CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Apparent magnitude - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"208b8d51-f7a4-45b2-8e63-dec9f8d250fb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Apparent_magnitude","wgTitle":"Apparent magnitude","wgCurRevisionId":1274945637,"wgRevisionId":1274945637,"wgArticleId":1962,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2023","Articles needing additional references from May 2019","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024","Articles needing additional references from September 2019","Observational astronomy","Logarithmic scales of measurement"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Apparent_magnitude","wgRelevantArticleId":1962,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q124313","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands", "architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/65Cyb-LB3-apmag.jpg/1200px-65Cyb-LB3-apmag.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="972"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/65Cyb-LB3-apmag.jpg/800px-65Cyb-LB3-apmag.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="648"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/65Cyb-LB3-apmag.jpg/640px-65Cyb-LB3-apmag.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="518"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Apparent magnitude - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_magnitude"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_magnitude&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_magnitude"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Apparent_magnitude rootpage-Apparent_magnitude skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Apparent+magnitude" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Apparent+magnitude" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Apparent+magnitude" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Apparent+magnitude" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Measurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calculations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calculations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Calculations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Calculations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Calculations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Calculations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Example:_Sun_and_Moon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example:_Sun_and_Moon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Example: Sun and Moon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example:_Sun_and_Moon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnitude_addition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnitude_addition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Magnitude addition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnitude_addition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apparent_bolometric_magnitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apparent_bolometric_magnitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Apparent bolometric magnitude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apparent_bolometric_magnitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absolute_magnitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absolute_magnitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Absolute magnitude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absolute_magnitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_reference_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_reference_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Standard reference values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_reference_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_apparent_magnitudes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_apparent_magnitudes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of apparent magnitudes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_apparent_magnitudes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Apparent magnitude</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheinbare_Helligkeit" title="Scheinbare Helligkeit – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Scheinbare Helligkeit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="قدر ظاهري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قدر ظاهري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnit%C3%BA_aparente" title="Magnitú aparente – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Magnitú aparente" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C9%99n_ulduz_%C3%B6l%C3%A7%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="Görünən ulduz ölçüsü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Görünən ulduz ölçüsü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আপাত মান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আপাত মান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Бачная зорная велічыня – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бачная зорная велічыня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Видима звездна величина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Видима звездна величина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prividna_magnituda" title="Prividna magnituda – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prividna magnituda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitud_aparent" title="Magnitud aparent – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Magnitud aparent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C4%9Bzdn%C3%A1_velikost" title="Hvězdná velikost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hvězdná velikost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheinbare_Helligkeit" title="Scheinbare Helligkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Scheinbare Helligkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4hesuurus" title="Tähesuurus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tähesuurus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Φαινόμενο μέγεθος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φαινόμενο μέγεθος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitud_aparente" title="Magnitud aparente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Magnitud aparente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cajna_magnitudo" title="Ŝajna magnitudo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝajna magnitudo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itxurazko_magnitude" title="Itxurazko magnitude – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itxurazko magnitude" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="قدر ظاهری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قدر ظاهری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_apparente" title="Magnitude apparente – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Magnitude apparente" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_aparente" title="Magnitude aparente – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Magnitude aparente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%89%EB%B3%B4%EA%B8%B0%EB%93%B1%EA%B8%89" title="겉보기등급 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="겉보기등급" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տեսանելի աստղային մեծություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեսանելի աստղային մեծություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="सापेक्ष कांतिमान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सापेक्ष कांतिमान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prividna_magnituda" title="Prividna magnituda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prividna magnituda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitudo_semu" title="Magnitudo semu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Magnitudo semu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_apparente" title="Magnitude apparente – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Magnitude apparente" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitudine_apparente" title="Magnitudine apparente – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Magnitudine apparente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="בהירות נראית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בהירות נראית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94" title="ვარსკვლავიერი სიდიდე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვარსკვლავიერი სიდიდე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwangaza_unaoonekana" title="Mwangaza unaoonekana – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwangaza unaoonekana" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayitid_aparan" title="Mayitid aparan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mayitid aparan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qedra_zahir%C3%AE" title="Qedra zahirî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qedra zahirî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitudo_apparens" title="Magnitudo apparens – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Magnitudo apparens" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redzamais_spo%C5%BEums" title="Redzamais spožums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Redzamais spožums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visuell_Magnitude" title="Visuell Magnitude – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Visuell Magnitude" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimasis_ry%C5%A1kis" title="Regimasis ryškis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Regimasis ryškis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnit%C3%BAd%C3%B3" title="Magnitúdó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magnitúdó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Привидна ѕвездена величина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Привидна ѕвездена величина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ദൃശ്യകാന്തിമാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദൃശ്യകാന്തിമാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="आभासी दृश्यप्रत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आभासी दृश्यप्रत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitud_ketara" title="Magnitud ketara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Magnitud ketara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schijnbare_magnitude" title="Schijnbare magnitude – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schijnbare magnitude" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%8B%E3%81%8B%E3%81%91%E3%81%AE%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A" title="見かけの等級 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="見かけの等級" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiinboor_magnituud" title="Skiinboor magnituud – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Skiinboor magnituud" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilsynelatende_st%C3%B8rrelsesklasse" title="Tilsynelatende størrelsesklasse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tilsynelatende størrelsesklasse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilsynelatande_storleiksklasse" title="Tilsynelatande storleiksklasse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tilsynelatande storleiksklasse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitud_aparenta" title="Magnitud aparenta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Magnitud aparenta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamma_gonkaa" title="Hamma gonkaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Hamma gonkaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%CA%BBrinma_yulduz_kattaligi" title="Koʻrinma yulduz kattaligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koʻrinma yulduz kattaligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%96_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸਾਪੇਖ ਕਾਂਤੀਮਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਪੇਖ ਕਾਂਤੀਮਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obserwowana_wielko%C5%9B%C4%87_gwiazdowa" title="Obserwowana wielkość gwiazdowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obserwowana wielkość gwiazdowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_aparente" title="Magnitude aparente – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Magnitude aparente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitudine_aparent%C4%83" title="Magnitudine aparentă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Magnitudine aparentă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Видимая звёздная величина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Видимая звёздная величина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnit%C3%B9dini_apparenti" title="Magnitùdini apparenti – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Magnitùdini apparenti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%98%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="දෘශ්‍ය විශාලත්වය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දෘශ්‍ය විශාලත්වය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Magnitude (astronomy)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdanliv%C3%A1_hviezdna_ve%C4%BEkos%C5%A5" title="Zdanlivá hviezdna veľkosť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zdanlivá hviezdna veľkosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navidezni_sij" title="Navidezni sij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Navidezni sij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Привидна звездана величина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Привидна звездана величина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prividna_magnituda" title="Prividna magnituda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prividna magnituda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitudi_(t%C3%A4htitiede)" title="Magnitudi (tähtitiede) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Magnitudi (tähtitiede)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skenbar_magnitud" title="Skenbar magnitud – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skenbar magnitud" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliwanag_na_kalakhan" title="Maliwanag na kalakhan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Maliwanag na kalakhan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D" title="தோற்ற ஒளிப்பொலிவெண் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தோற்ற ஒளிப்பொலிவெண்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azal_amaskad" title="Azal amaskad – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azal amaskad" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Йолдызча зурлык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Йолдызча зурлык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8F" title="โชติมาตรปรากฏ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โชติมาตรปรากฏ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadir_(astronomi)" title="Kadir (astronomi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kadir (astronomi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Видима зоряна величина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Видима зоряна величина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A5p_sao_bi%E1%BB%83u_ki%E1%BA%BFn" title="Cấp sao biểu kiến – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cấp sao biểu kiến" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude" title="Magnitude – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Magnitude" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitud_aparente" title="Magnitud aparente – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Magnitud aparente" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" title="视星等 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="视星等" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" title="視星等 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="視星等" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" title="视星等 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="视星等" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q124313#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Apparent_magnitude" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_magnitude&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_magnitude&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_magnitude&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_magnitude&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Apparent_magnitude" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Apparent_magnitude" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_magnitude&oldid=1274945637" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_magnitude&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Apparent_magnitude&id=1274945637&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FApparent_magnitude"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FApparent_magnitude"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Apparent_magnitude&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_magnitude&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q124313" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Brightness of a celestial object observed from the Earth</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more detailed discussion of the history of the magnitude system, see <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">Magnitude (astronomy)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:65Cyb-LB3-apmag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/65Cyb-LB3-apmag.jpg/310px-65Cyb-LB3-apmag.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/65Cyb-LB3-apmag.jpg/465px-65Cyb-LB3-apmag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/65Cyb-LB3-apmag.jpg/620px-65Cyb-LB3-apmag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2203" data-file-height="1784" /></a><figcaption>Asteroid <a href="/wiki/65_Cybele" title="65 Cybele">65 Cybele</a> and two stars in the constellation <a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(constellation)" title="Aquarius (constellation)">Aquarius</a>, with their magnitudes labeled</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Apparent magnitude</b> (<b><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">m</span></b>) is a measure of the <a href="/wiki/Irradiance" title="Irradiance">brightness</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical object</a> or other celestial objects like <a href="/wiki/Artificial_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial satellite">artificial satellites</a>. Its value depends on its intrinsic <a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">luminosity</a>, its distance, and any <a href="/wiki/Extinction_(astronomy)" title="Extinction (astronomy)">extinction</a> of the object's light caused by <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar dust">interstellar dust</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Sightline" class="mw-redirect" title="Sightline">line of sight</a> to the observer. </p><p>Unless stated otherwise, the word <i>magnitude</i> in astronomy usually refers to a celestial object's apparent magnitude. The magnitude scale likely dates to before the ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy#Astronomy_in_the_Greco-Roman_and_Late_Antique_eras" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Roman astronomer</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemy</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Star_catalogue" title="Star catalogue">star catalog</a> popularized the system by listing stars from <a href="/wiki/First-magnitude_star" title="First-magnitude star">1st magnitude</a> (brightest) to 6th magnitude (dimmest).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern scale was mathematically defined to closely match this historical system by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Robert_Pogson" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Robert Pogson">Norman Pogson</a> in 1856. </p><p>The scale is reverse <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_scale" title="Logarithmic scale">logarithmic</a>: the brighter an object is, the lower its <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">magnitude</a> number. A difference of 1.0 in magnitude corresponds to the brightness ratio of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt[{5}]{100}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mroot> <mn>100</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </mroot> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt[{5}]{100}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d26eff2c044a521107db3cf827e04c2b8415691d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.423ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt[{5}]{100}}}"></span>, or about 2.512. For example, a magnitude 2.0 star is 2.512 times as bright as a magnitude 3.0 star, 6.31 times as magnitude 4.0, and 100 times magnitude 7.0. </p><p>The brightest astronomical objects have negative apparent magnitudes: for example, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> at −4.2 or <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a> at −1.46. The faintest stars visible with the <a href="/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a> on the darkest night have apparent magnitudes of about +6.5, though this varies depending on a person's <a href="/wiki/Visual_acuity" title="Visual acuity">eyesight</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_coordinate_system" title="Horizontal coordinate system">altitude</a> and atmospheric conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apparent magnitudes of known objects range from the Sun at −26.832 to objects in deep <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> images of magnitude +31.5.