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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_Sasanid_period_to_the_Safavid_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_Sasanid_period_to_the_Safavid_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_Sasanid_period_to_the_Safavid_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Modern history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aliyev_family_rule,_1993–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aliyev_family_rule,_1993–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Aliyev family rule, 1993–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aliyev_family_rule,_1993–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Landscape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_and_freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_and_freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Human rights and freedom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_and_freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy_and_natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_and_natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Energy and natural resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_and_natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Music and dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 General information </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_government_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_government_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Major government resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_government_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_news_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_news_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Major news media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_news_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Azerbaijan</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 289 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-289" aria-hidden="true" > 289 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C3%A8rbaijan" title="Azèrbaijan – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Azèrbaijan" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азэрбиджан – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Азэрбиджан" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азэрбийджан – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Азэрбийджан" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbeidjan" title="Azerbeidjan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Azerbeidjan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbaidschan" title="Aserbaidschan – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Aserbaidschan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%98%E1%88%AD%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%AD%E1%8C%83%E1%8A%95" title="አዘርባይጃን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አዘርባይጃን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaid%C5%BEan" title="Azerbaidžan – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Azerbaidžan" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अजरबैजान – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अजरबैजान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbaigan" title="Aserbaigan – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Aserbaigan" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%9F%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербаиџьан – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Азербаиџьан" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="أذربيجان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أذربيجان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaich%C3%A1n" title="Azerbaichán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Azerbaichán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%99%DC%AA%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%93%DC%90%DC%A2" title="ܐܙܪܒܝܓܐܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܙܪܒܝܓܐܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%A7%D5%B5%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ազրպէյճան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ազրպէյճան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaigian" title="Azerbaigian – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Azerbaigian" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C3%A8rbayijan" title="Azèrbayijan – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Azèrbayijan" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আজেৰবাইজান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আজেৰবাইজান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaix%C3%A1n" title="Azerbaixán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Azerbaixán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अजरबैजान – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="अजरबैजान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aservaij%C3%A3" title="Aservaijã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Aservaijã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азарбижан – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Азарбижан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asar_suyu" title="Asar suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Asar suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C9%99rbaycan" title="Azərbaycan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Azərbaycan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="آذربایجان جومهوریتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آذربایجان جومهوریتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আজারবাইজান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আজারবাইজান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Әзербайжан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Әзербайжан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайджан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Азербайджан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азэрбайджан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Азэрбайджан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अज़रबैजान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अज़रबैजान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbayhan" title="Aserbayhan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Aserbayhan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebaijan" title="Asebaijan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Asebaijan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайджан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Азербайджан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbaidschan" title="Aserbaidschan – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Aserbaidschan" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A6%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨ་ཟེ་རྦཡི་ཇན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨ་ཟེ་རྦཡི་ཇན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbejd%C5%BEan" title="Azerbejdžan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Azerbejdžan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaidjan" title="Azerbaidjan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Azerbaidjan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайджан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Азербайджан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaidjan" title="Azerbaidjan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Azerbaidjan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайджан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Азербайджан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbaiyan" title="Aserbaiyan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Aserbaiyan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81zerb%C3%A1jd%C5%BE%C3%A1n" title="Ázerbájdžán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ázerbájdžán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaiy%C3%A1n" title="Azerbaiyán – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Azerbaiyán" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaighjan" title="Azerbaighjan – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Azerbaighjan" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbaijan" title="Aserbaijan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aserbaijan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbajdsjan" title="Aserbajdsjan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aserbajdsjan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="أزيربيدجان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أزيربيدجان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbai%C5%BEan" title="Azerbaižan – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Azerbaižan" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbaidschan" title="Aserbaidschan – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Aserbaidschan" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbaidschan" title="Aserbaidschan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aserbaidschan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%92%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%96%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އަޒަރުބައިޖާން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަޒަރުބައިޖާން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daak%C7%AB%CA%BC_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Daakǫʼ Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Daakǫʼ Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbajd%C5%BEan" title="Azerbajdžan – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Azerbajdžan" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अजरबैजान – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अजरबैजान" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%93" title="ཨཛར་བཡེ་ཇན – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཨཛར་བཡེ་ཇན" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbaid%C5%BEaan" title="Aserbaidžaan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aserbaidžaan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Αζερμπαϊτζάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αζερμπαϊτζάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaigi%C3%A0n" title="Azerbaigiàn – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Azerbaigiàn" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Азербайджан Республикась – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Азербайджан Республикась" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaiy%C3%A1n" title="Azerbaiyán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Azerbaiyán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaj%C4%9Dano" title="Azerbajĝano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Azerbajĝano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaiy%C3%A1n" title="Azerbaiyán – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Azerbaiyán" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جمهوری آذربایجان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری آذربایجان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbadsjan" title="Aserbadsjan – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Aserbadsjan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerba%C3%AFdjan" title="Azerbaïdjan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Azerbaïdjan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbeidzjan" title="Azerbeidzjan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Azerbeidzjan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbayjan" title="Aserbayjan – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Aserbayjan" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaizan" title="Azerbaizan – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Azerbaizan" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Asarbaise%C3%A1in" title="An Asarbaiseáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Asarbaiseáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Asserbajaan" title="Yn Asserbajaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Asserbajaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaycan" title="Azerbaycan – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Azerbaycan" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asarbaide%C3%A0n" title="Asarbaideàn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Asarbaideàn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerbaix%C3%A1n" title="Acerbaixán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Acerbaixán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B5" title="ГӀозлойче – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ГӀозлойче" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%9A_%D8%AC%D8%A4%D9%85%DB%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="آذربایجان ٚ جؤمۊري – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آذربایجان ٚ جؤمۊري" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%9D%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="અઝેરબીજાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અઝેરબીજાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD" title="𐌰𐌶𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌾𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌶𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌾𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अझरबैजान – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="अझरबैजान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Азермудин Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Азермудин Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%A0%9C%EB%A5%B4%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%94" title="아제르바이잔 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아제르바이잔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAkepaikana" title="ʻAkepaikana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻAkepaikana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ադրբեջան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ադրբեջան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अज़रबाइजान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अज़रबाइजान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbajd%C5%BAan" title="Azerbajdźan – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Azerbajdźan" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbajd%C5%BEan" title="Azerbajdžan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Azerbajdžan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আজারবাইজান – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="আজারবাইজান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaidjan" title="Azerbaidjan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Azerbaidjan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайджан – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Азербайджан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserba%C3%ADsjan" title="Aserbaísjan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aserbaísjan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaigian" title="Azerbaigian – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Azerbaigian" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%92%27%D7%9F" title="אזרבייג'ן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אזרבייג'ן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C9%9Brbay%C9%A9jan%C9%A9" title="Azɛrbayɩjanɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Azɛrbayɩjanɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅಜೆರ್ಬೈಜಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಜೆರ್ಬೈಜಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайджан – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Азербайджан" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="აზერბაიჯანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აზერბაიჯანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%90%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آذرِبایجان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="آذرِبایجان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbejd%C5%BCan" title="Azerbejdżan – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Azerbejdżan" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Әзербайжан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әзербайжан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbayjan" title="Azerbayjan – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Azerbayjan" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeribayijani" title="Azeribayijani – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Azeribayijani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайджан – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Азербайджан" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaidjan" title="Azerbaidjan – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Azerbaidjan" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azara" title="Azara – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Azara" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C3%A8bayidjan" title="Azèbayidjan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Azèbayidjan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaydjan" title="Azerbaydjan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Azerbaydjan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaycan" title="Azerbaycan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Azerbaycan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайжан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Азербайжан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайджан – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Азербайджан" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbaigian" title="Aserbaigian – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Aserbaigian" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaidjan" title="Azerbaidjan – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Azerbaidjan" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азирбижан – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Азирбижан" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດອາແຊກໄບຊານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດອາແຊກໄບຊານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaid%C5%BEans" title="Azerbaidžans – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Azerbaidžans" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropatene_(res_publica)" title="Atropatene (res publica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Atropatene (res publica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaid%C5%BE%C4%81na" title="Azerbaidžāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Azerbaidžāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbaidjan" title="Aserbaidjan – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Aserbaidjan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайжан – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Азербайжан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaid%C5%BEanas" title="Azerbaidžanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Azerbaidžanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbeidzjan" title="Azerbeidzjan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Azerbeidzjan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C9%9Brbayz%C3%A1ni" title="Azɛrbayzáni – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Azɛrbayzáni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaidjan" title="Azerbaidjan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Azerbaidjan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaid%C5%BEuanu" title="Azerbaidžuanu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Azerbaidžuanu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaigian" title="Azerbaigian – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Azerbaigian" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbajdzs%C3%A1n" title="Azerbajdzsán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Azerbajdzsán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अजरबैजान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अजरबैजान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербејџан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Азербејџан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaij%C3%A0na" title="Azerbaijàna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Azerbaijàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="അസർബെയ്ജാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അസർബെയ്ജാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%BCerbaj%C4%A1an" title="Ażerbajġan – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ażerbajġan" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atepaih%C4%81nia" title="Atepaihānia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Atepaihānia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अझरबैजान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अझरबैजान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="აზერბაიჯანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აზერბაიჯანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اذيربايجان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اذيربايجان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86" title="آذربایجون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آذربایجون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%93%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯑꯓꯦꯔꯕꯥꯢꯖꯥꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯓꯦꯔꯕꯥꯢꯖꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijon" title="Azerbaijon – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Azerbaijon" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайджан – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Азербайджан" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайжан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Азербайжан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%87%E1%80%AC%E1%80%98%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အဇာဘိုင်ဂျန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဇာဘိုင်ဂျန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbeidzjan" title="Azerbeidzjan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Azerbeidzjan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaidjan" title="Azerbaidjan – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Azerbaidjan" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अजरबैजान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अजरबैजान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अजरबैजान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अजरबैजान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3" title="アゼルバイジャン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アゼルバイジャン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайджан – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Азербайджан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbaidschaan" title="Aserbaidschaan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Aserbaidschaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eserbeyjan" title="Eserbeyjan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Eserbeyjan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbajdsjan" title="Aserbajdsjan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aserbajdsjan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbajdsjan" title="Aserbajdsjan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aserbajdsjan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbaijan" title="Aserbaijan – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Aserbaijan" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaitjan" title="Azerbaitjan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Azerbaitjan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайджан – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Азербайджан" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଆଜରବାଇଜାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଜରବାଇଜାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azarbaajan" title="Azarbaajan – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Azarbaajan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozarbayjon" title="Ozarbayjon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ozarbayjon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਆਜ਼ਰਬਾਈਜਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਜ਼ਰਬਾਈਜਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अजर्बैजान – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="अजर्बैजान" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aciropayciyang" title="Aciropayciyang – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Aciropayciyang" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آذربائیجان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آذربائیجان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اذربایجان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اذربایجان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azabaijan" title="Azabaijan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Azabaijan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%83%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="អាស៊ែបៃសង់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាស៊ែបៃសង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerba%C3%AFdjan" title="Azerbaïdjan – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Azerbaïdjan" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbaigian" title="Aserbaigian – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Aserbaigian" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbaidschan" title="Aserbaidschan – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Aserbaidschan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbejd%C5%BCan" title="Azerbejdżan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Azerbejdżan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Αζερμπαϊτζάν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Αζερμπαϊτζάν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaij%C3%A3o" title="Azerbaijão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Azerbaijão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81zerbayjan" title="Ázerbayjan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ázerbayjan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaycan" title="Azerbaycan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Azerbaycan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atepaih%C4%81nia" title="Atepaihānia – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Atepaihānia" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaidjan" title="Azerbaidjan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Azerbaidjan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbeidschan" title="Aserbeidschan – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Aserbeidschan" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asarsuyu" title="Asarsuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Asarsuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайджан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Азербайджан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайджан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Азербайджан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайдьан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Азербайдьан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijin" title="Azerbaijin – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Azerbaijin" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अजर्बैजान – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अजर्बैजान" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerebaidy%C3%A4an" title="Zerebaidyäan – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Zerebaidyäan" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱟᱡᱟᱨᱵᱟᱭᱡᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱡᱟᱨᱵᱟᱭᱡᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آزربائجان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آزربائجان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaigi%C3%A1n" title="Azerbaigián – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Azerbaigián" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbaidschan" title="Aserbaidschan – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Aserbaidschan" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbajxhani" title="Azerbajxhani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Azerbajxhani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzirbaiggian" title="Azzirbaiggian – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Azzirbaiggian" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="අසර්බයිජානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අසර්බයිජානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آذربائيجان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آذربائيجان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IZebajani" title="IZebajani – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IZebajani" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbajd%C5%BEan" title="Azerbajdžan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Azerbajdžan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbajd%C5%BEan" title="Azerbajdžan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Azerbajdžan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%EA%99%81%D1%A3%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Аꙁѣрбаичанъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Аꙁѣрбаичанъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbejd%C5%BC%C5%AFn" title="Azerbejdżůn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Azerbejdżůn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbiijaan" title="Aserbiijaan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Aserbiijaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئازەربایجان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئازەربایجان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanikondre" title="Azerbaijanikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Azerbaijanikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербејџан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Азербејџан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbejd%C5%BEan" title="Azerbejdžan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Azerbejdžan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaid%C5%BEan" title="Azerbaidžan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Azerbaidžan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbajdzjan" title="Azerbajdzjan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Azerbajdzjan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbayan" title="Aserbayan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aserbayan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="அசர்பைஜான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அசர்பைஜான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azrbayjan" title="Azrbayjan – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Azrbayjan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbijan" title="Azerbijan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azerbijan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%97%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Әзербайҗан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әзербайҗан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B8%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%82%87%E1%81%B8%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းဢႃႇၸႃႇပၢႆႇၸၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢႃႇၸႃႇပၢႆႇၸၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="అజర్‌బైజాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అజర్‌బైజాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijaun" title="Azerbaijaun – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Azerbaijaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศอาเซอร์ไบจาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศอาเซอร์ไบจาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9%D2%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Озарбойҷон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Озарбойҷон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAsapaisani" title="ʻAsapaisani – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻAsapaisani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%8F%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%86%E1%8F%8C%E1%8F%82" title="ᎠᏏᎵᏆᏌᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏏᎵᏆᏌᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaycan" title="Azerbaycan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Azerbaycan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azarbe%C3%BDjan" title="Azarbeýjan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Azarbeýjan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайджан – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Азербайджан" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайджан – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Азербайджан" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%8D%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%85%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%8D%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨕᨍᨙᨑᨅᨕᨗᨍᨊ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨍᨙᨑᨅᨕᨗᨍᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азербайджан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Азербайджан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آذربائیجان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آذربائیجان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B2%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئەزەربەيجان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەزەربەيجان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahsehbaiqgyangh" title="Ahsehbaiqgyangh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ahsehbaiqgyangh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaid%C5%BEan" title="Azerbaidžan – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Azerbaidžan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las%C3%A4rb%C3%A4c%C3%A4n" title="Lasärbäcän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lasärbäcän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%B5rbaid%C5%BEaan" title="Asõrbaidžaan – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Asõrbaidžaan" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbayidjan" title="Azerbayidjan – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Azerbayidjan" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86" title="阿塞拜疆 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="阿塞拜疆" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbeidzjan" title="Azerbeidzjan – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Azerbeidzjan" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbaiyan" title="Aserbaiyan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aserbaiyan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbayjaan" title="Aserbayjaan – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Aserbayjaan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86" title="阿塞拜疆 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿塞拜疆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9F" title="אזערביידזשאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אזערביידזשאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86" title="阿塞拜疆 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿塞拜疆" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaycan_(dewlete)" title="Azerbaycan (dewlete) – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Azerbaycan (dewlete)" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A2zerbeidzjan" title="Aâzerbeidzjan – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Aâzerbeidzjan" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C4%97rbaid%C5%BEians" title="Azėrbaidžians – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Azėrbaidžians" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86" title="阿塞拜疆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿塞拜疆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%A8rbaijan" title="Asèrbaijan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Asèrbaijan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C9%99rboj%C4%8Don" title="Azərbojčon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Azərbojčon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8A%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⴰⵣⵔⴱⵉⵊⴰⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵣⵔⴱⵉⵊⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q227#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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.geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Azerbaijan&params=40.3_N_47.7_E_dim:300000_region:AZ">40°18′N 47°42′E / 40.3°N 47.7°E / 40.3; 47.7</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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For the region of Iran, see <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan (Iran)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Azerbaijan (disambiguation)">Azerbaijan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Azerbaijan</div><div class="ib-country-names">Azərbaycan Respublikası (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Azerbaijan"><img alt="Three equally sized horizontal bands of blue, red, and green, with a white crescent and an eight-pointed star centered in the red band" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/125px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/188px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/250px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Azerbaijan" title="Flag of Azerbaijan">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Azerbaijan"><img alt="Emblem of Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="444" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Azerbaijan"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Az%C9%99rbaycan_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Azərbaycan marşı">Azərbaycan marşı</a> "March of Azerbaijan"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="132" data-mwtitle="Azərbaycan_marşı_instrumental.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Az%C9%99rbaycan_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1_instrumental.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Az%C9%99rbaycan_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1_instrumental.ogg/Az%C9%99rbaycan_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1_instrumental.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAz%C9%99rbaycan_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1_instrumental.ogg&lang=az&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="az" label="azərbaycanca ‪(az)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAz%C9%99rbaycan_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1_instrumental.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAz%C9%99rbaycan_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1_instrumental.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAz%C9%99rbaycan_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1_instrumental.ogg&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAz%C9%99rbaycan_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1_instrumental.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAz%C9%99rbaycan_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1_instrumental.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAz%C9%99rbaycan_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1_instrumental.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAz%C9%99rbaycan_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1_instrumental.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Azerbaijan_orthographic_projection.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Azerbaijan_orthographic_projection.svg/250px-Azerbaijan_orthographic_projection.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Azerbaijan_orthographic_projection.svg/375px-Azerbaijan_orthographic_projection.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Azerbaijan_orthographic_projection.svg/500px-Azerbaijan_orthographic_projection.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="689" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Azerbaijan&params=40_23_43_N_49_52_56_E_type:city">40°23′43″N 49°52′56″E / 40.39528°N 49.88222°E / 40.39528; 49.88222</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Minority languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">See full list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2019<a href="#cite_note-2019ethnic-2">[2]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>94.8% <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijani</a></li><li>1.7% <a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgin</a></li><li style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em">0.9% <a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a></li><li>0.7% <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Azerbaijan" title="Russians in Azerbaijan">Russian</a></li><li>1.9% <a href="#Ethnicity">others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>97% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Islam</a></li><li>3% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Azerbaijan" title="Christianity in Azerbaijan">Christianity</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Azerbaijani</li><li>Azeri</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential republic</a><a href="#cite_note-LaPorte2016-3">[3]</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary dictatorship">hereditary dictatorship</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Azerbaijan" title="Vice President of Azerbaijan">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mehriban_Aliyeva" title="Mehriban Aliyeva">Mehriban Aliyeva</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan" title="Prime Minister of Azerbaijan">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Asadov" title="Ali Asadov">Ali Asadov</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Azerbaijan)" title="National Assembly (Azerbaijan)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">People's Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 May 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Socialist Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 April 1920</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence from <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>18 October 1991 (declared)</li> <li>26 December 1991 (recognized)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitution of Azerbaijan">Constitution</a> adopted </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 November 1995</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geography of Azerbaijan">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">86,600 km2 (33,400 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">112th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.6</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Demographics of Azerbaijan">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,353,296<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">90th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">117/km2 (303.0/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">99th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $199.195 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.AZ-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">78th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $19,328<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.AZ-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">88th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 78.749 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.AZ-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">82nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $7,641<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.AZ-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">90th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2008)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 33.7<a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-6">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.760<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-7">[7]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">89th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_manat" title="Azerbaijani manat">Manat</a> (₼) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">AZN</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+4 (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Time" title="Azerbaijan Time">AZT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telephone numbers in Azerbaijan">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telephone numbers in Azerbaijan">+994</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:AZ" title="ISO 3166-2:AZ">AZ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.az" title=".az">.az</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Azerbaijan,<a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a> officially the Republic of Azerbaijan,<a href="#cite_note-10">[b]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents" title="Boundaries between the continents">transcontinental country</a> at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> It is a part of the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> region and is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> to the east, Russia's republic of <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> to the west, and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> to the south. <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> is the capital and largest city. The territory of what is now Azerbaijan was first ruled by <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a> and later various <a href="/wiki/Persian_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian empires">Persian empires</a>. Until the 19th century, it remained part of <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a>, but the Russo-Persian wars of <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">1804–1813</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">1826–1828</a> forced the Qajar Empire to cede its Caucasian territories to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>; the treaties of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Gulistan</a> in 1813 and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Turkmenchay</a> in 1828 defined the border between Russia and Iran.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> The region north of the <a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Aras</a> was part of Iran until it was conquered by Russia in the 19th century,<a href="#cite_note-Swietochowski_Borderland-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-L._Batalden_1997_98-15">[13]</a> where it was administered as part of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Viceroyalty_(1801%E2%80%931917)" title="Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)">Caucasus Viceroyalty</a>. By the late 19th century, an <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_national_identity" title="Azerbaijani national identity">Azerbaijani national identity</a> emerged when the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a> proclaimed its independence from the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic</a> in 1918, a year after the Russian Empire <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">collapsed</a>, and became the first <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a> democratic <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim-majority</a> state. In 1920, the country was conquered and incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan SSR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Swietochowski_Borderland-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991,<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> shortly before the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>. In September 1991, the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> majority of the <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> region formed the self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> which became de facto independent with the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> in 1994, although the region and <a href="/wiki/Armenian-occupied_territories_surrounding_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh">seven surrounding districts</a> remained internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> in 2020, the seven districts and parts of Nagorno-Karabakh were returned to Azerbaijani control.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> An <a href="/wiki/2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh">Azerbaijani offensive in 2023</a> ended the Republic of Artsakh and resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_Armenians" title="Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians">flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> Azerbaijan is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential</a> republic.