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Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>NOTABLES</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><p class="text-sm text-muted mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC060009_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC060009_0"></i><p>Dans l'histoire de la France contemporaine, le terme notables désigne un <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La théorie sociologique, qui considère l'ensemble des phénomènes sociaux, est bien plus large que la théorie des groupes ou groupements , et ne peut être confondue avec elle. Certaines des contributions théoriques majeures, notamment celles des fondateurs, ont négligé ce mode de détermination de la réalité sociale. Cette constatation se vérifie dans l'œuvre de Comte et de Spencer..." title="Article : GROUPE SOCIAL" href="/encyclopedie/groupe-social/">groupe social</a> et politique qui a dominé la société depuis les lendemains de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La période appelée Révolution française, qui se situe entre 1789 et 1799, constitue une rupture considérable, abolissant la monarchie , inventant de nouveaux rapports sociaux et créant une langue politique inédite. Ce bouleversement ne représente pas seulement la pointe des mouvements révolutionnaires qui se produisent en Europe et en Amérique du Nord à la même époque, attirant �..." title="Article : RÉVOLUTION FRANÇAISE" href="/encyclopedie/revolution-francaise/">Révolution française</a> jusqu'aux années 1880. Détenteurs d'importants capitaux fonciers soit par héritage (comme la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Toutes les sociétés traditionnelles, quelque niveau de civilisation qu'elles aient atteint, ont possédé leur noblesse. Mais le mot recouvre des réalités si diverses – dans le temps comme dans l'espace – qu'il n'est guère possible d'en donner une commune définition. De plus, les noblesses sont mal connues. Autant les aristocraties, qui en sont le « couronnement », ont suscité d'ét..." title="Article : NOBLESSE" href="/encyclopedie/noblesse/">noblesse</a> traditionnelle), soit par investissement préférentiel (quand il s'agit de bourgeois enrichis dans le négoce et l'industrie ou bénéficiaires de la vente des biens nationaux), ces notables se sont assuré la prééminence politique et administrative sous les divers régimes, qu'ils soient plutôt parlementaires et libéraux (Restauration et <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La monarchie de Juillet tire son nom de l'émeute qui se transforma en révolution, les 27, 28 et 29 juillet 1830 (les Trois Glorieuses). Cette origine révolutionnaire et le choix du duc d'Orléans, devenu Louis-Philippe, parce que Bourbon pour les uns, quoique Bourbon pour d'autres, expliquent l'ambiguïté du régime qu'une autre révolution devait emporter dix-huit ans plus tard.. ..." title="Article : MONARCHIE DE JUILLET" href="/encyclopedie/monarchie-de-juillet/">monarchie de Juillet</a>, 1814-1848, et III<sup>e</sup> République conservatrice, 1871-1879) ou plus ou moins autoritaires (régimes de type bonapartiste (1799-1814 et 1851-1870). La baisse de prestige progressive de ce groupe face à la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme « bourgeoisie » apparaît en français au xiii e siècle. Il désigne alors, essentiellement dans des bourgades et des villes, ceux de leurs habitants qui sont soustraits au régime juridique régissant ordinairement les rapports entre seigneurs et paysans. Pendant les siècles suivants, le terme en vint à désigner les membres d'un ensemble de catégories sociales constitu�..." title="Article : BOURGEOISIE" href="/encyclopedie/bourgeoisie/">bourgeoisie</a> industrielle et financière et sa contestation politique de plus en plus forte par le courant démocratique et républicain en 1848-1851 ou à partir des années 1860 n'empêchent pas son influence de durer au-delà des années 1880 dans certaines régions ou dans certains domaines spécifiques.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC060009_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC060009_1"></i><h2>Le temps des notables triomphants (1800-1848)</h2><p>Napoléon, Premier consul, avait inscrit le terme dans la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot « loi » est l'un des plus polyvalents qui soient, et cela, avant tout, parce que la réalité qu'il recouvre est ambiguë, ou plutôt d'une complexité historique et existentielle difficile à tirer au clair.. Pour ne conserver que l'acception juridique, la loi, comme expression du droit, est faite par les hommes ; elle est le produit d'une situation historique donnée, mais elle est a..." title="Article : LOI" href="/encyclopedie/loi/">loi</a> avec les listes de notabilité définies par le niveau de revenus, principalement fonciers, ouvrant l'accès aux charges administratives et politiques . Les lois électorales de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="De 1814 à 1830, hors le bref épisode des Cent-Jours, les deux frères de Louis XVI règnent sur la France, sous les noms de Louis XVIII et Charles X . Cette restauration de la maison de Bourbon devait être aussi, dans l'esprit de ceux qui l'ont souhaitée, une restauration de l' Ancien Régime dans l'ordre politique et social. Mais le fossé creusé par la Révolution, dont l'Empire a co..." title="Article : RESTAURATION" href="/encyclopedie/restauration/">Restauration</a>, puis de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Étymologiquement, le terme signifie commandement par un seul. Dans la classification des types de gouvernements, formalisée par Aristote et considérée comme le modèle des classifications, la monarchie est une forme de gouvernement caractérisée par l'unicité du titulaire du pouvoir, mais aussi par l'exercice de ce pouvoir au bénéfice de tous. Le choix de ce critère par Aristote est..." title="Article : MONARCHIE" href="/encyclopedie/monarchie/">monarchie</a> de Juillet, reprennent le principe en modifiant les critères. Elles instaurent un compromis entre élites d'âges historiques différents et tentent une stabilisation politique autour de la grande propriété sous la Restauration et de la moyenne propriété sous la monarchie de Juillet. La noblesse peut reconquérir ainsi son influence sans que la porte soit fermée aux éléments roturiers, pourvu qu'ils se coulent dans ce moule.