, Gage had sent only one copy of the orders to the adjutant of the 1st Brigade, whose servant then left the envelope on a table. Also at about 4 a.m., the British column was within three miles of Lexington, and Lt. Col. Smith now had a clear indication that all element of surprise had been lost and that alarm was spreading throughout the countryside. So he sent a rider back to Boston with a request for reinforcements. At about 5 a.m., the rider reached Boston, and the 1st Brigade was ordered to assemble: the line infantry companies of the 4th, 23rd, and 47th Regiments, and a battalion of Royal Marines, under the command of Earl Percy. Unfortunately for the British, once again only one copy of the orders was sent to each commander, and the order for the Royal Marines was delivered to the desk of Major John Pitcairn, who was already on the Lexington Common with Smith's column at that hour. After these delays, Percy's brigade, about 1,000 strong, left Boston at about 8:45 a.m., headed toward Lexington. Along the way, the story is told, they marched to the tune of "<a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a>" to taunt the inhabitants of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-French228_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French228-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Battle of Bunker Hill</a> less than two months later, the song would become a popular anthem for the colonial forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham178_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham178-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Percy took the land route across Boston Neck and over the Great Bridge, which some quick-thinking colonists had stripped of its planking to delay the British.<sup id="cite_ref-Tourtellot184185_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourtellot184185-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His men then came upon an absent-minded tutor at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard College</a> and asked him which road would take them to Lexington. The Harvard man, apparently oblivious to the reality of what was happening around him, showed him the proper road without thinking. (He was later compelled to leave the country for inadvertently supporting the enemy.)<sup id="cite_ref-Tourtellot185_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourtellot185-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Percy's troops arrived in Lexington at about 2:00 p.m. They could hear gunfire in the distance as they set up their cannon and deployed lines of regulars on high ground with commanding views of the town. Colonel Smith's men approached like a fleeing mob with the full complement of colonial militia in close formation pursuing them. Percy ordered his artillery to open fire at extreme range, dispersing the colonial militiamen. Smith's men collapsed with exhaustion once they reached the safety of Percy's lines.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer241242_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer241242-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Against the advice of his Master of Ordnance, Percy had left Boston without spare ammunition for his men or for the two artillery pieces they brought with them, thinking the extra wagons would slow him down. Each man in Percy's brigade had only 36 rounds, and each artillery piece was supplied with only a few rounds carried in side-boxes.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer243244_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer243244-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Percy had left the city, Gage directed two ammunition wagons guarded by one officer and thirteen men to follow. This convoy was intercepted by a small party of older, veteran militiamen still on the "alarm list", who could not join their militia companies because they were well over 60 years of age. These men rose up in ambush and demanded the surrender of the wagons, but the regulars ignored them and drove their horses on. The old men opened fire, shot the lead horses, killed two sergeants, and wounded the officer. The British survivors ran, and six of them threw their weapons into a pond before they surrendered.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lexington_to_Menotomy">Lexington to Menotomy</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percys_return.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Percys_return.jpg/220px-Percys_return.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Percys_return.jpg/330px-Percys_return.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Percys_return.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption>Percy's return to Charlestown (detail from 1775 map of the battle)</figcaption></figure> <p>Percy assumed control of the combined forces of about 1,700 men and let them rest, eat, drink, and have their wounds tended at field headquarters (<a href="/wiki/Munroe_Tavern_(Lexington,_Massachusetts)" title="Munroe Tavern (Lexington, Massachusetts)">Munroe Tavern</a>) before resuming the march. They set out from Lexington at about 3:30 p.m., in a formation that emphasized defense along the sides and rear of the column.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer245_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer245-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wounded regulars rode on the cannon and were forced to hop off when they were fired at by gatherings of militia. Percy's men were often surrounded, but they had the tactical advantage of <a href="/wiki/Interior_lines" title="Interior lines">interior lines</a>. Percy could shift his units more easily to where they were needed, while the colonial militia was required to move around the outside of his formation. Percy placed Smith's men in the middle of the column, while the 23rd Regiment's line companies made up the column's rearguard. Because of information provided by Smith and Pitcairn about how the Americans were attacking, Percy ordered the rear guard to be rotated every mile or so, to allow some of his troops to rest briefly. Flanking companies were sent to both sides of the road, and a powerful force of Marines acted as the vanguard to clear the road ahead.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer245_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer245-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the respite at Lexington, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/William_Heath" title="William Heath">William Heath</a> arrived and took command of the militia. Earlier in the day, he had traveled first to <a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts" title="Watertown, Massachusetts">Watertown</a> to discuss tactics with Joseph Warren, who had left Boston that morning, and other members of the <a href="/wiki/Committees_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committees of safety (American Revolution)">Massachusetts Committee of Safety</a>. Heath and Warren reacted to Percy's artillery and flankers by ordering the militiamen to avoid close formations that would attract cannon fire. Instead, they surrounded Percy's marching square with a moving ring of skirmishers at a distance to inflict maximum casualties at minimum risk.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer250_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer250-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few mounted militiamen on the road would dismount, fire muskets at the approaching regulars, then remount and gallop ahead to repeat the tactic. The unmounted militia would often fire from long range, in the hope of hitting somebody in the main column of soldiers on the road and surviving, since both British and colonials used muskets with an effective combat range of about 50 yards (46 m). Infantry units would apply pressure to the sides of the British column. When it moved out of range, those units would move around and forward to re-engage the column further down the road. Heath sent messengers out to intercept arriving militia units, directing them to appropriate places along the road to engage the regulars. Some towns sent supply wagons to assist in feeding and rearming the militia. Heath and Warren led skirmishers in small actions into battle themselves, but it was the presence of effective leadership that probably had the greatest impact on the success of these tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer250_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer250-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jason_Russell_House_-_Arlington,_Massachusetts.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jason_Russell_House_-_Arlington%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/220px-Jason_Russell_House_-_Arlington%2C_Massachusetts.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jason_Russell_House_-_Arlington%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/330px-Jason_Russell_House_-_Arlington%2C_Massachusetts.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jason_Russell_House_-_Arlington%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/440px-Jason_Russell_House_-_Arlington%2C_Massachusetts.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jason_Russell_House" title="Jason Russell House">Jason Russell House</a> in Arlington</figcaption></figure> <p>The fighting grew more intense as Percy's forces crossed from Lexington into Menotomy. Fresh militia poured gunfire into the British ranks from a distance, and individual homeowners began to fight from their own property. Marksmen were also concealed in some homes, forcing the British to clear their path of retreat house by house, a soldier's nightmare. Jason Russell pleaded for his friends to fight alongside him to defend his house by saying, "An Englishman's home is his castle."<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer256_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer256-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stayed and was killed in his doorway. His friends, depending on which account is to be believed, either hid in the cellar or died in the house from bullets and bayonets after shooting at the soldiers who followed them in. The <a href="/wiki/Jason_Russell_House" title="Jason Russell House">Jason Russell House</a> still stands and contains bullet holes from this fight. A total of 21 colonial combatants were killed in the house or on the grounds of the house, as detailed at that page. </p><p>Percy lost control of his men,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (January 2022)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> regulars began to commit atrocities<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (January 2022)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to repay for the supposed scalping at the North Bridge and for their own casualties at the hands of a distant, often unseen enemy. Based on the word of Pitcairn and other wounded officers from Smith's command, Percy had learned that the Minutemen were using stone walls, trees and buildings in these more thickly settled towns closer to Boston to hide behind and shoot at the column. He ordered the <a href="/wiki/Flank_company" title="Flank company">flank companies</a> to clear the colonial militiamen out of such places.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer258_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer258-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the junior officers in the flank parties had difficulty stopping their exhausted, enraged men from killing everyone they found inside these buildings. For example, two innocent drunks who refused to hide in the basement of a tavern in Menotomy were killed only because they were suspected of being involved with the day's events.<sup id="cite_ref-Tourtellot197_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourtellot197-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although many of the accounts of ransacking and burnings were exaggerated later by the colonists for propaganda value (and to get financial compensation from the colonial government), it is certainly true that taverns along the road were ransacked and the liquor stolen by the troops, who in some cases became drunk themselves. One church's <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">communion</a> silver was stolen but was later recovered after it was sold in Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer258_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer258-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aged Menotomy resident <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Whittemore" title="Samuel Whittemore">Samuel Whittemore</a> killed three regulars before he was attacked by a British contingent and left for dead. (He recovered from his wounds and later died in 1793 at age 98.)<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer257_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer257-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All told, far more blood was shed in Menotomy and Cambridge than elsewhere that day. The colonists lost 25 men killed and nine wounded there, and the British lost 40 killed and 80 wounded, with the 47th Foot and the Marines suffering the highest casualties. Each was about half the day's fatalities.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurd181_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurd181-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Menotomy_to_Charlestown">Menotomy to Charlestown</h4></div> <p>The British troops crossed the Menotomy River (today known as <a href="/wiki/Alewife_Brook_Reservation" title="Alewife Brook Reservation">Alewife Brook</a>) into Cambridge, and the fight grew more intense. Fresh militia arrived in close array instead of in a scattered formation, and Percy used his two artillery pieces and flankers at a crossroads called <a href="/wiki/Watson%27s_Corner" title="Watson's Corner">Watson's Corner</a> to inflict heavy damage on them.