<a href="#cite_note-LaPorte2016-3">[3]</a> It is one of six independent Turkic states and an active member of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">TÜRKSOY</a> community. Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 182 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations,<a href="#cite_note-FCO-26">[24]</a> including the United Nations, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">PfP</a> program. It is one of the founding members of <a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">OPCW</a>. Azerbaijan is also an observer state of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>. The vast majority of the country's population (97%) is <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslims" title="Cultural Muslims">nominally</a><a href="#cite_note-cia-28">[26]</a> Muslim,<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> but the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitution of Azerbaijan">Constitution of Azerbaijan</a> does not declare an official religion, and all major political forces in the country are secular. Azerbaijan is a <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a> and ranks 89th on the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>. The ruling <a href="/wiki/New_Azerbaijan_Party" title="New Azerbaijan Party">New Azerbaijan Party</a>, in power since 1993, has been accused of authoritarianism under president <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a>, and worsening the country's <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Human rights in Azerbaijan">human rights record</a>, including increasing restrictions on civil liberties, particularly on <a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Azerbaijan" title="Media freedom in Azerbaijan">press freedom</a> and political repression.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(toponym)" title="Azerbaijan (toponym)">Azerbaijan (toponym)</a></div> The term Azerbaijan derives from <a href="/wiki/Atropates" title="Atropates">Atropates</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schippmann-32">[30]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrap</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> who was reinstated as the satrap of <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a> under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chaumont-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-36">[34]</a> The original etymology of this name is thought to have its roots in the once-dominant <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>'s Frawardin <a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yasht</a> ("Hymn to the Guardian Angels"), there is a mention of âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide, which translates from <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> as "we worship the <a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">fravashi</a> of the holy <a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene</a>".<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> The name "Atropates" is the Greek transliteration of an <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Old Iranian</a>, probably <a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a>, compounded name with the meaning "Protected by the (Holy) Fire" or "The Land of the (Holy) Fire".<a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress-38">[36]</a> The Greek name was mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>. Over the span of millennia, the name evolved to Āturpātākān (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>), then to Ādharbādhagān, Ādhorbāygān, Āzarbāydjān (New Persian) and present-day Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> The name Azerbaijan was first adopted by the government of <a href="/wiki/Musavat" title="Musavat">Musavat</a> in 1918<a href="#cite_note-Atabaki2006-40">[38]</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">collapse of the Russian Empire</a>, when the independent <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a> was established. Until then, the designation had been used exclusively to identify the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran</a>,<a href="#cite_note-I.B.Tauris-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-I.B._Tauris-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amsterdam_University_Press-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> while the area of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was formerly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Arran_(Caucasus)" title="Arran (Caucasus)">Arran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> On that basis Iran protested the newly adopted country name.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> During Soviet rule, the country was also spelled in Latin from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_transliteration" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian transliteration">Russian transliteration</a> as Azerbaydzhan (Russian: Азербайджа́н).<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> The country's name was also spelled in <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> from 1940 to 1991 as Азәрбајҹан. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">History of Azerbaijan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Azerbaijan_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ancient_Azerbaijan_4.jpg/220px-Ancient_Azerbaijan_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ancient_Azerbaijan_4.jpg/330px-Ancient_Azerbaijan_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ancient_Azerbaijan_4.jpg/440px-Ancient_Azerbaijan_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyphs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gobustan_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobustan National Park">Gobustan National Park</a> dating back to the <a href="/wiki/10th_millennium_BC" title="10th millennium BC">10th millennium BC</a> indicating a thriving culture</figcaption></figure> The earliest evidence of human settlement in the territory of Azerbaijan dates back to the late <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> and is related to the <a href="/wiki/Guruchay_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Guruchay culture">Guruchay culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Azykh_Cave" title="Azykh Cave">Azykh Cave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> Early settlements included the <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythians</a> during the 9th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress-38">[36]</a> Following the Scythians, Iranian <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> came to dominate the area to the south of the <a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Aras river</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dictionary-36">[34]</a> The Medes forged a vast empire between 900 and 700 BC, which was integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> around 550 BC.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> The area was conquered by the Achaemenids leading to the spread of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_Sasanid_period_to_the_Safavid_period">From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:353px;max-width:353px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">The <a href="/wiki/Maiden_Tower_(Baku)" title="Maiden Tower (Baku)">Maiden Tower</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Shirvanshahs" title="Palace of the Shirvanshahs">Palace of the Shirvanshahs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Baku)" title="Old City (Baku)">Old City</a> of Baku are a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, built in the 11th–12th centuries.</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Q%C4%B1z_qalas%C4%B1_%C3%BCmumi_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Maiden Tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Q%C4%B1z_qalas%C4%B1_%C3%BCmumi_2016.jpg/160px-Q%C4%B1z_qalas%C4%B1_%C3%BCmumi_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Q%C4%B1z_qalas%C4%B1_%C3%BCmumi_2016.jpg/240px-Q%C4%B1z_qalas%C4%B1_%C3%BCmumi_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Q%C4%B1z_qalas%C4%B1_%C3%BCmumi_2016.jpg/320px-Q%C4%B1z_qalas%C4%B1_%C3%BCmumi_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4374" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9Eirvan%C5%9Fahlar_saray_kompleksi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Palace of the Shirvanshahs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%C5%9Eirvan%C5%9Fahlar_saray_kompleksi.jpg/185px-%C5%9Eirvan%C5%9Fahlar_saray_kompleksi.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%C5%9Eirvan%C5%9Fahlar_saray_kompleksi.jpg/278px-%C5%9Eirvan%C5%9Fahlar_saray_kompleksi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%C5%9Eirvan%C5%9Fahlar_saray_kompleksi.jpg/370px-%C5%9Eirvan%C5%9Fahlar_saray_kompleksi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5035" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> turned <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> in 252, while King <a href="/wiki/Urnayr" title="Urnayr">Urnayr</a> officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the 4th century.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> Despite Sassanid rule, Caucasian Albania remained an entity in the region until the 9th century, while fully subordinate to Sassanid Iran, and retained its monarchy. Despite being one of the chief vassals of the Sasanian emperor, the Albanian king had only a semblance of authority, and the Sasanian <a href="/wiki/Marzban" title="Marzban">marzban</a> (military governor) held most civil, religious, and military authority.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> In the first half of the 7th century, Caucasian Albania, as a vassal of the Sasanians, came under nominal Muslim rule with the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> repulsed both the Sasanians and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a> from the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> and turned Caucasian Albania into a vassal state after Christian resistance led by King <a href="/wiki/Juansher" title="Juansher">Juansher</a> was suppressed in 667. The power vacuum left by the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> was filled by numerous local dynasties such as the <a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shaddadids" title="Shaddadids">Shaddadids</a>. At the beginning of the 11th century, the territory was gradually seized by the waves of migrating <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> from Central Asia, who adopted a <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> at the time.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> The first of these Turkic dynasties established was the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a>, which entered the area by 1067.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> The pre-Turkic population spoke several <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> and Caucasian languages, among them <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-VII_в_1877-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Azeri" title="Old Azeri">Old Azeri</a>, which was gradually replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic language</a>, the early precursor of the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani language</a> of today.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> Some linguists have also stated that the <a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tati dialects</a> of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a> and the Republic of Azerbaijan, like those spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a>, are descended from Old Azeri.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Locally, the possessions of the subsequent Seljuk Empire were ruled by <a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids</a>, technically vassals of the Seljuk sultans, but sometimes de facto rulers themselves. Under the Seljuks, local poets such as <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami Ganjavi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khaqani" title="Khaqani">Khaqani</a> gave rise to a blossoming of <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a> in the region.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shirvanshahs" title="Shirvanshahs">Shirvanshahs</a>, the local dynasty of Arabic origin that was later Persianized, became a vassal state of <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> and assisted him in his war with the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> <a href="/wiki/Tokhtamysh" title="Tokhtamysh">Tokhtamysh</a>. Following Timur's death, two independent and rival Turkoman states emerged: <a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a>. The Shirvanshahs returned, maintaining for numerous centuries to come a high degree of autonomy as local rulers and vassals as they had done since 861. In 1501, the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> of Iran subdued the Shirvanshahs and gained its possessions. In the course of the next century, the Safavids <a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">converted the formerly Sunni population to Shia Islam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> as they did with the population in what is modern-day Iran.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> The Safavids allowed the Shirvanshahs to remain in power under Safavid suzerainty until 1538, when Safavid King <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_I" title="Tahmasp I">Tahmasp I</a> completely deposed them and made the area into the Safavid <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Shirvan" title="Safavid Shirvan">province of Shirvan</a>. The Sunni Ottomans briefly managed to occupy present-day Azerbaijan as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1578%E2%80%931590)" title="Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)">Ottoman–Safavid War of 1578–1590</a>; by the early 17th century, they were ousted by Safavid Iranian ruler <a href="/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbas I of Persia">Abbas I</a>. In the wake of the demise of the Safavid dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> and its environs were briefly occupied by the Russians as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723</a>. Remainder of present Azerbaijan was <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah#First_Ottoman_campaign_and_the_reconquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Nader Shah">occupied by the Ottomans</a> from 1722 to 1736.<a href="#cite_note-ĀŠRAFIRANICA-69">[67]</a> Despite brief intermissions such as these by Safavid Iran's neighboring rivals, the land remained under Iranian rule from the earliest advent of the Safavids up to the course of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_map_of_the_eastern_part_of_the_Southern_Caucasus_between_1795%E2%80%931801.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Political_map_of_the_eastern_part_of_the_Southern_Caucasus_between_1795%E2%80%931801.svg/300px-Political_map_of_the_eastern_part_of_the_Southern_Caucasus_between_1795%E2%80%931801.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Political_map_of_the_eastern_part_of_the_Southern_Caucasus_between_1795%E2%80%931801.svg/450px-Political_map_of_the_eastern_part_of_the_Southern_Caucasus_between_1795%E2%80%931801.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Political_map_of_the_eastern_part_of_the_Southern_Caucasus_between_1795%E2%80%931801.svg/600px-Political_map_of_the_eastern_part_of_the_Southern_Caucasus_between_1795%E2%80%931801.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2669" data-file-height="1966" /></a><figcaption>Political map of the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> between 1795 and 1801</figcaption></figure> After the Safavids, the area was ruled by the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty" title="Afsharid dynasty">Afsharid dynasty</a>. After the death of <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a> in 1747, many of his former subjects capitalized on the eruption of instability. <a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Numerous khanates</a> with various forms of autonomy<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> emerged. The rulers of these khanates were directly related to the ruling dynasties of Iran and were vassals and <a href="/wiki/Commoners" class="mw-redirect" title="Commoners">subjects</a> of the Iranian shah.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> The khanates exercised control over their affairs via international trade routes between Central Asia and the West.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> Thereafter, the area was under the successive rule of the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> From the late 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a> switched to a more aggressive geo-political stance towards Iran and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> Russia actively tried to gain possession of the Caucasus region which was, for the most part, in the hands of Iran.<a href="#cite_note-CAUCAIRANICA-81">[79]</a> In 1804, the Russians <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ganja_(1804)" title="Siege of Ganja (1804)">invaded and sacked the Iranian town of Ganja</a>, sparking the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%9313)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–13)">Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> The militarily superior Russians ended the war with a victory.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Following Qajar Iran's loss, it was forced to concede suzerainty over most of the khanates, along with Georgia and Dagestan to the Russian Empire, per the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-84">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg/170px-%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg/255px-%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg/340px-%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="5524" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ganja_(1804)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ganja (1804)">The siege of Ganja Fortress in 1804</a> during the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813</figcaption></figure>The area to the north of the Aras River was Iranian territory until Russia occupied it in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Swietochowski_Borderland-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> About a decade later, in violation of the Gulistan treaty, the Russians invaded Iran's <a href="/wiki/Erivan_Khanate" title="Erivan Khanate">Erivan Khanate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> This sparked the final bout of hostilities between the two, the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826-1828)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Persian War (1826-1828)">Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828</a>. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a> forced Qajar Iran to cede sovereignty over the Erivan Khanate, the <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhchivan Khanate">Nakhchivan Khanate</a> and the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/Talysh_Khanate" title="Talysh Khanate">Talysh Khanate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-84">[82]</a> After the incorporation of all Caucasian territories from Iran into Russia, the border between the two was set at the Aras River.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Despite the Russian conquest, throughout the entire 19th century, preoccupation with <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Iranian culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Iran">literature</a>, and language remained widespread among Shia and Sunni intellectuals in the Russian-held cities of Baku, Ganja and Tiflis (<a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, now Georgia).<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> Within the same century, in post-Iranian Russian-held East Caucasia, an Azerbaijani national identity emerged at the end of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Gasimov1-94">[92]</a> As a result of the Russian conquest, the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> are nowadays parted between two nations: Iran and Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> After the collapse of the Russian Empire during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic</a> was declared, constituting the present-day republics of Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia. It was followed by the <a href="/wiki/March_Days" title="March Days">March Days</a> massacres<a href="#cite_note-smithmusavat-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-minahan-97">[95]</a> that took place between 30 March and 2 April 1918 in Baku and adjacent areas of the <a href="/wiki/Baku_Governorate" title="Baku Governorate">Baku Governorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-98">[96]</a> When the republic dissolved in May 1918, the leading <a href="/wiki/Musavat" title="Musavat">Musavat</a> party declared independence as the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a> (ADR), adopting the name of "Azerbaijan", a name that prior to the proclamation of the ADR was solely used to refer to the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Azerbaijan">northwestern region of contemporary Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-I.B.Tauris-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-I.B._Tauris-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amsterdam_University_Press-43">[41]</a> The ADR was the first modern <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> in the Muslim world.<a href="#cite_note-Swietochowski_Borderland-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-kazemzadeh-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> Among the important accomplishments of the Parliament was the extension of suffrage to women, making ADR the first Muslim nation to grant women equal political rights with men.<a href="#cite_note-kazemzadeh-99">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baku_State_University" title="Baku State University">Baku State University</a>, first modern university founded in the Muslim East, was established during this period.<a href="#cite_note-kazemzadeh-99">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic_2_(1919).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Map_of_the_Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic_2_%281919%29.gif/290px-Map_of_the_Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic_2_%281919%29.gif" decoding="async" width="290" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Map_of_the_Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic_2_%281919%29.gif/435px-Map_of_the_Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic_2_%281919%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Map_of_the_Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic_2_%281919%29.gif/580px-Map_of_the_Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic_2_%281919%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="1387" /></a><figcaption>Map presented by the delegation of Azerbaijan in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">1919 Paris Peace Conference</a></figcaption></figure> Independent Azerbaijan lasted only 23 months until the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> <a href="/wiki/11th_Army_(RSFSR)" title="11th Army (RSFSR)">11th Soviet Red Army</a> invaded it, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic</a> on 28 April 1920. Although the bulk of the newly formed Azerbaijani army was engaged in putting down an Armenian revolt that had broken out in <a href="/wiki/Karabakh" title="Karabakh">Karabakh</a>, Azerbaijanis did not surrender their brief independence of 1918–20 quickly or easily. As many as 20,000 Azerbaijani soldiers died resisting what was effectively a Russian reconquest.