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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Complaints from citizens and legal persons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complaints_from_citizens_and_legal_persons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referrals_from_public_authorities_and_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referrals_from_public_authorities_and_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Referrals from public authorities and institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referrals_from_public_authorities_and_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Activity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activity-sublist" class="cdx-button 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">National Anticorruption Directorate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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дирекция за борба с корупцията" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationale_Antikorruptionsbeh%C3%B6rde_(Rum%C3%A4nien)" title="Nationale Antikorruptionsbehörde (Rumänien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nationale Antikorruptionsbehörde (Rumänien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_nationale_anticorruption" title="Direction nationale anticorruption – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Direction nationale anticorruption" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Romanian anti-corruption agency</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Law enforcement agency</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #EFEFEF;">National Anticorruption Directorate<br />Direcția Națională Anticorupție (DNA)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stema-DNA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="{{{logocaption}}}" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Stema-DNA.png/140px-Stema-DNA.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Stema-DNA.png/210px-Stema-DNA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Stema-DNA.png/280px-Stema-DNA.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="835" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EFEFEF;">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">2002 (as PNA)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EFEFEF;">Jurisdictional structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency#natlea" title="Law enforcement agency">National agency</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(Operations jurisdiction)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operations jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legal jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data">As per operations jurisdiction</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EFEFEF;">Operational structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">Bucharest</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executives</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Marius Ionuț Voineag, Chief prosecutor (incumbent)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Codru%C8%9Ba_K%C3%B6vesi" title="Laura Codruța Kövesi">Laura Codruța Kövesi</a>, Chief prosecutor (2013–2018)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EFEFEF;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pna.ro">www<wbr />.pna<wbr />.ro</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Anticorruption Directorate</b> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Direcția Națională Anticorupție (DNA)</i>), formerly <b>National Anticorruption Prosecution Office</b> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/Parquet_(legal)" title="Parquet (legal)">Parchetul</a> Național Anticorupție</i>), is the <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a> agency tasked with preventing, investigating and prosecuting <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corruption</a>-related offenses (such as bribery, graft, patronage and embezzlement) that caused a material damage to the Romanian state. The institution deals with the fight against high corruption offences, which have caused damage greater than €200,000 or if the object of the crime is property or sums of money amounting to over €10,000. </p><p>The DNA was established in 2002 by the Emergency Ordinance no. 43/2002 of the Romanian Government.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially the institution has been called the <i>National Anticorruption Office</i> (Parchetul Național Anticorupție), and between October 2005 – March 2006 was named the <i>National Anticorruption Department</i>, both operating as autonomous organizations attached to the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Cassation_and_Justice" title="High Court of Cassation and Justice">High Court of Cassation and Justice</a>. The model of organization of the DNA has been inspired by similar structures in Spain, Norway and Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DNA is headed by a Chief-Prosecutor and two deputies, nominated by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Justice of Romania">Minister of Justice</a> and appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President of Romania</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief-Prosecutor_of_the_Directorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chief-Prosecutor of the Directorate (page does not exist)">Chief-Prosecutor of the Directorate</a> is subordinated to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=General-Prosecutor_of_the_Prosecutor%27s_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General-Prosecutor of the Prosecutor's Office (page does not exist)">General-Prosecutor of the Prosecutor's Office</a> attached to the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Cassation_and_Justice" title="High Court of Cassation and Justice">High Court of Cassation and Justice</a>. </p><p>Starting with 2013, the DNA successfully investigated thousands of corruption cases across the entire political spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-politico2016DNA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politico2016DNA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian201_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian201-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-frank2014database_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frank2014database-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a report of the European Union, the Romanian DNA had "established an impressive track record in terms of solving high and medium level corruption cases".<sup id="cite_ref-mcv2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcv2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DNA has also been an example in terms of its reporting, which shows a high degree of openness and willingness to analyse.<sup id="cite_ref-mcv2017_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcv2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an INSCOP survey, the trust of Romanians in DNA is very high (59.8%), in comparison with other institutions such as the Parliament (12.6%) or the Government (22.6%).