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer258-60_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer258-60-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earlier in the day, Heath had ordered the Great Bridge to be dismantled. Percy's brigade was about to approach the broken-down bridge and a riverbank filled with militia when Percy directed his troops down a narrow track (now Beech Street, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Porter_Square" title="Porter Square">Porter Square</a>) and onto the road to Charlestown. The militia (now numbering about 4,000) were unprepared for this movement, and the circle of fire was broken. An American force moved to occupy Prospect Hill (in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a>), which dominated the road, but Percy moved his cannon to the front and dispersed them with his last rounds of ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer258_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer258-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large militia force arrived from <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marblehead,_Massachusetts" title="Marblehead, Massachusetts">Marblehead</a>. They might have cut off Percy's route to Charlestown, but these men halted on nearby Winter Hill and allowed the British to escape. Some accused the commander of this force, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Timothy Pickering</a>, of permitting the troops to pass because he still hoped to avoid war by preventing a total defeat of the regulars. Pickering later claimed that he had stopped on Heath's orders, but Heath denied this.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer258_114-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer258-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was nearly dark when Pitcairn's Marines defended a final attack on Percy's rear as they entered Charlestown. The regulars took up strong positions on the hills of Charlestown. Some of them had been without sleep for two days and had marched 40 miles (64 km) in 21 hours, eight hours of which had been spent under fire. But now they held high ground protected by heavy guns from HMS <i>Somerset</i>. Gage quickly sent over line companies of two fresh regiments—the 10th and 64th—to occupy the high ground in Charlestown and build fortifications. Although they were begun, the fortifications were never completed and would later be a starting point for the militia works built two months later in June before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Battle of Bunker Hill</a>. General Heath studied the position of the British Army and decided to withdraw the militia to Cambridge.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer261_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer261-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Boston.Dean.USMA.edu.history.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Siege_of_Boston.Dean.USMA.edu.history.gif/300px-Siege_of_Boston.Dean.USMA.edu.history.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="418" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Siege_of_Boston.Dean.USMA.edu.history.gif/450px-Siege_of_Boston.Dean.USMA.edu.history.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Siege_of_Boston.Dean.USMA.edu.history.gif/600px-Siege_of_Boston.Dean.USMA.edu.history.gif 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>The siege of Boston 1775–1776</figcaption></figure> <p>In the morning, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Boston was surrounded</a> by a huge militia army, numbering over 15,000, which had marched from throughout New England.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks96_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks96-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a>, the rumors of spilled blood were true, and the Revolutionary War had begun. Now under the leadership of General <a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Artemas Ward</a>, who arrived on the 20th and replaced Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/William_Heath" title="William Heath">William Heath</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-McCullough35_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCullough35-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they formed a siege line extending from <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Massachusetts" title="Chelsea, Massachusetts">Chelsea</a>, around the peninsulas of Boston and Charlestown, to <a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston" title="Roxbury, Boston">Roxbury</a>, effectively surrounding Boston on three sides. In the days immediately following, the size of the colonial forces grew, as militias from <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> arrived on the scene.<sup id="cite_ref-Frothingham100_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frothingham100-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> adopted these men into the beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>. Even now, after open warfare had started, Gage still refused to impose <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> in Boston. He persuaded the town's selectmen to surrender all private weapons in return for promising that any inhabitant could leave town.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer265_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer265-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The battle was not a major one in terms of tactics or casualties. However, in terms of supporting the British political strategy behind the <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a> and the military strategy behind the Powder Alarms, the battle was a significant failure because the expedition contributed to the fighting it was intended to prevent, and because few weapons were actually seized.<sup id="cite_ref-Tourtellot203_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourtellot203-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The battle was followed by a war for British political opinion. Within four days of the battle, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress had collected scores of sworn testimonies from militiamen and from British prisoners. When word leaked out a week after the battle that Gage was sending his official description of events to London, the Provincial Congress sent a packet of these detailed depositions, signed by over 100 participants in the events, on a faster ship. The documents were presented to a sympathetic official and printed by the London newspapers two weeks before Gage's report arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks96-97_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks96-97-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gage's official report was too vague on particulars to influence anyone's opinion. <a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">George Germain</a>, no friend of the colonists, wrote, "the Bostonians are in the right to make the King's troops the aggressors and claim a victory".<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer275_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer275-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politicians in London tended to blame Gage for the conflict instead of their own policies and instructions. The British troops in Boston variously blamed General Gage and Colonel Smith for the failures at Lexington and Concord.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer263_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer263-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The day after the battle, <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> left his home in <a href="/wiki/Braintree,_Massachusetts" title="Braintree, Massachusetts">Braintree</a> to ride along the battlefields. He became convinced that "the Die was cast, the <a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Rubicon" title="Crossing the Rubicon">Rubicon crossed</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer279_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer279-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> had previously thought of the argument between the colonies and the Home Country as "a kind of law-suit", but after news of the battle reached him, he "rejected the hardened, sullen-tempered <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of England forever".<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer280_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer280-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> received the news at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a> and wrote to a friend, "the once-happy and peaceful plains of America are either to be drenched in blood or inhabited by slaves. Sad alternative! But can a virtuous man hesitate in his choice?"<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer280_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer280-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of hunters on the frontier named their campsite Lexington when they heard news of the battle in June. It eventually became the city of <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer271_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer271-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_marker_of_British_Soldiers_along_Battle_Road_in_Lexington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Grave_marker_of_British_Soldiers_along_Battle_Road_in_Lexington.jpg/190px-Grave_marker_of_British_Soldiers_along_Battle_Road_in_Lexington.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Grave_marker_of_British_Soldiers_along_Battle_Road_in_Lexington.jpg/285px-Grave_marker_of_British_Soldiers_along_Battle_Road_in_Lexington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Grave_marker_of_British_Soldiers_along_Battle_Road_in_Lexington.jpg/380px-Grave_marker_of_British_Soldiers_along_Battle_Road_in_Lexington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Gravemarkers along <a href="/wiki/Battle_Road" title="Battle Road">Battle Road</a> in Lexington are maintained with Britain's 1775 version of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Flag</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>It was important to the early American government that an image of British fault and American innocence be maintained for this first battle of the war. The history of Patriot preparations, intelligence, warning signals, and uncertainty about the first shot was rarely discussed in the public sphere for decades. The story of the wounded British soldier at the North Bridge, <i><a href="/wiki/Hors_de_combat" title="Hors de combat">hors de combat</a></i>, struck down on the head by a Minuteman using a hatchet, the purported "scalping", was strongly suppressed. Depositions mentioning some of these activities were not published and were returned to the participants (this notably happened to Paul Revere).<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer328_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer328-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paintings portrayed the Lexington fight as an unjustified slaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer328_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer328-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The issue of which side was to blame grew during the early nineteenth century. For example, older participants' testimony in later life about Lexington and Concord differed greatly from their depositions taken under oath in 1775. All now said the British fired first at Lexington, whereas fifty or so years before, they weren't sure. All now said they fired back, but in 1775, they said few were able to. The "Battle" took on an almost mythical quality in the American consciousness. Legend became more important than truth. A complete shift occurred, and the Patriots were portrayed as actively fighting for their cause, rather than as suffering innocents. Paintings of the Lexington skirmish began to portray the militia standing and fighting back in defiance.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer329_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer329-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> immortalized the events at the North Bridge in his 1837 "<a href="/wiki/Concord_Hymn" title="Concord Hymn">Concord Hymn</a>". The "Concord Hymn" became important because it commemorated the beginning of the American Revolution, and that for much of the 19th century it was a means by which Americans learned about the Revolution, helping to forge the identity of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1860, several generations of schoolchildren memorized <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>'s poem "<a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere%27s_Ride" title="Paul Revere's Ride">Paul Revere's Ride</a>". Historically it is inaccurate (for example, Paul Revere never made it to Concord), but it captures the idea that an individual can change the course of history.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer331_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer331-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>By the rude bridge that arched the flood<br />Their flag to April's breeze unfurled<br />Here once the embattled farmers stood<br />And fired the shot heard round the world. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— First verse of <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson's</a> "<a href="/wiki/Concord_Hymn" title="Concord Hymn">Concord Hymn</a>"</cite></div> </div> <p>In the 20th century, popular and historical opinion varied about the events of the historic day, often reflecting the political mood of the time. Isolationist anti-war sentiments before the World Wars bred skepticism about the nature of Paul Revere's contribution (if any) to the efforts to rouse the militia. <a href="/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">Anglophilia</a> in the United States after the turn of the twentieth century led to more balanced approaches to the history of the battle. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, a film about Paul Revere's ride was seized under the <a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a> for promoting discord between the United States and Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer336_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer336-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A minor controversial interpretation holds that the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Point_Pleasant" title="Battle of Point Pleasant">Battle of Point Pleasant</a> on October 10, 1774, in what is now West Virginia was the initial military engagement of the Revolutionary War, and a 1908 United States Senate resolution designated it as such. However, few historians subscribe to this interpretation, even in West Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Revere was used not only as a patriotic symbol, but also as a capitalist one. In 1961, left-wing novelist <a href="/wiki/Howard_Fast" title="Howard Fast">Howard Fast</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/April_Morning" title="April Morning">April Morning</a></i>, an account of the battle from a fictional 15-year-old's perspective, and reading of the book has been frequently assigned in American secondary schools. A film version was produced for television in 1987, starring <a href="/wiki/Chad_Lowe" title="Chad Lowe">Chad Lowe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Lee_Jones" title="Tommy Lee Jones">Tommy Lee Jones</a>. In the 1990s, parallels were drawn between American tactics in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and those of the British Army at Lexington and Concord.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer340_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer340-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site of the battle in Lexington is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Battle_Green" title="Lexington Battle Green">Lexington Battle Green</a>. It has been listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> and is a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>. Several memorials commemorating the battle have been established there. </p><p>The lands surrounding the North Bridge in Concord, as well as approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) of the road along with surrounding lands and period buildings between Meriam's Corner and western Lexington are part of <a href="/wiki/Minute_Man_National_Historical_Park" title="Minute Man National Historical Park">Minute Man National Historical Park</a>. There are walking trails with interpretive displays along routes that the colonists might have used that skirted the road, and the Park Service often has personnel (usually dressed in period dress) offering descriptions of the area and explanations of the events of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-NHPTODO_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHPTODO-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bronze <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">bas relief</a> of Major Buttrick, designed by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a> and executed by <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Thomas_Quinn" title="Edmond Thomas Quinn">Edmond Thomas Quinn</a> in 1915, is in the park, along with French's <i>Minute Man</i> statue.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Battlefield_Trust" title="American Battlefield Trust">American Battlefield Trust</a> and its partners have saved one acre of the battlefield at the site of Parker's Revenge.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four current units of the Massachusetts National Guard units (181st Infantry,<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 182nd Infantry,<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 101st Engineer Battalion,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 125th Quartermaster Company<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are derived from American units that participated in the Battles of Lexington and Concord. <a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard_and_Active_Regular_Army_Units_with_Colonial_Roots" class="mw-redirect" title="Army National Guard and Active Regular Army Units with Colonial Roots">There are only thirty current units of the U.S. Army with colonial roots</a>. </p><p>Several ships of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>, including two <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a>, were named in honor of the Battle of Lexington. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemorations">Commemorations</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minuteman_statue_1_-_Old_North_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Minuteman_statue_1_-_Old_North_Bridge.jpg/220px-Minuteman_statue_1_-_Old_North_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Minuteman_statue_1_-_Old_North_Bridge.jpg/330px-Minuteman_statue_1_-_Old_North_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Minuteman_statue_1_-_Old_North_Bridge.jpg/440px-Minuteman_statue_1_-_Old_North_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Minute_Man" title="The Minute Man">The Minute Man</a></i>, 1874</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a>, an observed <a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">legal holiday</a> is celebrated annually in honor of the battle in Massachusetts. It is recognized by that state, as well as by <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, and by the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> public schools, on the third Monday in April.<sup id="cite_ref-MAHolidays_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAHolidays-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MEHolidays_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEHolidays-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WIHolidays_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIHolidays-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment_in_Concord_and_Lexington,_Massachusetts" title="Historical reenactment in Concord and Lexington, Massachusetts">Re-enactments of Paul Revere's ride are staged, as are the battle on the Lexington Green, and ceremonies and firings are held at the North Bridge</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centennial_commemoration">Centennial commemoration</h3></div> <p>On April 19, 1875, President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> and members of his cabinet joined 50,000 people to mark the 100th anniversary of the battles. The sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a>, <i>The Minute Man</i>, located at the North Bridge, was unveiled on that day. A formal <a href="/wiki/Ball_(dance_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball (dance party)">ball</a> took place in the evening at the Agricultural Hall in Concord.<sup id="cite_ref-Centennial_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Centennial-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sesquicentennial_commemoration">Sesquicentennial commemoration</h3></div> <p>In April 1925, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Post Office</a> issued three stamps commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Battles at Lexington and Concord. The Lexington–Concord commemorative stamps were the first of many commemoratives issued to honor the 150th anniversaries of events that surrounded America's War of Independence. The three stamps were first placed on sale in Washington, D.C., and in five Massachusetts cities and towns that played major roles in the Lexington and Concord story: Lexington, Concord, Boston, Cambridge, and Concord Junction (as <a href="/wiki/West_Concord,_Massachusetts" title="West Concord, Massachusetts">West Concord</a> was then known).<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not to say that other locations were not involved in the battles. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:684px;max-width:684px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:226px;max-width:226px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_at_Cambridge_1925_Issue-2c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Washington_at_Cambridge_1925_Issue-2c.jpg/224px-Washington_at_Cambridge_1925_Issue-2c.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Washington_at_Cambridge_1925_Issue-2c.jpg/336px-Washington_at_Cambridge_1925_Issue-2c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Washington_at_Cambridge_1925_Issue-2c.jpg/448px-Washington_at_Cambridge_1925_Issue-2c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="622" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a> at Cambridge</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:226px;max-width:226px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lexington_and_Concord-2c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lexington_and_Concord-2c.jpg/224px-Lexington_and_Concord-2c.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lexington_and_Concord-2c.jpg/336px-Lexington_and_Concord-2c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lexington_and_Concord-2c.jpg/448px-Lexington_and_Concord-2c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="688" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Shot heard round the World<br /><i>Birth of Liberty</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sandham" title="Henry Sandham">Henry Sandham</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:226px;max-width:226px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lexington_Concord-5c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lexington_Concord-5c.jpg/224px-Lexington_Concord-5c.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lexington_Concord-5c.jpg/336px-Lexington_Concord-5c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lexington_Concord-5c.jpg/448px-Lexington_Concord-5c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="676" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Minute_Man" title="The Minute Man">The Minute Man</a></i><br />by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><big>Issues of 1925</big></div></div></div></div> <p>The events were also commemorated on the 1925 <a href="/wiki/Lexington%E2%80%93Concord_Sesquicentennial_half_dollar" title="Lexington–Concord Sesquicentennial half dollar">Lexington-Concord Sesquicentennial half dollar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bicentennial_commemoration">Bicentennial commemoration</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Start_of_Revolution_1775_Silver_Medal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/USA_Start_of_Revolution_1775_Silver_Medal.jpg/220px-USA_Start_of_Revolution_1775_Silver_Medal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/USA_Start_of_Revolution_1775_Silver_Medal.jpg/330px-USA_Start_of_Revolution_1775_Silver_Medal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/USA_Start_of_Revolution_1775_Silver_Medal.jpg/440px-USA_Start_of_Revolution_1775_Silver_Medal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1874" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>1970 Franklin Mint medallion commemorating Lexington and Concord 1775</figcaption></figure> <p>The Town of Concord invited 700 prominent U.S. citizens and leaders from the worlds of government, the military, the diplomatic corps, the arts, sciences, and humanities to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the battles. On April 19, 1975, as a crowd estimated at 110,000 gathered to view a parade and celebrate the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a> in Concord, President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> delivered a major speech near the North Bridge, which was televised to the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Freedom was nourished in American soil because the principles of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> flourished in our land. These principles, when enunciated 200 years ago, were a dream, not a reality. Today, they are real. Equality has matured in America. Our inalienable rights have become even more sacred. There is no government in our land without <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent of the governed</a>. Many other lands have freely accepted the principles of liberty and freedom in the Declaration of Independence and fashioned their own independent republics. It is these principles, freely taken and freely shared, that have revolutionized the world. The volley fired here at Concord two centuries ago, "the shot heard round the world", still echoes today on this anniversary.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>President Gerald R. Ford</cite></div></blockquote> <p>President Ford laid a wreath at the base of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Minute_Man" title="The Minute Man">The Minute Man</a></i> statue and then respectfully observed as Sir <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ramsbotham" title="Peter Ramsbotham">Peter Ramsbotham</a>, the British Ambassador to the United States, laid a wreath at the grave of British soldiers killed in the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-GFord_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFord-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ActonFifeandDrumCorps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ActonFifeandDrumCorps.jpg/320px-ActonFifeandDrumCorps.