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Within the ensuing early Soviet period, the Azerbaijani national identity was forged.<a href="#cite_note-Gasimov1-94">[92]</a> On 13 October 1921, the Soviet republics of Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia signed an agreement with Turkey known as the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars" title="Treaty of Kars">Treaty of Kars</a>. The previously independent <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Aras" title="Republic of Aras">Republic of Aras</a> would also become the <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a> within the Azerbaijan SSR by the treaty of Kars. On the other hand, Armenia was awarded the region of <a href="/wiki/Syunik_Province" title="Syunik Province">Zangezur</a> and Turkey agreed to return <a href="/wiki/Gyumri" title="Gyumri">Gyumri</a> (then known as Alexandropol).<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Azerbaijan played a crucial role in the strategic energy policy of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, with 80 percent of the Soviet Union's oil on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> being supplied by Baku. By decree of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union</a> in February 1942, the commitment of more than 500 workers and employees of the oil industry of Azerbaijan were awarded orders and medals. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Edelweiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Edelweiss">Operation Edelweiss</a> carried out by the German <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> targeted Baku because of its importance as the energy (petroleum) dynamo of the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-Swietochowski_Borderland-14">[12]</a> A fifth of all Azerbaijanis fought in the Second World War from 1941 to 1945. Approximately 681,000 people (with over 100,000 women) went to the front, while the total population of Azerbaijan was 3.4 million at the time.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> Some 250,000 people from Azerbaijan were killed on the front. More than 130 Azerbaijanis were named <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Hero of the Soviet Union">heroes of the Soviet Union</a>. Azerbaijani Major-General <a href="/wiki/Azi_Aslanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Azi Aslanov">Azi Aslanov</a> was twice awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RedArmy_Paratroops_Baku_1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/RedArmy_Paratroops_Baku_1990.jpg/220px-RedArmy_Paratroops_Baku_1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/RedArmy_Paratroops_Baku_1990.jpg/330px-RedArmy_Paratroops_Baku_1990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/RedArmy_Paratroops_Baku_1990.jpg/440px-RedArmy_Paratroops_Baku_1990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Paratrooper" title="Paratrooper">paratroopers</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a> tragedy in 1990</figcaption></figure> Following the politics of <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> initiated by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, civil unrest and ethnic strife grew in various regions of the Soviet Union, including <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast">Nagorno-Karabakh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Croissant-105">[103]</a> an autonomous region of the Azerbaijan SSR. The disturbances in Azerbaijan, in response to Moscow's indifference to an already heated conflict, resulted in calls for independence and secession, which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a> events in Baku.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> Later in 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Azerbaijan_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan SSR">Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR</a> dropped the words "Soviet Socialist" from the title, adopted the "Declaration of Sovereignty of the Azerbaijan Republic" and restored the flag of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic as the state flag.<a href="#cite_note-Meclis-107">[105]</a> As a consequence of the failed <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 Soviet coup attempt</a> in Moscow, the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan adopted a Declaration of Independence on 18 October 1991 which was affirmed by a nationwide referendum in December, while the Soviet Union officially ceased to exist on 26 December.<a href="#cite_note-Meclis-107">[105]</a> The country celebrates its <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Restoration_of_Independence_(Azerbaijan)" title="Day of Restoration of Independence (Azerbaijan)">Day of Restoration of Independence</a> on 18 October.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> The early years of independence were overshadowed by the <a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_war" class="mw-redirect" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh war">First Nagorno-Karabakh war</a> with the ethnic Armenian majority of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> By the end of the hostilities in 1994, Armenians controlled 14–16 percent of Azerbaijani territory, including Nagorno-Karabakh.<a href="#cite_note-cia-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeWaal-110">[108]</a> During the war many atrocities and pogroms by both sides were committed including the massacres at <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gushchular_and_Malibeyli" title="Capture of Gushchular and Malibeyli">Malibeyli, Gushchular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Garadaghly" title="Capture of Garadaghly">Garadaghly</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khojaly_massacre" title="Khojaly massacre">Khojaly massacre</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Baku_pogrom" title="Baku pogrom">Baku pogrom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maraga_massacre" title="Maraga massacre">Maraga massacre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kirovabad_pogrom" title="Kirovabad pogrom">Kirovabad pogrom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Furthermore, an estimated 30,000 people were killed and more than a million people were displaced (more than 800,000 Azerbaijanis and 300,000 Armenians).<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> Four <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> resolutions (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_822" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 822">822</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_853" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 853">853</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_874" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 874">874</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_884" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 884">884</a>) demand for "the immediate withdrawal of all Armenian forces from all occupied territories of Azerbaijan."<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> Many Russians and Armenians fled Azerbaijan as refugees during the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> According to the 1970 census, there were 510,000 ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russian_diaspora" title="Russian diaspora">Russians</a> and 484,000 Armenians in Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aliyev_family_rule,_1993–present">Aliyev family rule, 1993–present</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict_map_(pre-2020).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict_map_%28pre-2020%29.png/330px-Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict_map_%28pre-2020%29.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict_map_%28pre-2020%29.png/495px-Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict_map_%28pre-2020%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict_map_%28pre-2020%29.png/660px-Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict_map_%28pre-2020%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Military situation in the Nagorno-Karabakh region prior to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></figcaption></figure> In 1993, democratically elected President <a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a> was overthrown by a military insurrection led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Surat_Huseynov" title="Surat Huseynov">Surat Huseynov</a>, which resulted in the rise to power of the former leader of Soviet Azerbaijan, <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a>. In 1994, Huseynov, by that time the prime minister, attempted another military coup against Heydar Aliyev, but he was arrested and charged with treason.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> In 1995 <a href="/wiki/1995_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt">another coup</a> was attempted against Aliyev, this time by the commander of the Russian <a href="/wiki/OMON" title="OMON">OMON</a> special police unit, <a href="/wiki/Rovshan_Javadov" title="Rovshan Javadov">Rovshan Javadov</a>. The coup was averted, resulting in the death of Javadov and disbanding of Azerbaijan's OMON units.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-lt-119">[117]</a> At the same time, the country was tainted by rampant corruption in the governing bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> In October 1998, Aliyev was re-elected for a second term. <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a>, Heydar Aliyev's son, became chairman of the <a href="/wiki/New_Azerbaijan_Party" title="New Azerbaijan Party">New Azerbaijan Party</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">President of Azerbaijan</a> when his father died in 2003. He was <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_presidential_election,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani presidential election, 2013">re-elected to a third term</a> as president in October 2013.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> In April 2018, Aliyev secured his fourth consecutive term in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Azerbaijani_presidential_election" title="2018 Azerbaijani presidential election">election</a> that was boycotted by the main opposition parties as fraudulent.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> On 27 September 2020, clashes in the unresolved <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a> resumed along the <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Line_of_Contact" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Line of Contact">Nagorno-Karabakh Line of Contact</a>. Both the armed forces of Azerbaijan and Armenia reported military and civilian casualties.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement">Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement</a> and the end of the six-week <a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">war between Azerbaijan and Armenia</a> was widely celebrated in Azerbaijan, as they made significant territorial gains.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Despite the much improved economy,<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> particularly with the exploitation of the <a href="/wiki/Azeri%E2%80%93Chirag%E2%80%93Gunashli" title="Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli">Azeri–Chirag–Guneshli</a> oil field and <a href="/wiki/Shah_Deniz_gas_field" title="Shah Deniz gas field">Shah Deniz gas field</a>, the Aliyev family rule has been criticized with election fraud,<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> high levels of economic inequality<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Azerbaijan" title="Corruption in Azerbaijan">domestic corruption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> In September 2023, Azerbaijan <a href="/wiki/2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh">launched an offensive</a> against the breakaway <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a> in Nagorno-Karabakh that resulted in the dissolution and reintegration of Artsakh on 1 January 2024 and the <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_Armenians" title="Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians">flight of nearly all ethnic Armenians from the region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geography of Azerbaijan">Geography of Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_reserves_of_Azerbaijan" title="State reserves of Azerbaijan">State reserves of Azerbaijan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Azerbaijan" title="National parks of Azerbaijan">National parks of Azerbaijan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Azerbaijan" title="Extreme points of Azerbaijan">Extreme points of Azerbaijan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_AZE_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Koppen-Geiger_Map_AZE_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_AZE_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Koppen-Geiger_Map_AZE_present.svg/495px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_AZE_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Koppen-Geiger_Map_AZE_present.svg/660px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_AZE_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1715" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen-Geiger climate classification</a> map for Azerbaijan<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a></figcaption></figure> Azerbaijan is located in the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, straddling <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. It lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38°</a> and <a href="/wiki/42nd_parallel_north" title="42nd parallel north">42° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/44th_meridian_east" title="44th meridian east">44°</a> and <a href="/wiki/51st_meridian_east" title="51st meridian east">51° E</a>. The perimeter of Azerbaijan's land borders is 2,648 km (1,645 mi), of which 1,007 km (626 mi) are with Armenia, 756 km (470 mi) with Iran, 480 kilometers with Georgia, 390 km (242 mi) with Russia and 15 km (9 mi) with Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-STA-131">[129]</a> The coastline stretches for 800 km (497 mi), and the length of the widest area of the Azerbaijani section of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> is 456 km (283 mi).<a href="#cite_note-STA-131">[129]</a> The country has a landlocked <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">exclave</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Budug_Azerbaijan16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Budug_Azerbaijan16.jpg/220px-Budug_Azerbaijan16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Budug_Azerbaijan16.jpg/330px-Budug_Azerbaijan16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Budug_Azerbaijan16.jpg/440px-Budug_Azerbaijan16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a> in northern Azerbaijan</figcaption></figure> Three physical features dominate Azerbaijan: the Caspian Sea, whose shoreline forms a natural boundary to the east; the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a> mountain range to the north; and the extensive flatlands at the country's center. There are three mountain ranges: the Greater and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Talysh_Mountains" title="Talysh Mountains">Talysh Mountains</a>, together covering approximately 40% of the country.<a href="#cite_note-GEO-133">[131]</a> The highest peak is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Bazard%C3%BCz%C3%BC" title="Mount Bazardüzü">Mount Bazardüzü</a> 4,466 m (14,652 ft), while the lowest point lies in the Caspian Sea −28 m (−92 ft) . Nearly half of all the <a href="/wiki/Mud_volcano" title="Mud volcano">mud volcanoes</a> on Earth are concentrated in Azerbaijan, <a href="/wiki/Mud_volcanoes_in_Azerbaijan" title="Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan">these volcanoes</a> were among nominees for the <a href="/wiki/New_7_Wonders_of_Nature" title="New 7 Wonders of Nature">New 7 Wonders of Nature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> The main water sources are surface waters. Only 24 of the 8,350 stream are greater than 100 km (62 mi) in length.<a href="#cite_note-GEO-133">[131]</a> All the streams drain into the Caspian Sea.<a href="#cite_note-GEO-133">[131]</a> The largest lake is <a href="/wiki/Lake_Sarysu" title="Lake Sarysu">Sarysu</a> at 67 km2 (26 sq mi), and the longest river is <a href="/wiki/Kura_(Caspian_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura (Caspian Sea)">Kur</a> at 1,515 km (941 mi), which is <a href="/wiki/Transboundary_river" title="Transboundary river">transboundary</a> with Armenia. Azerbaijan has several islands along the Caspian sea, mostly located in the <a href="/wiki/Baku_Archipelago" title="Baku Archipelago">Baku Archipelago</a>. Since independence in 1991, the government has taken measures to preserve the <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Azerbaijan" title="Environment of Azerbaijan">environment of Azerbaijan</a>. National protection of the environment accelerated after 2001 when the state budget increased through revenues provided by the <a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Ceyhan_pipeline" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline">Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline</a>. Within four years, protected areas doubled and now make up eight percent of the country's territory. Since 2001 the government has set up seven large reserves and almost doubled the sector of the budget earmarked for environmental protection.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landscape">Landscape</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Orography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Orography of Azerbaijan">Orography of Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Azerbaijan" title="Climate of Azerbaijan">Climate of Azerbaijan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_bodies_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Water bodies of Azerbaijan">Water bodies of Azerbaijan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bazarduzu_detail.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bazarduzu_detail.JPG/220px-Bazarduzu_detail.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bazarduzu_detail.JPG/330px-Bazarduzu_detail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bazarduzu_detail.JPG/440px-Bazarduzu_detail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bazard%C3%BCz%C3%BC" title="Mount Bazardüzü">Mount Bazarduzu</a>, the highest peak of Azerbaijan, as seen from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Shahdagh" title="Mount Shahdagh">Mount Shahdagh</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azerbajiani_landscape_-_Another_version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Azerbajiani_landscape_-_Another_version.jpg/220px-Azerbajiani_landscape_-_Another_version.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Azerbajiani_landscape_-_Another_version.jpg/330px-Azerbajiani_landscape_-_Another_version.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Azerbajiani_landscape_-_Another_version.jpg/440px-Azerbajiani_landscape_-_Another_version.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2430" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption>The landscape of Khinalug valley</figcaption></figure> Azerbaijan is home to a wide variety of landscapes. Over half of the land consists of mountain ridges, crests, highlands, and plateaus which rise up to levels of 400–1,000 meters (including the middle and lower lowlands), in some places (Talis, Jeyranchol-Ajinohur and Langabiz-Alat foreranges) up to 100–120 meters, and others from 0–50 meters and up (<a href="/wiki/Qobustan,_Absheron" title="Qobustan, Absheron">Qobustan, Absheron</a>). The rest of Azerbaijan's terrain consists of plains and lowlands. Elevations within the Caucasus region vary from about −28 meters at the Caspian Sea shoreline up to 4,466 meters (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Bazard%C3%BCz%C3%BC" title="Mount Bazardüzü">Bazardüzü</a> peak).<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> The climate is influenced particularly by cold arctic <a href="/wiki/Air_mass" title="Air mass">air masses</a> of Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" title="Anticyclone">anticyclone</a>, temperate air masses of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> anticyclone, and Central Asian anticyclone.<a href="#cite_note-CLIM-137">[135]</a> Azerbaijan's diverse landscape affects the ways air masses enter the country.<a href="#cite_note-CLIM-137">[135]</a> The Greater Caucasus protects the country from direct influences of cold air masses coming from the north. That leads to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical climate</a> on most foothills and plains of the country. Meanwhile, plains and foothills are characterized by high <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">solar radiation</a> rates.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Nine out of eleven existing <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">climate zones</a> are present in Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-KL-139">[137]</a> Both the absolute minimum temperature (−33 °C or −27.4 °F ) and the absolute maximum temperature[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>] were observed in <a href="/wiki/Julfa_District" title="Julfa District">Julfa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ordubad_District" title="Ordubad District">Ordubad</a>—regions of <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KL-139">[137]</a> The maximum annual precipitation falls in <a href="/wiki/Lankaran" title="Lankaran">Lankaran</a> (1,600 to 1,800 mm or 63 to 71 in) and the minimum in Absheron (200 to 350 mm or 7.9 to 13.8 in).<a href="#cite_note-KL-139">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murov_mountain_in_Azerbaijan-Caucasus3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Murov_mountain_in_Azerbaijan-Caucasus3.jpg/220px-Murov_mountain_in_Azerbaijan-Caucasus3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Murov_mountain_in_Azerbaijan-Caucasus3.jpg/330px-Murov_mountain_in_Azerbaijan-Caucasus3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Murov_mountain_in_Azerbaijan-Caucasus3.jpg/440px-Murov_mountain_in_Azerbaijan-Caucasus3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Murovdag" class="mw-redirect" title="Murovdag">Murovdag</a> is the highest <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain range</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a>.</figcaption></figure> Rivers and lakes form the principal part of the water systems of Azerbaijan, they were formed over a long geological timeframe and changed significantly throughout that period. This is particularly evidenced by remnants of ancient rivers found throughout the country. The water systems are continually changing under the influence of natural forces and human-introduced industrial activities. Artificial rivers (canals) and ponds are a part of Azerbaijan's water systems. In terms of water supply, Azerbaijan is below the average in the world with approximately 100,000 cubic metres (3,531,467 cubic feet) per year of water per square kilometer.<a href="#cite_note-KL-139">[137]</a> All big <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">water reservoirs</a> are built on Kur. The hydrography of Azerbaijan basically belongs to the Caspian Sea basin. The <a href="/wiki/Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)" title="Kura (South Caucasus river)">Kura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Aras</a> are the major rivers in Azerbaijan. They run through the <a href="/wiki/Kura-Aras_lowland" title="Kura-Aras lowland">Kura-Aras lowland</a>. The rivers that directly flow into the Caspian Sea originate mainly from the north-eastern slope of the Major Caucasus and Talysh Mountains and run along the Samur–Devechi and Lankaran lowlands.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yanar_Dagh" title="Yanar Dagh">Yanar Dag</a>, translated as "burning mountain", is a natural gas fire which blazes continuously on a hillside on the <a href="/wiki/Absheron_Peninsula" title="Absheron Peninsula">Absheron Peninsula</a> on the Caspian Sea near Baku, which itself is known as the "land of fire." Flames jet out into the air from a thin, porous sandstone layer. It is a tourist attraction to visitors to the Baku area.