<sup id="cite_ref-AAVSO_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAVSO-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The measurement of apparent magnitude is called <a href="/wiki/Photometry_(astronomy)" title="Photometry (astronomy)">photometry</a>. Photometric measurements are made in the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum#Regions" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">wavelength bands</a> using standard <a href="/wiki/Passband" title="Passband">passband</a> filters belonging to <a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">photometric systems</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/UBV_photometric_system" title="UBV photometric system">UBV system</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B6mgren_photometric_system" title="Strömgren photometric system">Strömgren <i>uvbyβ</i> system</a>. Measurement in the V-band may be referred to as the <b>apparent visual magnitude</b>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude</a> is a related quantity which measures the <a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">luminosity</a> that a celestial object emits, rather than its apparent brightness when observed, and is expressed on the same reverse logarithmic scale. Absolute magnitude is defined as the apparent magnitude that a star or object would have if it were observed from a distance of 10 <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">parsecs</a> (33 light-years; 3.1<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>14</sup> kilometres; 1.9<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>14</sup> miles). Therefore, it is of greater use in <a href="/wiki/Stellar_astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar astrophysics">stellar astrophysics</a> since it refers to a property of a star regardless of how close it is to Earth. But in <a href="/wiki/Observational_astronomy" title="Observational astronomy">observational astronomy</a> and popular <a href="/wiki/Stargazing" class="mw-redirect" title="Stargazing">stargazing</a>, references to "magnitude" are understood to mean apparent magnitude. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amateur_astronomy" title="Amateur astronomy">Amateur astronomers</a> commonly express the darkness of the sky in terms of <a href="/wiki/Limiting_magnitude" title="Limiting magnitude">limiting magnitude</a>, i.e. the apparent magnitude of the faintest star they can see with the naked eye. This can be useful as a way of monitoring the spread of <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a>. </p><p>Apparent magnitude is technically a measure of <a href="/wiki/Illuminance" title="Illuminance">illuminance</a>, which can also be measured in photometric units such as <a href="/wiki/Lux" title="Lux">lux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_magnitude&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Apparent_magnitude#Main_Article_Problems" title="Talk:Apparent magnitude">Talk:Apparent magnitude</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Apparent_magnitude" title="Special:EditPage/Apparent magnitude">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float: center; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Visible to<br />typical<br />human<br />eye<sup id="cite_ref-SIMBAD-mag6.5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMBAD-mag6.5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Apparent<br />magnitude </th> <th>Bright-<br />ness<br />relative<br />to <a href="/wiki/Vega" title="Vega">Vega</a> </th> <th>Number of stars <br /> (other than the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>) <br />brighter than<br />apparent magnitude<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />in the night sky </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9">Yes </td> <td>−1.0</td> <td>251%</td> <td>1 (<a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>0.0</td> <td>100%</td> <td>5 <p><small>(<a href="/wiki/Vega" title="Vega">Vega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canopus" title="Canopus">Canopus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Centauri" title="Alpha Centauri">Alpha Centauri</a>,</small> <small><a href="/wiki/Arcturus" title="Arcturus">Arcturus</a>)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>1.0</td> <td>40%</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>2.0</td> <td>16%</td> <td>48 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>3.0</td> <td>6.3%</td> <td>171 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>4.0</td> <td>2.5%</td> <td>513 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>5.0</td> <td>1.0%</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003160200000000000♠"></span>1602</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>6.0</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003480000000000000♠"></span>4800</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>6.5</td> <td>0.25%</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003910000000000000♠"></span>9100</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">No </td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>7.0</td> <td>0.16%</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004140000000000000♠"></span>14<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>8.0</td> <td>0.063%</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004420000000000000♠"></span>42<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>9.0</td> <td>0.025%</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005121000000000000♠"></span>121<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10.0</td> <td>0.010%</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005340000000000000♠"></span>340<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The scale used to indicate magnitude originates in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic</a> practice of dividing stars visible to the naked eye into six <i>magnitudes</i>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_brightest_stars" title="List of brightest stars">brightest stars</a> in the night sky were said to be of <a href="/wiki/First_magnitude_star" class="mw-redirect" title="First magnitude star">first magnitude</a> (<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">m</span> = 1), whereas the faintest were of sixth magnitude (<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">m</span> = 6), which is the limit of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visual perception</a> (without the aid of a <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a>). Each grade of magnitude was considered twice the brightness of the following grade (a <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_scale" title="Logarithmic scale">logarithmic scale</a>), although that ratio was subjective as no <a href="/wiki/Photodetector" title="Photodetector">photodetectors</a> existed. This rather crude scale for the brightness of stars was popularized by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></i> and is generally believed to have originated with <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a>. This cannot be proved or disproved because Hipparchus's original star catalogue is lost. The only preserved text by Hipparchus himself (a commentary to Aratus) clearly documents that he did not have a system to describe brightness with numbers: He always uses terms like "big" or "small", "bright" or "faint" or even descriptions such as "visible at full moon".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1856, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Robert_Pogson" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Robert Pogson">Norman Robert Pogson</a> formalized the system by defining a first magnitude star as a star that is 100 times as bright as a sixth-magnitude star, thereby establishing the logarithmic scale still in use today. This implies that a star of magnitude <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">m</span> is about 2.512 times as bright as a star of magnitude <span class="texhtml"><i>m</i> + 1</span>. This figure, the <a href="/wiki/Generalized_continued_fraction#Example_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalized continued fraction">fifth root of 100</a>, became known as Pogson's Ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>1884 Harvard Photometry</i> and 1886 <i>Potsdamer Duchmusterung</i> star catalogs popularized Pogson's ratio, and eventually it became a de facto standard in modern astronomy to describe differences in brightness.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Defining and calibrating what magnitude 0.0 means is difficult, and different types of measurements which detect different kinds of light (possibly by using filters) have different zero points. Pogson's original 1856 paper defined magnitude 6.0 to be the faintest star the unaided eye can see,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the true limit for faintest possible visible star varies depending on the atmosphere and how high a star is in the sky. The <i>Harvard Photometry</i> used an average of 100 stars close to Polaris to define magnitude 5.0.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the Johnson UVB photometric system defined multiple types of photometric measurements with different filters, where magnitude 0.0 for each filter is defined to be the average of six stars with the same spectral type as Vega. This was done so the <a href="/wiki/Color_index" title="Color index">color index</a> of these stars would be 0.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this system is often called "Vega normalized", Vega is slightly dimmer than the six-star average used to define magnitude 0.0, meaning Vega's magnitude is normalized to 0.03 by definition. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em; text-align: center;"> <caption>Limiting Magnitudes for Visual Observation at High Magnification<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Telescope<br />aperture<br />(mm) </th> <th>Limiting<br />Magnitude </th></tr> <tr> <td>35 </td> <td>11.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>60 </td> <td>12.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>102 </td> <td>13.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>152 </td> <td>14.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>203 </td> <td>14.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>305 </td> <td>15.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>406 </td> <td>15.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>508 </td> <td>16.4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>With the modern magnitude systems, brightness is described using Pogson's ratio. In practice, magnitude numbers rarely go above 30 before stars become too faint to detect. While Vega is close to magnitude 0, there are four brighter stars in the night sky at visible wavelengths (and more at infrared wavelengths) as well as the bright planets Venus, Mars, and Jupiter, and since brighter means smaller magnitude, these must be described by <i>negative</i> magnitudes. For example, <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>, the brightest star of the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">celestial sphere</a>, has a magnitude of −1.4 in the visible. Negative magnitudes for other very bright astronomical objects can be found in the <a href="#List_of_apparent_magnitudes">table</a> below. </p><p>Astronomers have developed other photometric zero point systems as alternatives to Vega normalized systems. The most widely used is the <a href="/wiki/AB_magnitude" title="AB magnitude">AB magnitude</a> system,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which photometric zero points are based on a hypothetical reference spectrum having constant <a href="/wiki/Spectral_flux_density" title="Spectral flux density">flux per unit frequency interval</a>, rather than using a stellar spectrum or blackbody curve as the reference. The AB magnitude zero point is defined such that an object's AB and Vega-based magnitudes will be approximately equal in the V filter band. However, the AB magnitude system is defined assuming an idealized detector measuring only one wavelength of light, while real detectors accept energy from a range of wavelengths. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_magnitude&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Photometry_(astronomy)" title="Photometry (astronomy)">Photometry (astronomy)</a></div> <p>Precision measurement of magnitude (photometry) requires calibration of the photographic or (usually) electronic detection apparatus. This generally involves contemporaneous observation, under identical conditions, of standard stars whose magnitude using that spectral filter is accurately known. Moreover, as the amount of light actually received by a telescope is reduced due to transmission through the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Airmass" class="mw-redirect" title="Airmass">airmasses</a> of the target and <a href="/wiki/Calibration_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Calibration stars">calibration stars</a> must be taken into account. Typically one would observe a few different stars of known magnitude which are sufficiently similar. Calibrator stars close in the sky to the target are favoured (to avoid large differences in the atmospheric paths). If those stars have somewhat different <a href="/wiki/Zenith_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenith angle">zenith angles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horizontal_coordinate_system#Definition" title="Horizontal coordinate system">altitudes</a>) then a correction factor as a function of airmass can be derived and <a href="/wiki/Photometry_(astronomy)#Calibrations" title="Photometry (astronomy)">applied</a> to the airmass at the target's position. Such calibration obtains the brightness as would be observed from above the atmosphere, where apparent magnitude is defined.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The apparent magnitude scale in astronomy reflects the received power of stars and not their amplitude. Newcomers should consider using the relative brightness measure in astrophotography to adjust exposure times between stars. Apparent magnitude also integrates over the entire object, regardless of its focus, and this needs to be taken into account when scaling exposure times for objects with significant apparent size, like the Sun, Moon and planets. For example, directly scaling the exposure time from the Moon to the Sun works because they are approximately the same size in the sky. However, scaling the exposure from the Moon to Saturn would result in an overexposure if the image of Saturn takes up a smaller area on your sensor than the Moon did (at the same magnification, or more generally, f/#). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calculations">Calculations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_magnitude&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Calculations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VISTA_Magellanic_Cloud_Survey_view_of_the_Tarantula_Nebula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/VISTA_Magellanic_Cloud_Survey_view_of_the_Tarantula_Nebula.jpg/260px-VISTA_Magellanic_Cloud_Survey_view_of_the_Tarantula_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/VISTA_Magellanic_Cloud_Survey_view_of_the_Tarantula_Nebula.jpg/390px-VISTA_Magellanic_Cloud_Survey_view_of_the_Tarantula_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/VISTA_Magellanic_Cloud_Survey_view_of_the_Tarantula_Nebula.jpg/520px-VISTA_Magellanic_Cloud_Survey_view_of_the_Tarantula_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9246" data-file-height="12360" /></a><figcaption>Image of <a href="/wiki/30_Doradus" class="mw-redirect" title="30 Doradus">30 Doradus</a> taken by <a href="/wiki/ESO" class="mw-redirect" title="ESO">ESO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/VISTA_(telescope)" title="VISTA (telescope)">VISTA</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">nebula</a> has a visual magnitude of 8.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apparent_magnitude.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apparent_magnitude.svg/220px-Apparent_magnitude.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apparent_magnitude.svg/330px-Apparent_magnitude.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apparent_magnitude.svg/440px-Apparent_magnitude.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Graph of relative brightness versus magnitude</figcaption></figure> <p>The dimmer an object appears, the higher the numerical value given to its magnitude, with a difference of 5 magnitudes corresponding to a brightness factor of exactly 100. Therefore, the magnitude <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">m</span>, in the <a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">spectral band</a> <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">x</span>, would be given by <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{x}=-5\log _{100}\left({\frac {F_{x}}{F_{x,0}}}\right),}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>100</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{x}=-5\log _{100}\left({\frac {F_{x}}{F_{x,0}}}\right),}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/63248c1c3ac9bb6cd836e2f324f349ca1a7c5cbd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:24.19ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{x}=-5\log _{100}\left({\frac {F_{x}}{F_{x,0}}}\right),}"></span> which is more commonly expressed in terms of <a href="/wiki/Common_logarithm" title="Common logarithm">common (base-10) logarithms</a> as <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{x}=-2.5\log _{10}\left({\frac {F_{x}}{F_{x,0}}}\right),}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2.5</mn> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{x}=-2.5\log _{10}\left({\frac {F_{x}}{F_{x,0}}}\right),}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8115ebb537d0d5cdd0b36b4f8ab593b0f1ce52de" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:25.177ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{x}=-2.5\log _{10}\left({\frac {F_{x}}{F_{x,0}}}\right),}"></span> where <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">F<sub>x</sub></span> is the observed <a href="/wiki/Irradiance" title="Irradiance">irradiance</a> using spectral filter <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">x</span>, and <span class="texhtml"><i>F</i><sub><i>x</i>,0</sub></span> is the reference flux (zero-point) for that <a href="/wiki/Photometric_system#Filters_used" title="Photometric system">photometric filter</a>. Since an increase of 5 magnitudes corresponds to a decrease in brightness by a factor of exactly 100, each magnitude increase implies a decrease in brightness by the factor <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt[{5}]{100}}\approx 2.512}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mroot> <mn>100</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </mroot> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>2.512</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt[{5}]{100}}\approx 2.512}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fed184113e02b2f8b9edcedca0920c0d14661ead" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.818ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt[{5}]{100}}\approx 2.512}"></span> (Pogson's ratio). Inverting the above formula, a magnitude difference <span class="texhtml"><i>m</i><sub>1</sub> − <i>m</i><sub>2</sub> = Δ<i>m</i></span> implies a brightness factor of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {F_{2}}{F_{1}}}=100^{\frac {\Delta m}{5}}=10^{0.4\Delta m}\approx 2.512^{\Delta m}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>100</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> <mn>5</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0.4</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>≈</mo> <msup> <mn>2.512</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {F_{2}}{F_{1}}}=100^{\frac {\Delta m}{5}}=10^{0.4\Delta m}\approx 2.512^{\Delta m}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/629225d9cd46dddc606b34fa74997eb85b9c03c5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:35.976ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {F_{2}}{F_{1}}}=100^{\frac {\Delta m}{5}}=10^{0.4\Delta m}\approx 2.512^{\Delta m}.}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example:_Sun_and_Moon">Example: Sun and Moon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_magnitude&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Example: Sun and Moon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>What is the ratio in brightness between the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and the full <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>?</i> </p><p>The apparent magnitude of the Sun is −26.832<sup id="cite_ref-IAU2015B2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAU2015B2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (brighter), and the mean magnitude of the <a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">full moon</a> is −12.74<sup id="cite_ref-moon-fact_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moon-fact-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (dimmer). </p><p>Difference in magnitude: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=m_{1}-m_{2}=(-12.74)-(-26.832)=14.09.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>12.74</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>26.832</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>14.09.</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=m_{1}-m_{2}=(-12.74)-(-26.832)=14.09.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e0d8a4b65daf6b68a786fa4704075a667967e69e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:47.429ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=m_{1}-m_{2}=(-12.74)-(-26.832)=14.09.}"></span> </p><p>Brightness factor: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{b}=10^{0.4x}=10^{0.4\times 14.09}\approx 432\,513.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0.4</mn> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0.4</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>14.09</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>432</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mn>513.</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{b}=10^{0.4x}=10^{0.4\times 14.09}\approx 432\,513.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/20c488b8ca5ce807b6a160d31d7df395a1e5b380" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:34.65ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{b}=10^{0.4x}=10^{0.4\times 14.09}\approx 432\,513.