<sup id="cite_ref-inscop2016_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inscop2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Anticorruption_Directorate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The legislative framework which set up this organisation gave the DNA jurisdiction (authority) over high- and medium-level corruption cases. DNA is an independent entity in relation to the other judiciary branches, the prosecutor's offices attached to these branches, as well as in relations to other public authorities. </p><p>Criminal offences falling within jurisdiction of the DNA are those that have as the object of the crime goods or sums which are the equivalent of over €10,000 <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>. The institution may also investigate offences connected with acts of corruption if these crimes have caused damage greater than €200,000 or if these types of activities have severely compromised public authorities or public institutions. DNA has exclusive and unlimited jurisdiction in fighting high-level corruption, including in pursuing members of parliament. Through subsequent legislative amendments, DNA's jurisdiction concerning low-level corruption has been eliminated, more precisely corruption cases concerning city mayors, police agents and notaries. </p><p>Any corruption case can be investigated by the DNA if the one who commits the crime falls into one of these categories: </p> <ul><li>Officials: members of parliament, senators, members of government, state secretaries or undersecretaries, advisors to ministers, presidential advisors and state counsellors within the presidential administration, councillors of the prime minister, presidents and vice-presidents of county councils, the general mayor and the deputy mayors of Bucharest, the mayors and deputy mayors of Bucharest sectors, mayors and deputy mayors of cities in Romania, county councillors, prefects and sub-prefects;</li> <li>Legal practitioners: judges of the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Cassation_and_Justice" title="High Court of Cassation and Justice">High Court of Cassation and Justice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Court">Constitutional Court</a>, other judges and prosecutors; members of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superior_Council_of_Magistracy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superior Council of Magistracy (page does not exist)">Superior Council of Magistracy</a>, the president of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a> and his deputy, the Ombudsman and his deputies;</li> <li>Finance: members and financial controllers of the Court of Audit and county chambers of audit, the governor, first deputy governor and the deputy governor of the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Romania" title="National Bank of Romania">National Bank of Romania</a>, the president and vice-president of the <a href="/wiki/Competition_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Competition Council">Competition Council</a>, the commissioners of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Guard_(Romania)" title="Financial Guard (Romania)">Financial Guard</a>, customs staff, persons holding the senior positions (from director-level and up) in the autonomous administrations of national interest, of national companies and societies, of the banks and commercial companies to which the state is the majority shareholder, of the public institutions that have interest in privatisation processes, persons with senior positions in the units of the central finance and banking, the persons referred to in art. 81 of Law no. 78/2000 with ulterior modifications and completions, the liquidators of the judiciary and of the Authority for Valuation of State Assets (AVAS);</li> <li>Military and police officers: officers, admirals, generals and marshals; police officers;</li> <li>The heads of the central and local public authorities and institutions, persons in positions of control within them, with the exception of the heads of public authorities and institutions at the level of cities and municipalities, and persons with control functions within them, lawyers etc.</li></ul> <p>The DNA also has the authority to investigate criminal offences directed against the financial interests of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regardless of the value of the damage. Moreover, the DNA can investigate crimes of macroeconomic significance if they caused a material damage higher than the equivalent in lei of €1,000,000, in the cases of: <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>, forms of <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">abuse of power</a>, certain offences set out in the Customs Code, the criminal offences provided in Law no. 241/2005 for preventing and combating <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Anticorruption_Directorate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Anticorruption directorate is headed by a chief prosecutor, two deputy heads and four departmental prosecutors. They are proposed by the Minister of Justice, appointed by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President of Romania</a> and approved by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superior_Council_of_Magistracy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superior Council of Magistracy (page does not exist)">Superior Council of Magistracy</a> for a period of three years, with the possibility of being reappointed one more time.<sup id="cite_ref-art54-303_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art54-303-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acts of corruption committed by those who are included in these latter categories are investigated by prosecutors from other offices. </p><p>In order to efficiently solve corruption cases and other specific activities related to criminal prosecution, the DNA prosecutors are supported by the officers and agents of judicial police, as well as other specialists qualified in other fields: economy, finance, banking, customs, etc. These specialists work in the framework of operational teams led, supervised and controlled by the prosecutor responsible for the case. </p><p>According to the law, the DNA has financial independence, with funds being secured from the state budget. The chief prosecutor of the directorate is a secondary credit applicant. </p><p>DNA is composed of a central structure, fourteen territorial structures located in cities where there are courts of appeal, and a territorial office:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The central structure in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>: the department for combating corruption, the department for combating crimes connected with corruption, the department for combating corruption committed by military personnel;</li> <li>Territorial services in: <a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bac%C4%83u" title="Bacău">Bacău</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craiova" title="Craiova">Craiova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gala%C8%9Bi" title="Galați">Galați</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Oradea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pite%C8%99ti" title="Pitești">Pitești</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suceava" title="Suceava">Suceava</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Mure%C8%99" title="Târgu Mureș">Târgu Mureș</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a>;</li> <li>Territorial office in <a href="/wiki/Baia_Mare" title="Baia Mare">Baia Mare</a> within DNA Cluj.