An abundant population of small irregular satellites around Jupiter

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These objects cannot have formed by circumplanetary accretion, unlike the regular satellites that follow uninclined, nearly circular and prograde orbits1. Rather, they are probably products of early capture from heliocentric orbits2,3,4,5. Although the capture mechanism remains uncertain, the study of irregular satellites provides a window on processes operating in the young Solar System. Families of irregular satellites recently have been discovered around Saturn (thirteen members, refs 6, 7), Uranus (six, ref. 8) and Neptune (three, ref. 9). Because Jupiter is closer than the other giant planets, searches for smaller and fainter irregular satellites can be made. Here we report the discovery of 23 new irregular satellites of Jupiter, so increasing the total known population to 32. There are five distinct satellite groups, each dominated by one relatively large body. The groups were most probably produced by collisional shattering of precursor objects after capture by Jupiter.","datePublished":"","dateModified":"","pageStart":"261","pageEnd":"263","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01584","keywords":["Science","Humanities and Social Sciences","multidisciplinary"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature01584/MediaObjects/41586_2003_Article_BFnature01584_Fig1_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature01584/MediaObjects/41586_2003_Article_BFnature01584_Fig2_HTML.jpg"],"isPartOf":{"name":"Nature","issn":["1476-4687","0028-0836"],"volumeNumber":"423","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Nature Publishing Group UK","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Scott S. Sheppard","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hawaii","address":{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"sheppard@ifa.hawaii.edu","@type":"Person"},{"name":"David C. Jewitt","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hawaii","address":{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":false,"hasPart":{"isAccessibleForFree":false,"cssSelector":".main-content","@type":"WebPageElement"},"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01584"> <meta name="journal_id" content="41586"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="An abundant population of small irregular satellites around Jupiter"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Nature 2003 423:6937"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Nature Publishing Group"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2003 Macmillan Magazines Ltd."/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2003 Macmillan Magazines Ltd."/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Irregular satellites have eccentric orbits that can be highly inclined or even retrograde relative to the equatorial planes of their planets. These objects cannot have formed by circumplanetary accretion, unlike the regular satellites that follow uninclined, nearly circular and prograde orbits1. Rather, they are probably products of early capture from heliocentric orbits2,3,4,5. Although the capture mechanism remains uncertain, the study of irregular satellites provides a window on processes operating in the young Solar System. Families of irregular satellites recently have been discovered around Saturn (thirteen members, refs 6, 7), Uranus (six, ref. 8) and Neptune (three, ref. 9). Because Jupiter is closer than the other giant planets, searches for smaller and fainter irregular satellites can be made. Here we report the discovery of 23 new irregular satellites of Jupiter, so increasing the total known population to 32. There are five distinct satellite groups, each dominated by one relatively large body. The groups were most probably produced by collisional shattering of precursor objects after capture by Jupiter."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1476-4687"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Nature"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="423"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="6937"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="261"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="263"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2003 Macmillan Magazines Ltd."/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01584"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1038/nature01584"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01584.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01584"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Nature"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Nature"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Nature Publishing Group"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1476-4687"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="An abundant population of small irregular satellites around Jupiter"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="423"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="6937"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2003/05"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="261"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="263"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Article"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1038/nature01584"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1038/nature01584"/> <meta name="size" content="63309"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1038/nature01584"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1038/nature01584&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Irregular satellites have eccentric orbits that can be highly inclined or even retrograde relative to the equatorial planes of their planets. These objects cannot have formed by circumplanetary accretion, unlike the regular satellites that follow uninclined, nearly circular and prograde orbits1. Rather, they are probably products of early capture from heliocentric orbits2,3,4,5. Although the capture mechanism remains uncertain, the study of irregular satellites provides a window on processes operating in the young Solar System. Families of irregular satellites recently have been discovered around Saturn (thirteen members, refs 6, 7), Uranus (six, ref. 8) and Neptune (three, ref. 9). Because Jupiter is closer than the other giant planets, searches for smaller and fainter irregular satellites can be made. Here we report the discovery of 23 new irregular satellites of Jupiter, so increasing the total known population to 32. There are five distinct satellite groups, each dominated by one relatively large body. 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itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">article</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"></li> </ol> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="u-container u-mt-32 u-mb-32 u-clearfix" id="content" data-component="article-container" data-container-type="article"> <main class="c-article-main-column u-float-left js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <article lang="en"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-identifiers" data-test="article-identifier"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Letter</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item">Published: <time datetime="2003-05-15">15 May 2003</time></li> </ul> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">An abundant population of small irregular satellites around Jupiter</h1> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Scott_S_-Sheppard-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Scott_S_-Sheppard-Aff1" data-author-search="Sheppard, Scott S." data-corresp-id="c1">Scott S. Sheppard<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-David_C_-Jewitt-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-David_C_-Jewitt-Aff1" data-author-search="Jewitt, David C.">David C. Jewitt</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> </li></ul> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 423</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>261–263 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2003</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">590 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="citation-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">75 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">21 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/nature01584/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Irregular satellites have eccentric orbits that can be highly inclined or even retrograde relative to the equatorial planes of their planets. These objects cannot have formed by circumplanetary accretion, unlike the regular satellites that follow uninclined, nearly circular and prograde orbits<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="Peale, S. Origin and evolution of the natural satellites. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 37, 533–602 (1999)" href="/articles/nature01584#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d236713547e258">1</a></sup>. Rather, they are probably products of early capture from heliocentric orbits<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="Kuiper, G. On the origin of the satellites and the Trojans. Vistas Astron. 2, 1631–1666 (1956)" href="/articles/nature01584#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d236713547e262">2</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="Colombo, G. & Franklin, F. On the formation of the outer satellite groups of Jupiter. Icarus 15, 186–189 (1971)" href="/articles/nature01584#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d236713547e265">3</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Pollack, J., Burns, J. & Tauber, M. Gas drag in primordial circumplanetary envelopes: A mechanism for satellite capture. Icarus 37, 587–611 (1979)" href="/articles/nature01584#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d236713547e268">4</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Heppenheimer, T. & Porco, C. New contributions to the problem of capture. Icarus 30, 385–401 (1977)" href="/articles/nature01584#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d236713547e271">5</a></sup>. Although the capture mechanism remains uncertain, the study of irregular satellites provides a window on processes operating in the young Solar System. Families of irregular satellites recently have been discovered around Saturn (thirteen members, refs <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 6" title="Gladman, B. et al. Discovery of 12 satellites of Saturn exhibiting orbital clustering. Nature 412, 163–166 (2001)" href="/articles/nature01584#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d236713547e274">6</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="Sheppard, S. et al. Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn. IAU Circ. No. 8116 (2003)" href="/articles/nature01584#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d236713547e277">7</a>), Uranus (six, ref. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 8" title="Gladman, B. et al. The discovery of Uranus XIX, XX and XXI. Icarus 147, 320–324 (2000)" href="/articles/nature01584#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d236713547e280">8</a>) and Neptune (three, ref. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 9" title="Holman, M. et al. Satellites of Neptune. IAU Circ. No. 8047 (2003)" href="/articles/nature01584#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d236713547e284">9</a>). Because Jupiter is closer than the other giant planets, searches for smaller and fainter irregular satellites can be made. Here we report the discovery of 23 new irregular satellites of Jupiter, so increasing the total known population to 32. There are five distinct satellite groups, each dominated by one relatively large body. The groups were most probably produced by collisional shattering of precursor objects after capture by Jupiter.</p></div></div></section> <noscript> <div class="c-nature-box c-nature-box--side " data-component="entitlement-box"> <div class="js-access-button"> <a href="https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature01584" class="c-article__button" data-test="ra21"> <svg class="u-icon" width="18" height="18" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use href="#icon-institution"></use></svg> <span class="c-article__button-text">Access through your institution</span> </a> </div> <div class="js-buy-button"> <a href="#access-options" class="c-article__button c-article__button--inverted" data-test="ra21"> <span>Buy or subscribe</span> </a> </div> </div> </noscript> <div class="js-context-bar-sticky-point-mobile" data-track-context="article body"> </div> <div class="c-article-access-provider u-mb-32 u-mt-0"> <p class="c-article-access-provider__text 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Fernandez for help with the observations. The Canada–France–Hawaii telescope is operated by the National Research Council of Canada, Le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique de France, and the University of Hawaii. This work was supported by a grant to D.C.J. from NASA.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Scott S. Sheppard & David C. 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An abundant population of small irregular satellites around Jupiter. <i>Nature</i> <b>423</b>, 261–263 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01584</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/nature01584?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2002-12-02">02 December 2002</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2003-03-14">14 March 2003</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Issue Date<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2003-05-15">15 May 2003</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01584</span></p></li></ul><div data-component="share-box"><div class="c-article-share-box u-display-none" hidden=""><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Share this article</h3><p class="c-article-share-box__description">Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:</p><button class="js-get-share-url c-article-share-box__button" type="button" id="get-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-external="" data-track-action="get shareable link">Get shareable link</button><div class="js-no-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info">Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.</p></div><div class="js-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-share-url c-article-share-box__only-read-input" id="share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="select share url"></p><button class="js-copy-share-url c-article-share-box__button--link-like" type="button" id="copy-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="copy share url" data-track-external="">Copy to clipboard</button></div><p class="js-c-article-share-box__additional-info c-article-share-box__additional-info"> Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative </p></div></div><div data-component="article-info-list"></div></div></div></div></div></section> </div> <section> <div class="c-article-section js-article-section" id="further-reading-section" data-test="further-reading-section"> <h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="further-reading">This article is cited by</h2> <div class="c-article-section__content js-collapsible-section" id="further-reading-content"> <ul class="c-article-further-reading__list" id="further-reading-list"> <li class="c-article-further-reading__item js-ref-item"> <h3 class="c-article-further-reading__title" data-test="article-title"> <a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view further reading article" data-track-label="link:Secular resonances between bodies on close orbits: a case study of the Himalia prograde group of jovian irregular satellites" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10569-016-9676-1"> Secular resonances between bodies on close orbits: a case study of the Himalia prograde group of jovian irregular satellites </a> </h3> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact u-sans-serif u-mb-4 u-mt-auto"> <li>Daohai Li</li><li>Apostolos A. 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