</p><p>Le règne des notables présente cependant deux graves faiblesses. Le principe de hiérarchisation à base foncière prend trop peu en compte la richesse mobilière issue du négoce ou de l'industrie naissante ou les revenus dérivés du travail intellectuel. Le second inconvénient du système est son étroitesse qui ouvre la possibilité des abus de position dominante dont l'histoire politique de la Restauration ou de la monarchie de Juillet est émaillée. Vers 1840, le sommet du monde des notables est occupé par 18 000 censitaires à plus de 1 000 francs, suivis de 56 000 éligibles, désignés par 250 000 électeurs payant plus de 200 francs de cens.</p><p>Apparemment, ces notables détiennent tous les leviers de commande. Pourtant, ils n'ont pas su gérer le passage en douceur vers une société démocratique de classes moyennes par compromis historique progressif avec les nouvelles couches émergentes et l'élite des classes populaires. Dans une société rurale, aux communications lentes et incertaines, à l'économie cloisonnée, les divers groupes de notables sont le principal lien social entre les régions françaises. La logique d'un tel système divise en quelque sorte l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Constamment tiraillée entre l'approximation conceptuelle et l'instrumentalisation idéologique, la notion d'autorité requiert un usage particulièrement prudent. D'un côté, elle fait l'objet d'une acception lâche par le sens commun, qui l'emploie indifféremment comme synonyme de pouvoir, de force, d' influence ou encore de domination. De l'autre, elle est mobilisée par les analyses con..." title="Article : AUTORITÉ" href="/encyclopedie/autorite/">autorité</a> en nouvelles petites féodalités qui défendent leurs intérêts particuliers face aux grands enjeux nationaux. L'inégale proximité du pouvoir d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Selon qu'on met l'accent sur la force, sur le droit ou sur la légitimité , l'étude de l'État est susceptible d'être conduite suivant trois approches très différentes : sociologique, juridique, ou philosophique. Y aurait-il donc autant d'États qu'il y a de manières de l'observer ? Le juriste Georges Burdeau le constatait déjà dans la notice qu'il consacra à ce sujet dans la premiè..." title="Article : ÉTAT" href="/encyclopedie/etat/">État</a> introduit cependant une discrimination à l'intérieur même de la classe dirigeante selon les périodes : les vrais notables sont les plus hauts placés et les plus proches du pouvoir d'État. L'État constitue alors un moyen de domination politique sur les fractions dirigeantes qui, à un moment donné, n'ont pas la majorité de l'opinion légale pour elles. Le patronage d'État l'emporte sur le patronage local ; les postes de fonctionnaires, distribués de façon discrétionnaire en fonction des protections politiques, faussent le principe, affirmé en 1789, du mérite et de la compétence.<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C060009_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="CHARLE, Christophe"><a title="Auteur : Christophe CHARLE" rel="author" href="/auteurs/christophe-charle/"><strong>Christophe CHARLE</strong></a> : professeur à l'université de Paris-I </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : NOTABLES" href="/carte-mentale/notables/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC060009_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences humaines et sociales" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/"> Sciences humaines et sociales </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sociologie" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/sociologie/"> Sociologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sociologie: généralités" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/sociologie/sociologie-generalites/"> Sociologie: généralités </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Groupes sociaux"> <a title="Classification : Groupes sociaux" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/sociologie/sociologie-generalites/groupes-sociaux/"> Groupes sociaux </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences humaines et sociales" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/"> Sciences humaines et sociales </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sociologie" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/sociologie/"> Sociologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Sociologie politique"> <a title="Classification : Sociologie politique" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/sociologie/sociologie-politique/"> Sociologie politique </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 3"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire par régions et pays" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/"> Histoire par régions et pays </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire de l'Europe occidentale" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-europe-occidentale/"> Histoire de l'Europe occidentale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="France, histoire"> <a title="Classification : France, histoire" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-europe-occidentale/france-histoire/"> France, histoire </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC060009_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/bourgeoisie/#c38999"> <span class="rg">BOURGEOISIE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Pierre SALY</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 977 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Depuis quelques décennies, un autre concept s'est imposé, particulièrement chez les historiens français,c'est celui de « notables ». Les <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans l'histoire de la France contemporaine, le terme notables désigne un groupe social et politique qui a dominé la société depuis les lendemains de la Révolution française jusqu'aux années 1880. Détenteurs d'importants capitaux fonciers soit par héritage (comme la noblesse traditionnelle), soit par investissement préférentiel (quand il s'agit de bourgeois enrichis dans le ..." title="Article : NOTABLES" href="/encyclopedie/notables/">notables</a> sont ceux qui exercent une influence déterminante sur la société grâce à un statut supérieur qui leur est reconnu même par les membres des classes... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/democratie/#c38999"> <span class="rg">DÉMOCRATIE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Daniel GAXIE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">10 324 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : D&Eacute;MOCRATIE" href="/encyclopedie/democratie/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Liberté de la presse - crédits : Keystone-France/ Gamma-Keystone/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/6/d/csm_ph040085_62a09e9070.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...selon les scrutins, peut-être déclinante, mais toujours importante, de ceux qui se rendent aux bureaux de vote. Au <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, les candidats sont des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans l'histoire de la France contemporaine, le terme notables désigne un groupe social et politique qui a dominé la société depuis les lendemains de la Révolution française jusqu'aux années 1880. Détenteurs d'importants capitaux fonciers soit par héritage (comme la noblesse traditionnelle), soit par investissement préférentiel (quand il s'agit de bourgeois enrichis dans le ..." title="Article : NOTABLES" href="/encyclopedie/notables/">notables</a> (propriétaires fonciers, capitaines d'industrie) qui puisent dans leur <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Issu du vocabulaire juridique, le mot « patrimoine » a été utilisé au début des années 1970 pour désigner les productions humaines à caractère artistique que le passé a laissées en héritage et on n'a pas fini d'explorer le contenu du terme dans son acception récente. Pour en limiter, en fait, l'emploi aux seuls beaux-arts, les utilisateurs entendaient néanmoins écarter d'autres ..." title="Article : PATRIMOINE, art et culture" href="/encyclopedie/patrimoine-art-et-culture/">patrimoine</a> pour s'attacher les électeurs en distribuant des biens... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/elections-histoire-des-elections/#c38999"> <span class="rg">ÉLECTIONS - </span><span class="rm">Histoire des élections</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Christophe VOILLIOT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">5 795 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...vivent « de » et non plus seulement « pour » la politique, selon la formule de Max Weber. À l'origine, ces professionnels de la politique peuvent être des notables qui se sont professionnalisés pour faire face à une concurrence électorale de plus en plus vive, comme le baron de Mackau, dont la carrière au... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/partis-politiques-financement/#c38999"> <span class="rg">PARTIS POLITIQUES - </span><span class="rm">Financement</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Éric PHÉLIPPEAU</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 663 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...l'appel au public qui verse des cotisations, ce qui permet de parer aux frais des élections. Le parti de cadres mobilise d'autres ressources liées à des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans l'histoire de la France contemporaine, le terme notables désigne un groupe social et politique qui a dominé la société depuis les lendemains de la Révolution française jusqu'aux années 1880. Détenteurs d'importants capitaux fonciers soit par héritage (comme la noblesse traditionnelle), soit par investissement préférentiel (quand il s'agit de bourgeois enrichis dans le ..." title="Article : NOTABLES" href="/encyclopedie/notables/">notables</a> influents, d'abord par leur nom, leur prestige ou leur rayonnement qui « serviront de caution au candidat et lui gagneront des voix ; de notables... </div> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC060009_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : RÉVOLUTIONS DE 1848" href="/index/revolutions-de-1848/"> <span class="rg">RÉVOLUTIONS DE 1848</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AUTORITÉ POLITIQUE" href="/index/autorite-politique/"> <span class="rg">AUTORITÉ POLITIQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : RENTE FONCIÈRE" href="/index/rente-fonciere/"> <span class="rg">RENTE FONCIÈRE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : POUVOIR POLITIQUE" href="/index/pouvoir-politique/"> <span class="rg">POUVOIR POLITIQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PARTI DE L'ORDRE" href="/index/parti-de-l-ordre/"> <span class="rg">PARTI DE L'ORDRE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : OPPOSITION POLITIQUE" href="/index/opposition-politique/"> <span class="rg">OPPOSITION POLITIQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : DIRIGEANTES CLASSES" href="/index/classes-dirigeantes/"> <span class="rg">DIRIGEANTES </span><span class="pc">CLASSES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FRANCE, histoire, de 1789 à 1815" href="/index/france-histoire-de-1789-a-1815/"> <span class="rg">FRANCE, </span><em class="it">histoire, de 1789 à 1815</em> </a> </li> <li 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