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Azerbaijan" title="Wildlife of Azerbaijan">Wildlife of Azerbaijan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Azerbaijan" title="Fauna of Azerbaijan">Fauna of Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Azerbaijan" title="Flora of Azerbaijan">Flora of Azerbaijan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamps_of_Azerbaijan,_2006-750.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_2006-750.jpg/220px-Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_2006-750.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_2006-750.jpg/330px-Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_2006-750.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_2006-750.jpg/440px-Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_2006-750.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Karabakh_horse" title="Karabakh horse">Karabakh horse</a> is the national animal of Azerbaijan.</figcaption></figure> The first reports on the richness and diversity of animal life in Azerbaijan can be found in travel notes of Eastern travelers. Animal carvings on architectural monuments, ancient rocks, and stones survived up to the present times. The first information on flora and fauna of Azerbaijan was collected during the visits of naturalists to Azerbaijan in the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-GEO-133">[131]</a> There are 106 species of mammals, 97 species of fish, 363 species of birds, 10 species of amphibians, and 52 species of reptiles which have been recorded and classified in Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-GEO-133">[131]</a> The national animal of Azerbaijan is the <a href="/wiki/Karabakh_horse" title="Karabakh horse">Karabakh horse</a>, a mountain-steppe racing and riding horse endemic to Azerbaijan. The Karabakh horse has a reputation for its good temper, speed, elegance, and intelligence. It is one of the oldest breeds, with ancestry dating to the ancient world, but today the horse is an endangered species.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Azerbaijan's flora consists of more than 4,500 species of higher plants. Due to the unique climate in Azerbaijan, the flora is much richer in the number of species than the flora of the other republics of the South Caucasus. Sixty-six percent of the species growing in the whole <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> can be found in Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> The country lies within four ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_mixed_forests" title="Caucasus mixed forests">Caucasus mixed forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolian_montane_steppe" title="Eastern Anatolian montane steppe">Eastern Anatolian montane steppe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_shrub_desert_and_steppe" title="Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe">Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-144">[142]</a> Azerbaijan had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 6.55/10, ranking it 72nd globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-145">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">Forest cover</a> is around 14.% of the total land area, equivalent to 1,131,770 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 944,740 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 826,200 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 305,570 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 0% was reported to be <a href="/wiki/Primary_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary forest">primary forest</a> (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 33% of the forest area was found within protected areas. In 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a>, 0% <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private ownership</a> and 0% with ownership listed as other or unknown.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Politics of Azerbaijan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Azerbaijan" title="Elections in Azerbaijan">Elections in Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Human rights in Azerbaijan">Human rights in Azerbaijan</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gobierno_de_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n,_Baku,_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n,_2016-09-26,_DD_27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ec/Gobierno_de_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-26%2C_DD_27.jpg/280px-Gobierno_de_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-26%2C_DD_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ec/Gobierno_de_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-26%2C_DD_27.jpg/420px-Gobierno_de_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-26%2C_DD_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ec/Gobierno_de_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-26%2C_DD_27.jpg/560px-Gobierno_de_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-26%2C_DD_27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8083" data-file-height="4132" /></a><figcaption>Government building in Baku</figcaption></figure> Azerbaijan's government functions as an authoritarian regime in practice;<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> although it regularly holds <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Azerbaijan" title="Elections in Azerbaijan">elections</a>, these are marred by <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a> and other unfair election practices.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> The government has been ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Political_family#Other_countries" title="Political family">Aliyev political family</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Azerbaijan_Party" title="New Azerbaijan Party">New Azerbaijan Party</a> (Yeni Azərbaycan Partiyası, YAP) established by <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a> continuously since 1993.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> It is categorised as "not free" by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Freedom_House-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-frh-161">[159]</a> who ranked it 7/100 on Global Freedom Score in 2024, calling its regime authoritarian.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> The structural formation of the political system was completed by the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitution of Azerbaijan">constitution</a> on 12 November 1995. According to Article 23 of the constitution, the <a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">state symbols</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Azerbaijan" title="Flag of Azerbaijan">flag</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Azerbaijan">coat of arms</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anthem of the Republic of Azerbaijan">national anthem</a>. The state power is limited only by law for internal issues, but international affairs are also limited by international agreements' provisions.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The Constitution of Azerbaijan states that it is a presidential republic with three branches of power – executive, legislative, and judicial. The legislative power is held by the <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Azerbaijan">National Assembly</a> and the Supreme National Assembly in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Azerbaijan)" title="National Assembly (Azerbaijan)">Parliament of Azerbaijan</a>, called Milli Majlis, consists of 125 deputies elected based on <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">majority vote</a>, with a term of five years for each elected member. The elections are held every five years, on the first Sunday of November. The Parliament is not responsible for the formation of the government, but the constitution requires the approval of the Cabinet of Ministers by Milli Majlis.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> The New Azerbaijan Party, and independents loyal to the ruling government, currently hold almost all of the Parliament's 125 seats. During the <a href="/wiki/2010_Azerbaijani_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Azerbaijani parliamentary election">2010 Parliamentary election</a>, the opposition parties, <a href="/wiki/Musavat" title="Musavat">Musavat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Popular_Front_Party" title="Azerbaijani Popular Front Party">Azerbaijani Popular Front Party</a>, failed to win a single seat. European observers <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_parliamentary_election,_2010#Campaign_irregularities" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani parliamentary election, 2010">found numerous irregularities</a> in the run-up to the election and on election day.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Munich_Security_Conference_2010_-_Ilham_Aliyev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Munich_Security_Conference_2010_-_Ilham_Aliyev.jpg/170px-Munich_Security_Conference_2010_-_Ilham_Aliyev.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Munich_Security_Conference_2010_-_Ilham_Aliyev.jpg/255px-Munich_Security_Conference_2010_-_Ilham_Aliyev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Munich_Security_Conference_2010_-_Ilham_Aliyev.jpg/340px-Munich_Security_Conference_2010_-_Ilham_Aliyev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a>, Azerbaijan's fourth and current President, succeeded his father <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a> in 2003.</figcaption></figure> The executive power is held by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">president</a>, who is elected for a seven-year term by direct elections, and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan" title="Prime Minister of Azerbaijan">prime minister</a>. The president is authorized to form the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cabinet of Azerbaijan">Cabinet</a>, a collective executive body accountable to both the president and the National Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-LaPorte2016-3">[3]</a> The Cabinet consists primarily of the prime minister, his deputies, and ministers. The <a href="/wiki/8th_Government_of_Azerbaijan" title="8th Government of Azerbaijan">8th Government of Azerbaijan</a> is the administration in its current formation. The president does not have the right to dissolve the National Assembly but has the right to veto its decisions. To override the presidential veto, the parliament must have a majority of 95 votes. The judicial power is vested in the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitutional Court of Azerbaijan">Constitutional Court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Azerbaijan" title="Supreme Court of Azerbaijan">Supreme Court</a>, and the Economic Court. The president nominates the judges in these courts.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Azerbaijan's system of governance nominally can be called two-tiered. The top or highest tier of the government is the executive power headed by president. The local executive authority is merely a continuation of executive power. The provision determines the legal status of local state administration on local executive authority (Yerli Icra Hakimiyati), adopted 16 June 1999. In June 2012, the president approved a regulation which granted additional powers to local executive authorities, strengthening their dominant position in local affairs<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> The Security Council is the deliberative body under the president, and he organizes it according to the constitution. It was established on 10 April 1997. The administrative department is not a part of the president's office but manages the financial, technical and pecuniary activities of both the president and his office.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Azerbaijan" title="Foreign relations of Azerbaijan">Foreign relations of Azerbaijan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan and the European Union">Azerbaijan and the European Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%B0lham_%C6%8Fliyev%C9%99_T%C3%BCrk_D%C3%BCnyas%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_Ali_Ordeni_t%C9%99qdim_edilib_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%C4%B0lham_%C6%8Fliyev%C9%99_T%C3%BCrk_D%C3%BCnyas%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_Ali_Ordeni_t%C9%99qdim_edilib_%282%29.jpg/220px-%C4%B0lham_%C6%8Fliyev%C9%99_T%C3%BCrk_D%C3%BCnyas%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_Ali_Ordeni_t%C9%99qdim_edilib_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%C4%B0lham_%C6%8Fliyev%C9%99_T%C3%BCrk_D%C3%BCnyas%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_Ali_Ordeni_t%C9%99qdim_edilib_%282%29.jpg/330px-%C4%B0lham_%C6%8Fliyev%C9%99_T%C3%BCrk_D%C3%BCnyas%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_Ali_Ordeni_t%C9%99qdim_edilib_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%C4%B0lham_%C6%8Fliyev%C9%99_T%C3%BCrk_D%C3%BCnyas%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_Ali_Ordeni_t%C9%99qdim_edilib_%282%29.jpg/440px-%C4%B0lham_%C6%8Fliyev%C9%99_T%C3%BCrk_D%C3%BCnyas%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_Ali_Ordeni_t%C9%99qdim_edilib_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1737" data-file-height="1292" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0lham_Aliyev" class="mw-redirect" title="İlham Aliyev">İlham Aliyev</a> receiving the Supreme Order of the Turkic World from Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> during the 8th summit of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey, November 12, 2021</figcaption></figure> The short-lived Azerbaijan Democratic Republic succeeded in establishing diplomatic relations with six countries, sending diplomatic representatives to Germany and Finland.<a href="#cite_note-CSUS-168">[166]</a> The process of international recognition of Azerbaijan's independence from the collapsing Soviet Union lasted roughly one year. The most recent country to recognize Azerbaijan was Bahrain, on 6 November 1996.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> Full diplomatic relations, including mutual exchanges of missions, were first established with Turkey, Pakistan, the United States, Iran<a href="#cite_note-CSUS-168">[166]</a> and Israel.<a href="#cite_note-israelmfa-170">[168]</a> Azerbaijan has placed a particular emphasis on its "<a href="/wiki/Special_relationship_(international_relations)" title="Special relationship (international relations)">special relationship</a>" with Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries so far and holds membership in 38 international organizations.<a href="#cite_note-FCO-26">[24]</a> It holds observer status in the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> and is a correspondent at the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FCO-26">[24]</a> On 9 May 2006 Azerbaijan was elected to membership in the newly established <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights Council">Human Rights Council</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>. The term of office began on 19 June 2006.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> Azerbaijan was first elected as a non-permanent member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_election,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Security Council election, 2011">UN Security Council in 2011</a> with the support of 155 countries. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heads_of_state_attended_ceremony_to_release_young_sturgeons_into_Caspian_Sea_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Heads_of_state_attended_ceremony_to_release_young_sturgeons_into_Caspian_Sea_2.jpg/220px-Heads_of_state_attended_ceremony_to_release_young_sturgeons_into_Caspian_Sea_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Heads_of_state_attended_ceremony_to_release_young_sturgeons_into_Caspian_Sea_2.jpg/330px-Heads_of_state_attended_ceremony_to_release_young_sturgeons_into_Caspian_Sea_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Heads_of_state_attended_ceremony_to_release_young_sturgeons_into_Caspian_Sea_2.jpg/440px-Heads_of_state_attended_ceremony_to_release_young_sturgeons_into_Caspian_Sea_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a> and other heads of state hosted by Kazakh President <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Summit" title="Caspian Summit">Caspian Summit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aktau" title="Aktau">Aktau</a>, Kazakhstan, August 12, 2018</figcaption></figure> Foreign policy priorities include, first of all, the restoration of its territorial integrity; elimination of the consequences of occupation of Nagorno-Karabakh and seven other regions of Azerbaijan surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh;<a href="#cite_note-NSC_AZ-174">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> integration into European and Euro-Atlantic structure; contribution to international security; cooperation with international organizations; regional cooperation and bilateral relations; strengthening of defense capability; promotion of security by domestic policy means; strengthening of democracy; preservation of ethnic and religious tolerance; scientific, educational, and cultural policy and preservation of moral values; economic and social development; enhancing internal and border security; and migration, energy, and transportation security policy.<a href="#cite_note-NSC_AZ-174">[172]</a> Azerbaijan is an active member of international coalitions fighting international terrorism, and was one of the first countries to offer support after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> The country is an active member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a> program, contributing to peacekeeping efforts in Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Azerbaijan is also a <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">member</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> since 2001 and maintains good relations with the European Union. The country may eventually apply for EU membership.<a href="#cite_note-NSC_AZ-174">[172]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilham_Aliyev,_President_of_European_Council_Charles_Michel_held_one-on-one_meeting_in_Brussels_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ilham_Aliyev%2C_President_of_European_Council_Charles_Michel_held_one-on-one_meeting_in_Brussels_01.jpg/220px-Ilham_Aliyev%2C_President_of_European_Council_Charles_Michel_held_one-on-one_meeting_in_Brussels_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ilham_Aliyev%2C_President_of_European_Council_Charles_Michel_held_one-on-one_meeting_in_Brussels_01.jpg/330px-Ilham_Aliyev%2C_President_of_European_Council_Charles_Michel_held_one-on-one_meeting_in_Brussels_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ilham_Aliyev%2C_President_of_European_Council_Charles_Michel_held_one-on-one_meeting_in_Brussels_01.jpg/440px-Ilham_Aliyev%2C_President_of_European_Council_Charles_Michel_held_one-on-one_meeting_in_Brussels_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="1220" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a> and President of the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel" title="Charles Michel">Charles Michel</a> in Brussels, Belgium, April 6, 2022</figcaption></figure> On 1 July 2021, the US Congress advanced legislation that will have an impact on the military aid that Washington has sent to Azerbaijan since 2012. This was because the packages to Armenia, instead, are significantly smaller.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> Azerbaijan has been harshly criticized for bribing foreign officials and diplomats to promote its causes abroad and legitimize its elections at home, a practice termed <a href="/wiki/Caviar_diplomacy" title="Caviar diplomacy">caviar diplomacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_laundromat" title="Azerbaijani laundromat">Azerbaijani laundromat</a> <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> operation involved the bribery of foreign politicians and journalists to serve the Azerbaijani government's public relations interests.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Armed_Forces" title="Azerbaijani Armed Forces">Azerbaijani Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilham_Aliyev_and_Recep_Tayyip_Erdogan_attended_TEKNOFEST_Azerbaijan_festival_in_Baku_46.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ilham_Aliyev_and_Recep_Tayyip_Erdogan_attended_TEKNOFEST_Azerbaijan_festival_in_Baku_46.jpg/250px-Ilham_Aliyev_and_Recep_Tayyip_Erdogan_attended_TEKNOFEST_Azerbaijan_festival_in_Baku_46.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ilham_Aliyev_and_Recep_Tayyip_Erdogan_attended_TEKNOFEST_Azerbaijan_festival_in_Baku_46.jpg/375px-Ilham_Aliyev_and_Recep_Tayyip_Erdogan_attended_TEKNOFEST_Azerbaijan_festival_in_Baku_46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ilham_Aliyev_and_Recep_Tayyip_Erdogan_attended_TEKNOFEST_Azerbaijan_festival_in_Baku_46.jpg/500px-Ilham_Aliyev_and_Recep_Tayyip_Erdogan_attended_TEKNOFEST_Azerbaijan_festival_in_Baku_46.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Navy" title="Azerbaijani Navy">Azerbaijani Navy</a> ships during the 2022 Teknofest Azerbaijan festival in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></figcaption></figure> The National Army of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was created on 26 June 1918.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> When Azerbaijan gained independence after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan were created according to the law on the armed forces of 9 October 1991.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> The original date of the establishment of the short-lived National Army is celebrated as Army Day (26 June).<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> As of 2021, Azerbaijan had 126,000 active personnel in its armed forces. There are also 17,000 paramilitary troops and 330,00 reserve personnel.<a href="#cite_note-Blandy12-187">[185]</a> The armed forces have three branches: the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of Azerbaijan">Land Forces</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Air_Forces" title="Azerbaijani Air Forces">Air Forces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan Navy">Navy</a>. Additionally the armed forces embrace several military sub-groups that can be involved in state defense when needed. These are the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Troops_of_Azerbaijan" title="Internal Troops of Azerbaijan">Internal Troops</a> of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the <a href="/wiki/State_Border_Service_of_Azerbaijan" title="State Border Service of Azerbaijan">State Border Service</a>, which includes the Coast Guard as well.<a href="#cite_note-cia-28">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_National_Guard" title="Azerbaijani National Guard">Azerbaijani National Guard</a> is a paramilitary force that operates as a semi-independent entity of the Special State Protection Service, an agency subordinate to the president.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Servicemen_of_the_%22Yarasa%22_Special_Forces_at_Victory_Parade_in_Baku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Servicemen_of_the_%22Yarasa%22_Special_Forces_at_Victory_Parade_in_Baku.jpg/220px-Servicemen_of_the_%22Yarasa%22_Special_Forces_at_Victory_Parade_in_Baku.