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_of_information">Sources of information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Anticorruption_Directorate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sources of information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DNA can be notified by citizens, companies as well as public authorities. The DNA can also take notice from information resulting from prosecutors' work or from information published in the media.<sup id="cite_ref-siteOficialSurse_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siteOficialSurse-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complaints_from_citizens_and_legal_persons">Complaints from citizens and legal persons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Anticorruption_Directorate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Complaints from citizens and legal persons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Complaints from citizens and legal persons can be of three types:<sup id="cite_ref-siteOficialSurse_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siteOficialSurse-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Complaint – the situation in which a person contacts the DNA to report an offence that affected him or her.</li> <li>Denouncement – the situation in which a person, who has information about alleged crimes of corruption, communicates them to the DNA.</li> <li>Self-denouncement – the situation in which a person, who has committed an offence of corruption and wants to benefit from mitigation or exoneration of criminal responsibility, informs the DNA about the crime before this is found from other sources.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Referrals_from_public_authorities_and_institutions">Referrals from public authorities and institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Anticorruption_Directorate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Referrals from public authorities and institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following authorities may also refer corruption-related offences to the DNA:<sup id="cite_ref-siteOficialSurse_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siteOficialSurse-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Audit-related authorities such as the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Guard_(Romania)" title="Financial Guard (Romania)">Financial Guard</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Agency_of_Fiscal_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Agency of Fiscal Administration (page does not exist)">National Agency of Fiscal Administration</a> or the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fraud_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-fraud Department (page does not exist)">Anti-fraud Department</a></li> <li>The police</li> <li>Other prosecution services</li> <li>Other services specialised in information gathering</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activity">Activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Anticorruption_Directorate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2014 Anti-corruption report of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> has highlighted the Romanian DNA as one of five examples of good practices in anti-corruption agencies across the EU:<sup id="cite_ref-euAntiCorruption14_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euAntiCorruption14-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>DNA has built a notable track record of non-partisan investigations and prosecutions into allegations of corruption at the highest levels of politics, the judiciary and other sectors such as tax administration, customs, energy, transport, construction, healthcare, etc. In the past seven years, DNA has indicted over 4 700 defendants. 90.25% of its indictments were confirmed through final court decisions. Nearly 1 500 defendants were convicted through final court decisions, almost half of them holding very high level positions. Key to these results has been DNA’s structure which incorporates, apart from prosecutors who lead and supervise investigations, judicial police and economic, financial and IT experts</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>European Commission, The Anti-Corruption Report, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-euAntiCorruption14_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euAntiCorruption14-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>By 2015, acting under <a href="/wiki/Laura_Codru%C8%9Ba_K%C3%B6vesi" title="Laura Codruța Kövesi">Laura Codruța Kövesi</a>'s leadership, the agency had gained traction against high-level corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_2015-11-06_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com_2015-11-06-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agency currently employs 120 prosecutors working on more than 6,000 cases, and has successfully prosecuted dozens of mayors, five MPs, two ex-ministers and a former prime minister in 2014 alone. Hundreds of former judges and prosecutors have also been brought to justice, with a conviction rate above 90%.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_2015-11-06_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com_2015-11-06-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, 12 members of parliament have been investigated, including ministers: "we have investigated two sitting ministers, one of whom went from his ministerial chair directly to pre-trial detention," Kövesi said.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_2015-11-06_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com_2015-11-06-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2015 poll suggested that 60% of Romanian trust DNA, compared to only 11% expressing their trust in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_2015-11-06_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com_2015-11-06-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaboration_with_SRI">Collaboration with SRI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Anticorruption_Directorate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Collaboration with SRI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DNA has also seen its relationship with Romania's domestic intelligence service, the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Intelligence_Service" title="Romanian Intelligence Service">SRI</a>, questioned by Romanian media and the President of the Romanian Parliament's SRI Activity Oversight Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been alleged that the SRI carries out 20,000 telephone intercepts on behalf of the DNA every year.