}"></span> </p><p>The Sun appears to be approximately <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005400000000000000♠"></span>400<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span> times as bright as the full Moon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnitude_addition">Magnitude addition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_magnitude&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Magnitude addition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes one might wish to add brightness. For example, <a href="/wiki/Photometry_(astronomy)" title="Photometry (astronomy)">photometry</a> on closely separated <a href="/wiki/Double_star" title="Double star">double stars</a> may only be able to produce a measurement of their combined light output. To find the combined magnitude of that double star knowing only the magnitudes of the individual components, this can be done by adding the brightness (in linear units) corresponding to each magnitude.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{-m_{f}\times 0.4}=10^{-m_{1}\times 0.4}+10^{-m_{2}\times 0.4}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>×</mo> <mn>0.4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>×</mo> <mn>0.4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>×</mo> <mn>0.4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{-m_{f}\times 0.4}=10^{-m_{1}\times 0.4}+10^{-m_{2}\times 0.4}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d9f4c3aa99c39271d1508bda999d85d66090119b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:35.122ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{-m_{f}\times 0.4}=10^{-m_{1}\times 0.4}+10^{-m_{2}\times 0.4}.}"></span> </p><p>Solving for <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{f}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{f}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a6b1ed1cca247d7fbe5a237f3c266a4e13850185" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.177ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{f}}"></span> yields <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{f}=-2.5\log _{10}\left(10^{-m_{1}\times 0.4}+10^{-m_{2}\times 0.4}\right),}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2.5</mn> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>×</mo> <mn>0.4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>×</mo> <mn>0.4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{f}=-2.5\log _{10}\left(10^{-m_{1}\times 0.4}+10^{-m_{2}\times 0.4}\right),}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3bb50e064277ce97908166e98c6a592ac1974acb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:40.887ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{f}=-2.5\log _{10}\left(10^{-m_{1}\times 0.4}+10^{-m_{2}\times 0.4}\right),}"></span> where <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">m<sub>f</sub></span> is the resulting magnitude after adding the brightnesses referred to by <span class="texhtml"><i>m</i><sub>1</sub></span> and <span class="texhtml"><i>m</i><sub>2</sub></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apparent_bolometric_magnitude">Apparent bolometric magnitude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_magnitude&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Apparent bolometric magnitude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While magnitude generally refers to a measurement in a particular filter band corresponding to some range of wavelengths, the apparent or absolute <b>bolometric magnitude</b> (m<sub>bol</sub>) is a measure of an object's apparent or absolute brightness integrated over all wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum (also known as the object's <a href="/wiki/Irradiance" title="Irradiance">irradiance</a> or power, respectively). The zero point of the apparent bolometric magnitude scale is based on the definition that an apparent bolometric magnitude of 0 mag is equivalent to a received irradiance of 2.518×10<sup>−8</sup> <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a> per square metre (W·m<sup>−2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-IAU2015B2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAU2015B2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absolute_magnitude">Absolute magnitude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_magnitude&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Absolute magnitude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude</a></div> <p>While apparent magnitude is a measure of the brightness of an object as seen by a particular observer, absolute magnitude is a measure of the <i>intrinsic</i> brightness of an object. Flux decreases with distance according to an <a href="/wiki/Inverse-square_law" title="Inverse-square law">inverse-square law</a>, so the apparent magnitude of a star depends on both its absolute brightness and its distance (and any extinction). For example, a star at one distance will have the same apparent magnitude as a star four times as bright at twice that distance. In contrast, the intrinsic brightness of an astronomical object, does not depend on the distance of the observer or any <a href="/wiki/Extinction_(astronomy)" title="Extinction (astronomy)">extinction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The absolute magnitude <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">M</span>, of a star or astronomical object is defined as the apparent magnitude it would have as seen from a distance of 10 parsecs (33 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">ly</a>). The absolute magnitude of the Sun is 4.83 in the V band (visual), 4.68 in the <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia satellite's</a> G band (green) and 5.48 in the B band (blue).<sup id="cite_ref-Bband_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bband-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gband_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gband-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bessell2005_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bessell2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of a planet or asteroid, the absolute magnitude <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">H</span> rather means the apparent magnitude it would have if it were 1 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a> (150,000,000 km) from both the observer and the Sun, and fully illuminated at maximum opposition (a configuration that is only theoretically achievable, with the observer situated on the surface of the Sun).<sup id="cite_ref-Luciuk_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luciuk-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standard_reference_values">Standard reference values</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_magnitude&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Standard reference values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Standard apparent magnitudes and fluxes for typical bands<sup id="cite_ref-UTmags_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UTmags-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Band </th> <th rowspan="2"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">λ</span><br />(μm) </th> <th rowspan="2"><span class="texhtml"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">Δ<i>λ</i></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den"><i>λ</i></span></span>⁠</span></span><br />(<a href="/wiki/Full_width_at_half_maximum" title="Full width at half maximum">FWHM</a>) </th> <th colspan="2">Flux at <span class="texhtml"><i>m</i> = 0</span>, <span class="texhtml"><i>F</i><sub><i>x</i>,0</sub></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jansky" title="Jansky">Jy</a> </th> <th>10<sup>−20</sup> erg/(s·cm<sup>2</sup>·Hz) </th></tr> <tr> <td>U</td> <td>0.36</td> <td>0.15</td> <td>1810</td> <td>1.81 </td></tr> <tr> <td>B</td> <td>0.44</td> <td>0.22</td> <td>4260</td> <td>4.26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>V</td> <td>0.55</td> <td>0.16</td> <td>3640</td> <td>3.64 </td></tr> <tr> <td>R</td> <td>0.64</td> <td>0.23</td> <td>3080</td> <td>3.08 </td></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td>0.79</td> <td>0.19</td> <td>2550</td> <td>2.55 </td></tr> <tr> <td>J</td> <td>1.26</td> <td>0.16</td> <td>1600</td> <td>1.60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>H</td> <td>1.60</td> <td>0.23</td> <td>1080</td> <td>1.08 </td></tr> <tr> <td>K</td> <td>2.22</td> <td>0.23</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>670</td> <td>0.67 </td></tr> <tr> <td>L</td> <td>3.50</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>g</td> <td>0.52</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>3730</td> <td>3.73 </td></tr> <tr> <td>r</td> <td>0.67</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>4490</td> <td>4.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td>i</td> <td>0.79</td> <td>0.16</td> <td>4760</td> <td>4.76 </td></tr> <tr> <td>z</td> <td>0.91</td> <td>0.13</td> <td>4810</td> <td>4.81 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The magnitude scale is a reverse logarithmic scale. A common misconception is that the logarithmic nature of the scale is because the <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">human eye</a> itself has a logarithmic response. In Pogson's time this was thought to be true (see <a href="/wiki/Weber%E2%80%93Fechner_law" title="Weber–Fechner law">Weber–Fechner law</a>), but it is now believed that the response is a <a href="/wiki/Power_law" title="Power law">power law</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Stevens%27_power_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Stevens' power law">Stevens' power law</a>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Magnitude is complicated by the fact that light is not <a href="/wiki/Monochromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic">monochromatic</a>. The sensitivity of a light detector varies according to the wavelength of the light, and the way it varies depends on the type of light detector. For this reason, it is necessary to specify how the magnitude is measured for the value to be meaningful. For this purpose the <a href="/wiki/UBV_system" class="mw-redirect" title="UBV system">UBV system</a> is widely used, in which the magnitude is measured in three different wavelength bands: U (centred at about 350 nm, in the near <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>), B (about 435 nm, in the blue region) and V (about 555 nm, in the middle of the human visual range in daylight). The V band was chosen for spectral purposes and gives magnitudes closely corresponding to those seen by the human eye. When an apparent magnitude is discussed without further qualification, the V magnitude is generally understood.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because cooler stars, such as <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarfs</a>, emit little energy in the blue and UV regions of the spectrum, their power is often under-represented by the UBV scale. Indeed, some <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">L and T class</a> stars have an estimated magnitude of well over 100, because they emit extremely little visible light, but are strongest in <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Measures of magnitude need cautious treatment and it is extremely important to measure like with like. On early 20th century and older orthochromatic (blue-sensitive) <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a>, the relative brightnesses of the blue <a href="/wiki/Supergiant" title="Supergiant">supergiant</a> <a href="/wiki/Rigel" title="Rigel">Rigel</a> and the red supergiant <a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a> irregular variable star (at maximum) are reversed compared to what human eyes perceive, because this archaic film is more sensitive to blue light than it is to red light. Magnitudes obtained from this method are known as <a href="/wiki/Photographic_magnitude" title="Photographic magnitude">photographic magnitudes</a>, and are now considered obsolete.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For objects within the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> with a given absolute magnitude, 5 is added to the apparent magnitude for every tenfold increase in the distance to the object. For objects at very great distances (far beyond the Milky Way), this relationship must be <a href="/wiki/K_correction" title="K correction">adjusted for redshifts</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry" title="Non-Euclidean geometry">non-Euclidean</a> distance measures due to <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-umeh_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umeh-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hogg_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hogg-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For planets and other Solar System bodies, the apparent magnitude is derived from its <a href="/wiki/Phase_curve_(astronomy)" title="Phase curve (astronomy)">phase curve</a> and the distances to the Sun and observer.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_apparent_magnitudes">List of apparent magnitudes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_magnitude&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: List of apparent magnitudes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Apparent_magnitude" title="Special:EditPage/Apparent magnitude">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_brightest_stars" title="List of brightest stars">List of brightest stars</a></div> <p>Some of the listed magnitudes are approximate. Telescope sensitivity depends on observing time, optical bandpass, and interfering light from <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">scattering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airglow" title="Airglow">airglow</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Apparent visual magnitudes of celestial objects </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Apparent<br />magnitude<br />(V) </th> <th width="215px">Object </th> <th>Seen from... </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>−67.57 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">gamma-ray burst</a> <a href="/wiki/GRB_080319B" title="GRB 080319B">GRB 080319B</a> </td> <td>seen from 1 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> away </td> <td>would be over <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7016200000000000000♠"></span>2<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>16</sup></span> (20 quadrillion) times as bright as the Sun when seen from the Earth </td></tr> <tr> <td>−43.27 </td> <td>star <a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_2403_V14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 2403 V14 (page does not exist)">NGC 2403 V14</a> </td> <td>seen from 1 AU away </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−41.82 </td> <td>star <a href="/wiki/NGC_2363-V1" title="NGC 2363-V1">NGC 2363-V1</a> </td> <td>seen from 1 AU away </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−41.39 </td> <td>star <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_OB2-12" title="Cygnus OB2-12">Cygnus OB2-12</a> </td> <td>seen from 1 AU away </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−40.67 </td> <td>star <a href="/wiki/M33-013406.63" title="M33-013406.63">M33-013406.63</a> </td> <td>seen from 1 AU away </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−40.17 </td> <td>star <a href="/wiki/Eta_Carinae" title="Eta Carinae">η Carinae</a> A </td> <td>seen from 1 AU away </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−40.07</td> <td>star <a href="/wiki/Zeta1_Scorpii" title="Zeta1 Scorpii">Zeta<sup>1</sup> Scorpii</a></td> <td>seen from 1 AU away </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−39.66</td> <td>star <a href="/wiki/R136a1" title="R136a1">R136a1</a></td> <td>seen from 1 AU away </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−39.47 </td> <td>star <a href="/wiki/P_Cygni" title="P Cygni">P Cygni</a> </td> <td>seen from 1 AU away </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−38.00</td> <td>star <a href="/wiki/Rigel" title="Rigel">Rigel</a></td> <td>seen from 1 AU away </td> <td>would be seen as a large, very bright bluish disk of 35° apparent diameter </td></tr> <tr> <td>−37.42 </td> <td>star <a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a> </td> <td>seen from 1 AU away </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−30.30</td> <td>star <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a> A</td> <td>seen from 1 AU away </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−29.30</td> <td>star <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></td> <td>seen from <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> at <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−27.40</td> <td>star Sun</td> <td>seen from <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> at perihelion </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−26.832</td> <td>star Sun</td> <td>seen from <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a><sup id="cite_ref-IAU2015B2_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAU2015B2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>about 400,000 times as bright as mean full Moon </td></tr> <tr> <td>−25.60</td> <td>star Sun</td> <td>seen from <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelion">aphelion</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−25.00</td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#EEE;"><i>Minimum brightness that causes the typical eye slight pain to look at</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−23.00</td> <td>star Sun</td> <td>seen from <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> at aphelion </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−21.70</td> <td>star Sun</td> <td>seen from <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> at aphelion </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−21.00</td> <td>star Sun</td> <td>seen from Earth on an overcast midday </td> <td>measuring about 1000 lux </td></tr> <tr> <td>−20.20</td> <td>star Sun</td> <td>seen from <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> at aphelion </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−19.30</td> <td>star Sun</td> <td>seen from <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−19.00</td> <td>star Sun</td> <td>seen from Earth on a very strongly overcast midday </td> <td>measuring about 100 lux </td></tr> <tr> <td>−18.20</td> <td>star Sun</td> <td>seen from <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> at aphelion </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−17.70</td> <td>planet Earth</td> <td>seen fully illuminated as <a href="/wiki/Earthlight_(astronomy)" title="Earthlight (astronomy)">earthlight</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−16.70</td> <td>star Sun</td> <td>seen from <a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> at aphelion </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−16.00</td> <td>star Sun</td> <td>as <a href="/wiki/Twilight" title="Twilight">twilight</a> on Earth </td> <td>measuring about 10 lux<sup id="cite_ref-Polakis_1997_a712_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polakis_1997_a712-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−14.20</td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#EEE;"><i>An illumination level of 1 <a href="/wiki/Lux" title="Lux">lux</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IM08_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IM08-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−12.60</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">full moon</a></td> <td>seen from Earth at perihelion </td> <td>maximum brightness of perigee + perihelion + full Moon (~0.267 lux; mean distance value is −12.74,<sup id="cite_ref-moon-fact_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moon-fact-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though values are about 0.18 magnitude brighter when including the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_surge" title="Opposition surge">opposition effect</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>−12.40</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a> (when supernova)</td> <td>seen from Earth when it goes supernova<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−11.20</td> <td>star Sun</td> <td>seen from <a href="/wiki/90377_Sedna" class="mw-redirect" title="90377 Sedna">Sedna</a> at aphelion </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−10.00</td> <td>Comet <a href="/wiki/Comet_Ikeya%E2%80%93Seki" title="Comet Ikeya–Seki">Ikeya–Seki</a> (1965)</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>which was the brightest <a href="/wiki/Kreutz_Sungrazer" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreutz Sungrazer">Kreutz Sungrazer</a> of modern times<sup id="cite_ref-brightest_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brightest-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−9.50</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iridium_flare" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium flare">Iridium (satellite) flare</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>maximum brightness </td></tr> <tr> <td>−9 to −10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos (moon)</a> </td> <td>seen from Mars </td> <td>maximum brightness </td></tr> <tr> <td>−7.50</td> <td><a href="/wiki/SN_1006" title="SN 1006">supernova of 1006</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>the brightest stellar event in recorded history (7200 light-years away)<sup id="cite_ref-SN1006_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SN1006-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−6.80</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Centauri_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha Centauri A">Alpha Centauri A</a></td> <td>seen from <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_b" title="Proxima Centauri b">Proxima Centauri b</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Siegel_2016_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siegel_2016-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−6.00</td> <td><i>The total <a href="/wiki/Integrated_magnitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated magnitude">integrated magnitude</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Night_sky" title="Night