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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Substance-related disorder</div> <p>The <b>gateway drug effect</b> (alternatively, <b>stepping-stone theory</b>, <b>escalation hypothesis</b>, or <b>progression hypothesis</b>) is a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Catchphrase" title="Catchphrase">catchphrase</a> for the often observed effect that the use of a <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychoactive substance</a> is coupled to an increased probability of the use of further substances. Possible reasons for the connection include <a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">environmental influence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impulsivity" title="Impulsivity">impulsive</a> people seeking both soft and hard drugs (meaning people who use one drug are likely to use another drug due to personality and that <a href="/wiki/Correlation_is_not_causation" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlation is not causation">it's not the initial drug that leads to the use of another drug</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alterations in the brain due to earlier substance exposure, as well as similar attitudes of people who use different substances, and therefore experience a "common liability to addiction".<sup id="cite_ref-PMID22261179_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID22261179-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Drug_Abuse" title="National Institute on Drug Abuse">National Institute on Drug Abuse</a> released a research report which supported allegations that marijuana is a "gateway"<sup id="cite_ref-marijuanagateway_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marijuanagateway-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to more dangerous substance use; one of the <a href="/wiki/Peer-reviewed" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-reviewed">peer-reviewed</a> papers cited in the report claims that while "some studies have found that use of legal drugs or cannabis are not a requirement for the progression to other illicit drugs [...] most studies have supported the "gateway sequence"."<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25168081_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25168081-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">literature review</a> conducted by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice" title="National Institute of Justice">National Institute of Justice</a>, which analyzed 23 peer-reviewed research studies, concluded "that existing statistical research and analysis relevant to the "gateway" hypothesis has produced mixed results",<sup id="cite_ref-NIJ_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIJ-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that "no <a href="/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation" title="Correlation does not imply causation">causal</a> link between cannabis use and the use of other illicit drugs can be claimed at this time."<sup id="cite_ref-NIJ_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIJ-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gateway_drug_effect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the phrase <i>gateway drug</i> was first popularized by anti-drug activists such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_DuPont" title="Robert DuPont">Robert DuPont</a> in the 1980s, the underlying ideas had already been discussed since the 1930s by using the phrases <i>stepping-stone theory</i>, <i>escalation hypothesis</i>, or <i>progression hypothesis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scientific and political discussion has intensified since 1975 after the publications of several longitudinal studies by <a href="/wiki/Denise_Kandel" title="Denise Kandel">Denise Kandel</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID1188374_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID1188374-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMID6742252_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID6742252-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMID8498623_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID8498623-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, a research report by the National Institute on Drug Abuse determined that marijuana use is "likely to precede use of other licit and illicit substances", and cited a <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_study" title="Longitudinal study">longitudinal study</a> in which "adults who reported marijuana use during the first wave of the survey were more likely than adults who did not use marijuana to develop an <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> use disorder within 3 years; people who used marijuana and already had an alcohol use disorder at the outset were at greater risk of their alcohol use disorder worsening."<sup id="cite_ref-marijuanagateway_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marijuanagateway-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They further claimed that marijuana use "is also linked to other substance use disorders including <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a> addiction."<sup id="cite_ref-marijuanagateway_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marijuanagateway-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While stating that their "findings are consistent with the idea of marijuana as a "gateway drug"",<sup id="cite_ref-marijuanagateway_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marijuanagateway-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they conceded that "the majority of people who use marijuana do not go on to use other, "harder" substances",<sup id="cite_ref-marijuanagateway_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marijuanagateway-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that "<a href="/wiki/Sensitization#Cross-sensitization" title="Sensitization">cross-sensitization</a> is not unique to marijuana. Alcohol and nicotine also prime the brain for a heightened response to other drugs and are, like marijuana, also typically used before a person progresses to other, more harmful substances."<sup id="cite_ref-marijuanagateway_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marijuanagateway-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, the 2018 report issued by the National Institute of Justice states "that the current state of research on this issue is limited, and the studies that have been conducted suffer from difficulties in collecting information and applying the findings to a larger population. The report further notes that although many of the reviewed studies found statistically significant associations between cannabis use and the users' later use of other illicit drugs, there is currently no conclusive evidence that cannabis use caused the later use of harder illicit drugs."