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ActonFifeandDrumCorps.jpg/480px-ActonFifeandDrumCorps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ActonFifeandDrumCorps.jpg/640px-ActonFifeandDrumCorps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5606" data-file-height="2901" /></a><figcaption>A citizen of <a href="/wiki/Acton,_Massachusetts" title="Acton, Massachusetts">Acton</a> and Members of the Acton Fife and Drum Corps march to <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Davis_Trail" title="Isaac Davis Trail">Isaac Davis Trail</a> during the 2016 annual <a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a> celebration.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/48px-Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/64px-Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philadelphia" title="Portal:Philadelphia">Philadelphia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">List of American Revolutionary War battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War#Early_engagements" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War#Early engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Massacre" title="Westminster Massacre">Westminster Massacre</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MilitiaSize-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MilitiaSize_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MilitiaSize_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The exact number of militia on the Lexington common when the clash occurred is a matter of debate. <a href="#Coburn">Coburn</a>, pp. 165–167, identifies 77 individuals by name who mustered for the encounter, but he also notes that no official roll was ever submitted to the Provincial Congress. <a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 183, 400, cites contemporaneous accounts and those of other historians that put the number between 50 and 70 militia, but notes that Sylvanus Wood, in an account taken 50 years later, recalled only counting 38 militia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ConcordMilitiaCount-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ConcordMilitiaCount_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chidsey">Chidsey</a>, p. 29, estimates the colonial force at 500 by the time the confrontation occurred at the North Bridge. <a href="#Coburn">Coburn</a>, pp. 80–81, counts about 300 specifically, plus several uncounted companies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The peak strength of militias that massed around the British column on April 19 is uncertain. Many of the militiamen who joined the battle at various locations during the day continued to follow the British column all the way to Charlestown, but some also dropped out and returned home. <a href="#Coburn">Coburn</a> located muster rolls for 79 militia and minute companies engaged that day, listing 3,960 officers and soldiers in all. But there are no tallies for six of these companies, and some units known to be present during the day (such as the Lincoln militia company) are not included at all.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chidsey6-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chidsey6_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chidsey">Chidsey</a>, p. 6. This is the total size of Smith's force.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coburn64-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coburn64_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Coburn">Coburn</a>, p. 64. This force is six light infantry companies under Pitcairn.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coburn77-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coburn77_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Coburn">Coburn</a>, p. 77 and other sources indicate "three companies". <a href="#Chidsey">Chidsey</a>, p. 28 gives a company size "nominally of 28".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coburn114-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coburn114_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Coburn">Coburn</a>, p. 114 gives the size of Percy's force at 1,000. This count reflects that estimate plus the departing strength, less casualties.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chidsey47-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chidsey47_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chidsey47_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chidsey">Chidsey</a>, p. 47, cites all casualty figures except missing-in-action. <a href="#Coburn">Coburn</a>, pp. 156–159, cites by town and name the American losses, and by company the British losses, including missing-in-action (from Gage's report). Chidsey, Coburn, and <a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a> disagree on some American counts: Chidsey and Fischer count 39 wounded, Coburn says 42. Fischer, pp. 320–321, also records 50 American killed-in-action, in contrast to Chidsey and Coburn's 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#French">French</a>, pp. 2, 272–273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190809171845/https://www.lexingtonminutemen.com/captain-parkers-company-of-militia.html">"Captain Parker's Company of Militia"</a>. <i>The Lexington Minute Men</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexingtonminutemen.com/captain-parkers-company-of-militia.html">the original</a> on August 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lexington+Minute+Men&rft.atitle=Captain+Parker%27s+Company+of+Militia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexingtonminutemen.com%2Fcaptain-parkers-company-of-militia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ConcordHymn-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ConcordHymn_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Emerson">Emerson's Concord Hymn</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer30-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer30_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Anderson">Fred Anderson</a>, <i>A People's Army</i>, and <a href="#Shy">John Shy</a>, "A New Look at Colonial Militias", pp. 29–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer51-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer51_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Journalshouse"><i>Journals of the House of Commons</i></a>, Volume 35, February 6, 1775, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer7576-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer7576_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 75–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#French2">French</a>, pp. 23–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hafner">Hafner</a> discusses this incident in detail, noting how the story can be reconciled with other established facts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer85-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer85_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Resolution_17750324-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Resolution_17750324_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/williamsburg-virginia-gazette-apr-21-1775-p-15/">"In Provincial Congress / Concord, March 24, 1775"</a>. <i>The Virginia Gazette</i>. Williamsburg, Virginia. April 21, 1775. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Virginia+Gazette&rft.atitle=In+Provincial+Congress+%2F+Concord%2C+March+24%2C+1775&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1775-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaperarchive.com%2Fwilliamsburg-virginia-gazette-apr-21-1775-p-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tourtellot51-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tourtellot51_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tourtellot">Tourtellot</a>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TourtellotIntel-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TourtellotIntel_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tourtellot">Tourtellot</a>, pp. 71–72 (colonists have intelligence in late March) & p. 87 (Gage receives instructions April 16)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tourtellot70-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tourtellot70_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tourtellot">Tourtellot</a>, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer8085-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer8085_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 80–85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Moore">Moore</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer87-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer87_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer96-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer96_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer96_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Revereltr">Paul Revere</a>, Letter to Jeremy Belknap, January 1798, and <a href="#Reveredep">Paul Revere</a>, Deposition, April 1775.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer97-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer97_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Revereltr">Paul Revere</a>, Letter to Jeremy Belknap, January 1798.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Reveredep">Paul Revere</a>, Deposition of April 1775.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer138-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer138_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 138–145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham60-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham60_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham58-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham58_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tourtellot105-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tourtellot105_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tourtellot105_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tourtellot">Tourtellot</a>, pp. 105–107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FischerRegiments-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FischerRegiments_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 70, 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tourtellot109-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tourtellot109_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tourtellot">Tourtellot</a>, pp. 109–115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer127-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer127_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 127–128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Nafziger" title="George Nafziger">Nafziger, George</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usacac.army.mil/sites/default/files/documents/carl/nafziger/775DAE.pdf">"Battle of Concord 19 April 1775"</a>. United States Army Combined Arms Center.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaughan2018">Daughan</a>, pp. 235–236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army</i> (1994) p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 400</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer158-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer158_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer153-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer153_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tourtellot">Tourtellot</a>, A pp. 116–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 43, 75–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Galvin">Galvin</a>, pp. 120–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coburn63-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coburn63_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Coburn">Coburn</a>, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas1775-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas1775_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas1775_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Thomas">Isaiah Thomas deposition</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tourtellot123-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tourtellot123_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tourtellot">Tourtellot</a>, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer189190-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer189190_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 189–190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deposition of Elijah Sanderson, April 25, 1775: "I heard one of the Regulars, whom I took to be an officer, say 'damn them, we will have them;' and immediately the Regulars shouted aloud, run, and fired on the Lexington Company, which did not fire a gun before the Regulars discharged on them." Deposition of Thomas Price Willard, April 23, 1775: "Directly after this an officer rode before the Regulars to the other side of the body, and hallooed after the militia of said Lexington, and said 'Lay down your arms, damn you; why don't you lay down your arms?'" Deposition of John Robbins, April 25, 1775: "I being in the front rank, there suddenly appeared a number of the King's troops ... at a distance of about sixty or seventy yards from us, huzzaing and on a quick pace toward us, with three officers in their front on horseback, and on full gallop towards us; the foremost of which cried, 'Throw down your arms, ye villains, ye rebels;' upon which said [Lexington] Company dispersing, the foremost of the three officers ordered their men, saying 'Fire, by God, fire;' at which moment we received a very heavy and close fire from them;" <a href="#JournalsContCong">Journals of the Continental Congress</a>, May 11, 1775.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer190191-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer190191_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 190–191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dana">John Barker's Diary, p. 32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motherbedford.com/Chronology06.htm">Chronology06</a>. Motherbedford.