sky">night sky</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Airglow" title="Airglow">airglow</a>)</i></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>measuring about 0.002 lux </td></tr> <tr> <td>−6.00</td> <td><a href="/wiki/SN_1054" title="SN 1054">Crab Supernova of 1054</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>(6500 light-years away)<sup id="cite_ref-SN1054_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SN1054-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−5.90</td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>when the ISS is at its <a href="/wiki/Perigee" class="mw-redirect" title="Perigee">perigee</a> and fully lit by the Sun<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−4.92</td> <td>planet Venus</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>maximum brightness<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when illuminated as a crescent </td></tr> <tr> <td>−4.14</td> <td>planet Venus</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>mean brightness<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−4</td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#EEE;"><i>Faintest objects observable during the day with naked eye when Sun is high</i>. An astronomical object casts human-visible shadows when its apparent magnitude is equal to or lower than −4 <sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−3.99</td> <td>star <a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Canis_Majoris" title="Epsilon Canis Majoris">Epsilon Canis Majoris</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>maximum brightness of 4.7 million years ago, the historical <a href="/wiki/List_of_brightest_stars" title="List of brightest stars">brightest star</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_brightest_stars" title="Historical brightest stars">last and next five million years</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tomkin_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tomkin-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−3.69</td> <td>Moon</td> <td>lit by earthlight, reflecting <a href="/wiki/Earthshine" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthshine">earthshine</a> seen from Earth (maximum)<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−2.98</td> <td>planet Venus</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>minimum brightness during <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">transits</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>−2.94</td> <td>planet Jupiter</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>maximum brightness<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−2.94</td> <td>planet Mars</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>maximum brightness<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−2.5</td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#EEE;"><i>Faintest objects visible during the day with naked eye when Sun is less than 10° above the horizon</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−2.50</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">new moon</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>minimum brightness </td></tr> <tr> <td>−2.50</td> <td>planet Earth</td> <td>seen from Mars </td> <td>maximum brightness </td></tr> <tr> <td>−2.48</td> <td>planet Mercury</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>maximum brightness at <a href="/wiki/Superior_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior conjunction">superior conjunction</a> (unlike Venus, Mercury is at its brightest when on the far side of the Sun, the reason being their different phase curves)<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−2.20</td> <td>planet Jupiter</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>mean brightness<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−1.66</td> <td>planet Jupiter</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>minimum brightness<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr id="Sirius"> <td>−1.47</td> <td>star system Sirius</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>Brightest star except for the Sun at visible wavelengths<sup id="cite_ref-SIMBAD-Sirius_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMBAD-Sirius-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−0.83</td> <td>star <a href="/wiki/Eta_Carinae" title="Eta Carinae">Eta Carinae</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>apparent brightness as a <a href="/wiki/Supernova_impostor" title="Supernova impostor">supernova impostor</a> in April 1843 </td></tr> <tr> <td>−0.72</td> <td>star <a href="/wiki/Canopus_(star)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopus (star)">Canopus</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>2nd brightest star in night sky<sup id="cite_ref-SIMBAD-Canopus_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMBAD-Canopus-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−0.55</td> <td>planet Saturn</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>maximum brightness near opposition and perihelion when the rings are angled toward Earth<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−0.3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet#History" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's comet</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>Expected apparent magnitude at 2061 passage </td></tr> <tr> <td>−0.27</td> <td>star system <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Centauri" title="Alpha Centauri">Alpha Centauri</a> AB</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>Combined magnitude (3rd brightest star in night sky) </td></tr> <tr> <td>−0.04</td> <td>star <a href="/wiki/Arcturus_(star)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcturus (star)">Arcturus</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>4th brightest star to the naked eye<sup id="cite_ref-SIMBAD-Arcturus_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMBAD-Arcturus-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−0.01</td> <td>star Alpha Centauri A</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>4th brightest <i>individual</i> star visible telescopically in the night sky </td></tr> <tr> <td>+0.03</td> <td>star <a href="/wiki/Vega" title="Vega">Vega</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>originally chosen as a definition of the zero point<sup id="cite_ref-SIMBAD-Vega_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMBAD-Vega-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+0.23</td> <td>planet Mercury</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>mean brightness<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+0.46</td> <td>star Sun</td> <td>seen from Alpha Centauri </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+0.46</td> <td>planet Saturn</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>mean brightness<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+0.71</td> <td>planet Mars</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>mean brightness<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+0.90</td> <td>Moon</td> <td>seen from Mars </td> <td>maximum brightness </td></tr> <tr> <td>+1.17</td> <td>planet Saturn</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>minimum brightness<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+1.33</td> <td>star Alpha Centauri B</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+1.86</td> <td>planet Mars</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>minimum brightness<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+1.98</td> <td>star <a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">Polaris</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>mean brightness<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+3.03</td> <td>supernova <a href="/wiki/SN_1987A" title="SN 1987A">SN 1987A</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>in the <a href="/wiki/Large_Magellanic_Cloud" title="Large Magellanic Cloud">Large Magellanic Cloud</a> (160,000 light-years away) </td></tr> <tr id="3"> <td>+3 to +4</td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#EEE;"><i>Faintest stars visible in an urban neighborhood with naked eye</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+2 </td> <td>star system <a href="/wiki/T_Coronae_Borealis" title="T Coronae Borealis">T CrB</a>(when nova) </td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>Star system that goes nova every 80 years </td></tr> <tr> <td>+2.4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a> </td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>About <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">Magnitude</a> during 1986 <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">perihelion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+3.44</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda Galaxy</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>M31<sup id="cite_ref-SIMBAD-M31_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMBAD-M31-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orion_Nebula" title="Orion Nebula">Orion Nebula</a> </td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>M42 </td></tr> <tr> <td>+4.38</td> <td>moon <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>maximum brightness<sup id="cite_ref-horizons-Ganymede_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horizons-Ganymede-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (moon of Jupiter and the largest moon in the Solar System) </td></tr> <tr> <td>+4.50</td> <td>open cluster <a href="/wiki/Messier_41" title="Messier 41">M41</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>an open cluster that may have been seen by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a><sup id="cite_ref-Aristotle_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aristotle-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+4.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_Dwarf_Spheroidal_Galaxy" title="Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy">Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy</a> </td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+5.20</td> <td>asteroid <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>maximum brightness </td></tr> <tr id="Uranus"> <td>+5.38<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>planet Uranus</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>maximum brightness<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Uranus comes to perihelion in 2050) </td></tr> <tr> <td>+5.68</td> <td>planet Uranus</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>mean brightness<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+5.72</td> <td>spiral galaxy <a href="/wiki/Triangulum_Galaxy" title="Triangulum Galaxy">M33</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>which is used as a test for <a href="/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a> seeing under dark skies<sup id="cite_ref-SIMBAD-M33_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMBAD-M33-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M33_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M33-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+5.8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">gamma-ray burst</a> <a href="/wiki/GRB_080319B" title="GRB 080319B">GRB 080319B</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>Peak visual magnitude (the "Clarke Event") seen on Earth on 19 March 2008 from a distance of 7.5 billion light-years. </td></tr> <tr> <td>+6.03</td> <td>planet Uranus</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>minimum brightness<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+6.49</td> <td>asteroid <a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>maximum brightness </td></tr> <tr> <td>+6.5</td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#EEE;"><i>Approximate limit of <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> observed by a <b>mean</b> naked eye observer under very good conditions. There are about 9,500 stars visible to mag 6.5.<sup id="cite_ref-SIMBAD-mag6.5_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMBAD-mag6.5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+6.64</td> <td>dwarf planet <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>maximum brightness </td></tr> <tr> <td>+6.75</td> <td>asteroid <a href="/wiki/7_Iris" title="7 Iris">Iris</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>maximum brightness </td></tr> <tr id="extremegalaxy"> <td>+6.90</td> <td>spiral galaxy <a href="/wiki/Messier_81" title="Messier 81">M81</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>This is an extreme naked-eye target that pushes human eyesight and the Bortle scale to the limit<sup id="cite_ref-SEDS_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEDS-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+7.25</td> <td>planet Mercury</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>minimum brightness<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+7.67<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>planet Neptune</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>maximum brightness<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Neptune comes to perihelion in 2042) </td></tr> <tr> <td>+7.78</td> <td>planet Neptune</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>mean brightness<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+8.00</td> <td>planet Neptune</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>minimum brightness<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr id="extremestar"> <td>+8</td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#EEE;"><i>Extreme naked-eye limit, Class 1 on <a href="/wiki/Bortle_scale" title="Bortle scale">Bortle scale</a>, the darkest skies available on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Bortle_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bortle-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+8.10</td> <td>moon <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>maximum brightness; largest moon of Saturn;<sup id="cite_ref-horizons-Titan_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horizons-Titan-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arval_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arval-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mean opposition magnitude 8.4<sup id="cite_ref-jpl-sat_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpl-sat-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+8.29 </td> <td>star <a href="/wiki/UY_Scuti" title="UY Scuti">UY Scuti</a> </td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>Maximum brightness; one of largest known stars by radius </td></tr> <tr> <td>+8.94</td> <td>asteroid <a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">10 Hygiea</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>maximum brightness<sup id="cite_ref-AstDys-Hygiea_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AstDys-Hygiea-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr id="9"> <td>+9.50</td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#EEE;"><i>Faintest objects visible using common 7×50 <a href="/wiki/Binoculars" title="Binoculars">binoculars</a> under typical conditions<sup id="cite_ref-binoculars_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-binoculars-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">CSM</a> in orbit around the Moon</td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>calculated (Liemohn)<sup id="cite_ref-Physics_and_Astronomy_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Physics_and_Astronomy-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+10 </td> <td>star system <a href="/wiki/T_Coronae_Borealis" title="T Coronae Borealis">T CrB</a>(average) </td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>Star system that goes nova every 80 years </td></tr> <tr> <td>+10.20</td> <td>moon <a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>maximum brightness,<sup id="cite_ref-arval_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arval-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brightest when west of Saturn and takes 40 days to switch sides </td></tr> <tr> <td>+11.05 </td> <td>star <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</a> </td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>closest star (other than the Sun) </td></tr> <tr> <td>+11.8 </td> <td>moon <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> </td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>Maximum brightness; brighter moon of Mars </td></tr> <tr> <td>+12.23 </td> <td>star <a href="/wiki/R136a1" title="R136a1">R136a1</a> </td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>Most luminous and massive star known<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+12.89 </td> <td>moon <a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a> </td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>Maximum brightness </td></tr> <tr> <td>+12.91</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasar</a> <a href="/wiki/3C_273" title="3C 273">3C 273</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>brightest (<a href="/wiki/Luminosity_distance" title="Luminosity distance">luminosity distance</a> of 2.4 billion <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>+13.42</td> <td>moon <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>Maximum brightness<sup id="cite_ref-jpl-sat_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpl-sat-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr id="Pluto"> <td>+13.65</td> <td>dwarf planet <a href="/wiki/Pluto#Observation" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>maximum brightness,<sup id="cite_ref-pluto_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pluto-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 725 times fainter than magnitude 6.5 naked eye skies </td></tr> <tr> <td>+13.9 </td> <td>moon <a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a> </td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>Maximum brightness; brightest moon of Uranus </td></tr> <tr> <td>+14.1 </td> <td>star <a href="/wiki/WR_102" title="WR 102">WR 102</a> </td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>Hottest known star </td></tr> <tr> <td>+15.4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(minor_planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaur (minor planet)">centaur</a> <a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron" title="2060 Chiron">Chiron</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>maximum brightness<sup id="cite_ref-AstDys-Chiron_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AstDys-Chiron-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+15.55</td> <td>moon <a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>maximum brightness (the largest moon of Pluto) </td></tr> <tr> <td>+16.8</td> <td>dwarf planet <a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>Current <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy_and_astrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition (astronomy and astrology)">opposition</a> brightness<sup id="cite_ref-AstDys-Makemake_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AstDys-Makemake-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr id="17"> <td>+17.27</td> <td>dwarf planet <a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>Current opposition brightness<sup id="cite_ref-AstDys-Haumea_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AstDys-Haumea-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+18.7</td> <td>dwarf planet <a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>Current opposition brightness </td></tr> <tr id="19"> <td>+19.5</td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#EEE;"><i>Faintest objects observable with the <a href="/wiki/Catalina_Sky_Survey" title="Catalina Sky Survey">Catalina Sky Survey</a> 0.7-meter telescope using a 30-second exposure</i><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also the approximate <a href="/wiki/Limiting_magnitude" title="Limiting magnitude">limiting magnitude</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Terrestrial-impact_Last_Alert_System" title="Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System">Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System</a> (ATLAS) </td></tr> <tr> <td>+20.7</td> <td>moon <a href="/wiki/Callirrhoe_(moon)" title="Callirrhoe (moon)">Callirrhoe</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>(small ≈8 km satellite of Jupiter)<sup id="cite_ref-jpl-sat_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpl-sat-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+22</td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#EEE;"><i>Faintest objects observable in visible light with a 600 mm (24″) <a href="/wiki/Ritchey-Chr%C3%A9tien_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritchey-Chrétien telescope">Ritchey-Chrétien telescope</a> with 30 minutes of stacked images (6 subframes at 5 minutes each) using a <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD detector</a><sup id="cite_ref-24inch_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24inch-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+22.8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luhman_16" title="Luhman 16">Luhman 16</a> </td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>Closest <a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">brown dwarfs</a> (Luhman 16A=23.25, Luhman 16B=24.07)<sup id="cite_ref-Boffin_et_al._2014_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boffin_et_al._2014-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+22.91</td> <td>moon <a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>maximum brightness of Pluto's moon </td></tr> <tr> <td>+23.38</td> <td>moon <a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>maximum brightness of Pluto's moon </td></tr> <tr id="24"> <td>+24</td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#EEE;"><i>Faintest objects observable with the <a href="/wiki/Pan-STARRS" title="Pan-STARRS">Pan-STARRS</a> 1.8-meter telescope using a 60-second exposure</i><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is currently the limiting magnitude of automated allsky <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_survey" title="Astronomical survey">astronomical surveys</a>. </td></tr> <tr id="25"> <td>+25.0</td> <td>moon <a href="/wiki/Fenrir_(moon)" title="Fenrir (moon)">Fenrir</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>(small ≈4 km satellite of Saturn)<sup id="cite_ref-sheppard-saturn_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheppard-saturn-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+25.3</td> <td>Trans-Neptunian object <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_AG37" title="2018 AG37">2018 AG<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">37</span></span></a></span></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>Furthest known observable object in the Solar System about 132 AU (19.7 billion km) from the Sun </td></tr> <tr> <td>+26.2</td> <td>Trans-Neptunian object <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_TH367" title="2015 TH367">2015 TH<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">367</span></span></a></span></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>200 km sized object about 90 AU (13 billion km) from the Sun and about 75 million times fainter than what can be seen with the naked eye. </td></tr> <tr id="27"> <td>+27.7</td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#EEE;"><i>Faintest objects observable with a single 8-meter class ground-based telescope such as the <a href="/wiki/Subaru_Telescope" title="Subaru Telescope">Subaru Telescope</a> in a 10-hour image<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </td></tr> <tr id="28"> <td>+28.2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a></td> <td>seen from Earth (2003) </td> <td>in 2003 when it was 28 AU (4.2 billion km) from the Sun, imaged using 3 of 4 synchronised individual scopes in the <a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">ESO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">Very Large Telescope</a> array using a total exposure time of about 9 hours<sup id="cite_ref-ESO2003_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESO2003-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+28.4</td> <td>asteroid <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2003_BH91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2003 BH91 (page does not exist)">2003 BH<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">91</span></span></a></span></td> <td>seen from Earth orbit </td> <td>observed magnitude of ≈15-kilometer <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> object seen by the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> (HST) in 2003, dimmest known directly observed asteroid. </td></tr> <tr id="29"> <td>+29.4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/JADES-GS-z13-0" title="JADES-GS-z13-0">JADES-GS-z13-0</a></td> <td>seen from Earth</td> <td>Discovered by the <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a>. One of the furthest objects discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson2022_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson2022-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr id="31"> <td>+31.5</td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#EEE;"><i>Faintest objects observable in visible light with <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> via the <a href="/wiki/EXtreme_Deep_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="EXtreme Deep Field">EXtreme Deep Field</a> with ≈23 days of exposure time collected over 10 years<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+35</td> <td>unnamed asteroid</td> <td>seen from Earth orbit </td> <td>expected magnitude of dimmest known asteroid, a 950-meter Kuiper belt object discovered (by the HST) <a href="/wiki/Occultation" title="Occultation">passing in front of a star</a> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-hstoccultation_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hstoccultation-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+35</td> <td>star <a href="/wiki/LBV_1806%E2%88%9220" title="LBV 1806−20">LBV 1806−20</a></td> <td>seen from Earth </td> <td>a luminous blue variable star, expected magnitude at visible wavelengths due to <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar extinction">interstellar extinction</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_magnitude&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angular_diameter" title="Angular diameter">Angular diameter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_modulus" title="Distance modulus">Distance modulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_bright_stars" title="List of nearest bright stars">List of nearest bright stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars" title="List of nearest stars">List of nearest stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">Luminosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_brightness" title="Surface brightness">Surface brightness</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_magnitude&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFToomer1984" class="citation book cs1">Toomer, G. J. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ptolemysalmagest0000ptol/page/16/mode/2up"><i>Ptolemy's Almagest</i></a>. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-91220-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-91220-7"><bdi>0-387-91220-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ptolemy%27s+Almagest&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-387-91220-7&rft.aulast=Toomer&rft.aufirst=G.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fptolemysalmagest0000ptol%2Fpage%2F16%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1903" class="citation journal cs1">Curtis, Heber Doust (1903) [1901-03-27]. "On the Limits of Unaided Vision". <i><a href="/wiki/Lick_Observatory" title="Lick Observatory">Lick Observatory Bulletin</a></i>. <b>2</b> (38). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>: <span class="nowrap">67–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1903LicOB...2...67C">1903LicOB...2...67C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5479%2FADS%2Fbib%2F1903LicOB.2.67C">10.5479/ADS/bib/1903LicOB.2.67C</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lick+Observatory+Bulletin&rft.atitle=On+the+Limits+of+Unaided+Vision&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=1903&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5479%2FADS%2Fbib%2F1903LicOB.2.67C&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1903LicOB...2...67C&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Heber+Doust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAVSO-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAVSO_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew2011" class="citation web cs1">Matthew, Templeton (21 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aavso.org/magnitude">"Magnitudes: Measuring the Brightness of Stars"</a>. American Association of Variable Stars (AAVSO). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518084414/https://www.aavso.org/magnitude">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magnitudes%3A+Measuring+the+Brightness+of+Stars&rft.pub=American+Association+of+Variable+Stars+%28AAVSO%29&rft.date=2011-10-21&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=Templeton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aavso.org%2Fmagnitude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrumey2006" class="citation journal cs1">Crumey, A. (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstu992">"Human Contrast Threshold and Astronomical Visibility"</a>. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>442</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">2600–</span>2619. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1405.4209">1405.4209</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.442.2600C">2014MNRAS.442.2600C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstu992">10.1093/mnras/stu992</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Human+Contrast+Threshold+and+Astronomical+Visibility.&rft.volume=442&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2600-%3C%2Fspan%3E2619&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1405.4209&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstu992&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014MNRAS.442.2600C&rft.aulast=Crumey&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmnras%252Fstu992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMBAD-mag6.5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SIMBAD-mag6.5_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIMBAD-mag6.5_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-sam?Criteria=Vmag%3C6.5">"Vmag<6.5"</a>. SIMBAD Astronomical Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222212314/http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-sam?Criteria=Vmag%3C6.5">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vmag%3C6.5&rft.pub=SIMBAD+Astronomical+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsimbad.u-strasbg.fr%2Fsimbad%2Fsim-sam%3FCriteria%3DVmag%253C6.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080206074842/http://www.nso.edu/PR/answerbook/magnitude.html">"Magnitude"</a>. National Solar Observatory—Sacramento Peak. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nso.edu/PR/answerbook/magnitude.html">the original</a> on 6 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magnitude&rft.pub=National+Solar+Observatory%E2%80%94Sacramento+Peak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nso.edu%2FPR%2Fanswerbook%2Fmagnitude.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bright_Star_Catalogue" title="Bright Star Catalogue">Bright Star Catalogue</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoffmann, S., Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden/ New York, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPogson1856" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Robert_Pogson" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Robert Pogson">Pogson, N.</a> (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F17.1.12">"Magnitudes of Thirty-six of the Minor Planets for the first day of each month of the year 1857"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">MNRAS</a></i>. <b>17</b>: 12. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1856MNRAS..17...12P">1856MNRAS..17...12P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F17.1.12">10.1093/mnras/17.1.12</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MNRAS&rft.atitle=Magnitudes+of+Thirty-six+of+the+Minor+Planets+for+the+first+day+of+each+month+of+the+year+1857&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1856&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2F17.1.12&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1856MNRAS..17...12P&rft.aulast=Pogson&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmnras%252F17.1.12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearnshaw1996" class="citation book cs1">Hearnshaw, John B. (1996). <i>The measurement of starlight: two centuries of astronomical photometry</i> (1. publ ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40393-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40393-1"><bdi>978-0-521-40393-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+measurement+of+starlight%3A+two+centuries+of+astronomical+photometry&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=1.+publ&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40393-1&rft.aulast=Hearnshaw&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPogson1856" class="citation journal cs1">Pogson, N. (14 November 1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F17.1.12">"Magnitudes of Thirty-six of the Minor Planets for the First Day of each Month of the Year 1857"</a>. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>17</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">12–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1856MNRAS..17...12P">1856MNRAS..17...12P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F17.1.12">10.1093/mnras/17.1.12</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8711">0035-8711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Magnitudes+of+Thirty-six+of+the+Minor+Planets+for+the+First+Day+of+each+Month+of+the+Year+1857&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=1856-11-14&rft.issn=0035-8711&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2F17.1.12&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1856MNRAS..17...12P&rft.aulast=Pogson&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmnras%252F17.1.12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearnshaw1996" class="citation book cs1">Hearnshaw, J. B. (1996). <i>The measurement of starlight: two centuries of astronomical photometry</i>. Cambridge [England] ; New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40393-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40393-1"><bdi>978-0-521-40393-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+measurement+of+starlight%3A+two+centuries+of+astronomical+photometry&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BEngland%5D+%3B+New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40393-1&rft.aulast=Hearnshaw&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonMorgan1953" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, H. L.; Morgan, W. W. (May 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/doi/10.1086/145697">"Fundamental stellar photometry for standards of spectral type on the revised system of the Yerkes spectral atlas"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>117</b>: 313. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953ApJ...117..313J">1953ApJ...117..313J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F145697">10.1086/145697</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Fundamental+stellar+photometry+for+standards+of+spectral+type+on+the+revised+system+of+the+Yerkes+spectral+atlas&rft.volume=117&rft.pages=313&rft.date=1953-05&rft.issn=0004-637X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F145697&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953ApJ...117..313J&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=H.+L.&rft.au=Morgan%2C+W.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F145697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthJames2014" class="citation book cs1">North, Gerald; James, Nick (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IzoDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24"><i>Observing Variable Stars, Novae and Supernovae</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-63612-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-63612-5"><bdi>978-1-107-63612-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Observing+Variable+Stars%2C+Novae+and+Supernovae&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-63612-5&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft.au=James%2C+Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIzoDBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkeGunn1983" class="citation journal cs1">Oke, J. B.; Gunn, J. E. (15 March 1983). "Secondary standard stars for absolute spectrophotometry". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>266</b>: <span class="nowrap">713–</span>717. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983ApJ...266..713O">1983ApJ...266..713O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F160817">10.1086/160817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Secondary+standard+stars+for+absolute+spectrophotometry&rft.volume=266&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E713-%3C%2Fspan%3E717&rft.date=1983-03-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F160817&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983ApJ...266..713O&rft.aulast=Oke&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft.au=Gunn%2C+J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAU2015B2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IAU2015B2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAU2015B2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAU2015B2_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIAU_Inter-Division_A-G_Working_Group_on_Nominal_Units_for_Stellar_&_Planetary_Astronomy2015" class="citation journal cs1">IAU Inter-Division A-G Working Group on Nominal Units for Stellar & Planetary Astronomy (13 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/IAU2015_English.pdf">"IAU 2015 Resolution B2 on Recommended Zero Points for the Absolute and Apparent Bolometric Magnitude Scales"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Resolutions Adopted at the General Assemblies</i>. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.06262">1510.06262</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015arXiv151006262M">2015arXiv151006262M</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128180606/https://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/IAU2015_English.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resolutions+Adopted+at+the+General+Assemblies&rft.atitle=IAU+2015+Resolution+B2+on+Recommended+Zero+Points+for+the+Absolute+and+Apparent+Bolometric+Magnitude+Scales&rft.date=2015-08-13&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1510.06262&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015arXiv151006262M&rft.au=IAU+Inter-Division+A-G+Working+Group+on+Nominal+Units+for+Stellar+%26+Planetary+Astronomy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fstatic%2Fresolutions%2FIAU2015_English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moon-fact-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moon-fact_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-moon-fact_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2010" class="citation web cs1">Williams, David R. (2 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html">"Moon Fact Sheet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> (National Space Science Data Center). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323165650/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moon+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=NASA+%28National+Space+Science+Data+Center%29&rft.date=2010-02-02&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Fmoonfact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caglow.com/info/wtopic/mag-arith">"Magnitude Arithmetic"</a>. <i>Weekly Topic</i>. Caglow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120201203951/http://www.caglow.com/info/wtopic/mag-arith">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weekly+Topic&rft.atitle=Magnitude+Arithmetic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caglow.com%2Finfo%2Fwtopic%2Fmag-arith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homepages.uc.edu/~hansonmm/ASTRO/LECTURENOTES/W03/Lec6/Page3.html">"Lecture 4: Page 3, Properties of the Stars"</a>. <i>homepages.uc.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=homepages.uc.edu&rft.atitle=Lecture+4%3A+Page+3%2C+Properties+of+the+Stars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhomepages.uc.edu%2F~hansonmm%2FASTRO%2FLECTURENOTES%2FW03%2FLec6%2FPage3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bband-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bband_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Aaron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.sunysb.edu/aevans/PHY523/classnotes523/useful-definitions-pp.pdf">"Some Useful Astronomical Definitions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Stony Brook Astronomy Program. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720052227/http://www.astro.sunysb.edu/aevans/PHY523/classnotes523/useful-definitions-pp.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+Useful+Astronomical+Definitions&rft.pub=Stony+Brook+Astronomy+Program&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astro.sunysb.edu%2Faevans%2FPHY523%2Fclassnotes523%2Fuseful-definitions-pp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gband-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gband_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFČotarZwitterTravenKos2019" class="citation journal cs1">Čotar, Klemen; Zwitter, Tomaž; et al. (21 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstz1397">"The GALAH survey: unresolved triple Sun-like stars discovered by the Gaia mission"</a>. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>487</b> (2). Oxford University Press (OUP): <span class="nowrap">2474–</span>2490. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.04841">1904.04841</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstz1397">10.1093/mnras/stz1397</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8711">0035-8711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=The+GALAH+survey%3A+unresolved+triple+Sun-like+stars+discovered+by+the+Gaia+mission&rft.volume=487&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2474-%3C%2Fspan%3E2490&rft.date=2019-05-21&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1904.04841&rft.issn=0035-8711&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstz1397&rft.aulast=%C4%8Cotar&rft.aufirst=Klemen&rft.au=Zwitter%2C+Toma%C5%BE&rft.au=Traven%2C+Gregor&rft.au=Kos%2C+Janez&rft.au=Asplund%2C+Martin&rft.au=Bland-Hawthorn%2C+Joss&rft.au=Buder%2C+Sven&rft.au=D%27Orazi%2C+Valentina&rft.au=De+Silva%2C+Gayandhi+M&rft.au=Lin%2C+Jane&rft.au=Martell%2C+Sarah+L&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Sanjib&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Jeffrey+D&rft.au=Zucker%2C+Daniel+B&rft.au=Horner%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Geraint+F&rft.au=Nordlander%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Ting%2C+Yuan-Sen&rft.au=Wittenmyer%2C+Rob+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmnras%252Fstz1397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bessell2005-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bessell2005_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBessell2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bessell, Michael S. (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mso.anu.edu.au/~bessell/araapaper.pdf">"Standard Photometric Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>43</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">293–</span>336. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ARA&A..43..293B">2005ARA&A..43..293B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.astro.41.082801.100251">10.1146/annurev.astro.41.082801.100251</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4146">0066-4146</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.mso.anu.edu.au/~bessell/araapaper.