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Servicemen_of_the_%22Yarasa%22_Special_Forces_at_Victory_Parade_in_Baku.jpg/330px-Servicemen_of_the_%22Yarasa%22_Special_Forces_at_Victory_Parade_in_Baku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Servicemen_of_the_%22Yarasa%22_Special_Forces_at_Victory_Parade_in_Baku.jpg/440px-Servicemen_of_the_%22Yarasa%22_Special_Forces_at_Victory_Parade_in_Baku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3458" data-file-height="2298" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_of_Azerbaijan" title="Special Forces of Azerbaijan">Special Forces of Azerbaijan</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Baku_Victory_Parade_of_2020" title="Baku Victory Parade of 2020">Baku Victory Parade of 2020</a></figcaption></figure> Azerbaijan adheres to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe" title="Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe">Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe</a> and has signed all major international arms and weapons treaties. Azerbaijan closely cooperates with <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in programs such as <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Individual_Partnership_Action_Plan" title="Individual Partnership Action Plan">Individual Partnership Action Plan/pfp and ipa</a>. Azerbaijan has deployed 151 of its peacekeeping forces in Iraq and another 184 in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> Azerbaijan spent $2.24 billion on its defence budget as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&action=edit">[update]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> which amounted to 5.4% of its total GDP,<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> and some 12.7% of general government expenditure.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Azerbaijani <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Industry_of_Azerbaijan" title="Ministry of Defence Industry of Azerbaijan">defense industry</a> manufactures small arms, artillery systems, tanks, armors and <a href="/wiki/Night_vision_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Night vision device">night vision devices</a>, aviation bombs, UAVs/unmanned aerial vehicle, various military vehicles and military planes and helicopters.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_and_freedom">Human rights and freedom</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Human rights in Azerbaijan">Human rights in Azerbaijan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rashadat_Akhundov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Rashadat_Akhundov.jpg/220px-Rashadat_Akhundov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Rashadat_Akhundov.jpg/330px-Rashadat_Akhundov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Rashadat_Akhundov.jpg/440px-Rashadat_Akhundov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rashadat_Akhundov" title="Rashadat Akhundov">Rashadat Akhundov</a>, the co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Nida_Civic_Movement" title="Nida Civic Movement">Nida Civic Movement</a>, was sentenced to eight years of imprisonment on 6 May 2014.</figcaption></figure> The constitution claims to guarantee freedom of speech, but this is denied in practice. After several years of decline in press and media freedom, in 2014, the media environment deteriorated rapidly under a governmental campaign to silence any opposition and criticism, even while the country led the Committee of Ministers of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> (May–November 2014). Spurious legal charges and impunity in violence against journalists have remained the norm.<a href="#cite_note-pace-197">[195]</a> All foreign broadcasts are banned in the country.<a href="#cite_note-FH-198">[196]</a> According to the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_(report)" title="Freedom of the Press (report)">Freedom of the Press report</a>, Azerbaijan's press freedom status is "not free", and Azerbaijan ranks 177th out of 196 countries.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> are banned in Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> Discrimination against <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Azerbaijan">LGBT people</a> in Azerbaijan is widespread.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> Christianity is officially recognized. All religious communities are required to register to be allowed to meet, under the risk of imprisonment. This registration is often denied. "Racial discrimination contributes to the country's lack of religious freedom, since many of the Christians are ethnic Armenian or Russian, rather than Azeri Muslim".<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> During the last few years,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] three journalists were killed and several prosecuted in trials described as unfair by international human rights organizations. Azerbaijan had the largest number of journalists imprisoned in Europe in 2015, according to the <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a>, and is the 5th most censored country in the world, ahead of Iran and China.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> Some critical journalists have been <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation#Efforts_to_combat_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">arrested</a> for their coverage of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Azerbaijan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Azerbaijan">COVID-19 pandemic in Azerbaijan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> A report by an <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> researcher in October 2015 points to "...the severe deterioration of human rights in Azerbaijan over the past few years. Sadly Azerbaijan has been allowed to get away with unprecedented levels of repression and in the process almost wipe out its civil society."<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> Amnesty's 2015/16 annual report<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> on the country stated "... persecution of political dissent continued. Human rights organizations remained unable to resume their work. At least 18 prisoners of conscience remained in detention at the end of the year. Reprisals against independent journalists and activists persisted both in the country and abroad, while their family members also faced harassment and arrests. International human rights monitors were barred and expelled from the country. Reports of torture and other ill-treatment persisted."<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported in April 2017 that "Azerbaijan's ruling elite operated a secret $2.9bn (£2.2bn) scheme to pay prominent Europeans, buy luxury goods and launder money through a network of opaque British companies .... Leaked data shows that the Azerbaijani leadership, accused of serial human rights abuses, systemic corruption and rigging elections, made more than 16,000 covert payments from 2012 to 2014. Some of this money went to politicians and journalists, as part of an international lobbying operation to deflect criticism of Azerbaijan's president, Ilham Aliyev, and to promote a positive image of his oil-rich country." There was no suggestion that all recipients were aware of the source of the money as it arrived via a disguised route.<a href="#cite_note-Gdn4917-211">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Azerbaijan" title="Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan">Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Economic_Regions_of_Azerbaijan_(2021;_labelled).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Economic_Regions_of_Azerbaijan_%282021%3B_labelled%29.png/400px-Economic_Regions_of_Azerbaijan_%282021%3B_labelled%29.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Economic_Regions_of_Azerbaijan_%282021%3B_labelled%29.png/600px-Economic_Regions_of_Azerbaijan_%282021%3B_labelled%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Economic_Regions_of_Azerbaijan_%282021%3B_labelled%29.png/800px-Economic_Regions_of_Azerbaijan_%282021%3B_labelled%29.png 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption> Azerbaijan is divided into 14 economic regions.</figcaption></figure> There are 14 economic regions; 66 <a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">rayons</a> (rayonlar, singular rayon) and 11 cities (şəhərlər, singular şəhər) under the direct authority of the republic.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> Moreover, Azerbaijan includes the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Republic">Autonomous Republic</a> (muxtar respublika) of <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cia-28">[26]</a> The President of Azerbaijan appoints the governors of these units, while the government of Nakhchivan is elected and approved by the parliament of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baku_Economic_Region" title="Baku Economic Region">Baku Economic Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a><a href="#cite_note-control-213">[c]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absheron-Khizi_Economic_Region" title="Absheron-Khizi Economic Region">Absheron-Khizi Economic Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absheron_District" title="Absheron District">Absheron</a> (Abşeron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khizi_District" title="Khizi District">Khizi</a> (Xızı)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumgait" title="Sumgait">Sumgait</a><a href="#cite_note-control-213">[c]</a> (Sumqayıt)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Aran_Economic_Region" title="Central Aran Economic Region">Central Aran Economic Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agdash_District" title="Agdash District">Aghdash</a> (Ağdaş)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goychay_District" title="Goychay District">Goychay</a> (Göyçay)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdamir_District" title="Kurdamir District">Kurdamir</a> (Kürdəmir)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujar_District" title="Ujar District">Ujar</a> (Ucar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevlakh_District" title="Yevlakh District">Yevlakh</a> (Yevlax)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevlakh" title="Yevlakh">Yevlakh</a><a href="#cite_note-control-213">[c]</a> (Yevlax; city)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zardab_District" title="Zardab District">Zardab</a> (Zərdab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingachevir" title="Mingachevir">Mingachevir</a><a href="#cite_note-control-213">[c]</a> (Mingəçevir)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mil-Mughan_Economic_Region" title="Mil-Mughan Economic Region">Mil-Mughan Economic Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beylagan_District" title="Beylagan District">Beylagan</a> (Beyləqan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imishli_District" title="Imishli District">Imishli</a> (İmişli)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saatly_District" title="Saatly District">Saatly</a> (Saatlı)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabirabad_District" title="Sabirabad District">Sabirabad</a> (Sabirabad)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvan-Salyan_Economic_Region" title="Shirvan-Salyan Economic Region">Shirvan-Salyan Economic Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilasuvar_District" title="Bilasuvar District">Bilasuvar</a> (Biləsuvar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajigabul_District" title="Hajigabul District">Hajigabul</a> (Hacıqabul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neftchala_District" title="Neftchala District">Neftchala</a> (Neftçala)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyan_District,_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyan District, Azerbaijan">Salyan</a> (Salyan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevlakh_District" title="Yevlakh District">Yevlakh</a> (Yevlax)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvan_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvan (city)">Shirvan</a><a href="#cite_note-control-213">[c]</a> (Şirvan)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountainous_Shirvan_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountainous Shirvan economic region">Mountainous Shirvan economic region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agsu_District" title="Agsu District">Aghsu</a> (Ağsu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobustan_District" title="Gobustan District">Gobustan</a> (Qobustan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismayilli_District" title="Ismayilli District">Ismayilli</a> (İsmayıllı)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamakhi_District" title="Shamakhi District">Shamakhi</a> (Şamaxı)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganja-Dashkasan_Economic_Region" title="Ganja-Dashkasan Economic Region">Ganja-Dashkasan Economic Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dashkasan_District" title="Dashkasan District">Dashkasan</a> (Daşkəsən)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goranboy_District" title="Goranboy District">Goranboy</a> (Goranboy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goygol_District" title="Goygol District">Goygol</a> (Göygöl)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samukh_District" title="Samukh District">Samukh</a> (Samux)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a><a href="#cite_note-control-213">[c]</a> (Gəncə)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftalan,_Azerbaijan" title="Naftalan, Azerbaijan">Naftalan</a><a href="#cite_note-control-213">[c]</a> (Naftalan)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazakh-Tovuz_Economic_Region" title="Gazakh-Tovuz Economic Region">Gazakh-Tovuz Economic Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agstafa_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Agstafa District">Aghstafa</a> (Ağstafa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabay_District" title="Gadabay District">Gadabay</a> (Gədəbəy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazakh_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazakh District">Gazakh</a> (Qazax)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamkir_District" title="Shamkir District">Shamkir</a> (Şəmkir)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tovuz_District" title="Tovuz District">Tovuz</a> (Tovuz)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guba-Khachmaz_Economic_Region" title="Guba-Khachmaz Economic Region">Guba-Khachmaz Economic Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quba_District_(Azerbaijan)" title="Quba District (Azerbaijan)">Guba</a> (Quba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qusar_District" title="Qusar District">Gusar</a> (Qusar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khachmaz_District" title="Khachmaz District">Khachmaz</a> (Xaçmaz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabran_District" title="Shabran District">Shabran</a> (Şabran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siazan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Siazan District">Siyazan</a> (Siyəzən)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Zangezur_Economic_Region" title="East Zangezur Economic Region">East Zangezur Economic Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qubadli_District" title="Qubadli District">Gubadly</a> (Qubadlı)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabrayil_District" title="Jabrayil District">Jabrayil</a> (Cəbrayıl)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalbajar_District" title="Kalbajar District">Kalbajar</a> (Kəlbəcər)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachin_District" title="Lachin District">Lachin</a> (Laçın)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangilan_District" title="Zangilan District">Zangilan</a> (Zəngilan)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lankaran-Astara_Economic_Region" title="Lankaran-Astara Economic Region">Lankaran-Astara Economic Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astara_District" title="Astara District">Astara</a> (Astara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalilabad_District_(Azerbaijan)" title="Jalilabad District (Azerbaijan)">Jalilabad</a> (Cəlilabad)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lankaran_District" title="Lankaran District">Lankaran</a> (Lənkəran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerik_District" title="Lerik District">Lerik</a> (Lerik)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masally_District" title="Masally District">Masally</a> (Masallı)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yardimli_District" title="Yardimli District">Yardimli</a> (Yardımlı)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lankaran" title="Lankaran">Lankaran</a><a href="#cite_note-control-213">[c]</a> (Lənkəran; city)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Economic_Region" title="Nakhchivan Economic Region">Nakhchivan Economic Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babek_District" title="Babek District">Babek</a> (Babək)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julfa_District" title="Julfa District">Julfa</a> (Culfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangarli_District" title="Kangarli District">Kangarli</a> (Kəngərli)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordubad_District" title="Ordubad District">Ordubad</a> (Ordubad)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadarak_District" title="Sadarak District">Sadarak</a> (Sədərək)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahbuz_District" title="Shahbuz District">Shahbuz</a> (Şahbuz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharur_District" title="Sharur District">Sharur</a> (Şərur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhchivan City">Nakhchivan</a><a href="#cite_note-control-213">[c]</a> (Naxçıvan)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaki-Zagatala_Economic_Region" title="Shaki-Zagatala Economic Region">Shaki-Zagatala Economic Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balakan_District" title="Balakan District">Balakan</a> (Balakən)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabala_District" title="Qabala District">Gabala</a> (Qəbələ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakh_District" title="Qakh District">Gakh</a> (Qax)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_District" title="Oghuz District">Oghuz</a> (Oğuz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaki_District" title="Shaki District">Shaki</a> (Şəki)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagatala_District" title="Zagatala District">Zagatala</a> (Zaqatala)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaki,_Azerbaijan" title="Shaki, Azerbaijan">Shaki</a><a href="#cite_note-control-213">[c]</a> (Şəki; city)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_Economic_Region" title="Karabakh Economic Region">Karabakh Economic Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghjabadi_District" title="Aghjabadi District">Aghjabadi</a> (Ağcabədi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barda_District" title="Barda District">Barda</a> (Bərdə)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agdam_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Agdam District">Aghdam</a> (Ağdam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzuli_District" title="Fuzuli District">Fuzuli</a> (Füzuli)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly_District" title="Khojaly District">Khojaly</a> (Xocalı)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojavend_District" title="Khojavend District">Khojavend</a> (Xocavənd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shusha_District" title="Shusha District">Shusha</a> (Şuşa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartar_District" title="Tartar District">Tartar</a> (Tərtər)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepanakert" title="Stepanakert">Khankendi</a><a href="#cite_note-control-213">[c]</a> (Xankəndi)</li></ul></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Azerbaijan" title="Economy of Azerbaijan">Economy of Azerbaijan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GPD_per_capita_development_of_Azerbaijan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/GPD_per_capita_development_of_Azerbaijan.jpg/220px-GPD_per_capita_development_of_Azerbaijan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/GPD_per_capita_development_of_Azerbaijan.jpg/330px-GPD_per_capita_development_of_Azerbaijan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/GPD_per_capita_development_of_Azerbaijan.jpg/440px-GPD_per_capita_development_of_Azerbaijan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1031" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Change in per capita GDP of Azerbaijan since 1973. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.</figcaption></figure> After gaining independence in 1991, Azerbaijan became a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="European Bank for Reconstruction and Development">European Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Development_Bank" title="Islamic Development Bank">Islamic Development Bank</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AZE-214">[211]</a> The banking system consists of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Azerbaijan" title="Central Bank of Azerbaijan">Central Bank of Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">commercial banks</a>, and non-banking credit organizations. The National (now Central) Bank was created in 1992 based on the Azerbaijan State Savings Bank, an affiliate of the former State Savings Bank of the USSR. The Central Bank serves as Azerbaijan's central bank, empowered to issue the national currency, the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_manat" title="Azerbaijani manat">Azerbaijani manat</a>, and to supervise all commercial banks. Two major commercial banks are <a href="/wiki/Unibank_(Azerbaijan)" title="Unibank (Azerbaijan)">UniBank</a> and the state-owned <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_of_Azerbaijan" title="International Bank of Azerbaijan">International Bank of Azerbaijan</a>, run by Abbas Ibrahimov.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> Pushed up by spending and demand growth, the 2007 <a href="/wiki/First_quarter_of_a_calendar_year" class="mw-redirect" title="First quarter of a calendar year">Q1</a> inflation rate reached 16.6%.<a href="#cite_note-INF-216">[213]</a> Nominal incomes and monthly wages climbed 29% and 25% respectively against this figure, but price increases in the non-oil industry encouraged inflation.<a href="#cite_note-INF-216">[213]</a> Azerbaijan shows some signs of the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Dutch_disease" title="Dutch disease">Dutch disease</a>" because of its fast-growing energy sector, which causes inflation and makes non-energy exports more expensive.<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> In the early 2000s, chronically high inflation was brought under control. This led to the launch of a new currency, the new Azerbaijani manat, on 1 January 2006, to cement the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> Azerbaijan is also ranked 57th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Report" title="Global Competitiveness Report">Global Competitiveness Report</a> for 2010–2011, above other CIS countries.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> By 2012 the GDP of Azerbaijan had increased 20-fold from its 1995 level.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_and_natural_resources">Energy and natural resources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Energy in Azerbaijan">Energy in Azerbaijan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Azerbaijan" title="Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan">Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_Rocks_near_Baku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Oil_Rocks_near_Baku.jpg/220px-Oil_Rocks_near_Baku.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Oil_Rocks_near_Baku.jpg/330px-Oil_Rocks_near_Baku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Oil_Rocks_near_Baku.jpg/440px-Oil_Rocks_near_Baku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oil_Rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Rocks">Oil Rocks</a> (Neft Daşları) near Baku</figcaption></figure> Two-thirds of Azerbaijan is rich in oil and natural gas.<a href="#cite_note-AZ-222">[219]</a> The oil industry dates back to the ancient period. Arabian historian and traveler <a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">Ahmad Al-Baladhuri</a> discusses the economy of the Absheron Peninsula in antiquity, mentioning its oil in particular.