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Anticorruption_Directorate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a 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Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/National_Anticorruption_Directorate" title="Special:EditPage/National Anticorruption Directorate">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22National+Anticorruption+Directorate%22">"National Anticorruption Directorate"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22National+Anticorruption+Directorate%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22National+Anticorruption+Directorate%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22National+Anticorruption+Directorate%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22National+Anticorruption+Directorate%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22National+Anticorruption+Directorate%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Defendants frequently speak of humiliation in front of the media,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with evidence leaked to the newspapers and broadcasters to discredit defendants in advance of their trials.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President of Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traian_B%C4%83sescu" title="Traian Băsescu">Traian Băsescu</a>, interviewed in May 2016, called for the arrest of judges and prosecutors who breached defendants' human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Over 100 people investigated in DNA cases have been acquitted this year. They served over 3,000 days in pre-trial arrest. I believe the prosecutors who asked for the pre-trial arrest of these people should be arrested immediately for abuse of power or malfeasance in office, because they falsified evidence. They should be arrested immediately alongside the judges who approved the arrests. This would be just because they destroyed destinies and careers."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Anticorruption_Directorate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Romania" title="Corruption in Romania">Corruption in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Codru%C8%9Ba_K%C3%B6vesi" title="Laura Codruța Kövesi">Laura Codruța Kövesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_da_%C8%99pag%C4%83" title="Nu da șpagă">Nu da șpagă</a>, a campaign coordinated by Transparency International</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Anticorruption_Directorate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the Government emergency ordinance no.134/2005, DNA has the exclusive jurisdiction to the research of criminal offences directed against the interests of the European Communities, regardless of daun.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">according to the Government emergency Ordinance no. 43/2002</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=34573">"ORDONANŢĂ DE URGENŢĂ nr.43 din 4 aprilie 2002 privind Parchetul Naţional Anticorupţie"</a>. <i>www.cdep.ro</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205183322/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=34573">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdep.ro&rft.atitle=ORDONAN%C5%A2%C4%82+DE+URGEN%C5%A2%C4%82+nr.43+din+4+aprilie+2002+privind+Parchetul+Na%C5%A3ional+Anticorup%C5%A3ie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdep.ro%2Fpls%2Flegis%2Flegis_pck.htp_act_text%3Fidt%3D34573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Anticorruption+Directorate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pna.ro/about_us.xhtml">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170725095035/http://www.pna.ro/about_us.xhtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pna.ro%2Fabout_us.xhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Anticorruption+Directorate" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-politico2016DNA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-politico2016DNA_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.eu/article/the-dna-of-romanias-anti-corruption-success-eu-transparency-international/">"The DNA of Romania's anti-corruption success"</a>. Politico.eu. 18 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323212325/http://www.politico.eu/article/the-dna-of-romanias-anti-corruption-success-eu-transparency-international/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+DNA+of+Romania%27s+anti-corruption+success&rft.pub=Politico.eu&rft.date=2016-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fthe-dna-of-romanias-anti-corruption-success-eu-transparency-international%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Anticorruption+Directorate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian201-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian201_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/04/woman-leading-war-on-corruption-romania">"Bringing in the scalps: the woman leading Romania's war on corruption"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 5 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411165133/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/04/woman-leading-war-on-corruption-romania">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2017</span>. <q>A slew of politicians, mayors, judges and prosecutors have been targeted in an anti-corruption drive quite unlike any other in eastern Europe – or the world for that matter</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bringing+in+the+scalps%3A+the+woman+leading+Romania%27s+war+on+corruption&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fnov%2F04%2Fwoman-leading-war-on-corruption-romania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Anticorruption+Directorate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frank2014database-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-frank2014database_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_H._Frank,_Roxana-Maria_Gaina2014" class="citation web cs1">Peter H. Frank, Roxana-Maria Gaina (27 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peterhfrank.com/political-corruption-in-romania-the-dna-database/">"Political corruption in Romania: the DNA database"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517050946/http://www.peterhfrank.com/political-corruption-in-romania-the-dna-database/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Comisia Europeană. January 2017. p. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923161302/https://ec.europa.eu/info/files/progress-report-romania-2017-com-2017-44_en">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2017</span>. <q>The National Anti-Corruption Directorate (DNA) and the High Court of Cassation and Justice (HCCJ) have established an impressive track record in terms of solving high and medium level corruption cases.