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Standard+Photometric+Systems&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E336&rft.date=2005-09&rft.issn=0066-4146&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.astro.41.082801.100251&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005ARA%26A..43..293B&rft.aulast=Bessell&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mso.anu.edu.au%2F~bessell%2Faraapaper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luciuk-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luciuk_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuciuk,_M." class="citation web cs1">Luciuk, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asterism.org/tutorials/tut35%20Magnitudes.pdf">"Astronomical Magnitudes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 8<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Astronomical+Magnitudes&rft.pages=8&rft.au=Luciuk%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asterism.org%2Ftutorials%2Ftut35%2520Magnitudes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UTmags-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UTmags_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuchra" class="citation web cs1">Huchra, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~dfabricant/huchra/ay145/mags.html">"Astronomical Magnitude Systems"</a>. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721162252/https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~dfabricant/huchra/ay145/mags.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Astronomical+Magnitude+Systems&rft.pub=Harvard-Smithsonian+Center+for+Astrophysics&rft.aulast=Huchra&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfa.harvard.edu%2F~dfabricant%2Fhuchra%2Fay145%2Fmags.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulmanCox1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schulman" title="Eric Schulman">Schulman, E.</a>; Cox, C. V. (1997). "Misconceptions About Astronomical Magnitudes". <i>American Journal of Physics</i>. <b>65</b> (10): 1003. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997AmJPh..65.1003S">1997AmJPh..65.1003S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.18714">10.1119/1.18714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Misconceptions+About+Astronomical+Magnitudes&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1003&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.18714&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997AmJPh..65.1003S&rft.aulast=Schulman&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Cox%2C+C.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/magnitude-astronomy">"Magnitude | Brightness, Apparent Magnitude & Absolute Magnitude | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Magnitude+%7C+Brightness%2C+Apparent+Magnitude+%26+Absolute+Magnitude+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fmagnitude-astronomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/introduction-active-galaxies/content-section-5.4/?printable=1">"Introduction to active galaxies: View as single page"</a>. <i>www.open.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.open.edu&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+active+galaxies%3A+View+as+single+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.edu%2Fopenlearn%2Fscience-maths-technology%2Fintroduction-active-galaxies%2Fcontent-section-5.4%2F%3Fprintable%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickering1910" class="citation journal cs1">Pickering, Edward C. (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1910HarCi.160....1P">"1910HarCi.160....1P Page 1"</a>. <i>Harvard College Observatory Circular</i>. <b>160</b>: 1. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1910HarCi.160....1P">1910HarCi.160....1P</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+College+Observatory+Circular&rft.atitle=1910HarCi.160....1P+Page+1&rft.volume=160&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1910&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1910HarCi.160....1P&rft.aulast=Pickering&rft.aufirst=Edward+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Ffull%2F1910HarCi.160....1P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-umeh-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-umeh_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmehClarksonMaartens2014" class="citation journal cs1">Umeh, Obinna; Clarkson, Chris; Maartens, Roy (2014). "Nonlinear relativistic corrections to cosmological distances, redshift and gravitational lensing magnification: II. Derivation". <i>Classical and Quantum Gravity</i>. <b>31</b> (20): 205001. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1402.1933">1402.1933</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014CQGra..31t5001U">2014CQGra..31t5001U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0264-9381%2F31%2F20%2F205001">10.1088/0264-9381/31/20/205001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54527784">54527784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+and+Quantum+Gravity&rft.atitle=Nonlinear+relativistic+corrections+to+cosmological+distances%2C+redshift+and+gravitational+lensing+magnification%3A+II.+Derivation&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=205001&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1402.1933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54527784%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0264-9381%2F31%2F20%2F205001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014CQGra..31t5001U&rft.aulast=Umeh&rft.aufirst=Obinna&rft.au=Clarkson%2C+Chris&rft.au=Maartens%2C+Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hogg-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hogg_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoggBaldryBlantonEisenstein2002" class="citation arxiv cs1">Hogg, David W.; Baldry, Ivan K.; Blanton, Michael R.; Eisenstein, Daniel J. (2002). "The K correction". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0210394">astro-ph/0210394</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=The+K+correction&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0210394&rft.aulast=Hogg&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft.au=Baldry%2C+Ivan+K.&rft.au=Blanton%2C+Michael+R.&rft.au=Eisenstein%2C+Daniel+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWing1967" class="citation journal cs1">Wing, R. F. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1967lts..conf..205W">"1967lts..conf..205W Page 205"</a>. <i>Late-Type Stars</i>: 205. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967lts..conf..205W">1967lts..conf..205W</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Late-Type+Stars&rft.atitle=1967lts..conf..205W+Page+205&rft.pages=205&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1967lts..conf..205W&rft.aulast=Wing&rft.aufirst=R.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Ffull%2F1967lts..conf..205W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agrawal-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agrawal_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agrawal_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgrawal2016" class="citation journal cs1">Agrawal, Dulli Chandra (30 March 2016). "Apparent magnitude of earthshine: a simple calculation". <i>European Journal of Physics</i>. <b>37</b> (3). IOP Publishing: 035601. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EJPh...37c5601A">2016EJPh...37c5601A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0143-0807%2F37%2F3%2F035601">10.1088/0143-0807/37/3/035601</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-0807">0143-0807</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:124231299">124231299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Apparent+magnitude+of+earthshine%3A+a+simple+calculation&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=035601&rft.date=2016-03-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0143-0807%2F37%2F3%2F035601&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A124231299%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0143-0807&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016EJPh...37c5601A&rft.aulast=Agrawal&rft.aufirst=Dulli+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polakis_1997_a712-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Polakis_1997_a712_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolakis1997" class="citation web cs1">Polakis, Tom (10 September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stjarnhimlen.se/comp/radfaq.html#11">"Radiometry and photometry in astronomy"</a>. <i>Home page of Paul Schlyter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Home+page+of+Paul+Schlyter&rft.atitle=Radiometry+and+photometry+in+astronomy&rft.date=1997-09-10&rft.aulast=Polakis&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstjarnhimlen.se%2Fcomp%2Fradfaq.html%2311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDufay2012" class="citation book cs1">Dufay, Jean (17 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oTraksy4JYkC&pg=PA4"><i>Introduction to Astrophysics: The Stars</i></a>. Courier Corporation. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-60771-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-60771-9"><bdi>978-0-486-60771-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324070545/https://books.google.com/books?id=oTraksy4JYkC&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Astrophysics%3A+The+Stars&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2012-10-17&rft.isbn=978-0-486-60771-9&rft.aulast=Dufay&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoTraksy4JYkC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IM08-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IM08_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLean2008" class="citation book cs1">McLean, Ian S. (2008). <i>Electronic Imaging in Astronomy: Detectors and Instrumentation</i>. Springer. p. 529. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-76582-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-76582-0"><bdi>978-3-540-76582-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronic+Imaging+in+Astronomy%3A+Detectors+and+Instrumentation&rft.pages=529&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-540-76582-0&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Ian+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolanMathewsLamLan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dolan, Michelle M.; Mathews, Grant J.; Lam, Doan Duc; Lan, Nguyen Quynh; Herczeg, Gregory J.; Dearborn, David S. P. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F0004-637X%2F819%2F1%2F7">"Evolutionary Tracks for Betelgeuse"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>819</b> (1): 7. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.3143">1406.3143</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJ...819....7D">2016ApJ...819....7D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F0004-637X%2F819%2F1%2F7">10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37913442">37913442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+Tracks+for+Betelgeuse&rft.volume=819&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1406.3143&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37913442%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F0004-637X%2F819%2F1%2F7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016ApJ...819....7D&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=Michelle+M.&rft.au=Mathews%2C+Grant+J.&rft.au=Lam%2C+Doan+Duc&rft.au=Lan%2C+Nguyen+Quynh&rft.au=Herczeg%2C+Gregory+J.&rft.au=Dearborn%2C+David+S.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252F0004-637X%252F819%252F1%252F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brightest-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brightest_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icq.eps.harvard.edu/brightest.html">"Brightest comets seen since 1935"</a>. International Comet Quarterly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111228014918/http://www.icq.eps.harvard.edu/brightest.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brightest+comets+seen+since+1935&rft.pub=International+Comet+Quarterly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icq.eps.harvard.edu%2Fbrightest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SN1006-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SN1006_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinklerGuptaLong2003" class="citation journal cs1">Winkler, P. Frank; Gupta, Gaurav; Long, Knox S. (2003). "The SN 1006 Remnant: Optical Proper Motions, Deep Imaging, Distance, and Brightness at Maximum". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a></i>. <b>585</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">324–</span>335. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0208415">astro-ph/0208415</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJ...585..324W">2003ApJ...585..324W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F345985">10.1086/345985</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1626564">1626564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+SN+1006+Remnant%3A+Optical+Proper+Motions%2C+Deep+Imaging%2C+Distance%2C+and+Brightness+at+Maximum&rft.volume=585&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E324-%3C%2Fspan%3E335&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0208415&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1626564%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F345985&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003ApJ...585..324W&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=P.+Frank&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Gaurav&rft.au=Long%2C+Knox+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siegel_2016-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siegel_2016_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel2016" class="citation web cs1">Siegel, Ethan (6 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2016/09/06/ten-ways-proxima-b-is-different-from-earth/">"Ten Ways 'Proxima b' Is Different From Earth"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Ten+Ways+%27Proxima+b%27+Is+Different+From+Earth&rft.date=2016-09-06&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fstartswithabang%2F2016%2F09%2F06%2Ften-ways-proxima-b-is-different-from-earth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SN1054-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SN1054_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://messier.seds.org/more/m001_sn.html">"Supernova 1054 – Creation of the Crab Nebula"</a>. <i>SEDS</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140528074855/http://messier.seds.org/more/m001_sn.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SEDS&rft.atitle=Supernova+1054+%E2%80%93+Creation+of+the+Crab+Nebula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmessier.seds.org%2Fmore%2Fm001_sn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heavens-above.com/satinfo.aspx?SatID=25544">"Heavens-above.com"</a>. Heavens-above. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090705134152/http://heavens-above.com/satinfo.aspx?SatID=25544">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heavens-above.com&rft.pub=Heavens-above&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heavens-above.com%2Fsatinfo.aspx%3FSatID%3D25544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_42-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallama,_A.Hilton,_J.L.2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mallama, A.; Hilton, J.L. (2018). "Computing Apparent Planetary Magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac". <i>Astronomy and Computing</i>. <b>25</b>: <span class="nowrap">10–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.01973">1808.01973</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018A&C....25...10M">2018A&C....25...10M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ascom.2018.08.002">10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:69912809">69912809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Computing&rft.atitle=Computing+Apparent+Planetary+Magnitudes+for+The+Astronomical+Almanac&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1808.01973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A69912809%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ascom.2018.08.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018A%26C....25...10M&rft.au=Mallama%2C+A.&rft.au=Hilton%2C+J.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070627044109/http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/scienceques2005/20060406.htm">NASA Science Question of the Week</a>. Gsfc.nasa.gov (7 April 2006). Retrieved on 26 April 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tomkin-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tomkin_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomkin1998" class="citation journal cs1">Tomkin, Jocelyn (April 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Once+and+future+celestial+kings.-a020468305">"Once and Future Celestial Kings"</a>. <i>Sky and Telescope</i>. <b>95</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">59–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998S&T....95d..59T">1998S&T....95d..59T</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sky+and+Telescope&rft.atitle=Once+and+Future+Celestial+Kings&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=1998-04&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998S%26T....95d..59T&rft.aulast=Tomkin&rft.aufirst=Jocelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FOnce%2Band%2Bfuture%2Bcelestial%2Bkings.-a020468305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span> – based on computations from <a href="/wiki/HIPPARCOS" class="mw-redirect" title="HIPPARCOS">HIPPARCOS</a> data. (The calculations exclude stars whose distance or <a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">proper motion</a> is uncertain.) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMBAD-Sirius-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIMBAD-Sirius_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Sirius">"Sirius"</a>. SIMBAD Astronomical Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111192351/http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Sirius">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sirius&rft.pub=SIMBAD+Astronomical+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsimbad.u-strasbg.fr%2Fsimbad%2Fsim-id%3FIdent%3DSirius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMBAD-Canopus-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIMBAD-Canopus_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Canopus">"Canopus"</a>. SIMBAD Astronomical Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165140/http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Canopus">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canopus&rft.pub=SIMBAD+Astronomical+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsimbad.u-strasbg.fr%2Fsimbad%2Fsim-id%3FIdent%3DCanopus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMBAD-Arcturus-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIMBAD-Arcturus_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Arcturus">"Arcturus"</a>. SIMBAD Astronomical Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140114050352/http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Arcturus">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arcturus&rft.pub=SIMBAD+Astronomical+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsimbad.u-strasbg.fr%2Fsimbad%2Fsim-id%3FIdent%3DArcturus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMBAD-Vega-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIMBAD-Vega_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Vega">"Vega"</a>. SIMBAD Astronomical Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150707221325/http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Vega">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vega&rft.pub=SIMBAD+Astronomical+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsimbad.u-strasbg.fr%2Fsimbad%2Fsim-id%3FIdent%3DVega&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansSchaeferBondBono2008" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G. H.; Bond, H. E.; Bono, G.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D.; Mason, B. D. (2008). "Direct Detection of the Close Companion of Polaris with The Hubble Space Telescope". <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>136</b> (3): 1137. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0806.4904">0806.4904</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AJ....136.1137E">2008AJ....136.1137E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-6256%2F136%2F3%2F1137">10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1137</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16966094">16966094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=Direct+Detection+of+the+Close+Companion+of+Polaris+with+The+Hubble+Space+Telescope&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1137&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0806.4904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16966094%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-6256%2F136%2F3%2F1137&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008AJ....136.1137E&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=N.+R.&rft.au=Schaefer%2C+G.+H.&rft.au=Bond%2C+H.+E.&rft.au=Bono%2C+G.&rft.au=Karovska%2C+M.&rft.au=Nelan%2C+E.&rft.au=Sasselov%2C+D.&rft.au=Mason%2C+B.