<sup id="cite_ref-NIJ_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIJ-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sequence_of_first-time_use">Sequence of first-time use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gateway_drug_effect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sequence of first-time use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_concept">General concept</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gateway_drug_effect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of <i>gateway drug</i> is based on observations that the sequence of first-time use of different drugs is not <a href="/wiki/Randomness" title="Randomness">random</a> but shows <a href="/wiki/Linear_trend_estimation" title="Linear trend estimation">trends</a>. On the basis of established techniques of <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_study" title="Longitudinal study">longitudinal studies</a> such trends can be described precisely in terms of <a href="/wiki/Frequentist_probability" title="Frequentist probability">statistical probability</a>. As to the interpretation of the observed trends, it is important to note the difference between sequence and causation. Both may – but need not – be coupled, a question which is subject of further research, e.g., by <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiological</a> experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_trends">Examples of trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gateway_drug_effect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples of trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From a sample of 6,624 people who had not used other illegal drugs before their cannabis consumption the overall probability of later use of other illegal drugs was estimated to be 44.7%. Subgroup analyses showed that personal and social conditions, such as gender, age, marital status, mental disorders, family history of substance use, overlapping illegal drug distribution channels, alcohol use disorder, nicotine dependence, <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urbanicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanicity">urbanicity</a>, and educational attainment influenced the height of probability.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID25168081_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID25168081-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25649017_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25649017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study of drug use of 14,577 U.S. 12th graders showed that alcohol consumption was associated with an increased probability of later use of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>, and other illegal drugs. Adolescents who smoked cigarettes before age 15 were up to 80 times more likely to use illegal drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID22712674_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID22712674-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies indicate <a href="/wiki/Electronic_cigarette" title="Electronic cigarette">vaping</a> serves as a gateway to <a href="/wiki/Cigarette" title="Cigarette">traditional cigarettes</a> and cannabis use.<sup id="cite_ref-FadusSmith2019_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FadusSmith2019-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large-scale <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_study" title="Longitudinal study">longitudinal studies</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">U.K.</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> from 2015 and 2017 showed an association between cannabis use and an increased probability of later disorders in the use of other drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29057198_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29057198-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25759089_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25759089-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid28592420_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28592420-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Students who regularly consume caffeinated <a href="/wiki/Energy_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy drinks">energy drinks</a> have a greater risk of alcohol use disorder, cocaine use and misuse of prescription stimulants. The elevated risk remains after accounting for prior substance use and other risk factors.<sup id="cite_ref-NIDA2017_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIDA2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> about the use of <a href="/wiki/E-cigarettes" class="mw-redirect" title="E-cigarettes">e-cigarettes</a> of 2018 said that "Because the term 'gateway' has historically been used in colloquial, non-scientific settings and lacks a clear definition, it is not used in this report".<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29894118_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29894118-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associations_aside_from_first-time_use">Associations aside from first-time use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gateway_drug_effect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Associations aside from first-time use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The role of cannabis use in regard to alcohol use and Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is still not fully understood. Some studies suggest better alcohol treatment completion for those who use cannabis, while other studies find the opposite.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 review of 39 studies which examined the relation between cannabis use and alcohol use found that 16 studies support the idea that cannabis and alcohol are substitutes for each other, 10 studies found that they are complements, 12 found that they are neither complementary nor substitutes, and one found that they are both.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study involving self-reported data from a sample of 27,461 people examined the relationship of cannabis use and AUD. These respondents had no prior diagnosis of AUD. Of the 27,461 people, 160 had reported cannabis use within the past year. At the end of a three-year period, it found that those who had previously reported cannabis use were associated with a five times greater odds of being diagnosed with AUD than those who had not. After adjustment for select confounders (age, race, marital status, income, and education), these odds were reduced to two times greater risk. Another sample of self-reported data from 2,121 persons included only those who had already been diagnosed with AUD. In this sample, it was found that those who had reported cannabis use in the past year (416 people) were associated with 1.7 greater odds of AUD persistence three years later. After adjustment for the same confounders as before, these odds were reduced to 1.3.<sup id="cite_ref-Yurasek2017_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yurasek2017-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMID26875671_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID26875671-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gateway_drug_effect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because a sequence of first-time use can only indicate the possibility – but not the fact – of an underlying causal relation, different theories concerning the observed trends were developed. The scientific discussion (state of 2016) is dominated by two concepts, which appear to cover almost all possible causal connections if appropriately combined. These are the theories of biological alterations in the brain due to an earlier drug use and the theory of similar attitudes across different drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID22261179_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID22261179-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMID12472629_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID12472629-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMID16548935_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID16548935-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alterations_in_the_brain">Alterations in the brain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gateway_drug_effect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alterations in the brain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adolescent <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_rat" title="Laboratory rat">rats</a> repeatedly injected with <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">tetrahydrocannabinol</a> increased the self-administration of <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> (results based on 11 male rats<sup id="cite_ref-PMID16823391_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID16823391-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and >50 male rats<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22683090_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22683090-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> (study based on 12 male rats)<sup id="cite_ref-PMID11713615_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID11713615-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a> (34 rats).