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+from+the+Commission+to+the+European+Parliament+and+the+Council+On+Progress+in+Romania+under+the+Co-operation+and+Verification+Mechanism&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Comisia+European%C4%83&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Finfo%2Ffiles%2Fprogress-report-romania-2017-com-2017-44_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Anticorruption+Directorate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inscop2016-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inscop2016_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inscop.ro/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/INSCOP-raport-martie-2016-INCREDERE-INSTITUTII.pdf">"Barometrul INSCOP – Adevărul despre România"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Those who ordered pre-trial arrest of acquitted defendants should be arrested"</a>. <i>www.nineoclock.ro</i>. 2016-05-16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/basescu-justice-has-to-be-defended-from-those-who-do-injustice-in-the-judiciary-those-who-ordered-pre-trial-arrest-of-acquitted-defendants-should-be-arrested/">the original</a> on 2017-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nineoclock.ro&rft.atitle=Basescu%3A+Justice+has+to+be+defended+from+those+who+do+injustice+in+the+judiciary.+Those+who+ordered+pre-trial+arrest+of+acquitted+defendants+should+be+arrested&rft.date=2016-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nineoclock.ro%2Fbasescu-justice-has-to-be-defended-from-those-who-do-injustice-in-the-judiciary-those-who-ordered-pre-trial-arrest-of-acquitted-defendants-should-be-arrested%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Anticorruption+Directorate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measures of corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_corruption" title="Economics of corruption">Economics of corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms or aspects<br />of corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baksheesh" title="Baksheesh">Baksheesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">Black market</a> / <a href="/wiki/Grey_market" title="Grey market">Grey market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collusion" title="Collusion">Collusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_bribery" title="Commercial bribery">Commercial bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li>Corporation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_corporation" title="Dummy corporation">Dummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_corporation" title="Shell corporation">Shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scam" title="Scam">Confidence trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graft_(politics)" title="Graft (politics)">Graft (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honest_services_fraud" title="Honest services fraud">Honest services fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickback_(bribery)" title="Kickback (bribery)">Kickback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_fixing" title="Match fixing">Match fixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">Money laundering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_and_crime" title="Cryptocurrency and crime">Cryptocurrency and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawala_and_crime" title="Hawala and crime">Hawala and crime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_cause_corruption" title="Noble cause corruption">Noble cause corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_courtesy" title="Professional courtesy">Professional courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandal" title="Scandal">Scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush_fund" title="Slush fund">Slush fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax haven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_investment" title="Offshore investment">Offshore investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">Clientelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_capture" title="Elite capture">Elite capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">Failed state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_soldiers" title="Ghost soldiers">Ghost soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_state" title="Mafia state">Mafia state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_scandal" title="Political scandal">Political scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">Regulatory capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">Rent-seeking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rent-setting" title="Rent-setting">Rent-setting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capture" title="State capture">State capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_crime" title="State crime">State crime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_stuffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot stuffing">Ballot stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_security" title="Election security">Election security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_pairing" title="Vote pairing">Vote pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_suppression" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote suppression">Vote suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions dealing<br /> with corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_W._Baker" title="Raymond W. Baker">Global Financial Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_States_Against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of States Against Corruption">Group of States Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anti-Corruption_Academy" title="International Anti-Corruption Academy">International Anti-Corruption Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Ibrahim_Foundation" title="Mo Ibrahim Foundation">Mo Ibrahim Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption#UNCAC_Coalition_of_Civil_Society_Organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Corruption">UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oficina_Anticorrupci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Oficina Anticorrupción">Oficina Anticorrupción</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Criminal_Intelligence_Commission" title="Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission">Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_Commission_(Bangladesh)" title="Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)">Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)</a> (Bangladesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_and_Economic_Malpractice_Observatory" title="Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory">Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory</a> (Burundi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Observatory" title="National Anti-Corruption Observatory">National Anti-Corruption Observatory</a> (Cameroon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a> (China) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)" title="Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)">Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission Against Corruption (Macau)">Commission Against Corruption (Macau)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USKOK" class="mw-redirect" title="USKOK">USKOK</a> (Croatia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Anti-Fraud_Office" title="European