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMBAD-M31-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIMBAD-M31_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=M31">"SIMBAD-M31"</a>. SIMBAD Astronomical Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140519223154/http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=M31">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SIMBAD-M31&rft.pub=SIMBAD+Astronomical+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsimbad.u-strasbg.fr%2Fsimbad%2Fsim-id%3FIdent%3DM31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-horizons-Ganymede-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-horizons-Ganymede_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeomansChamberlin" class="citation web cs1">Yeomans; Chamberlin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=mb&sstr=503">"Horizon Online Ephemeris System for Ganymede (Major Body 503)"</a>. California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202122141/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=mb&sstr=503">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horizon+Online+Ephemeris+System+for+Ganymede+%28Major+Body+503%29&rft.pub=California+Institute+of+Technology%2C+Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft.au=Yeomans&rft.au=Chamberlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fhorizons.cgi%3Ffind_body%3D1%26body_group%3Dmb%26sstr%3D503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span> (4.38 on 1951-Oct-03)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aristotle-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aristotle_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://messier.seds.org/more/m041_ari.html">"M41 possibly recorded by Aristotle"</a>. SEDS (Students for the Exploration and Development of Space). 28 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418184854/http://messier.seds.org/more/m041_ari.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M41+possibly+recorded+by+Aristotle&rft.pub=SEDS+%28Students+for+the+Exploration+and+Development+of+Space%29&rft.date=2006-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmessier.seds.org%2Fmore%2Fm041_ari.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/uranusfact.html">"Uranus Fact Sheet"</a>. <i>nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122221135/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/uranusfact.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Uranus+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Furanusfact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMBAD-M33-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIMBAD-M33_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=M33">"SIMBAD-M33"</a>. SIMBAD Astronomical Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140913102508/http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=M33">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SIMBAD-M33&rft.pub=SIMBAD+Astronomical+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsimbad.u-strasbg.fr%2Fsimbad%2Fsim-id%3FIdent%3DM33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M33-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M33_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodriguss1993" class="citation web cs1">Lodriguss, Jerry (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astropix.com/HTML/A_FALL/M33.HTM">"M33 (Triangulum Galaxy)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100115043351/http://astropix.com/HTML/A_FALL/M33.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M33+%28Triangulum+Galaxy%29&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Lodriguss&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astropix.com%2FHTML%2FA_FALL%2FM33.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span> (Shows bolometric magnitude not visual magnitude.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEDS-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SEDS_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://messier.seds.org/m/m081.html">"Messier 81"</a>. SEDS (Students for the Exploration and Development of Space). 2 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170714113244/http://messier.seds.org/m/m081.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Messier+81&rft.pub=SEDS+%28Students+for+the+Exploration+and+Development+of+Space%29&rft.date=2007-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmessier.seds.org%2Fm%2Fm081.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/neptunefact.html">"Neptune Fact Sheet"</a>. <i>nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110222952/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/neptunefact.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Neptune+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Fneptunefact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bortle-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bortle_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Bortle2001" class="citation web cs1">John E. Bortle (February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-resources/light-pollution-and-astronomy-the-bortle-dark-sky-scale/">"The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale"</a>. Sky & Telescope. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090323232806/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/resources/darksky/3304011.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bortle+Dark-Sky+Scale&rft.pub=Sky+%26+Telescope&rft.date=2001-02&rft.au=John+E.+Bortle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskyandtelescope.org%2Fastronomy-resources%2Flight-pollution-and-astronomy-the-bortle-dark-sky-scale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-horizons-Titan-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-horizons-Titan_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeomansChamberlin" class="citation web cs1">Yeomans; Chamberlin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=mb&sstr=606">"Horizon Online Ephemeris System for Titan (Major Body 606)"</a>. California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113022855/http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/titan-maxmag.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horizon+Online+Ephemeris+System+for+Titan+%28Major+Body+606%29&rft.pub=California+Institute+of+Technology%2C+Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft.au=Yeomans&rft.au=Chamberlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fhorizons.cgi%3Ffind_body%3D1%26body_group%3Dmb%26sstr%3D606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/titan-maxmag.txt">(8.10 on 2003-Dec-30)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113022855/http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/titan-maxmag.txt">Archived</a> 13 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arval-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arval_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arval_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100731193653/http://www.oarval.org/ClasSaten.htm">"Classic Satellites of the Solar System"</a>. Observatorio ARVAL. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oarval.org/ClasSaten.htm">the original</a> on 31 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classic+Satellites+of+the+Solar+System&rft.pub=Observatorio+ARVAL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oarval.org%2FClasSaten.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpl-sat-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jpl-sat_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpl-sat_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpl-sat_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_phys_par">"Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JPL" class="mw-redirect" title="JPL">JPL</a> (Solar System Dynamics). 3 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090723024226/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_phys_par">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planetary+Satellite+Physical+Parameters&rft.pub=JPL+%28Solar+System+Dynamics%29&rft.date=2009-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2F%3Fsat_phys_par&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AstDys-Hygiea-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AstDys-Hygiea_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hamilton.dm.unipi.it/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.1&n=10&oc=500&y0=2095&m0=6&d0=27&h0=00&mi0=00&y1=2095&m1=6&d1=28&h1=00&mi1=00&ti=1.0&tiu=days">"AstDys (10) Hygiea Ephemerides"</a>. Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512215451/http://hamilton.dm.unipi.it/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.1&n=10&oc=500&y0=2095&m0=6&d0=27&h0=00&mi0=00&y1=2095&m1=6&d1=28&h1=00&mi1=00&ti=1.0&tiu=days">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AstDys+%2810%29+Hygiea+Ephemerides&rft.pub=Department+of+Mathematics%2C+University+of+Pisa%2C+Italy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhamilton.dm.unipi.it%2Fastdys%2Findex.php%3Fpc%3D1.1.3.1%26n%3D10%26oc%3D500%26y0%3D2095%26m0%3D6%26d0%3D27%26h0%3D00%26mi0%3D00%26y1%3D2095%26m1%3D6%26d1%3D28%26h1%3D00%26mi1%3D00%26ti%3D1.0%26tiu%3Ddays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-binoculars-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-binoculars_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarenski2004" class="citation web cs1">Zarenski, Ed (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cloudynights.com/documents/limiting.pdf">"Limiting Magnitude in Binoculars"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cloudy Nights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721072103/http://www.cloudynights.com/documents/limiting.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Limiting+Magnitude+in+Binoculars&rft.pub=Cloudy+Nights&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Zarenski&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cloudynights.com%2Fdocuments%2Flimiting.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Physics_and_Astronomy-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Physics_and_Astronomy_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pages.astronomy.ua.edu/keel/space/apollo.html">"Tracking the Apollo Flights"</a>. <i>Static Web Pages for Physics and Astronomy</i>. 21 December 1968<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Static+Web+Pages+for+Physics+and+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Tracking+the+Apollo+Flights&rft.date=1968-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpages.astronomy.ua.edu%2Fkeel%2Fspace%2Fapollo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/41313-most-massive-star.html">"What Is the Most Massive Star?"</a>. <i>Space.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111150305/https://www.space.com/41313-most-massive-star.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=What+Is+the+Most+Massive+Star%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F41313-most-massive-star.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pluto-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pluto_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2006" class="citation web cs1">Williams, David R. (7 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/plutofact.html">"Pluto Fact Sheet"</a>. <i>National Space Science Data Center</i>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100701180605/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/plutofact.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Space+Science+Data+Center&rft.atitle=Pluto+Fact+Sheet&rft.date=2006-09-07&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Fplutofact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AstDys-Chiron-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AstDys-Chiron_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.1&n=2060&oc=500&y0=2097&m0=4&d0=3&h0=00&mi0=00&y1=2097&m1=4&d1=3&h1=00&mi1=00&ti=1.0&tiu=days">"AstDys (2060) Chiron Ephemerides"</a>. Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629201115/http://hamilton.dm.unipi.it/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.1&n=2060&oc=500&y0=2097&m0=4&d0=3&h0=00&mi0=00&y1=2097&m1=4&d1=3&h1=00&mi1=00&ti=1.0&tiu=days">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AstDys+%282060%29+Chiron+Ephemerides&rft.pub=Department+of+Mathematics%2C+University+of+Pisa%2C+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewton.spacedys.com%2Fastdys%2Findex.php%3Fpc%3D1.1.3.1%26n%3D2060%26oc%3D500%26y0%3D2097%26m0%3D4%26d0%3D3%26h0%3D00%26mi0%3D00%26y1%3D2097%26m1%3D4%26d1%3D3%26h1%3D00%26mi1%3D00%26ti%3D1.0%26tiu%3Ddays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AstDys-Makemake-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AstDys-Makemake_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.1&n=136472&oc=500&y0=2010&m0=3&d0=17&h0=00&mi0=00&y1=2010&m1=3&d1=17&h1=00&mi1=00&ti=1.0&tiu=days">"AstDys (136472) Makemake Ephemerides"</a>. Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629200626/http://hamilton.dm.unipi.it/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.1&n=136472&oc=500&y0=2010&m0=3&d0=17&h0=00&mi0=00&y1=2010&m1=3&d1=17&h1=00&mi1=00&ti=1.0&tiu=days">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AstDys+%28136472%29+Makemake+Ephemerides&rft.pub=Department+of+Mathematics%2C+University+of+Pisa%2C+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewton.spacedys.com%2Fastdys%2Findex.php%3Fpc%3D1.1.3.1%26n%3D136472%26oc%3D500%26y0%3D2010%26m0%3D3%26d0%3D17%26h0%3D00%26mi0%3D00%26y1%3D2010%26m1%3D3%26d1%3D17%26h1%3D00%26mi1%3D00%26ti%3D1.0%26tiu%3Ddays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AstDys-Haumea-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AstDys-Haumea_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.1&n=136108&oc=500&y0=2010&m0=4&d0=6&h0=00&mi0=00&y1=2010&m1=4&d1=6&h1=00&mi1=00&ti=1.0&tiu=days">"AstDys (136108) Haumea Ephemerides"</a>. Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629200847/http://hamilton.dm.unipi.it/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.1&n=136108&oc=500&y0=2010&m0=4&d0=6&h0=00&mi0=00&y1=2010&m1=4&d1=6&h1=00&mi1=00&ti=1.0&tiu=days">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AstDys+%28136108%29+Haumea+Ephemerides&rft.pub=Department+of+Mathematics%2C+University+of+Pisa%2C+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewton.spacedys.com%2Fastdys%2Findex.php%3Fpc%3D1.1.3.1%26n%3D136108%26oc%3D500%26y0%3D2010%26m0%3D4%26d0%3D6%26h0%3D00%26mi0%3D00%26y1%3D2010%26m1%3D4%26d1%3D6%26h1%3D00%26mi1%3D00%26ti%3D1.0%26tiu%3Ddays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalina.lpl.arizona.edu/about/facilities">"Catalina Sky Survey (CSS) Facilities"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103212019/https://catalina.lpl.arizona.edu/about/facilities">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catalina+Sky+Survey+%28CSS%29+Facilities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalina.lpl.arizona.edu%2Fabout%2Ffacilities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24inch-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24inch_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Cullen_(sgcullen)2009" class="citation web cs1">Steve Cullen (sgcullen) (5 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100131051349/http://www.lightbuckets.com/news/37/17-new-asteroids-found-by-lightbuckets/">"17 New Asteroids Found by LightBuckets"</a>. LightBuckets. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lightbuckets.com/news/37/17-new-asteroids-found-by-lightbuckets/">the original</a> on 31 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=17+New+Asteroids+Found+by+LightBuckets&rft.pub=LightBuckets&rft.date=2009-10-05&rft.au=Steve+Cullen+%28sgcullen%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lightbuckets.com%2Fnews%2F37%2F17-new-asteroids-found-by-lightbuckets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boffin_et_al._2014-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boffin_et_al._2014_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoffin,_H.M.J.Pourbaix,_D.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Boffin, H.M.J.; Pourbaix, D. (2014). "Possible astrometric discovery of a substellar companion to the closest binary brown dwarf system WISE J104915.57–531906.1". <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>561</b>: 5. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.1303">1312.1303</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014A&A...561L...4B">2014A&A...561L...4B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201322975">10.1051/0004-6361/201322975</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33043358">33043358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Possible+astrometric+discovery+of+a+substellar+companion+to+the+closest+binary+brown+dwarf+system+WISE+J104915.57%E2%80%93531906.1&rft.volume=561&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1312.1303&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33043358%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201322975&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014A%26A...561L...4B&rft.au=Boffin%2C+H.M.J.&rft.au=Pourbaix%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124152242/https://panstarrs.ifa.hawaii.edu/pswww/?page_id=34">"Pan-STARRS limiting magnitude"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://panstarrs.ifa.hawaii.edu/pswww/?page_id=34">the original</a> on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pan-STARRS+limiting+magnitude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpanstarrs.ifa.hawaii.edu%2Fpswww%2F%3Fpage_id%3D34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sheppard-saturn-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sheppard-saturn_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheppard" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_S._Sheppard" title="Scott S. Sheppard">Sheppard, Scott S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/satsatdata.html">"Saturn's Known Satellites"</a>. Carnegie Institution (Department of Terrestrial Magnetism). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515215254/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/satsatdata.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saturn%27s+Known+Satellites&rft.pub=Carnegie+Institution+%28Department+of+Terrestrial+Magnetism%29&rft.aulast=Sheppard&rft.aufirst=Scott+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtm.ciw.edu%2Fusers%2Fsheppard%2Fsatellites%2Fsatsatdata.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-resources/astronomy-questions-answers/what-is-the-faintest-object-imaged-by-ground-based-telescopes/">What is the faintest object imaged by ground-based telescopes?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202021559/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-resources/astronomy-questions-answers/what-is-the-faintest-object-imaged-by-ground-based-telescopes/">Archived</a> 2 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by: The Editors of Sky Telescope, 24 July 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESO2003-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ESO2003_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090301212846/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/press-rel/pr-2003/phot-27-03.html">"New Image of Comet Halley in the Cold"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESO" class="mw-redirect" title="ESO">ESO</a>. 1 September 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/press-rel/pr-2003/phot-27-03.html">the original</a> on 1 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Image+of+Comet+Halley+in+the+Cold&rft.pub=ESO&rft.date=2003-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Foutreach%2Fpress-rel%2Fpr-2003%2Fphot-27-03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robertson2022-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robertson2022_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2023" class="citation journal cs1">Robertson, B. E.; et al. (2023). "Identification and properties of intense star-forming galaxies at redshifts z > 10". <i>Nature Astronomy</i>. <b>7</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">611–</span>621. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.04480">2212.04480</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatAs...7..611R">2023NatAs...7..611R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41550-023-01921-1">10.1038/s41550-023-01921-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257968812">257968812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Identification+and+properties+of+intense+star-forming+galaxies+at+redshifts+z+%3E+10&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E611-%3C%2Fspan%3E621&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2212.04480&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257968812%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41550-023-01921-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023NatAs...7..611R&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=B.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllingworthMageeOeschBouwens2013" class="citation journal cs1">Illingworth, G. D.; Magee, D.; Oesch, P. A.; Bouwens, R. J.; Labbé, I.; Stiavelli, M.; van Dokkum, P. G.; Franx, M.; Trenti, M.; Carollo, C. M.; Gonzalez, V. (21 October 2013). "The HST eXtreme Deep Field XDF: Combining all ACS and WFC3/IR Data on the HUDF Region into the Deepest Field Ever". <i>The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series</i>. <b>209</b> (1): 6. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1305.1931">1305.1931</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJS..209....6I">2013ApJS..209....6I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0067-0049%2F209%2F1%2F6">10.1088/0067-0049/209/1/6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55052332">55052332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Supplement+Series&rft.atitle=The+HST+eXtreme+Deep+Field+XDF%3A+Combining+all+ACS+and+WFC3%2FIR+Data+on+the+HUDF+Region+into+the+Deepest+Field+Ever&rft.volume=209&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2013-10-21&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1305.1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55052332%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0067-0049%2F209%2F1%2F6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013ApJS..209....6I&rft.aulast=Illingworth&rft.aufirst=G.+D.&rft.au=Magee%2C+D.&rft.au=Oesch%2C+P.+A.&rft.au=Bouwens%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=Labb%C3%A9%2C+I.&rft.au=Stiavelli%2C+M.&rft.au=van+Dokkum%2C+P.+G.&rft.au=Franx%2C+M.&rft.au=Trenti%2C+M.&rft.au=Carollo%2C+C.+M.&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hstoccultation-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hstoccultation_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/hst_img_kuiper-smallest.html">"Hubble Finds Smallest Kuiper Belt Object Ever Seen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170609103407/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/hst_img_kuiper-smallest.