<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> There are many <a href="/wiki/Pipelines_in_Azerbaijan" title="Pipelines in Azerbaijan">pipelines in Azerbaijan</a>. The goal of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Gas_Corridor" title="Southern Gas Corridor">Southern Gas Corridor</a>, which connects the giant <a href="/wiki/Shah_Deniz_gas_field" title="Shah Deniz gas field">Shah Deniz gas field</a> in Azerbaijan to Europe,<a href="#cite_note-naturalgas-224">[221]</a> is to reduce European Union's dependency on Russian gas.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> The region of the Lesser Caucasus accounts for most of the country's gold, silver, iron, copper, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, complex <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AZ-222">[219]</a> In September 1994, a 30-year contract was signed between the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (<a href="/wiki/SOCAR" title="SOCAR">SOCAR</a>) and 13 oil companies, among them <a href="/wiki/Amoco" title="Amoco">Amoco</a>, <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>, <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equinor" title="Equinor">Equinor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AZE-214">[211]</a> Western oil companies have been able to tap deepwater <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oilfields</a> untouched by the Soviet exploitation. International academics consider Azerbaijan as one of the most important <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">oil exploration</a> and development regions.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> The <a href="/wiki/State_Oil_Fund_of_Azerbaijan" title="State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan">State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan</a> was established as an extra-budgetary fund to ensure <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroeconomy">macroeconomic</a> stability, transparency in the management of oil revenue, and safeguarding of resources for future generations. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baku_pipelines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Baku_pipelines.svg/300px-Baku_pipelines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Baku_pipelines.svg/450px-Baku_pipelines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Baku_pipelines.svg/600px-Baku_pipelines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus_Pipeline" title="South Caucasus Pipeline">South Caucasus Pipeline</a> bringing natural gas through Turkey to Europe.</figcaption></figure> Access to <a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">biocapacity</a> is less than world average. In 2016, Azerbaijan had 0.8 global hectares<a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-227">[224]</a> of biocapacity per person within its territory, half the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> In 2016 Azerbaijan used 2.1 global hectares of biocapacity per person – their <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a> of consumption. This means they use more biocapacity than Azerbaijan contains. As a result, Azerbaijan is running a biocapacity deficit.<a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-227">[224]</a> Azeriqaz, a sub-company of SOCAR, intends to ensure full gasification of the country by 2021.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> Azerbaijan was one of the sponsors of the east–west and north–south energy transport corridors. <a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Kars_railway" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway">Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway</a> line connects the Caspian region with Turkey. The <a href="/wiki/Trans-Anatolian_gas_pipeline" title="Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline">Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trans_Adriatic_Pipeline" title="Trans Adriatic Pipeline">Trans Adriatic Pipeline</a> deliver natural gas from Azerbaijan's Shah Deniz gas to Turkey and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-naturalgas-224">[221]</a> Azerbaijan extended the agreement on development of <a href="/wiki/Azeri%E2%80%93Chirag%E2%80%93Gunashli" title="Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli">ACG</a> until 2050 according to the amended <a href="/wiki/Production_sharing_agreement" title="Production sharing agreement">PSA</a> signed on 14 September 2017 by SOCAR and co-ventures (<a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inpex" title="Inpex">Inpex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equinor" title="Equinor">Equinor</a>, <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_Petrolleri_Anonim_Ortakl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı">TP</a>, ITOCHU and <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_Natural_Gas_Corporation" title="Oil and Natural Gas Corporation">ONGC Videsh</a>).<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Azerbaijan" title="Agriculture in Azerbaijan">Agriculture in Azerbaijan</a></div> Azerbaijan has the largest agricultural basin in the region. About 54.9 percent of Azerbaijan is agricultural land.<a href="#cite_note-STA-131">[129]</a> At the beginning of 2007 there were 4,755,100 hectares of used agricultural area.<a href="#cite_note-AG-231">[228]</a> In the same year the total wood resources counted 136 million m3.<a href="#cite_note-AG-231">[228]</a> Agricultural scientific research institutes are focused on meadows and pastures, horticulture and subtropical crops, green vegetables, <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticulture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_wine" title="Azerbaijani wine">wine-making</a>, cotton growing and <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plants" title="Medicinal plants">medicinal plants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> In some areas it is profitable to grow grain, potatoes, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beets</a>, cotton<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> and tobacco. Livestock, dairy products, and wine and <a href="/wiki/Distilled_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled spirit">spirits</a> are also important farm products. The Caspian <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">fishing industry</a> concentrates on the dwindling stocks of <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beluga_(sturgeon)" title="Beluga (sturgeon)">beluga</a>. In 2002 the Azerbaijani <a href="/wiki/Merchant_marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant marine">merchant marine</a> had 54 ships. Some products previously imported from abroad have begun to be produced locally. Among them are Coca-Cola by Coca-Cola Bottlers LTD., beer by Baki-Kastel, parquet by Nehir and oil pipes by EUPEC Pipe Coating Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Tourism in Azerbaijan">Tourism in Azerbaijan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shahdag01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Shahdag01.jpg/220px-Shahdag01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Shahdag01.jpg/330px-Shahdag01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Shahdag01.jpg/440px-Shahdag01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shahdag_Mountain_Resort" title="Shahdag Mountain Resort">Shahdag Mountain Resort</a> is the country's largest winter resort.</figcaption></figure> The country was a well-known tourist spot in the 1980s. The fall of the Soviet Union and the First Nagorno-Karabakh War during the 1990s damaged the tourist industry and the image of Azerbaijan as a tourist destination.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> It was not until the 2000s that the tourism industry began to recover, and the country has since experienced a high rate of growth in the number of tourist visits and overnight stays.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> In recent years, Azerbaijan has also become a popular destination for religious, spa, and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_medical_tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani medical tourism">health care tourism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baku_Boom_Has_Yet_to_Hit_Regions-237">[234]</a> During winter, the <a href="/wiki/Shahdag_Mountain_Resort" title="Shahdag Mountain Resort">Shahdag Mountain Resort</a> offers skiing with state of the art facilities.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> The government has set development as an elite tourist destination as a top priority. It is a national strategy to make tourism a major, if not the single largest, contributor to the Azerbaijani economy.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> These activities are regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism_(Azerbaijan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Azerbaijan)">Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Azerbaijan</a>. There are 63 countries which have a visa-free score.<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> E-visa<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> – for a visit of foreigners of visa-required countries to the Republic of Azerbaijan. According to the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015 of the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>, Azerbaijan holds 84th place.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> According to a report by the World Travel and Tourism Council, Azerbaijan was among the top ten countries showing the strongest growth in visitor exports between 2010 and 2016,<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> In addition, Azerbaijan placed first (46.1%) among countries with the fastest-developing travel and tourism economies, with strong indicators for inbound international visitor spending in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_de_Baku,_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n,_2016-09-26,_DD_101-106_PAN.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of Baku, the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vista_de_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-26%2C_DD_101-106_PAN.jpg/800px-Vista_de_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-26%2C_DD_101-106_PAN.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vista_de_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-26%2C_DD_101-106_PAN.jpg/1200px-Vista_de_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-26%2C_DD_101-106_PAN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vista_de_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-26%2C_DD_101-106_PAN.jpg/1600px-Vista_de_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-26%2C_DD_101-106_PAN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15277" data-file-height="3574" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_de_Baku,_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n,_2016-09-26,_DD_101-106_PAN.jpg" title="File:Vista de Baku, Azerbaiyán, 2016-09-26, DD 101-106 PAN.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Azerbaijan">Transportation in Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Rail transport in Azerbaijan">Rail transport in Azerbaijan</a></div> The convenient location of Azerbaijan on the crossroad of major international traffic arteries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> and the south–north corridor, highlights the strategic importance of the transportation sector for the country's economy.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> The transport sector includes roads, railways, aviation, and maritime transport. It is also an important economic hub in the transportation of raw materials. The <a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Ceyhan_pipeline" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline">Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline</a> (BTC) became operational in May 2006 and extends more than 1,774 km (1,102 mi) through the territories of Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey. The BTC is designed to transport up to 50 million tons of crude oil annually and carries oil from the Caspian Sea oilfields to global markets.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> The <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus_Pipeline" title="South Caucasus Pipeline">South Caucasus Pipeline</a>, also stretching through the territory of Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey, became operational at the end of 2006 and offers additional gas supplies to the European market from the <a href="/wiki/Shah_Deniz_gas_field" title="Shah Deniz gas field">Shah Deniz gas field</a>. Shah Deniz is expected to produce up to 296 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> Azerbaijan also plays a major role in the EU-sponsored Silk Road Project.<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> In 2002, the government established the Ministry of Transport with a broad range of policy and regulatory functions. In the same year, the country became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Traffic" title="Vienna Convention on Road Traffic">Vienna Convention on Road Traffic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> Priorities are upgrading the transport network and improving transportation services to better facilitate the development of other sectors of the economy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The 2012 construction of Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway was meant to improve transportation between Asia and Europe by connecting the railways of China and Kazakhstan in the east to the European railway system in the west via Turkey. In 2010 <a href="/wiki/Russian_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian gauge">Broad-gauge</a> railways and electrified railways stretched for 2,918 km (1,813 mi) and 1,278 km (794 mi) respectively. By 2010, there were 35 airports and one <a href="/wiki/Heliport" title="Heliport">heliport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cia-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Azerbaijan" title="Science and technology in Azerbaijan">Science and technology in Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Azerbaijan">Communications in Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency" title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency">Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijani_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Azerbaijani inventions and discoveries">List of Azerbaijani inventions and discoveries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shamakhi_observatory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Shamakhi_observatory.jpg/220px-Shamakhi_observatory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Shamakhi_observatory.jpg/330px-Shamakhi_observatory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Shamakhi_observatory.jpg/440px-Shamakhi_observatory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shamakhi_Astrophysical_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamakhi Astrophysical Observatory">Shamakhi Astrophysical Observatory</a></figcaption></figure> In the 21st century, a new oil and gas boom helped improve the situation in the science and technology sectors. The government launched a campaign aimed at modernization and innovation. The government estimates that profits from the information technology and communication industry will grow and become comparable to those from oil production.<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> Azerbaijan has a large and steadily growing Internet sector. In 2012, rapid growth was forecast for at least five more years.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> Azerbaijan was ranked 95th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> The country has been making progress in developing its telecoms sector. The Ministry of Communications & Information Technologies and an operator through its role in Aztelekom are both policy-makers and regulators. Public payphones are available for local calls and require the purchase of a token from the telephone exchange or some shops and kiosks. Tokens allow a call of indefinite duration. As of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were 1,397,000 main telephone lines<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> and 1,485,000 internet users.<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a> There are four <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> providers: <a href="/wiki/Azercell" title="Azercell">Azercell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakcell" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakcell">Bakcell</a>, Azerfon (<a href="/wiki/Nar_Mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Nar Mobile">Nar Mobile</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nakhtel" title="Nakhtel">Nakhtel</a> mobile network operators and one <a href="/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a>. In the 21st century several prominent Azerbaijani <a href="/wiki/Geodynamics" title="Geodynamics">geodynamics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geotectonics" class="mw-redirect" title="Geotectonics">geotectonics</a> scientists, inspired by the fundamental works of Elchin Khalilov and others, designed hundreds of earthquake prediction stations and earthquake-resistant buildings that now constitute the bulk of The Republican Center of Seismic Service.<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency" title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency">Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency</a> launched its first satellite <a href="/wiki/AzerSat_1" class="mw-redirect" title="AzerSat 1">AzerSat 1</a> into orbit on 7 February 2013 from <a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a> in French Guiana at orbital positions 46° East.<a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> The satellite covers Europe and a significant part of Asia and Africa and serves the transmission of TV and radio broadcasting as well as the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a> The launching of a satellite into orbit is Azerbaijan's first step in realizing its goal of becoming a nation with its own space industry, capable of successfully implementing more projects in the future.<a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Demographics of Azerbaijan">Demographics of Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of cities in Azerbaijan">List of cities in Azerbaijan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azerbaijan_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Azerbaijan_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/220px-Azerbaijan_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Azerbaijan_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/330px-Azerbaijan_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Azerbaijan_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/440px-Azerbaijan_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="2212" data-file-height="1777" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid</figcaption></figure> As of March 2022, 52.9% of the population of 10,164,464 is urban, with the remaining 47.1% being rural.<a href="#cite_note-reportpop-264">[261]</a> In January 2019, the 50.1% of the total population was female. The <a href="/wiki/Human_sex_ratio" title="Human sex ratio">sex ratio</a> in the same year was 0.99 males per female.<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> The 2011 population growth-rate was 0.85%, compared to 1.09% worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-cia-28">[26]</a> A significant factor restricting population growth is a high level of migration. In 2011 Azerbaijan saw a migration of −1.14/1,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-cia-28">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_diaspora" title="Azerbaijani diaspora">Azerbaijani diaspora</a> is found in 42 countries<a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a> and in turn there are many centers for ethnic minorities inside Azerbaijan, including the <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Azerbaijan" title="Germans in Azerbaijan">German</a> cultural society "Karelhaus", <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> cultural center, Azerbaijani-Israeli community, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> cultural center, International <a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a> Association, <a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgin</a> national center "Samur", Azerbaijani-<a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatar</a> community, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> society, etc.<a href="#cite_note-MIN-267">[264]</a> In total, Azerbaijan has 78 cities, 63 city districts, and one special legal status city. 261 urban-type settlements and 4248 villages follow these.<a href="#cite_note-stat.gov.az-268">[265]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Azerbaijan" title="Template:Largest cities of Azerbaijan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Azerbaijan" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Azerbaijan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Azerbaijan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Azerbaijan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Azerbaijan <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gov.az/source/demoqraphy/">2013 Demographic statistics according to the administrative divisions</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Statistics_Committee" title="State Statistics Committee">Azerbaijan State Statistics Committee</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of cities in Azerbaijan">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_and_districts_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic regions and districts of Azerbaijan">Economic regions</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of cities in Azerbaijan">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_and_districts_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic regions and districts of Azerbaijan">Economic regions</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Baku_15_10_38_577000.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baku"><img alt="Baku" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baku_15_10_38_577000.jpeg/120px-Baku_15_10_38_577000.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baku_15_10_38_577000.jpeg/180px-Baku_15_10_38_577000.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baku_15_10_38_577000.jpeg/240px-Baku_15_10_38_577000.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Sumqay%C4%B1t_bulvar%C4%B1,_04.09.2016_-_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sumgait"><img alt="Sumgait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sumqay%C4%B1t_bulvar%C4%B1%2C_04.09.2016_-_18.jpg/120px-Sumqay%C4%B1t_bulvar%C4%B1%2C_04.09.2016_-_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sumqay%C4%B1t_bulvar%C4%B1%2C_04.09.2016_-_18.jpg/180px-Sumqay%C4%B1t_bulvar%C4%B1%2C_04.09.2016_-_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sumqay%C4%B1t_bulvar%C4%B1%2C_04.09.2016_-_18.jpg/240px-Sumqay%C4%B1t_bulvar%C4%B1%2C_04.09.2016_-_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="1872" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sumgait" title="Sumgait">Sumgait</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Azerbaijan">Absheron</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,150,800</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khachmaz_(city)" title="Khachmaz (city)">Khachmaz</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Azerbaijan">Guba-Khachmaz</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">64,800 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganja_State_Philharmonic_Hall_facade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ganja"><img alt="Ganja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ganja_State_Philharmonic_Hall_facade.jpg/120px-Ganja_State_Philharmonic_Hall_facade.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ganja_State_Philharmonic_Hall_facade.jpg/180px-Ganja_State_Philharmonic_Hall_facade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ganja_State_Philharmonic_Hall_facade.jpg/240px-Ganja_State_Philharmonic_Hall_facade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a> <a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%BCr_%C3%A7ay%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_Ming%C9%99%C3%A7evird%C9%99n_ke%C3%A7%C9%99n_hiss%C9%99si.