<sup id="cite_ref-PMID23314220_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID23314220-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were direct indications that the alteration consisted of lasting <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomical</a> changes in the <a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">reward system</a> of the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID16823391_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID16823391-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22683090_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22683090-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the reward system is anatomically, <a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">physiologically</a>, and functionally almost identical across the class of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21800319_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21800319-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21396397_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21396397-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21872619_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21872619-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the importance of the findings from animal studies for the reward system in the human brain in relation to the liability to the use of further drugs has been pointed out in several reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28845848_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28845848-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid26373473_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26373473-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25463025_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25463025-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid27254841_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27254841-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">mice</a>, nicotine increased the probability of later consumption of <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, and the experiments permitted concrete conclusions on the underlying <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biological</a> alteration in the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID25184865_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID25184865-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biological changes in mice correspond to the <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiological</a> observations in humans that nicotine consumption is coupled to an increased probability of later use of cannabis and cocaine,<sup id="cite_ref-PMID27077359_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID27077359-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as other drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31539325_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31539325-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In rats, alcohol increased the probability of later addiction to cocaine and again relevant alterations in the reward system were identified.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29109977_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29109977-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid30251397_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30251397-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These observations thus correspond to the epidemiological findings that the consumption of alcohol in humans is coupled to a later increased risk of a transition from cocaine use to cocaine addiction.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21145178_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21145178-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid26806781_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26806781-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Controlled animal and human studies showed that <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">energy drinks</a>) in combination with alcohol increased the craving for more alcohol more strongly than alcohol alone.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29251842_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29251842-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These findings correspond to epidemiological data that people who consume <a href="/wiki/Energy_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy drinks">energy drinks</a> generally showed an increased tendency to take alcohol and other substances.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20729975_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20729975-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIDA2017_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIDA2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal,_social_and_genetic_factors"><span id="Personal.2C_social_and_genetic_factors"></span>Personal, social and genetic factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gateway_drug_effect&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal, social and genetic factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the concept of similar attitudes across different drugs (<i>common liability to addiction</i>), a number of personal, social, genetic and environmental factors can lead to a generally increased interest in various drugs. The sequence of first-time use would then depend on these factors.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID22261179_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID22261179-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMID20060657_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID20060657-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violations of the typical sequence of first-time drug usage give credit to this theory. For example, in Japan, where cannabis use is uncommon, 83.2% of the people who used illicit substances did not use cannabis first.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID22261179_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID22261179-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept received additional support from a large-scale genetic analysis that showed a genetic basis for the connection of the prevalence of cigarette smoking and cannabis use during the life of a person.