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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Verdrag van Tianjin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Beschikbaar in 21 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="معاهدة تيانسين – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معاهدة تيانسين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractat_de_Tianjin" title="Tractat de Tianjin – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tractat de Tianjin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjintraktaten" title="Tianjintraktaten – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tianjintraktaten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertrag_von_Tianjin" title="Vertrag von Tianjin – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vertrag von Tianjin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin" title="Treaty of Tientsin – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Treaty of Tientsin" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Tianjin" title="Tratado de Tianjin – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tratado de Tianjin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Tien-Tsin_(1858)" title="Traité de Tien-Tsin (1858) – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Traité de Tien-Tsin (1858)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%96%D7%94_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%9F" title="חוזה טיינג'ין – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוזה טיינג'ין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjanjian_Tientsin" title="Perjanjian Tientsin – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perjanjian Tientsin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trattati_di_Tientsin" title="Trattati di Tientsin – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trattati di Tientsin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84_(1858%E5%B9%B4)" title="天津条約 (1858年) – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="天津条約 (1858年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%88%EC%A7%84_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="톈진 조약 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="톈진 조약" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjintraktaten" title="Tianjintraktaten – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tianjintraktaten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Tientsin" title="Tratado de Tientsin – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tratado de Tientsin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_(1858)" title="Тяньцзиньские трактаты (1858) – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тяньцзиньские трактаты (1858)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rdragen_i_Tianjin" title="Fördragen i Tianjin – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fördragen i Tianjin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tientsin_Antla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1" title="Tientsin Antlaşması – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tientsin Antlaşması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_(1858)" title="Тяньцзіньські трактати (1858) – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тяньцзіньські трактати (1858)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyansin_shartnomasi" title="Tyansin shartnomasi – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tyansin shartnomasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="天津条约 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天津条约" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="天津條約 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="天津條約" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q612577#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Meer opties" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handelingen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Verdrag_van_Tianjin"><span>Lezen</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdrag_van_Tianjin&veaction=edit" title="Deze pagina bewerken [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdrag_van_Tianjin&action=edit" title="Broncode van deze pagina bewerken [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Brontekst bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdrag_van_Tianjin&action=history"><span>Geschiedenis weergeven</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:VerwijzingenNaarHier/Verdrag_van_Tianjin" title="Lijst met alle pagina's die naar deze pagina verwijzen [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Links naar deze pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingenGelinkt/Verdrag_van_Tianjin" rel="nofollow" title="Recente wijzigingen in pagina's waar deze pagina naar verwijst [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Gerelateerde wijzigingen</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=nl" title="Bestanden uploaden [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Bestand uploaden</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:SpecialePaginas" title="Lijst met alle 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Uiterlijk</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Signing_the_Treaty_of_Tientsin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Signing_the_Treaty_of_Tientsin.jpg/260px-Signing_the_Treaty_of_Tientsin.