Anti-Fraud Office">European Anti-Fraud Office</a> (European Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption" title="Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption">Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vigilance_Commission" title="Central Vigilance Commission">Central Vigilance Commission</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Eradication_Commission" title="Corruption Eradication Commission">KPK</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Authority_(Italy)" title="National Anti-Corruption Authority (Italy)">National Anti-Corruption Authority</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Prevention_and_Combating_Bureau" title="Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau">Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau</a> (Latvia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_and_Economic_Management_Assistance_Program" title="Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program">Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program</a> (Liberia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Investigation_Service" title="Special Investigation Service">Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIANCO" title="BIANCO">BIANCO</a> (Madagascar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Anti-Corruption_Commission" title="Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission">Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_Commission_of_Myanmar" title="Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar">Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar</a> (Myanmar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Corrupt_Practices_Commission" title="Independent Corrupt Practices Commission">Independent Corrupt Practices Commission</a> (Nigeria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Accountability_Bureau" title="National Accountability Bureau">National Accountability Bureau</a> (Pakistan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_Task_Force_Sweep" title="Investigation Task Force Sweep">Investigation Task Force Sweep</a> (Papua New Guinea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anticorruption_Bureau" title="Central Anticorruption Bureau">Central Anticorruption Bureau</a> (Poland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_General_Directorate" title="Anti-Corruption General Directorate">Anti-Corruption General Directorate</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Anticorruption Directorate</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_Committee_of_Russia" title="Investigative Committee of Russia">Investigative Committee of Russia</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Anti-corruption_Commission" title="Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission">Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrupt_Practices_Investigation_Bureau" title="Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau">Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau</a> (Singapore)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_the_Prevention_of_Corruption_of_the_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia">Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_and_Civil_Rights_Commission" title="Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission">Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Surveillance_Service" title="Customs Surveillance Service">Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Bureau_of_Ukraine" title="National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine">National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine</a> (Ukraine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warioba_Commission" title="Warioba Commission">Warioba Commission</a> (Tanzania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Steering_Committee_on_Anti-corruption" title="Central Steering Committee on Anti-corruption">Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption</a> (Vietnam)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws and<br />enforcement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Charter_and_Grievance_Redressal_Bill_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011">Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011</a> (pending)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act" title="Foreign Corrupt Practices Act">Foreign Corrupt Practices Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Extortion_Prevention_Act" title="Foreign Extortion Prevention Act">Foreign Extortion Prevention Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country" title="Freedom of information laws by country">Freedom of information laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lokpal_and_Lokayuktas_Act,_2013" title="The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013">The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery_Act_2010" title="Bribery Act 2010">UK Bribery Act of 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistleblower#Legal_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">Whistleblower protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International<br />instruments<br />and efforts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Convention_Against_Corruption" title="Inter-American Convention Against Corruption">Inter-American Convention Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_asset_recovery" title="International asset recovery">International asset recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Anti-Corruption_Authorities" title="International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities">International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD_Anti-Bribery_Convention" title="OECD Anti-Bribery Convention">OECD Anti-Bribery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Corruption">United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protest<br />movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2011 Azerbaijani protests">2011 Azerbaijani protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" title="2011 Indian anti-corruption movement">2011 Indian anti-corruption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Indian anti-corruption movement">2012 Indian anti-corruption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Spain" title="Anti-austerity movement in Spain">Anti-austerity movement in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Peace_with_Justice_and_Dignity" title="Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity">Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_anti-corruption_campaign" title="Russian anti-corruption campaign">Russian anti-corruption campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo_Soy_132" title="Yo Soy 132">Yo Soy 132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932019_Romanian_protests" title="2017–2019 Romanian protests">2017–2019 Romanian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Russian_protests" title="2017–2018 Russian protests">2017–2018 Russian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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