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID27023175_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID27023175-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The results of a <a href="/wiki/Twin_study" title="Twin study">twin study</a> presented indications that familial genetic and familial environmental factors do not fully explain these associations, and are possibly only relevant for sequences of some drugs. In 219 same-sex Dutch identical and non-identical twin pairs, one co-twin had reported cannabis use before the age of 18 whereas the other had not. In the cannabis group the <a href="/wiki/Lifetime_prevalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifetime prevalence">lifetime prevalence</a> of later reported use of party drugs was four times higher and the lifetime prevalence of later reported use of hard drugs was seven times higher than in the non-cannabis group. The authors concluded that at least family influences – both genetic and social ones – could not explain the differences. The study noted that, besides a potential causal role of cannabis use, non shared environment factors could play a role in the association such as differing peer affiliations that preceded the cannabis use.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID16402286_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID16402286-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid24438181_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24438181-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another twin study (of 510 same sex twin pairs) also examined the association of earlier cannabis use and later hard drug use. Like other studies it examined later drug use differences between siblings where one sibling had used cannabis early and the other had not. The study examined identical twins (who share approximately 100% of their genes) and non-identical twins (who share approximately 50% of their genes) separately and adjusted for additional confounders such as peer drug use. It found, after confounder adjustment, that the associations with later hard drug use existed only for non-identical twins. This suggests a significant genetic factor in the likelihood of later hard drug usage. The study suggested that a causal role of cannabis use in later hard drug usage is minimal, if it exists at all, and that cannabis use and hard drug use share the same influencing factors such as genetics and environment.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid24438181_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24438181-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gateway_drug_effect&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse_prevention" title="Substance abuse prevention">Substance abuse prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">Substance use disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_and_other_drugs" title="Tobacco and other drugs">Tobacco and other drugs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gateway_drug_effect&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugpolicyfacts.org/chapter/gateway">"Gateway Drug Hypothesis | Drug Policy Facts"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gateway+Drug+Hypothesis+%26%23124%3B+Drug+Policy+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugpolicyfacts.org%2Fchapter%2Fgateway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGateway+drug+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMID22261179-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PMID22261179_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMID22261179_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMID22261179_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMID22261179_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marijuana+Research+Report%3AIs+marijuana+a+gateway+drug%3F&rft.pub=National+Institute+on+Drug+Abuse&rft.date=2020-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugabuse.gov%2Fpublications%2Fresearch-reports%2Fmarijuana%2Fmarijuana-gateway-drug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGateway+drug+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid25168081-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid25168081_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSecades-Villa_R,_Garcia-Rodríguez_O,_Jin_CJ,_Wang_S,_Blanco_C2015" class="citation journal cs1">Secades-Villa R, Garcia-Rodríguez O, Jin CJ, Wang S, Blanco C (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4291295">"Probability and predictors of the cannabis gateway effect: a national study"</a>. <i>Int J Drug Policy</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 135–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.drugpo.2014.07.011">10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.07.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4291295">4291295</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25168081">25168081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Drug+Policy&rft.atitle=Probability+and+predictors+of+the+cannabis+gateway+effect%3A+a+national+study.&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=135-42&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4291295%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25168081&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.drugpo.2014.07.011&rft.au=Secades-Villa+R%2C+Garcia-Rodr%C3%ADguez+O%2C+Jin+CJ%2C+Wang+S%2C+Blanco+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4291295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGateway+drug+effect" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIJ-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIJ_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIJ_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIJ_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications/cannabis-gateway-drug-key-findings-and-literature-review">"Is Cannabis a Gateway Drug? Key Findings and Literature Review"</a>. <i>National Institute of Justice</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Is+Cannabis+a+Gateway+Drug%3F+Key+Findings+and+Literature+Review&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnij.ojp.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fcannabis-gateway-drug-key-findings-and-literature-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGateway+drug+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Denise_Kandel" title="Denise Kandel">D. B. Kandel</a> (Ed.): <i>Stages and Pathways of Drug Involvement: Examining the Gateway Hypothesis</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78969-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78969-1">978-0-521-78969-1</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erich Goode: <i>Marijuana use and the progression to dangarous drugs</i>, in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1974" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Loren, ed. (1974). <i>Marijuana Effects on Human Behavior</i>. 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"Early onset cannabis use and progression to other drug use in a sample of Dutch twins". <i>Behavior Genetics</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 195–200. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.79.4510">10.1.1.79.4510</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10519-005-9023-x">10.1007/s10519-005-9023-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16402286">16402286</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8263454">8263454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavior+Genetics&rft.atitle=Early+onset+cannabis+use+and+progression+to+other+drug+use+in+a+sample+of+Dutch+twins&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-200&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.79.4510%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8263454%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16402286&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10519-005-9023-x&rft.aulast=Lynskey&rft.aufirst=M.