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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Secotan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secotan" title="Secotan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Secotan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secotan" title="Secotan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Secotan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Секотан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Секотан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historic Native American tribe</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Secotan</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:North_carolina_algonkin-dorf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/North_carolina_algonkin-dorf.jpg/220px-North_carolina_algonkin-dorf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/North_carolina_algonkin-dorf.jpg/330px-North_carolina_algonkin-dorf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/North_carolina_algonkin-dorf.jpg/440px-North_carolina_algonkin-dorf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1258" data-file-height="1630" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The village of Secotan (read as Secoton) in <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Island" title="Roanoke Island">Roanoke</a>, painted by Governor <a href="/wiki/John_White_(colonist_and_artist)" title="John White (colonist and artist)">John White</a>, c. 1585</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i>merged into <a href="/wiki/Machapunga" title="Machapunga">Machapunga</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-swanton81_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swanton81-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Eastern <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Algonquian_language" title="Carolina Algonquian language">Carolina Algonquian language</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Indigenous religion</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">other North Carolina Algonquians </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_carolina_algonkin-kleidung08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/North_carolina_algonkin-kleidung08.jpg/200px-North_carolina_algonkin-kleidung08.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/North_carolina_algonkin-kleidung08.jpg/300px-North_carolina_algonkin-kleidung08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/North_carolina_algonkin-kleidung08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Watercolor painting by Governor <a href="/wiki/John_White_(colonist_and_artist)" title="John White (colonist and artist)">John White</a>, c. 1585, of an <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonkin</a> Indian Chief in what is today <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>. (Manteo)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Secotans</b> were one of several groups of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> dominant in the Carolina sound region, between 1584 and 1590, with which <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">English colonists</a> had varying degrees of contact. Secotan villages included the <b>Secotan</b>, <a href="/wiki/Aquascogoc" title="Aquascogoc">Aquascogoc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dasamongueponke" title="Dasamongueponke">Dasamongueponke</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomeiock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomeiock (page does not exist)">Pomeiock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pamlico" title="Pamlico">Pamlico</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Roanoke tribe">Roanoac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other local groups included the <a href="/wiki/Chowanoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Chowanoke">Chowanoke</a> (including village <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moratuc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moratuc (page does not exist)">Moratuc</a>), <a href="/wiki/Weapemeoc" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapemeoc">Weapemeoc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesapeake (tribe)">Chesapeake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamlico" title="Pamlico">Ponouike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neusiok" title="Neusiok">Neusiok</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Mangoak</a> (Tuscarora), and all resided along the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Albemarle_Sound" title="Albemarle Sound">Albemarle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pamlico_Sound" title="Pamlico Sound">Pamlico</a> sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They spoke the <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Algonquian_language" title="Carolina Algonquian language">Carolina Algonquian language</a>, an Eastern <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a> language. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secotan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Carolinas, colonization did not exist as a straight-line transition, from Native American to European rule. A rivalry marked the relationship between the two European powers, the English and the Spanish. Rivalries also existed between the Native American groups. Additionally, the Europeans often found themselves caught in the middle of conflicts, which existed between Native American groups. Each group, European or Native American placed the interest of their group over the interest of all others. The English, the Spanish, and the Native American groups they had contact with each acted against the others, as counter-colonizers of the Carolinas as exhibited through the study of <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Island" title="Roanoke Island">Roanoke Island</a>. </p><p>In 1490, prior to England's entry into North American colonialism, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Medina_del_Campo_(1489)" title="Treaty of Medina del Campo (1489)">Treaty of Medina del Campo</a> lowered tariffs between England and Spain, and ushered in an era of increased trading between the two countries. The marriage of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a> (Spain) sealed the treaty. During this time, many English traders moved to southern Spain, in the area of <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, and trade flourished. In 1533, Spanish officials began to harass the English in Spain, who were required as Englishmen to "swear under oath" that Henry VIII was the head of the church. The requirement of the oath made the Englishmen in Spain subject to persecution, under charges of heresy, by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To circumvent Spanish officials and the inquisition, English traders devised a system, in which they would travel to Spanish possessions in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, to pick up Spanish goods, and take them back to England, with no religious conflicts. By the 1560s, the English faced increasing Spanish hostility. In 1585, the Englishman <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt" title="Richard Hakluyt">Richard Hakluyt</a> published a book, <i>Discourse of Western Planting</i>, which concluded that the English should establish their own colony in the mid-latitudes of North America, to end dependency on Spanish goods, by creating their own supply lines. By April of the same year, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Grenville" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Richard Grenville">Sir Richard Grenville</a> left England, bound for the Carolina coast, with 100 colonists, which marked the beginning of England's colonial endeavors in America.