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Signing_the_Treaty_of_Tientsin.jpg/390px-Signing_the_Treaty_of_Tientsin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Signing_the_Treaty_of_Tientsin.jpg/520px-Signing_the_Treaty_of_Tientsin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3108" data-file-height="1991" /></a><figcaption>Ondertekening van het verdrag</figcaption></figure> <p>Het <b>Verdrag van Tianjin</b> van 1858 eindigde het eerste deel van de <a href="/wiki/Tweede_Opiumoorlog" title="Tweede Opiumoorlog">Tweede Opiumoorlog</a> (1856-1860). Bij het verdrag waren <a href="/wiki/Verenigd_Koninkrijk_van_Groot-Brittanni%C3%AB_en_Ierland" title="Verenigd Koninkrijk van Groot-Brittannië en Ierland">Groot-Brittannië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tweede_Franse_Keizerrijk" title="Tweede Franse Keizerrijk">Frankrijk</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Staten" title="Verenigde Staten">Verenigde Staten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keizerrijk_Rusland" title="Keizerrijk Rusland">Rusland</a> en <a href="/wiki/Chinees_Keizerrijk" title="Chinees Keizerrijk">China</a> betrokken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Achtergrond">Achtergrond</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdrag_van_Tianjin&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Achtergrond" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdrag_van_Tianjin&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Achtergrond"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Britse handelaren en diplomaten waren na 1850 ontevreden over met name de commerciële resultaten van het <a href="/wiki/Verdrag_van_Nanking" title="Verdrag van Nanking">Verdrag van Nanking</a> van 1842, dat de <a href="/wiki/Eerste_Opiumoorlog" title="Eerste Opiumoorlog">Eerste Opiumoorlog</a> had beëindigd. Bij dat verdrag waren de havens van <a href="/wiki/Kanton_(stad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanton (stad)">Kanton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> en <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_(Fujian)" title="Fuzhou (Fujian)">Fuzhou</a> opengesteld voor handel met het buitenland. Verzet van lokale autoriteiten verhinderde echter nog steeds de mogelijkheid van handel kunnen drijven met het achterland van die havens en het binnenland van China. De Britten waren van opvatting, dat vooral het kunnen aangaan van volwaardige diplomatieke relaties met China en dus het kunnen vestigen van permanente buitenlandse <a href="/wiki/Legatie_(diplomatie)" title="Legatie (diplomatie)">legaties</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peking" title="Peking">Peking</a> het belangrijkste instrument zou zijn om de handel uit breiden. </p><p>Met name in het gebied rondom Kanton heerst grote sociale onrust. Het had voor een deel te maken met het verschuiven van een deel van de handel naar Shanghai. De provinciale gouverneur moest ook alle hulpbronnen van de stad aanwenden om de troepen van <a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong Xiuquan</a>, de leider van de <a href="/wiki/Taipingopstand" title="Taipingopstand">Taipingopstand</a> buiten de regio te houden. De nog steeds illegale opiumhandel concentreerde zich ook in deze regio. Er was een sterke anti-buitenlandse stemming. Na het aantreden van de keizer <a href="/wiki/Xianfeng" title="Xianfeng">Xianfeng</a> (regeerperiode: 1850-1861) was er ook aan het hof in Peking een dergelijke stemming. </p><p>In die sfeer vond in 1856 een incident plaats rond het schip The Arrow. Het schip was door de Chinese autoriteiten in Kanton opgebracht wegens piraterij en smokkel. Hoewel die autoriteiten geheel in hun recht stonden, besloten de Britten hier een <i><a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a></i> van te maken, een aanleiding om een oorlog te voeren. Opium was vitaal geworden in de Britse handel op China en in de economie van India. Ondanks de overwinning in de Eerste Opiumoorlog was Groot-Brittannië er niet in geslaagd om het Chinese formele verbod op de invoer van opium opgeheven te krijgen. </p><p>In 1858 braken Britse troepen een blokkade bij Dagu. Een Brits-Franse vloot nam korte tijd later <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> in, het commerciële centrum van het noordoosten van China en op ongeveer 150 kilometer van Peking. Dat leidde tot onderhandelingen tussen partijen en het verdrag van Tianjin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belangrijkste_punten_van_het_verdrag">Belangrijkste punten van het verdrag</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdrag_van_Tianjin&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Belangrijkste punten van het verdrag" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdrag_van_Tianjin&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Belangrijkste punten van het verdrag"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Groot-Brittannië, Frankrijk, de Verenigde Staten en Rusland kregen permanent aanwezige <a href="/wiki/Legatie_(diplomatie)" title="Legatie (diplomatie)">legaties</a> in Peking.