+T.&rft.au=Vink%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Boomsma%2C+D.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGateway+drug+effect" class="Z3988"></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tweelingenregister.org/nederlands/verslaggeving/NTR_publicaties_2006/Lynskey_BG_2006.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190524104403/http://www.tweelingenregister.org/nederlands/verslaggeving/NTR_publicaties_2006/Lynskey_BG_2006.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-05-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24438181-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24438181_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24438181_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgrawalLynskey2014" class="citation journal cs1">Agrawal A, Lynskey MT (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3943474">"Cannabis controversies: how genetics can inform the study of comorbidity"</a>. <i>Addiction</i>. <b>109</b> (3): 360–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fadd.12436">10.1111/add.12436</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3943474">3943474</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24438181">24438181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Addiction&rft.atitle=Cannabis+controversies%3A+how+genetics+can+inform+the+study+of+comorbidity&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=360-70&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3943474%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24438181&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fadd.12436&rft.aulast=Agrawal&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Lynskey%2C+MT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3943474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGateway+drug+effect" class="Z3988"></span> (Review).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClevelandWiebe2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cleveland, HH; Wiebe, RP (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5429788">"Understanding the association between adolescent marijuana use and later serious drug use: gateway effect or developmental trajectory?"</a>. <i>Development and Psychopathology</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 615–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0954579408000308">10.1017/S0954579408000308</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18423097">18423097</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19232946">19232946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Development+and+Psychopathology&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+association+between+adolescent+marijuana+use+and+later+serious+drug+use%3A+gateway+effect+or+developmental+trajectory%3F&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=615-32&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19232946%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18423097&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0954579408000308&rft.aulast=Cleveland&rft.aufirst=HH&rft.au=Wiebe%2C+RP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F5429788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGateway+drug+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gateway_drug_effect&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_textbooks">Scientific textbooks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gateway_drug_effect&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Scientific textbooks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Kandel" title="Denise Kandel">D. B. Kandel</a> (Ed.): <i>Stages and Pathways of Drug Involvement: Examining the Gateway Hypothesis</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78969-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78969-1">978-0-521-78969-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Denis_Hall" title="Wayne Denis Hall">Wayne Hall</a>, Rosalie Liccardo Pacula: <i>Is cannabis a gateway drug?</i> In: Same authors: <i>Cannabis Use and Dependence. Public Health and Public Policy</i>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, New York, USA, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80024-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80024-2">978-0-521-80024-2</a>, chapt. 10, pp. 104–114.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lay_scientific_books">Lay scientific books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gateway_drug_effect&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lay scientific books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mark A.R. Kleiman, Jonathan P. Caulkins, Angela Hawken: <i>Is marijuana a "gateway drug"?</i> In: Same authors: <i>Drugs and Drug Policy. What Everyone Needs to Know</i>, Oxford University Press, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983138-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983138-8">978-0-19-983138-8</a>, chapt. 4, question 8, pp. 81–83.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_research_before_1974">State of research before 1974</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gateway_drug_effect&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: State of research before 1974"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoode1974" class="citation book cs1">Goode, Erich (1974). "Marijuana use and the progression to dangarous drugs". In Miller, Loren (ed.). <i>Marijuana Effects on Human Behavior</i>. Burlington: Elsevier Science. pp. 303–338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-5811-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-5811-9"><bdi>978-1-4832-5811-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marijuana+use+and+the+progression+to+dangarous+drugs&rft.btitle=Marijuana+Effects+on+Human+Behavior&rft.place=Burlington&rft.pages=303-338&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-1-4832-5811-9&rft.aulast=Goode&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGateway+drug+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gateway_drug_effect&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/marijuana-gateway-drug">Is marijuana a gateway drug?</a>, website of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Drug_Abuse" title="National Institute on Drug Abuse">National Institute on Drug Abuse</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>.</li> <li>Virginia Gewin: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2011/111102/full/news.2011.627.html">Smoking stokes cocaine cravings: Molecular mechanism found for controversial 'gateway drug' hypothesis</a>, Nature News, November 2, 2011.</li> <li>Video: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denise_Kandel" title="Denise Kandel">Denise Kandel</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9uKKC8FjjGI">E-Cigarettes May Promote Illicit Drug Use and Addiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, January 16, 2015.