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer193-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer193_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer402-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer402_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 402</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FischerShot-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FischerShot_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a> discusses the shot on pp. 193–194, with detailed footnotes on pp. 399–403, in which he discusses some of the testimony in detail.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Urban, pp. 19–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer194195-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer194195_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 194–195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Quarles">Benjamin Quarles</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer198200-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer198200_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 198–200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tourtellot152-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tourtellot152_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tourtellot">Tourtellot</a>, p. 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tourtellot154-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tourtellot154_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tourtellot">Tourtellot</a>, p. 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham67-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham67_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer215-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer215_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer207-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer207_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a> p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Moulton">Martha Moulton deposition</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tourtellot155158-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tourtellot155158_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tourtellot">Tourtellot</a>, pp. 155–158. In his orders to Lt. Col. Smith for the expedition, General Gage had explicitly instructed that "you will take care that the soldiers do not plunder the inhabitants, or hurt private property".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-French197-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-French197_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#French">French</a>, p. 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer208-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer208_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson arrived earlier with several Westford Minutemen after he was alerted by rider at his home in Westford-David Hackett Fischer, Paul Revere's Ride, Oxford, p. 146. George E. Downey, A History of the First Parish of Westford, Town of Westford, 1975, p.27. Allen French, Historic Concord, Cambria, 1942, pp. 66, 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer209-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer209_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1999" class="citation cs2">Ryan, D. Michael (May 1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060822000359/http://www.concordma.com/magazine/may99/davis.html">"The Concord Fight and a Fearless Isaac Davis"</a>, <i>Concord Magazine</i>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40411333">40411333</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.concordma.com/magazine/may99/davis.html">the original</a> on August 22, 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Concord+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Concord+Fight+and+a+Fearless+Isaac+Davis&rft.date=1999-05&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40411333&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=D.+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.concordma.com%2Fmagazine%2Fmay99%2Fdavis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Doolittle print of the battle indicates this after interviews with eyewitness accounts one month after the battle.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rev. Joseph Thaxter from the <i>United States Literary Gazette</i>, Vol 1, p. 264, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305172657/http://westford.com/westford1775/Joseph_Thaxter.html">"The Rev. Joseph Thaxter"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://westford.com/westford1775/Joseph_Thaxter.html">the original</a> on March 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rev.+Joseph+Thaxter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwestford.com%2Fwestford1775%2FJoseph_Thaxter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span> (Letter by Minuteman at the Battle), Concord resident and Witness of the battle Rev. Dr. Ripley in his published account of 1827, Hodgman, Rev. Edwin. History of the Town of Westford, 1659–1883. Lowell: Morning Mail Co., 1883.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer209212-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer209212_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 209–212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer212-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer212_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#French2">French</a>, <i>General Gage's Informers</i>, p. 97. Laurie reported, "I imagine myself that a man of my Company (afterwards killed) did first fire his piece, tho' Mr. [Lt.] Sutherland has since assured me that the Country people fired first."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concord resident and Witness of the battle Rev. Dr. Ripley in his published account of 1827, Hodgman, Rev. Edwin. History of the Town of Westford, 1659–1883. Lowell: Morning Mail Co.,1883, French, Allen. The Day of Concord and Lexington. Boston: Little, Brown, 1925.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tourtellot165-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tourtellot165_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tourtellot165_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tourtellot">Tourtellot</a>, pp. 165–166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer214-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer214_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thaxter-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thaxter_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thaxter_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rev. Joseph Thaxter Letter and news article from the United States Literary Gazette, Vol 1, p. 264 (Rev. Thaxter served as a Minuteman under Lt. Col. Robinson on the Concord Bridge, April 19, 1775</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer214-15-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer214-15_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 214–215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer216-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer216_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer216_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tourtellot166168-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tourtellot166168_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tourtellot">Tourtellot</a>, pp. 166–168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muster rolls for the militia and minute companies converging at this point are included in <a href="#Coburn">Coburn</a>, pp. 7–35. However, as Coburn notes, these rolls are not a complete tally of the militiamen present, because some muster lists were either not submitted or have not been found in archives.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both the British and the local militias were armed with smooth-bore muskets that had an effective range of aimed fire of only 80–100 yards (75–90 m), although the musket ball could have serious effect at a greater distance, if it happened by chance to hit a person. There is no record that any soldiers on either side were armed with longer-range, more accurate rifles. Dr. Benjamin Church, a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and the Committee of Safety, informed General Gage in March 1775, that the colonial militiamen "from their adroitness in the habitual use of the firelock suppose themselves sure of their mark at a distance of 200 rods". Even if Church meant yards rather than rods (600 feet versus 3300 feet), it is unclear whether he was profoundly ignorant of the capabilities of a musket, was exaggerating in order to mislead Gage (as Church later claimed when accused of being a spy), or was ridiculing the American militiamen. See <a href="#Philbrick">Philbrick</a>, p. 92, and <a href="#French">French</a>, pp. 57–58. On whether Church was a spy, see <a href="#French2">French</a>, Chapter V.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#French">French</a>, p. 219, and <a href="#Lister">Lister</a>, <i>Concord Fight, Being So Much of the Narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th Regiment of Foot</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 408–409. Fischer notes conflicting accounts of which militia companies were engaged at this point and the number of militiamen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a> notes on p. 409, "This is not correctly called the Bloody Angle, an error term introduced after the Civil War that is both inaccurate and anachronistic. It has been used uncritically by many historians of the battle and is perpetuated by the National Park Service." The Interim Report of the Boston National Historic Sites Commission, submitted to Congress in 1958 in support of legislation that established the Minute Man National Historical Park, asserted that: "Fittingly, this curving section of the road was <i>soon to be named</i> 'The Bloody Angle'." (p. 47; emphasis added). However, there is no evidence that the term Bloody Angle was ever used by the battle participants or local residents following April 19, 1775, nor did historians use the term prior to the mid-20th century. See Boston National Historic Sites Commission, <i>The Lexington-Concord Battle Road: Interim Report</i>. June 16, 1958.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer226227-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer226227_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 226–227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 232. According to one British officer, ammunition had been wasted earlier in the day out of "too great eagerness of the soldiers in the first action of a war. Most of them were young soldiers who had never been in action, and had been taught that every thing was to be effected by a quick firing. This ineffectual fire gave the rebels more confidence, as they soon found that notwithstanding there was so much [firing], they suffered but little from it." Lt. Frederick Mackenzie, 23rd Royal Welch Fusiliers, <i>Diary of Frederick Mackenzie</i>, in Allen French, editor, <i>A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston</i>, Cambridge, 1926.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 410–411. Fischer notes conflicting accounts about where this ambush—now sometimes referred to as "Parker's Revenge"—took place, whether within Lincoln or Lexington.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coburn106107-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coburn106107_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Coburn">Coburn</a>, pp. 106-107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ensign Henry De Berniere, "Report to General Gage on April 19, 1775", quoted in <a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 231–232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lt. John Barker, The King's Own Regiment, "Diary of a British Soldier", <i>Atlantic Monthly</i>, April 1877, vol. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer232-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer232_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A remark in Lt. Col. Smith's report to General Gage, dated April 22, 1775, is typical: "Notwithstanding the enemy's numbers, they did not make one gallant attempt during so long an action, though our men were so very fatigued, but [instead] kept under cover." Henry S. Commager, editor. <i>Documents of American History</i>, New York, 1948, p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, <i>Paul Revere's Ride</i>, 1861.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lord Percy to General Harvey, April 20, 1775, in Charles Knowles Bolton, editor, <i>Letters of Hugh Earl Percy</i>, Boston, 1902. p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-French228-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-French228_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#French">French</a>, p. 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham178-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham178_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, p. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tourtellot184185-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tourtellot184185_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tourtellot">Tourtellot</a>, pp. 184–185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tourtellot185-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tourtellot185_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tourtellot">Tourtellot</a>, p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer241242-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer241242_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 241–242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer243244-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer243244_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 243–244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are several versions of this story. See <a href="#French">French</a>, p. 230, and <a href="#CITEREFSmith1874">Samuel Abbot Smith</a>, pp. 27–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer245-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer245_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer245_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 245–246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer250-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer250_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer250_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 250–251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer256-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer256_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer258-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer258_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer258_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer258_114-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer258_114-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tourtellot197-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tourtellot197_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tourtellot">Tourtellot</a>, p. 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer257-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer257_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurd181-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hurd181_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hurd">Hurd</a>, p. 181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer258-60-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer258-60_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 258–260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer261-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer261_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks96-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooks96_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brooks">Brooks</a>, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCullough35-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCullough35_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#McCullough">McCullough</a>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frothingham100-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frothingham100_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Frothingham">Frothingham</a>, pp. 100–101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer265-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer265_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tourtellot203-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tourtellot203_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tourtellot">Tourtellot</a>, p. 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks96-97-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooks96-97_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brooks">Brooks</a>, pp. 96–97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#JournalsContCong">Journals of the Continental Congress</a>, pp. 26–44. Images of the original depositions can be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fold3.com/image/474129/">http://www.fold3.com/image/474129/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer275-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer275_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 275–276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer263-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer263_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer279-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer279_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer280-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer280_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer280_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer271-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer271_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer328-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer328_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer328_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 327–328</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer329-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer329_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, p. 329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Napierkowski">Napierkowski</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer331-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer331_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 331–333</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer336-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer336_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 336–338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://archive.wvculture.org/hiStory/journal_wvh/wvh56-5.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180222052445/http://www.wvculture.org/history/journal_wvh/wvh56-5.html">Archived</a> February 22, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer340-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer340_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer</a>, pp. 340–342</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHPTODO-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NHPTODO_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#NHPTODO">Minuteman National Historical Park Things To Do</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1W80430D191F9.6618&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!340743~!0&ri=5&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Quinn,+Edmond+Thomas,+1868-1929,+sculptor.&index=AUTHOR&uindex=&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=5">"John Buttrick Memorial"</a>. Smithsonian Institution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Buttrick+Memorial&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiris-artinventories.si.edu%2Fipac20%2Fipac.jsp%3Fsession%3D1W80430D191F9.6618%26profile%3Dariall%26source%3D~%21siartinventories%26view%3Dsubscriptionsummary%26uri%3Dfull%3D3100001~%21340743~%210%26ri%3D5%26aspect%3DBrowse%26menu%3Dsearch%26ipp%3D20%26spp%3D20%26staffonly%3D%26term%3DQuinn%2C%2BEdmond%2BThomas%2C%2B1868-1929%2C%2Bsculptor.%26index%3DAUTHOR%26uindex%3D%26aspect%3DBrowse%26menu%3Dsearch%26ri%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.battlefields.org/preserve/saved-land">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Battlefield_Trust" title="American Battlefield Trust">American Battlefield Trust</a><span> "Saved Land" webpage.</span> Accessed May 22, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 181st Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1981, pp. 354–355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 182nd Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1981, pp. 355–357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 101st Engineer Battalion</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://states.ng.mil/sites/MA/News/Pages/125th%20Quartermaster%20Company%20honored%20for%20storied%20lineage%20and%20service%20at%20Lexington%20and%20Concord.aspx">Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 125th Quartermaster Company</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120819005540/http://states.ng.mil/sites/MA/News/Pages/125th%20Quartermaster%20Company%20honored%20for%20storied%20lineage%20and%20service%20at%20Lexington%20and%20Concord.aspx">Archived</a> August 19, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAHolidays-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MAHolidays_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#MAHolidays">Massachusetts Legal Holidays</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MEHolidays-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MEHolidays_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#MEHolidays">Maine Legal Holidays</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WIHolidays-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WIHolidays_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#WIHolidays">Wisconsin School Observance Days</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Centennial-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Centennial_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Centennial">Concord Centennial Celebration Report</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott's United States Stamp Catalog: First Day Covers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#FordTime"><i>Time</i>, April 25, 1974.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ford200"><i>The New York Times</i> on Ford's appearance</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GFord-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GFord_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GFord">The American Presidency Project.</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Anderson" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Fred (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peoplesarmymassa00ande"><i>A People's Army: Massachusetts Soldiers & Society in the Seven Years War</i></a></span>. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4576-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4576-9"><bdi>978-0-8078-4576-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+Army%3A+Massachusetts+Soldiers+%26+Society+in+the+Seven+Years+War&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4576-9&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeoplesarmymassa00ande&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bradford" class="citation book cs1">Bradford, Charles H (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EGdIAAAACAAJ"><i>The Battle Road: Expedition to Lexington and Concord</i></a>. Eastern National. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-888213-01-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-888213-01-9"><bdi>1-888213-01-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+Road%3A+Expedition+to+Lexington+and+Concord&rft.pub=Eastern+National&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-888213-01-9&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Charles+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEGdIAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1775" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Edmund (1775). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch1s2.html"><i>Speech on Conciliation with the Colonies, March 22, 1775</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speech+on+Conciliation+with+the+Colonies%2C+March+22%2C+1775&rft.date=1775&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-pubs.uchicago.edu%2Ffounders%2Fdocuments%2Fv1ch1s2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Chidsey" class="citation book cs1">Chidsey, Donald Barr (1966). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/siegeofbostono00chid"><i>The Siege of Boston: An on-the-scene Account of the Beginning of the American Revolution</i></a></span>. New York: Crown. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/890813">890813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Boston%3A+An+on-the-scene+Account+of+the+Beginning+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F890813&rft.aulast=Chidsey&rft.aufirst=Donald+Barr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsiegeofbostono00chid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Coburn" class="citation book cs1">Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cv1IIopyP-kC&pg=PA165"><i>The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions</i></a>. The Lexington historical society. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2494350">2494350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+April+19%2C+1775%3A+In+Lexington%2C+Concord%2C+Lincoln%2C+Arlington%2C+Cambridge%2C+Somerville%2C+and+Charlestown%2C+Massachusetts%3A+Second+Edition+Revised+and+with+Additions&rft.pub=The+Lexington+historical+society&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2494350&rft.aulast=Coburn&rft.aufirst=Frank+Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCv1IIopyP-kC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Dana" class="citation book cs1">Dana, Elizabeth Ellery (1924). <i>The British in Boston: Being the Diary of Lieutenant John Barker of the King's Own Regiment from November 15, 1774 to May 31, 1776</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3235993">3235993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+in+Boston%3A+Being+the+Diary+of+Lieutenant+John+Barker+of+the+King%27s+Own+Regiment+from+November+15%2C+1774+to+May+31%2C+1776&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1924&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3235993&rft.aulast=Dana&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Ellery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaughan2018" class="citation book cs1">Daughan, George C. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTIsDwAAQBAJ"><i>Lexington and Concord: The Battle Heard Round the World</i></a>. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24574-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24574-5"><bdi>978-0-393-24574-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexington+and+Concord%3A+The+Battle+Heard+Round+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-393-24574-5&rft.aulast=Daughan&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZTIsDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2009" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Kenneth C. (2009). <i>America's Hidden History</i>. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-111819-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-111819-7"><bdi>978-0-06-111819-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Hidden+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-06-111819-7&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Emerson" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson, Ralph Waldo</a> (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080709190648/http://www.nps.gov/archive/mima/hymn.htm">"Emerson's Concord Hymn"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/archive/mima/hymn.htm">the original</a> on July 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emerson%27s+Concord+Hymn&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Waldo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farchive%2Fmima%2Fhymn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Centennial" class="citation book cs1">Emerson, Ralph Waldo; Curtis, George William (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hXGkkYf3vQQC"><i>Proceedings at the Centennial Celebration of Concord Fight, April 19, 1875</i></a>. Town of Concord. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781425514518" title="Special:BookSources/9781425514518"><bdi>9781425514518</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4363293">4363293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+at+the+Centennial+Celebration+of+Concord+Fight%2C+April+19%2C+1875&rft.pub=Town+of+Concord&rft.date=1875&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4363293&rft.isbn=9781425514518&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Waldo&rft.au=Curtis%2C+George+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhXGkkYf3vQQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Evelyn" class="citation book cs1">Evelyn, W. Glanville (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iGOHzvhOSUsC&q=W.G.%20Evelyn%20Memoirs&pg=PA94"><i>Memoirs and Letters of Captain W. Glanville Evelyn</i></a>. Oxford: James Parker and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4290-1742-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4290-1742-8"><bdi>978-1-4290-1742-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+and+Letters+of+Captain+W.+Glanville+Evelyn&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=James+Parker+and+Co.&rft.date=1879&rft.isbn=978-1-4290-1742-8&rft.aulast=Evelyn&rft.aufirst=W.+Glanville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiGOHzvhOSUsC%26q%3DW.G.%2520Evelyn%2520Memoirs%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Fischer" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, David Hackett (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=knC-kTFI9_gC"><i>Paul Revere's Ride</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-508847-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-508847-6"><bdi>0-19-508847-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Revere%27s+Ride&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-19-508847-6&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=David+Hackett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DknC-kTFI9_gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span> This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="GFord" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford, Gerald R.</a> (April 19, 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=4847">"Remarks at the Old North Bridge, Concord, Massachusetts"</a>. The American Presidency Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928231016/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=4847">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarks+at+the+Old+North+Bridge%2C+Concord%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.date=1975-04-19&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Gerald+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D4847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench1926" class="citation book cs1">French, Allen (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ABritishFusilierInRevolutionaryBoston_392"><i>A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston</i></a>. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+British+Fusilier+in+Revolutionary+Boston&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FABritishFusilierInRevolutionaryBoston_392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="French" class="citation book cs1">French, Allen (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LdorAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3"><i>The Day of Concord and Lexington</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: Little, Brown & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598832825" title="Special:BookSources/9780598832825"><bdi>9780598832825</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Day+of+Concord+and+Lexington&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+%26+Co&rft.date=1925&rft.isbn=9780598832825&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLdorAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="French2" class="citation book cs1">French, Allen (1932). <i>General Gage's Informers</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ann Arbor">Ann Arbor</a>: University of Michigan Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Gage%27s+Informers&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Frothingham" class="citation book cs1">Frothingham, Richard Jr. (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu9BAAAAIAAJ"><i>History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill</i></a>. Little and Brown. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/221368703">221368703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Siege+of+Boston+and+of+the+Battles+of+Lexington%2C+Concord%2C+and+Bunker+Hill&rft.pub=Little+and+Brown&rft.date=1903&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F221368703&rft.aulast=Frothingham&rft.aufirst=Richard+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCu9BAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Galvin, Gen. John R. <i>The Minute Men: The First Fight: Myths & Realities of the American Revolution</i>, Pergamon-Brassey's, Washington, D.C., 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-036733-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-036733-X">0-08-036733-X</a>. This book provides a military perspective on the battle and its leaders.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hafner" class="citation web cs1">Hafner, Donald L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlib.bc.edu/islandora/object/bc-ir:103654">"The First Blood Shed in the Revolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boston_College" title="Boston College">Boston College</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Blood+Shed+in+the+Revolution&rft.pub=Boston+College&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Hafner&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdlib.bc.edu%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fbc-ir%3A103654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hurd" class="citation book cs1">Hurd, Duane Hamilton (1890). <i>History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, Volume 1: With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men</i>. J. W. Lewis & co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2155461">2155461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Middlesex+County%2C+Massachusetts%2C+Volume+1%3A+With+Biographical+Sketches+of+Many+of+Its+Pioneers+and+Prominent+Men&rft.pub=J.+W.+Lewis+%26+co&rft.date=1890&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2155461&rft.aulast=Hurd&rft.aufirst=Duane+Hamilton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="JournalsContCong" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/hlawquery.html"><i>Journals of the Continental Congress, Vol. II, May 10–September 20, 1775</i></a>. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journals+of+the+Continental+Congress%2C+Vol.+II%2C+May+10%E2%80%93September+20%2C+1775&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1905&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fammem%2Fhlawquery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Journalshouse" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Phg6AQAAMAAJ&q=a%20rebellion%20at%20this%20time%20actually%20exists%20within%20the%20said%20Province&pg=PA99"><i>Journals of the House of Commons, Volume 35</i></a>. 1775.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journals+of+the+House+of+Commons%2C+Volume+35&rft.date=1775&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPhg6AQAAMAAJ%26q%3Da%2520rebellion%2520at%2520this%2520time%2520actually%2520exists%2520within%2520the%2520said%2520Province%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ford200" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Kifner" title="John Kifner">Kifner, John</a> (April 20, 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/20/archives/160000-mark-two-1775-battles-concord-protesters-jeer-ford-president.html">"160,000 Mark Two 1775 Battles; Concord Protesters Jeer Ford"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=160%2C000+Mark+Two+1775+Battles%3B+Concord+Protesters+Jeer+Ford&rft.date=1975-04-20&rft.aulast=Kifner&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1975%2F04%2F20%2Farchives%2F160000-mark-two-1775-battles-concord-protesters-jeer-ford-president.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lister" class="citation book cs1">Lister, Jeremy (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concordfightbein00list"><i>Concord fight, being so much of the narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th regiment of foot as pertains to his services on the 19th of April, 1775, and to his experiences in Boston during the early months of the siege</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concord+fight%2C+being+so+much+of+the+narrative+of+Ensign+Jeremy+Lister+of+the+10th+regiment+of+foot+as+pertains+to+his+services+on+the+19th+of+April%2C+1775%2C+and+to+his+experiences+in+Boston+during+the+early+months+of+the+siege&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcordfightbein00list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Thomas" class="citation book cs1">Massachusetts Provincial Congress (1775). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XyIcOgAACAAJ"><i>A Narrative of the Excursion and Ravages of the King's Troops</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a>: Isaiah Thomas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Narrative+of+the+Excursion+and+Ravages+of+the+King%27s+Troops&rft.place=Worcester&rft.pub=Isaiah+Thomas&rft.date=1775&rft.au=Massachusetts+Provincial+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXyIcOgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Moore" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Frank (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diaryrevolution00moorgoog"><i>The Diary of the Revolution: A Centennial Volume</i></a>. Hartford, CT: J.B. Burr Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+of+the+Revolution%3A+A+Centennial+Volume&rft.place=Hartford%2C+CT&rft.pub=J.B.+Burr+Publishing&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiaryrevolution00moorgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Morrissey" class="citation book cs1">Morrissey, Brendan (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dJlAdSPLi5MC"><i>Boston 1775</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-362-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-362-1"><bdi>1-85532-362-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+1775&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-85532-362-1&rft.aulast=Morrissey&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdJlAdSPLi5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Moulton" class="citation web cs1">Moulton, Martha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/mima/forteachers/upload/Martha%20Moulton.pdf">"Martha Moulton's testimony and reward, 4 Feb 1776"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martha+Moulton%27s+testimony+and+reward%2C+4+Feb+1776&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.aulast=Moulton&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmima%2Fforteachers%2Fupload%2FMartha%2520Moulton.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Napierkowski" class="citation book cs1">Napierkowski, Marie Rose; Ruby, Mary K (1998). <i>Poetry for Students: Presenting Analysis, Context and Criticism on Commonly Studied Poetry</i>. 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Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06431-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06431-1"><bdi>978-0-472-06431-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People+Numerous+%26+Armed&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-472-06431-1&rft.aulast=Shy&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Sawicki" class="citation book cs1">Sawicki, James A. 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Norton">Norton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-00194-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-00194-6"><bdi>0-393-00194-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexington+and+Concord&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=0-393-00194-6&rft.aulast=Tourtellot&rft.aufirst=Arthur+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6WB5HgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Urban" class="citation book cs1">Urban, Mark (2007). <i>Fusiliers: Eight Years with the Red Coats in America</i>. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22486-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22486-9"><bdi>978-0-571-22486-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/153556036">153556036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fusiliers%3A+Eight+Years+with+the+Red+Coats+in+America&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F153556036&rft.isbn=978-0-571-22486-9&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="MEHolidays" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maine.gov/bhr/rules_policies/policy_manual/12_5.htm">"Maine Legal Holidays"</a>. <i>Human Resources Policy and Practices Manual</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Resources+Policy+and+Practices+Manual&rft.atitle=Maine+Legal+Holidays&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maine.gov%2Fbhr%2Frules_policies%2Fpolicy_manual%2F12_5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="MAHolidays" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cishol/holidx.htm">"Massachusetts Legal Holidays"</a>. <i>Citizen Information Service</i>. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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National Park Service Museum Collections. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070524092339/http://www.cr.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/revwar/vafo/vaforifle.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dpi.wi.gov/eis/observe.html">the original</a> on February 8, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wisconsin+Public+School+Observance+Days&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Department+of+Public+Instruction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdpi.wi.gov%2Feis%2Fobserve.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Greenwalt, Phillip S., and Robert Orrison. <i>A Single Blow: The Battles of Lexington and Concord and the Beginning of the American Revolution, April 19, 1775</i>. Emerging Revolutionary War Series. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-379-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-379-9">978-1-61121-379-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Newspaper_articles_published_near_the_time_of_the_battles">Newspaper articles published near the time of the battles</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:17750324_Resolution_-_In_Provincial_Congress_-_John_Hancock_-_The_Virginia_Gazette.jpg">"In Provincial Congress / Concord, March 24, 1775"</a>. <i>The Virginia Gazette</i>. Williamsburg, Virginia. April 21, 1775. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Virginia+Gazette&rft.atitle=In+Provincial+Congress+%2F+Concord%2C+March+24%2C+1775&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1775-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3A17750324_Resolution_-_In_Provincial_Congress_-_John_Hancock_-_The_Virginia_Gazette.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span> – <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Provincial_Congress" title="Massachusetts Provincial Congress">Massachusetts Provincial Congress</a> resolution to put the colony into "a complete state of defense"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:17750420_Hancock_summons_Massachusetts_Provincial_Congress_-_The_Maryland_Gazette.jpg">"In Provincial Congress / April 3, 1775"</a>. <i>The Maryland Gazette</i>. Annapolis, Maryland. April 20, 1775.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Maryland+Gazette&rft.atitle=In+Provincial+Congress+%2F+April+3%2C+1775&rft.date=1775-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3A17750420_Hancock_summons_Massachusetts_Provincial_Congress_-_The_Maryland_Gazette.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span> – John Hancock calling <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Provincial_Congress" title="Massachusetts Provincial Congress">Massachusetts Provincial Congress</a> to assemble, in view of "intelligence received from the last vessels from Great Britain", and related occurrences.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:17750427_Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord_-_The_Maryland_Gazette_(Annapolis).jpg">"The following was received yesterday, hand-bill, by express / Philadelphia April 24, 1775"</a>. <i>The Maryland Gazette</i>. Annapolis, Maryland. April 27, 1775.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Maryland+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+following+was+received+yesterday%2C+hand-bill%2C+by+express+%2F+Philadelphia+April+24%2C+1775&rft.date=1775-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3A17750427_Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord_-_The_Maryland_Gazette_%28Annapolis%29.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span> – An early description of the battles and recited troop strengths and initial casualty reports.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article about <span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lexington_(Massachusetts)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lexington (Massachusetts)">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/mima/">National Park Service site for Minute Man National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexingtonhistory.org/">Buckman Tavern – Lexington Historical Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rjohara.net/gen/wars/minuteman">Why We Remember Lexington and Concord and the 19th of April</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/mima/planyourvisit/the-hancock.htm">Rescued cannon returns to Concord</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generalatomic.com/AmericanHistory/lexington.html">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050411030941/http://www.concordma.com/concordfight/toc.html">Articles about the Concord Fight in <i>Concord Magazine</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revolutionarywaranimated.com/index.php/lexington-and-concord">Animated History of the Battles of Lexington and Concord</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130426054243/http://www.revolutionarywaranimated.com/index.php/lexington-and-concord">Archived</a> April 26, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revolutionaryday.com/usroute20/concord/default.htm">Concord Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice101us.com/merriam.htm">Merriam's Corner</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalvgw.omeka.net/items/show/497/">Lexington Alarm Letter at Van Gorden-Williams Library & Archives</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513192354/http://www.wickedlocal.com/lexington/fun/entertainment/arts/x1605763724">"Colonial towns, by the numbers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wickedlocal.com/lexington/fun/entertainment/arts/x1605763724">the original</a> on May 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colonial+towns%2C+by+the+numbers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wickedlocal.com%2Flexington%2Ffun%2Fentertainment%2Farts%2Fx1605763724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattles+of+Lexington+and+Concord" class="Z3988"></span> Facts and figures on Acton, Bedford, Concord and Lexington of the period, including the rosters of the towns' Minute Men and Militia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20636/20636-8.txt">Statements of American combatants at Lexington and Concord</a> contained in supplement "Official Papers Concerning the Skirmishes at Lexington and Concord" to <i>The Military Journals of Private Soldiers, 1758–1775</i>, by Abraham Tomlinson for the Poughkeepsie, NY, museum, 1855.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Revolutionary_War165" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template talk:American 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title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_%2776_(sentiment)" title="Spirit of '76 (sentiment)">Spirit of '76</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Royalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitt%E2%80%93Newcastle_ministry" title="Pitt–Newcastle ministry">Pitt–Newcastle ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_ministry" title="Bute ministry">Bute ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">First Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rockingham_ministry" title="Second Rockingham ministry">Second Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_ministry" title="Shelburne ministry">Shelburne ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93North_coalition" title="Fox–North coalition">Fox–North coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related British<br />Acts of Parliament</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp</a> up i.p.o</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Liberty" title="Daughters of Liberty">Daughters of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot" title="Black Patriot">Black Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" title="Committee of safety (American Revolution)">Committees of safety</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania">Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">Massachusetts Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">Minutemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Congress" title="Provincial Congress">Provincial Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair">Gaspee affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Combatants_*_Campaigns_*_Theaters_*_Battles_*_Events_*_Colonies165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Combatants</li> <li>Campaigns</li> <li>Theaters</li> <li>Battles</li> <li>Events</li> <li>Colonies</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army#Early_British_Empire" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1707–1815" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#European_allies_of_Britain" title="Germans in the American Revolution">European allies of King George III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Franco-American Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderigue_Hortalez_and_Company" title="Roderigue Hortalez and Company">Hortalez et Cie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#American_and_European_supporters_of_Congress" title="Germans in the American Revolution">German supporters of Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Campaigns and<br />theaters</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern after Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oriskany" title="Battle of Oriskany">Oriskany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Connecticut Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield" title="Battle of Springfield">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Kings Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Cowpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Guilford Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochry%27s_Defeat" title="Lochry's Defeat">Lochry's Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius#"First_Salute"" title="Sint Eustatius">"First Salute"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Entry of France into war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Involvement <span class="nobold">(by <br />colony or location)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Rebel colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut#The_American_Revolution_(1775–1789)" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Line" title="Delaware Line">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Maryland in the American Revolution">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts#Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Revolution:_1775–1815" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Revolution" title="New Jersey in the American Revolution">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York in the American Revolution">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina in the American Revolution">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Revolution#Revolutionary_era_1775-1790" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island in the American Revolution">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution" title="South Carolina in the American Revolution">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Loyal colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia#17th_and_18th_centuries" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_of_Strachur" title="John Campbell, of Strachur">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_of_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser of Lovat">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Knyphausen" title="Wilhelm von Knyphausen">Knyphausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" title="George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Rodney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling" title="William Alexander, Lord Stirling">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Claghorn" title="George Claghorn">Claghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leb%C3%A8gue_Duportail" title="Louis Lebègue Duportail">Duportail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Kalb" title="Johann de Kalb">de Kalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mercer" title="Hugh Mercer">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nicholson" title="Samuel Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">von Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">Witherspoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector,_Count_of_Estaing" title="Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing">d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Urbain_du_Bou%C3%ABxic,_comte_de_Guichen" title="Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen">de Guichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Luzerne" title="Anne-César de La Luzerne">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">de Rochambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Suffren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation 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American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Dogs in the American Revolutionary War">Dogs in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Women in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs of the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_currency_banknotes" title="Continental currency banknotes">Continental currency banknotes</a></li> <li><a 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