</li> <li>Er werden elf nieuwe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdragshaven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verdragshaven (de pagina bestaat niet)">verdragshavens</a> opengesteld.</li> <li>De <a href="/wiki/Jangtsekiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Jangtsekiang">Jangtsekiang</a> werd opengesteld voor buitenlandse schepen tot aan <a href="/wiki/Hankou" class="mw-redirect" title="Hankou">Hankou</a>.</li> <li>China moest aanzienlijke schadevergoedingen betalen aan Groot-Brittannië, Frankrijk en Britse handelaren.</li> <li>Buitenlanders kregen het recht om, mits voorzien van reisvergunningen, in het binnenland te reizen (artikel IX). Dit punt was van wezenlijk belang voor de uitbreiding van zowel de <a href="/wiki/Rooms-katholieke_missie_in_China_in_de_periode_1800%E2%80%931911" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooms-katholieke missie in China in de periode 1800–1911">missie in China</a> als de <a href="/wiki/Zending_in_China_tot_1911" title="Zending in China tot 1911">zending in China</a>.</li> <li>De religieuze vrijheid van christenen in China werd bevestigd.</li> <li>De opiumhandel werd gelegaliseerd.</li></ul> <p>Een consequentie van het verdrag was, dat buitenlandse naties in de verdragshavens concessiegebieden verkregen die zij feitelijk naar eigen inzicht konden besturen. </p><p>Met Rusland werd eveneens in 1858 het <a href="/wiki/Verdrag_van_Aigun" title="Verdrag van Aigun">verdrag van Aigun</a> gesloten. Rusland kreeg het gebied ten oosten van de rivier de <a href="/wiki/Amoer_(rivier)" title="Amoer (rivier)">Amoer</a> dat nu globaal de <a href="/wiki/Kraj_Amoer" title="Kraj Amoer">kraj Amoer</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Kraj_Primorje" title="Kraj Primorje">kraj Primorje</a> is. </p><p>De bereidheid tot implementatie van deze maatregelen was van de zijde van het keizerlijk hof in Peking afwezig. Het gevolg was, dat de Britten en Fransen twee jaar later Peking bezetten. De keizer en het grootste deel van het hof vluchtten naar <a href="/wiki/Rehe_(provincie)" title="Rehe (provincie)">Rehe</a> ten noorden van de <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muur" title="Chinese Muur">Grote Muur</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yi_Xin" title="Yi Xin">Prins Gong</a>, een halfbroer van de keizer, voerde de nieuwe onderhandelingen met de Britten en Fransen die zouden leiden tot de <a href="/wiki/Conventie_van_Peking" title="Conventie van Peking">Conventie van Peking</a> van 1860. </p> <div class="interProject wikisource mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://nl.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Treaty_of_Tien-Tsin" class="extiw" title="s:en:Treaty of Tien-Tsin">Wikisource</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/25px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/50px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div>Werken van of over dit onderwerp zijn te vinden op de pagina <i><b><a href="https://nl.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Treaty_of_Tien-Tsin" class="extiw" title="s:en:Treaty of Tien-Tsin">Treaty of Tien-Tsin</a></b></i> op de Engelstalige <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</div> </div> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> The London Gazette <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22465/page/5290">Verdragstekst met Engeland, 28 december 1860</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> Rowe, William T. (2009) China's Last Empire: The Great Qing, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9780674036123" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9780674036123">ISBN 9780674036123</a></span></li> <li>Haar, Barend J. ter (2009) Het hemels mandaat. De geschiedenis van het Chinese keizerrijk Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-90-896412-05" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-90-896412-05">ISBN 978-90-896412-05</a></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verdrag_van_Tianjin&oldid=66852772">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verdrag_van_Tianjin&oldid=66852772</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Vredesverdrag" title="Categorie:Vredesverdrag">Vredesverdrag</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Verdrag_in_de_19e_eeuw" title="Categorie:Verdrag in de 19e eeuw">Verdrag in de 19e eeuw</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:China_tijdens_de_Qing-dynastie" title="Categorie:China tijdens de Qing-dynastie">China tijdens de Qing-dynastie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Politiek_in_1858" title="Categorie:Politiek in 1858">Politiek in 1858</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 17 jan 2024 om 15:01.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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