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanish colonies established the first European colonies in the Carolinas, under the leadership of Spanish captain, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Pardo_(explorer)" title="Juan Pardo (explorer)">Juan Pardo</a>, in 1567 and 1568. Pardo declared that the <a href="/wiki/Catawba_people" title="Catawba people">Catawba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wateree_people" title="Wateree people">Wateree</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxaphaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saxaphaw (page does not exist)">Saxaphaw</a> groups were subject to the Spanish crown, and he successfully persuaded the groups to construct housing and make food provisions, which created eleven Spanish settlements in the Carolinas. The Spanish still inhabited the Carolinas when the English arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Spanish settled in the interior of the Carolinas, the English arrived on the coast. The placement of a colony at Roanoke marked the first English colonial presence in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amadas_and_Barlowe,_Secotans_and_Neiosioke"><span id="Amadas_and_Barlowe.2C_Secotans_and_Neiosioke"></span>Amadas and Barlowe, Secotans and Neiosioke</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secotan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Amadas and Barlowe, Secotans and Neiosioke"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the English placed their first settlement on Roanoke Island, Master <a href="/wiki/Philip_Amadas" title="Philip Amadas">Philip Amadas</a> and Master <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Barlowe" title="Arthur Barlowe">Arthur Barlowe</a> executed an expedition on April 27, 1584, on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Raleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Raleigh">Sir Walter Raleigh</a>, who received an English charter, to establish a colony a month earlier. During their expedition, Barlowe took detailed notes relating to conflicts and rivalries between different groups of Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one such account, <a href="/wiki/Manteo_(Native_American_leader)" title="Manteo (Native American leader)">Manteo</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Croatan" title="Croatan">Croatoan</a> (Hatteras), explained his own tribal history, in relation to a neighboring tribe at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Neuse_River" title="Neuse River">Neuse River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Neusiok" title="Neusiok">Neusiok</a>, referred to as the Neiosioke by Barlowe. According to Manteo, the Croatoan were enduring years of warfare with the Neiosioke, and "some years earlier," he had met with the Neiosioke king, in an effort to ensure a "permanent coexistence." The two leaders had arranged a feast between the two groups. An unspecified number of Neiosioke men and thirty women attended a feast in the town of Croatoan. The Neiosioke had executed an ambush on the Secotans at the feast, and by the time fighting had ended, the Neiosioke had "slewn them every one, reserving the women and children only."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In conveying this "inter-tribal" history to Barlowe, Manteo saw an opportunity to advance the interest of the Croatoan. Manteo and his people attempted on several occasions to convince the English to join them in devising a surprise attack against the Neiosioke. The Englishmen, uncertain of "whether their perswasion be to the ende they may be revenged of their enemies, or for the love they beare to us," declined to help the Croatoan wage war against their rivals. Instead, the English established a trusting relationship with the Croatoan, exemplified by the willingness of two Croatoan men, Manteo and Wanchese, to accompany Amadas and Barlowe back to England.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_records">Later records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secotan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_carolina_algonkin(2).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/North_carolina_algonkin%282%29.png/200px-North_carolina_algonkin%282%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/North_carolina_algonkin%282%29.png/300px-North_carolina_algonkin%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/North_carolina_algonkin%282%29.png/400px-North_carolina_algonkin%282%29.png 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Algonquian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolina Algonquian">Carolina Algonquian</a> speaking peoples 1657 to 1795</figcaption></figure> <p>The Secotan remained in the same area until 1644 or 1645, when colonists from <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Colony">Virginia Colony</a> attacked them and drove them off in the last of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">Anglo-Powhatan Wars</a>. British settlement in the area increased soon afterward, and the land was officially transferred from the Virginia Colony to the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Province of Carolina</a> in 1665. Surviving Secotan descendants merged into the <a href="/wiki/Machapunga" title="Machapunga">Machapunga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-swanton81_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swanton81-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secotan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquascogoc" title="Aquascogoc">Aquascogoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Algonquian_language" title="Carolina Algonquian language">Carolina Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowanoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Chowanoke">Chowanoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesapeake (tribe)">Chesapeake (tribe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasamongueponke" title="Dasamongueponke">Dasamongueponke</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secotan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-swanton81-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-swanton81_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-swanton81_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSwanton2003" class="citation book cs1">Swanton, John Reed (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xpx6WoPz7xIC"><i>The Indian Tribes of North America</i></a>. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806317304" title="Special:BookSources/9780806317304"><bdi>9780806317304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Tribes+of+North+America&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780806317304&rft.aulast=Swanton&rft.aufirst=John+Reed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXpx6WoPz7xIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller2000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller2000_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller (2000), pp. 265–266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Names of geographic features and Native American groups have changed over time. The English knew the Albemarle and Pamlico sounds as the Roanoke Sea. The English knew the location of the Mangoaks, but according to the depositions collected from 1707 to 1711, the <a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora</a> initiated the sale of the same lands to the Weapemeoc in 1645. This provides evidence that the Tuscarora and Mangoak existed as names for the same group of people. Many commonly used tribe names actually refer to individual villages, which existed within tribes. The Secotan tribal area included the villages of both Roanoke and Croatan, though many sources inaccurately refer to these villages as separate Native American groups. Bernard G. Hoffman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/480593">"Ancient Tribes Revisited: A summary of Indian distribution and movement in the North Eastern United States from 1534 to 1779, Parts I-III."</a> <i>Ethnohistory</i>, 14, no. 1 / 2 (1967): 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul E. Hoffman, <i>Spain and the Roanoke Voyages</i> (Raleigh: Division of Archives and History; North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, 1987), 18-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul E. Hoffman, <i>Spain and the Roanoke Voyages</i>, 18-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marion P. Blackburn, "Spain's Appalachian Outpost". <i>Archaeology</i> 62, no. 4 (2009): 38-43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Stick, <i>Roanoke Island: The Beginnings of English America</i> (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1983), 30-32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul E. Hoffman, <i>Spain and the Roanoke Voyages</i>, 26-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stick, <i>Roanoke Island: The Beginnings of English America</i>, 36, 42, 50-51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stick, <i>Roanoke Island: The Beginnings of English America</i>, 51-52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupperman2007" class="citation book cs1">Kupperman, Karen Ordahl (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W8cr4Vgt9ekC"><i>Roanoke: The Abandoned Colony</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552630" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552630"><bdi>9780742552630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roanoke%3A+The+Abandoned+Colony&rft.place=London&rft.pages=73&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780742552630&rft.aulast=Kupperman&rft.aufirst=Karen+Ordahl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW8cr4Vgt9ekC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secotan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Miller, Lee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A_T0GyxK9DYC&dq=Ponouike+pomouik&pg=PA266"><i>Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony</i>.</a> New York, Arcade Publishing, 2000.</li> <li>Hoffman, Paul E., <i>Spain and the Roanoke Voyages</i> (Raleigh: Division of Archives and History; North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, 1987), 18-19.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupperman,_Karen_Ordahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Kupperman, Karen Ordahl">Kupperman, Karen Ordahl</a>. <i>Indians and English: Facing Off in Early America</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000.</li> <li>Mancall, Peter C. <i>Hakluyt's Promise: An Elizabethan’s Obsession for an English America</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.</li> <li>Milton, Giles, <i>Big Chief Elizabeth: How England's Adventurers Gambled and Won the New World</i>, Hodder & Stoughton, London (2000)</li> <li>Vaughan, Alden T. "Sir Walter Raleigh's Indian Interpreters, 1584-1618." The William and Mary Quarterly 59.2 (2002): 341-376.</li> <li>Kupperman, Karen Ordahl, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Roanoke/W8cr4Vgt9ekC"><i>Roanoke: The Abandoned Colony</i></a>, Second Edition, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5263-0">978-0-7425-5263-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secotan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/22983/Americae_pars_nunc_Virginia_dicta_primum_ab_Anglis_inventa_Sumtibus_Dn/White-De%20Bry.html">Map of Virginia colony 1585. and Secotan territory</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secotan&oldid=1255928815">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secotan&oldid=1255928815</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands">Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Algonquian_peoples" title="Category:Eastern Algonquian peoples">Eastern Algonquian peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extinct_Native_American_tribes" title="Category:Extinct Native American tribes">Extinct Native American tribes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_American_history_of_North_Carolina" title="Category:Native American history of North Carolina">Native American history of North Carolina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_American_tribes_in_North_Carolina" title="Category:Native American tribes in North Carolina">Native American tribes in North Carolina</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%22Related_ethnic_groups%22_needing_confirmation" title="Category:"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation">"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_ethnic_group_with_image_parameters" title="Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters">Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 November 2024, at 09:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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