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a><br /> use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_crime" title="Alcohol-related crime">Alcohol-related<br /> crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving" title="Drunk driving">Drunk driving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_traffic_crashes_in_the_United_States" title="Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States">Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Drunk driving in the United States">Drunk driving in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">Moonshine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub_gin" title="Bathtub gin">Bathtub gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Prison alcohol <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1jaro_verde" title="Pájaro verde">Pájaro verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruno" title="Pruno">Pruno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_intoxication" title="Public intoxication">Public intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">Rum-running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sly-grog_shop" title="Sly-grog shop">Sly-grog shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Native_Americans" title="Alcohol and Native Americans">Alcohol and Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism_in_adolescence" title="Alcoholism in adolescence">Alcoholism in adolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism_in_family_systems" title="Alcoholism in family systems">Alcoholism in family systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism_in_rural_Australia" title="Alcoholism in rural Australia">Alcoholism in rural Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_Study_on_the_Genetics_of_Alcoholism" title="Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism">Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_theory_of_alcoholism" title="Disease theory of alcoholism">Disease theory of alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_alcoholic" title="High-functioning alcoholic">High-functioning alcoholic</a> (HFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeing_pink_elephants" title="Seeing pink elephants">Seeing pink elephants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Beverage-specific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_chemistry" title="Beer chemistry">Beer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_psychoactive_alcohols_in_alcoholic_drinks" title="Comparison of psychoactive alcohols in alcoholic drinks">Comparison of psychoactive alcohols in alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congener_(beverages)" title="Congener (beverages)">Congener</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_congener_analysis" title="Alcohol congener analysis">Alcohol congener analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_alcohol_content" title="Blood alcohol content">Blood alcohol content</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusel_alcohol" title="Fusel alcohol">Fusel alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption" title="Short-term effects of alcohol consumption">Short-term effects of alcohol consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_alcohol" title="Long-term effects of alcohol">Long-term effects of alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology_of_ethanol" title="Pharmacology of ethanol">Pharmacology of ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_response_to_alcohol" title="Subjective response to alcohol">Subjective response to alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adverse effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hangxiety" title="Hangxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_alcohol_on_aging" title="Impact of alcohol on aging">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_impact_of_alcohol_on_the_brain" title="Long-term impact of alcohol on the brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cancer" title="Alcohol and cancer">Cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_breast_cancer" title="Alcohol and breast cancer">breast cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cortisol" title="Alcohol and cortisol">Cortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_alcohol_on_memory" title="Effects of alcohol on memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol and pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_and_sleep" title="Alcohol use and sleep">Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_tolerance" title="Alcohol tolerance">Tolerance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intolerance" title="Alcohol intolerance">intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_weight" title="Alcohol and weight">Weight</a></li> <li>Beverage-specific <ul><li>Beer: <a href="/wiki/Potomania" title="Potomania">Potomania</a></li> <li>Wine: <a href="/wiki/Red_wine_headache" title="Red wine headache">Red wine headache</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues">Social issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adulterated alcohol <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine#Adulterated_moonshine" title="Moonshine">Adulterated moonshine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denatured_alcohol" title="Denatured alcohol">Denatured alcohol</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_methanol_poisoning_incidents" title="List of methanol poisoning incidents">List of methanol poisoning incidents</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogate_alcohol" title="Surrogate alcohol">Surrogate alcohol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">Alcohol abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_advertising" title="Alcohol advertising">Alcohol advertising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_advertising_on_college_campuses" title="Alcohol advertising on college campuses">on college campuses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_sex" title="Alcohol and sex">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_goggles" title="Beer goggles">Beer goggles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_myopia" title="Alcohol myopia">Alcohol myopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_association_football" title="Alcohol in association football">Alcohol in association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_among_college_students" title="Alcohol use among college students">Alcohol use among college students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_syndrome" title="Austrian syndrome">Austrian syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">Alcohol intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_binge_drinking" title="Epidemiology of binge drinking">Epidemiology of binge drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_heart_syndrome" title="Holiday heart syndrome">Holiday heart syndrome</a></li> <li>Problematic alcoholic products <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_powder" title="Alcohol powder">Alcohol powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcopop" title="Alcopop">Alcopop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borg_(drink)" title="Borg (drink)">Borg</a></li> <li>Low-cost alcohol <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_fortified_wine" title="Flavored fortified wine">Flavored fortified wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)#Stimulants" title="Alcohol (drug)">Polysubstance alcoholic drinks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caffeinated_alcoholic_drink" title="Caffeinated alcoholic drink">Caffeinated alcoholic drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca_wine" title="Coca wine">Coca wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotini" title="Nicotini">Nicotini</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapoy" title="Zapoy">Zapoy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackout_(drug-related_amnesia)" title="Blackout (drug-related amnesia)">Blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackout_Wednesday" title="Blackout Wednesday">Blackout Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drinking_games" title="List of drinking