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Hubble+Finds+Smallest+Kuiper+Belt+Object+Ever+Seen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fhubble%2Fscience%2Fhst_img_kuiper-smallest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_magnitude&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icq.eps.harvard.edu/MagScale.html">"The astronomical magnitude scale"</a>. <i>International Comet Quarterly</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Comet+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+astronomical+magnitude+scale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icq.eps.harvard.edu%2FMagScale.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApparent+magnitude" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stars520" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Star" title="Template:Star"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Star" title="Template talk:Star"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Star" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Star"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stars520" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Stars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Formation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bok_globule" title="Bok globule">Bok globule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_stellar_object" title="Young stellar object">Young stellar object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protostar" title="Protostar">Protostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">Pre-main-sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig_Ae/Be_star" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig%E2%80%93Haro_object" title="Herbig–Haro object">Herbig–Haro object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_track" title="Hayashi track">Hayashi track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henyey_track" title="Henyey track">Henyey track</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">Main sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-giant_branch" title="Red-giant branch">Red-giant branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">Horizontal branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_clump" title="Red clump">Red clump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">Asymptotic giant branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-AGB_star" title="Post-AGB star">post-AGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-AGB_star" title="Super-AGB star">super-AGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_loop" title="Blue loop">Blue loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary nebula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_nebula" title="Protoplanetary nebula">Protoplanetary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_nebula" title="Wolf–Rayet nebula">Wolf–Rayet nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PG_1159_star" title="PG 1159 star">PG1159</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredge-up" title="Dredge-up">Dredge-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OH/IR_star" title="OH/IR star">OH/IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instability_strip" title="Instability strip">Instability strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_population" title="Stellar population">Stellar population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Superluminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Early-type star">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-type star">Late</a></li> <li>Main sequence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O-type_main-sequence_star" title="O-type main-sequence star">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-type_main-sequence_star" title="B-type main-sequence star">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star" title="A-type main-sequence star">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-type_main-sequence_star" title="F-type main-sequence star">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-type_main-sequence_star" title="K-type main-sequence star">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf" title="Subdwarf">Subdwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_O_star" title="Subdwarf O star">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_B_star" title="Subdwarf B star">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">WR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OB_star" title="OB star">OB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgiant" title="Subgiant">Subgiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_star" title="Giant star">Giant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_giant" title="Blue giant">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow giant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright giant">Bright giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergiant" title="Supergiant">Supergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant" title="Blue supergiant">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_supergiant" title="Yellow supergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">Hypergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_star" title="Carbon star">Carbon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S-type_star" title="S-type star">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CN_star" title="CN star">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH_star" title="CH star">CH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemically_peculiar_star" title="Chemically peculiar star">Chemically peculiar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Am_star" title="Am star">Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ap_and_Bp_stars" title="Ap and Bp stars">Ap/Bp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEMP_star" title="CEMP star">CEMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-manganese_star" title="Mercury-manganese star">HgMn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium-weak_star" title="Helium-weak star">He-weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_star" title="Barium star">Barium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Bo%C3%B6tis_star" title="Lambda Boötis star">Lambda Boötis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_star" title="Lead star">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium_star" title="Technetium star">Technetium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_star" title="Be star">Be</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shell_star" title="Shell star">Shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B(e)_star" title="B(e) star">B[e]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_star" title="Helium star">Helium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_helium_star" title="Extreme helium star">Extreme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_straggler" title="Blue straggler">Blue straggler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Remnants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS_00500%2B6713" title="IRAS 00500+6713">Parker's star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio-quiet_neutron_star" title="Radio-quiet neutron star">Radio-quiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_pulsar" title="Binary pulsar">Binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar" title="X-ray pulsar">X-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_burster" title="X-ray burster">Burster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_gamma_repeater" title="Soft gamma repeater">SGR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_star" title="Hypothetical star">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_dwarf_(red-dwarf_stage)" title="Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage)">Blue dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">Black dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boson_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Boson star">Boson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroweak star">Electroweak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_star" title="Strange star">Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Preon star">Preon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_star" title="Planck star">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(dark_matter)" title="Dark star (dark matter)">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-energy_star" title="Dark-energy star">Dark-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_star" title="Q star">Q</a></li></ul></li> <li>Black hole star <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_star_(semiclassical_gravity)" title="Black star (semiclassical gravity)">Black</a></li> <li>Hawking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-star" title="Quasi-star">Quasi-star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravastar" title="Gravastar">Gravastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorne%E2%80%93%C5%BBytkow_object" title="Thorne–Żytkow object">Thorne–Żytkow object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_star" title="Iron star">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzar" title="Blitzar">Blitzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hole" title="White hole">White hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_fusion" title="Deuterium fusion">Deuterium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_burning" title="Lithium burning">Lithium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain" title="Proton–proton chain">Proton–proton chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">Triple-alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_process" title="Alpha process">Alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-burning_process" title="Carbon-burning process">C burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon-burning_process" title="Neon-burning process">Ne burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen-burning_process" title="Oxygen-burning process">O burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon-burning_process" title="Silicon-burning process">Si burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-process" title="P-process">p-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova#Recurrent_novae" title="Nova">Recurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">Supernova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_core" title="Stellar core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_zone" title="Convection zone">Convection zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microturbulence" title="Microturbulence">Microturbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-like_oscillations" title="Solar-like oscillations">Oscillations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation zone">Radiation zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Atmosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">Photosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starspot" title="Starspot">Starspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">Chromosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">Stellar corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_surface" title="Alfvén surface">Alfvén surface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">Stellar wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar-wind_bubble" title="Stellar-wind bubble">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_outflow" title="Bipolar outflow">Bipolar outflow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplyd" title="Proplyd">Proplyd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroseismology" title="Asteroseismology">Asteroseismology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helioseismology" title="Helioseismology">Helioseismology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_luminosity" title="Eddington luminosity">Eddington luminosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_mechanism" title="Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism">Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_designations_and_names" title="Stellar designations and names">Designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_dynamics" title="Stellar dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">Effective temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">Luminosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics" title="Stellar kinematics">Kinematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_magnetic_field" title="Stellar magnetic field">Magnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass" title="Stellar mass">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">Metallicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_rotation" title="Stellar rotation">Rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlight" title="Starlight">Starlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">Variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Photometric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_index" title="Color index">Color index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color%E2%80%93color_diagram" title="Color–color diagram">Color–color diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B6mgren_sphere" title="Strömgren sphere">Strömgren sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_break" title="Kraft break">Kraft break</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_system" title="Star system">Star systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">Binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_binary" title="Contact binary">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_envelope" title="Common envelope">Common envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipsing_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsing binary">Eclipsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_binary" title="Symbiotic binary">Symbiotic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_system#Multiple_star_systems" title="Star system">Multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">Cluster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">Globular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_star_cluster" title="Super star cluster">Super</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth-centric<br />observations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">Solar eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_radio_emission" title="Solar radio emission">Solar radio emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">Pole star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_star" title="Circumpolar star">Circumpolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">Asterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">Magnitude</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_(astronomy)" title="Extinction (astronomy)">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_magnitude" title="Photographic magnitude">Photographic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">Radial velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">Proper motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_parallax" title="Stellar parallax">Parallax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photometric-standard_star" title="Photometric-standard star">Photometric-standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proper_names_of_stars" title="List of proper names of stars">Proper names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arabic_star_names" title="List of Arabic star names">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_star_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese star names">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_star_extremes" title="List of star extremes">Extremes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_stars" title="List of most massive stars">Most massive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hottest_stars" title="List of hottest stars">Highest temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coolest_stars" title="List of coolest stars">Lowest temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_known_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest known stars">Largest volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smallest_known_stars" title="List of smallest known stars">Smallest volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brightest_stars" title="List of brightest stars">Brightest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_brightest_stars" title="Historical brightest stars">Historical brightest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_luminous_stars" title="List of most luminous stars">Most luminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars" title="List of nearest stars">Nearest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_bright_stars" title="List of nearest bright stars">bright</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_distant_astronomical_objects#List_of_most_distant_objects_by_type" title="List of the most distant astronomical objects">Most distant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stars_with_resolved_images" title="List of stars with resolved images">With resolved images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">With multiple exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brown_dwarfs" title="List of brown dwarfs">Brown dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_red_dwarfs" title="List of red dwarfs">Red dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_white_dwarfs" title="List of white dwarfs">White dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_novae_in_the_Milky_Way_galaxy" title="List of novae in the Milky Way galaxy">Milky Way novae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernovae" title="List of supernovae">Supernovae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_remnants" title="List of supernova remnants">Remnants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planetary_nebulae" title="List of planetary nebulae">Planetary nebulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_stellar_astronomy" title="Timeline of stellar astronomy">Timeline of stellar astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substellar_object" title="Substellar object">Substellar object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-dwarf_desert" title="Brown-dwarf desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-brown_dwarf" title="Sub-brown dwarf">Sub</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_star_(astronomy)" title="Guest star (astronomy)">Guest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_star" title="Intergalactic star">Intergalactic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet-hosting_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet-hosting stars">Planet-hosting stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_disruption_event" title="Tidal disruption event">Tidal disruption event</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Stars" title="Category:Stars">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/14px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/21px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/28px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124313#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4226162-4">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apparent_magnitude&oldid=1274945637">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apparent_magnitude&oldid=1274945637</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Observational_astronomy" title="Category:Observational astronomy">Observational astronomy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Logarithmic_scales_of_measurement" title="Category:Logarithmic scales of measurement">Logarithmic scales of measurement</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2023">Use dmy dates from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2019" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2019">Articles needing additional references from May 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2019" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2019">Articles needing additional references from September 2019</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 February 2025, at 04:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apparent_magnitude&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Apparent magnitude</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>75 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-567b97b4dc-9k67c","wgBackendResponseTime":164,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.061","walltime":"1.349","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6256,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":221947,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4198,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":308596,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1012.466 1 -total"," 49.36% 499.734 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.39% 186.191 45 Template:Cite_web"," 12.47% 126.244 22 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.72% 98.369 1 Template:Star"," 9.63% 97.495 2 Template:Navbox"," 8.98% 90.904 6 Template:Cite_book"," 6.84% 69.242 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.55% 56.187 2 Template:More_citations_needed_section"," 5.29% 53.551 2 Template:More_citations_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.606","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9528007,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7878cd4448-jwttm","timestamp":"20250211195501","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Apparent magnitude","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apparent_magnitude","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q124313","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q124313","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-02T23:32:48Z","dateModified":"2025-02-10T04:37:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/87\/65Cyb-LB3-apmag.jpg","headline":"measure of brightness for celestial objects, as seen from Earth"}</script> </body> </html>