games">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregaming" title="Pregaming">Pregaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_in_public" title="Drinking in public">Drinking in public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_walking" title="Drunk walking">Drunk walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunkorexia" title="Drunkorexia">Drunkorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_drunk" title="Dry drunk">Dry drunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_courage" title="Dutch courage">Dutch courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_drink" title="Flaming drink">Flaming drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_of_the_dog" title="Hair of the dog">Hair of the dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurtful_communication#Alcohol" title="Hurtful communication">Hurtful communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_dialing" title="Drunk dialing">Drunk dialing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vino_veritas" title="In vino veritas"><i>In vino veritas</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightcap_(drink)" title="Nightcap (drink)">Nightcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantsdrunk" title="Pantsdrunk">Pantsdrunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_drinking" title="Passive drinking">Passive drinking</a></li> <li>Binge drinking devices <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_bong" title="Beer bong">Beer bong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yard_of_ale" title="Yard of ale">Yard of ale</a></li></ul></li> <li>Routes of administration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_enema" title="Alcohol enema">Alcohol enema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_inhalation" title="Alcohol inhalation">Alcohol inhalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka_eyeballing" title="Vodka eyeballing">Vodka eyeballing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconcing" title="Sconcing">Sconcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_alcoholism_debate" title="Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate">Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipsomania" title="Dipsomania">Dipsomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Paul_Jordan" title="Gilbert Paul Jordan">Gilbert Paul Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_Craze" title="Gin Craze">Gin Craze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_through_alcohol" title="List of deaths through alcohol">List of deaths through alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_ration" title="Rum ration">Rum ration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebeen" title="Shebeen">Shebeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_o%27clock_swill" title="Six o'clock swill">Six o'clock swill</a></li> <li>Illegal drinking establishments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nip_joint" title="Nip joint">Nip joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speakeasy" title="Speakeasy">Speakeasy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_mile" title="Beer mile">Beer mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Beer_Day" title="International Beer Day">International Beer Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Collaboration_Brew_Day" title="International Women's Collaboration Brew Day">International Women's Collaboration Brew Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_brewing" title="Women in brewing">Women in brewing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif" title="Apéritif and digestif">Apéritif and digestif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangover_remedies" title="Hangover remedies">Hangover remedies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_wine" title="Health effects of wine">Health effects of wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunken_monkey_hypothesis" title="Drunken monkey hypothesis">Drunken monkey hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_night" title="Ladies' night">Ladies' night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_by_youth_in_the_United_States" title="Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States">Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_substances_used_in_rituals#Alcohol" title="List of substances used in rituals">Ritual use of alcohol</a></li> <li>Whiskey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_whisk(e)y_day" title="International whisk(e)y day">International whisk(e)y day</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alcohol <br />control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_License_Suspension" title="Administrative License Suspension">Administrative License Suspension</a> (ALS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(Minimum_Pricing)_(Scotland)_Act_2012" title="Alcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Act 2012">Alcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Act 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_exclusion_laws" title="Alcohol exclusion laws">Alcohol exclusion laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_monopoly" title="Alcohol monopoly">Alcohol monopoly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage_control_state" title="Alcoholic beverage control state">Alcoholic beverage control state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_packaging_warning_messages" title="Alcohol packaging warning messages">Alcohol packaging warning messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_on_caffeinated_alcoholic_drinks_in_the_United_States" title="Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States">Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving_law_by_country" title="Drunk driving law by country">Drunk driving law by country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DWI_court" title="DWI court">DWI court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_sobriety_testing" title="Field sobriety testing">Field sobriety testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask_defence" title="Hip flask defence">Hip flask defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_interlock_device" title="Ignition interlock device">Ignition interlock device</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_county" title="Dry county">Dry county</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dry_communities_by_U.S._state" title="List of dry communities by U.S. state">List of dry communities by U.S. state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_call" title="Last call">Last call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age" title="Legal drinking age">Legal drinking age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age_in_the_United_States" title="Legal drinking age in the United States">Legal drinking age in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_tap_(alcohol)" title="Shoulder tap (alcohol)">Shoulder tap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcohol_laws_of_the_United_States" title="List of alcohol laws of the United States">List of alcohol laws of US</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Alcohol prohibition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_alcohol_prohibition" title="List of countries with alcohol prohibition">List of countries with alcohol prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-prohibitionism" title="Neo-prohibitionism">Neo-prohibitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">Temperance movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sobriety" title="Sobriety">Sobriety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_detoxification" title="Alcohol detoxification">Alcohol detoxification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-free_zone" title="Alcohol-free zone">Alcohol-free zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_campus" title="Dry campus">Dry campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-container_law" title="Open-container law">Open-container law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brief_intervention" title="Brief intervention">Brief intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designated_driver" title="Designated driver">Designated driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Alcohol rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_tank" title="Drunk tank">Drunk tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_alcohol_program" title="Managed alcohol program">Managed alcohol program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-alcoholic_drink" title="Non-alcoholic drink">Non-alcoholic drink</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-alcoholic_cocktails" class="mw-redirect" title="List of non-alcoholic cocktails">List of cocktails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-alcoholic_mixed_drinks" title="List of non-alcoholic mixed drinks">List of mixed drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritzer#Non-alcoholic_spritzer" title="Spritzer">Spritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_drink#Non-alcoholic_malt_drinks" title="Malt drink">Malt drinks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">Teetotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_bar" title="Temperance bar">Temperance bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_and_Good_Citizenship_Day" title="Temperance and Good Citizenship Day">Temperance and Good Citizenship Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twelve-step_groups" title="List of twelve-step groups">Twelve-step groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Anon/Alateen" title="Al-Anon/Alateen">Al-Anon/Alateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a> (AA):</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_Children_of_Alcoholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult Children of Alcoholics">Adult Children of Alcoholics</a> (ACA)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_companion" title="Sober companion">Sober companion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_curious" title="Sober curious">Sober curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_living_house" title="Sober living house">Sober living house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobering_center" title="Sobering center">Sobering center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobrietol" title="Sobrietol">Sobrietol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_lit_(alcohol_cessation)" title="Quit lit (alcohol cessation)">Quit lit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alcohol limitation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/0-0-1-3" title="0-0-1-3">0-0-1-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_recommendations" title="Alcohol consumption recommendations">Alcohol consumption recommendations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_education" title="Alcohol education">Alcohol education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_server_training" title="Alcohol server training">Alcohol server training</a></li> <li>Monitoring <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathalyzer" title="Breathalyzer">Breathalyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_tagging#Sweat_alcohol_content_monitor" title="Electronic tagging">Sweat alcohol content monitor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brief_intervention#FRAMES" title="Brief intervention">FRAMES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Advancing_Alcohol_Responsibility" title="Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility">Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility</a></li> <li>Campaigns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_January" title="Dry January">Dry January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_July" title="Dry July">Dry July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Your_Sexy_Back" title="Get Your Sexy Back">Get Your Sexy Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocsober" title="Ocsober">Ocsober</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li> <li>Low-alcohol drinks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Fermented tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-alcohol_beer" title="Low-alcohol beer">Low-alcohol beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_drink#Low-alcoholic_malt_drinks" title="Malt drink">Low-alcoholic malt drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_beer" title="Small beer">Small beer</a></li></ul></li> <li>Measurement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_spirits_measure" title="Alcoholic spirits measure">Alcoholic spirits measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_drink" title="Standard drink">Standard drink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">Chlordiazepoxide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfiram-like_drug" title="Disulfiram-like drug">Disulfiram-like drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disulfiram" title="Disulfiram">Disulfiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbimide" title="Calcium carbimide">Calcium carbimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">General anaesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide_(medication)" title="Nitrous oxide (medication)">Nitrous oxide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfonic_acid" title="Sulfonic acid">Sulfonic acids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acamprosate" title="Acamprosate">Acamprosate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homotaurine" title="Homotaurine">Homotaurine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_alcohol" title="Religion and alcohol">Religion and alcohol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Christian views on alcohol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol in the Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamr" title="Khamr">Islam and alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Street_and_Gin_Lane" title="Beer Street and Gin Lane"><i>Beer Street</i> and <i>Gin Lane</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratt_System" title="Bratt System">Bratt System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_state" title="Dry state">Dry state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_Act_1751" title="Gin Act 1751">Gin Act 1751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_Liquor_Prescriptions_Act_of_1933" title="Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933">Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_alcohol-related_articles" title="Index of alcohol-related articles">Index of alcohol-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_spaceflight" title="Alcohol and spaceflight">Alcohol and spaceflight</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gateway drug effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease">Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spins" title="Spins">Spins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_drunk" title="Town drunk">Town drunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_paradox" title="French paradox">French paradox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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