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mingachevir"><img alt="Mingachevir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/K%C3%BCr_%C3%A7ay%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_Ming%C9%99%C3%A7evird%C9%99n_ke%C3%A7%C9%99n_hiss%C9%99si.jpg/120px-K%C3%BCr_%C3%A7ay%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_Ming%C9%99%C3%A7evird%C9%99n_ke%C3%A7%C9%99n_hiss%C9%99si.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/K%C3%BCr_%C3%A7ay%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_Ming%C9%99%C3%A7evird%C9%99n_ke%C3%A7%C9%99n_hiss%C9%99si.jpg/180px-K%C3%BCr_%C3%A7ay%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_Ming%C9%99%C3%A7evird%C9%99n_ke%C3%A7%C9%99n_hiss%C9%99si.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/K%C3%BCr_%C3%A7ay%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_Ming%C9%99%C3%A7evird%C9%99n_ke%C3%A7%C9%99n_hiss%C9%99si.jpg/240px-K%C3%BCr_%C3%A7ay%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_Ming%C9%99%C3%A7evird%C9%99n_ke%C3%A7%C9%99n_hiss%C9%99si.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="1103" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mingachevir" title="Mingachevir">Mingachevir</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sumgait" title="Sumgait">Sumgait</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Azerbaijan">Absheron</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">325,200</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aghdam" title="Aghdam">Aghdam</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Azerbaijan">Upper Karabakh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">59,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Azerbaijan">Ganja-Qazakh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">323,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jalilabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalilabad">Jalilabad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Azerbaijan">Lankaran</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">56,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mingachevir" title="Mingachevir">Mingachevir</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Azerbaijan">Aran</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">99,700</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Stepanakert" title="Stepanakert">Khankandi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Azerbaijan">Upper Karabakh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">55,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lankaran" title="Lankaran">Lankaran</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Azerbaijan">Lankaran</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">85,300</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Agjabadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Agjabadi">Agjabadi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Azerbaijan">Aran</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shirvan_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvan (city)">Shirvan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Azerbaijan">Aran</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">80,900</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eamax%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Şamaxı">Shamakhi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Azerbaijan">Daglig-Shirvan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">43,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">78,300</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fuzuli_(city)" title="Fuzuli (city)">Fuzuli</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Azerbaijan">Upper Karabakh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">42,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99mkir" class="mw-redirect" title="Şəmkir">Shamkir</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Azerbaijan">Ganja-Qazakh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">69,600</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Salyan,_Azerbaijan" title="Salyan, Azerbaijan">Salyan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Azerbaijan">Aran</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">37,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shaki,_Azerbaijan" title="Shaki, Azerbaijan">Shaki</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Azerbaijan">Shaki-Zaqatala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">66,400</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Barda,_Azerbaijan" title="Barda, Azerbaijan">Barda</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Azerbaijan">Aran</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">38,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yevlakh" title="Yevlakh">Yevlakh</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Azerbaijan">Aran</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">66,300</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Neft%C3%A7ala" title="Neftçala">Neftchala</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Azerbaijan">Aran</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">38,200 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Azerbaijan" title="Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan">Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 9946.8488377695px; border-left-color:honeydew"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:honeydew"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:honeydew"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 6919.2984168499px; border-left-color:dodgerblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:dodgerblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:dodgerblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 4822.185893197px; border-left-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3616.2362167392px; border-left-color:purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:purple"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3314.7226104659px; border-left-color:seagreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:seagreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:seagreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2565.7165548053px; border-left-color:aqua"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:aqua"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:aqua"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1848.8373426675px; border-left-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1393.7075645575px; border-left-color:beige"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:beige"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:beige"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1109.9750318873px; border-left-color:crimson"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:crimson"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:crimson"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 851.77261050393px; border-left-color:violet"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:violet"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:violet"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 652.58878851222px; border-left-color:gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 424.75127304739px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 305.80578570963px; border-left-color:lime"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:lime"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:lime"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 235.95154185477px; border-left-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 171.54162365571px; border-left-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:green"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Demographics of Azerbaijan <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> (91.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a> (2.02%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> (1.35%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> (1.35%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Talyshs" class="mw-redirect" title="Talyshs">Talyshs</a> (1.26%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a> (0.56%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> (0.43%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> (0.29%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a> (0.28%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> (0.24%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Tsakhurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsakhurs">Tsakhurs</a> (0.14%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Udis" class="mw-redirect" title="Udis">Udis</a> (0.04%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> (0.11%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Jews (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> (0.07%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Others (0.16%)</div> </div> </div></div> The ethnic composition of the population according to the 2009 population census: 91.6% <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani people">Azerbaijanis</a>, 2.0% <a href="/wiki/Lezgians" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgians">Lezgins</a>, 1.4% <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> (almost all Armenians live in the break-away region of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Nagorno-Karabakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a>), 1.3% <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, 1.3% <a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a>, 0.6% <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Avars" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Avars">Avars</a>, 0.4% <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a>, 0.3% <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, 0.3% <a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a>, 0.2% <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_people" title="Tsakhur people">Tsakhurs</a>, 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, 0.1% Jews, 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurds</a>, other 0.2%.<a href="#cite_note-auto-269">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages of Azerbaijan</a></div> The official language is <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic language</a>. Approximately 92% of the national population speak it as their <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNLANGDATA-270">[267]</a> Russian and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> (only in Nagorno-Karabakh) are still spoken in Azerbaijan. Each is the mother tongue of around 1.5% of the national population.<a href="#cite_note-UNLANGDATA-270">[267]</a> In 1989, Armenian was the majority language in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh, spoken by about 76% of the regional population.<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> After the first Nagorno-Karabakh war, native speakers of Armenian composed around 95% of the regional population.<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a> A dozen other minority languages are spoken natively,<a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budukh_language" title="Budukh language">Budukh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_World's_Endangered_Languages-274">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juhuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Juhuri language">Juhuri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_World's_Endangered_Languages-274">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Khinalug_language" title="Khinalug language">Khinalug</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_World's_Endangered_Languages-274">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kryts_language" title="Kryts language">Kryts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_World's_Endangered_Languages-274">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_World's_Endangered_Languages-274">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_World's_Endangered_Languages-274">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_World's_Endangered_Languages-274">[271]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Udi_language" title="Udi language">Udi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_World's_Endangered_Languages-274">[271]</a> All these are spoken only by small minority populations, some of which are tiny and decreasing.<a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Religion in Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Irreligion in Azerbaijan">Irreligion in Azerbaijan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bibi_Heybat_Mosque_Baku_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bibi_Heybat_Mosque_Baku_1.jpg/220px-Bibi_Heybat_Mosque_Baku_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bibi_Heybat_Mosque_Baku_1.jpg/330px-Bibi_Heybat_Mosque_Baku_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bibi_Heybat_Mosque_Baku_1.jpg/440px-Bibi_Heybat_Mosque_Baku_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bibi-Heybat_Mosque" title="Bibi-Heybat Mosque">Bibi-Heybat Mosque</a> in Baku. The mosque is built over the tomb of a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bibi-276">[273]</a></figcaption></figure> Azerbaijan is considered the most secular Muslim-majority country.<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> Around 97% of the population are Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> Around 55–65% of Muslims are estimated to be <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>, while 35–45% of Muslims are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunnis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pres-279">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a> Other faiths are practised by the country's various ethnic groups. Under article 48 of its constitution, Azerbaijan is a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a> and ensures religious freedom. In a 2006–2008 <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> poll, only 21% of respondents from Azerbaijan stated that religion is an important part of their daily lives.<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a> Of the nation's religious minorities, the estimated 280,000 Christians (3.1%)<a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> are mostly <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic</a> (almost all Armenians live in the break-away region of Nagorno-Karabakh).<a href="#cite_note-cia-28">[26]</a> In 2003, there were 250 <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> Other Christian denominations as of 2002 include <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Molokan">Molokans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AZR-286">[283]</a> There is also a small <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a> Azerbaijan also has an ancient Jewish population with a <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">2,000-year history</a>; Jewish organizations[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] estimate that 12,000 Jews remain in Azerbaijan, which is home to the <a href="/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99" title="Qırmızı Qəsəbə">only Jewish-majority town</a> outside of Israel and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a> Azerbaijan also is home to members of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">Hare Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> communities, as well as adherents of the other religious communities.<a href="#cite_note-AZR-286">[283]</a> Some religious communities have been <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Azerbaijan#Restrictions_on_religious_freedom" title="Freedom of religion in Azerbaijan">unofficially restricted from religious freedom</a>. A <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</a> report on the matter mentions detention of members of certain Muslim and Christian groups, and many groups have difficulty registering with the agency who regulates religion, <a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_Affairs_with_Religious_Associations_of_the_Republic_of_Azerbaijan" title="State Committee on Affairs with Religious Associations of the Republic of Azerbaijan">The State Committee on Religious Associations of the Republic of Azerbaijan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Education in Azerbaijan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunya1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Dunya1.jpg/220px-Dunya1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Dunya1.jpg/330px-Dunya1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Dunya1.jpg/440px-Dunya1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Classroom in <a href="/wiki/Khazar_University" title="Khazar University">Dunya School</a></figcaption></figure> A relatively high percentage of Azerbaijanis have obtained some form of higher education, most notably in scientific and technical subjects.<a href="#cite_note-AZ_study-294">[291]</a> In the Soviet era, literacy and average education levels rose dramatically from their very low starting point, despite two changes in the standard alphabet, from <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic script">Perso-Arabic script</a> to <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> in the 1920s and from Roman to <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> in the 1930s. According to Soviet data, 100 percent of males and females (ages nine to forty-nine) were literate in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-AZ_study-294">[291]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Development Program">United Nations Development Program</a> Report 2009, the literacy rate is 99.5 percent.<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> Since independence, one of the first laws that Parliament passed to disassociate itself from the Soviet Union was to adopt a <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">modified-Latin alphabet</a> to replace Cyrillic.<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> Other than that the Azerbaijani system has undergone little structural change. Initial alterations have included the reestablishment of religious education (banned during the Soviet period) and curriculum changes that have reemphasized the use of the Azerbaijani language and have eliminated ideological content. In addition to elementary schools, the education institutions include thousands of preschools, general secondary schools, and <a href="/wiki/Vocational_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocational schools">vocational schools</a>, including specialized secondary schools and technical schools. Education through the ninth grade is compulsory.<a href="#cite_note-:02-297">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:418px;max-width:418px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">The <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani rug">Azerbaijani carpet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalaghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalaghai">Kalaghai</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpiece of Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9E%C9%99kil-Bico_xal%C3%A7as%C4%B1_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An Azerbaijani carpet from the Shirvan group from Bijo village, mid-19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%C5%9E%C9%99kil-Bico_xal%C3%A7as%C4%B1_%281%29.jpg/210px-%C5%9E%C9%99kil-Bico_xal%C3%A7as%C4%B1_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%C5%9E%C9%99kil-Bico_xal%C3%A7as%C4%B1_%281%29.jpg/315px-%C5%9E%C9%99kil-Bico_xal%C3%A7as%C4%B1_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%C5%9E%C9%99kil-Bico_xal%C3%A7as%C4%B1_%281%29.jpg/420px-%C5%9E%C9%99kil-Bico_xal%C3%A7as%C4%B1_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="748" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Az%C9%99rbaycan_ip%C9%99yind%C9%99n_k%C9%99la%C4%9Fay%C4%B1lar_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Silk Kalaghais" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Az%C9%99rbaycan_ip%C9%99yind%C9%99n_k%C9%99la%C4%9Fay%C4%B1lar_1.JPG/200px-Az%C9%99rbaycan_ip%C9%99yind%C9%99n_k%C9%99la%C4%9Fay%C4%B1lar_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Az%C9%99rbaycan_ip%C9%99yind%C9%99n_k%C9%99la%C4%9Fay%C4%B1lar_1.JPG/300px-Az%C9%99rbaycan_ip%C9%99yind%C9%99n_k%C9%99la%C4%9Fay%C4%B1lar_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Az%C9%99rbaycan_ip%C9%99yind%C9%99n_k%C9%99la%C4%9Fay%C4%B1lar_1.JPG/400px-Az%C9%99rbaycan_ip%C9%99yind%C9%99n_k%C9%99la%C4%9Fay%C4%B1lar_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">culture of Azerbaijan</a> has developed as a result of many influences; that is why Azerbaijanis are, in many ways, bi-cultural. National traditions are preserved despite Western influences, including globalized consumer culture. For example, <a href="/wiki/Novruz_in_Azerbaijan" title="Novruz in Azerbaijan">Novruz Bayram</a> is a family holiday derived from the traditional celebration of the New Year in <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a> Azerbaijani national and traditional dresses are the <a href="/wiki/Chokha" title="Chokha">chokha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papakhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Papakhi">papakhi</a>. There are radio broadcasts in Russian, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a> languages, which are financed from the state budget.<a href="#cite_note-MIN-267">[264]</a> Some local radio stations in <a href="/wiki/Balak%C9%99n" title="Balakən">Balakan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khachmaz_(city)" title="Khachmaz (city)">Khachmaz</a> organize broadcasts in <a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MIN-267">[264]</a> In Baku several newspapers are published in Russian, Kurdish (Dengi Kurd), Lezgian (Samur) and Talysh languages.<a href="#cite_note-MIN-267">[264]</a> Jewish society "Sokhnut" publishes the newspaper Aziz.<a href="#cite_note-MIN-267">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baku_White_City_under_construction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Baku_White_City_under_construction.jpg/220px-Baku_White_City_under_construction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Baku_White_City_under_construction.jpg/330px-Baku_White_City_under_construction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Baku_White_City_under_construction.jpg/440px-Baku_White_City_under_construction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baku_White_City" title="Baku White City">Baku White City</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, was opened in 2011 and completed in 2022</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Architecture of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani architecture</a> typically combines elements of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">West</a>,<a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a> with heavy influences from <a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Persian architecture</a>. Many ancient architectural treasures are preserved, such as the <a href="/wiki/Maiden_Tower_(Baku)" title="Maiden Tower (Baku)">Maiden Tower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Shirvanshahs" title="Palace of the Shirvanshahs">Palace of the Shirvanshahs</a> in the Walled City of Baku. Entries on the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage">UNESCO World Heritage</a> tentative list include the <a href="/wiki/Ateshgah_of_Baku" title="Ateshgah of Baku">Ateshgah of Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Momine_Khatun_Mausoleum" title="Momine Khatun Mausoleum">Momine Khatun Mausoleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirkan_National_Park" title="Hirkan National Park">Hirkan National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Binagadi_asphalt_lake" title="Binagadi asphalt lake">Binagadi asphalt lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6kbatan_Mud_Volcano" title="Lökbatan Mud Volcano">Lökbatan Mud Volcano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shusha_State_Historical_and_Architectural_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Shusha State Historical and Architectural Reserve">Shusha State Historical and Architectural Reserve</a>, Baku Stage Mountain, Caspian Shore Defensive Constructions, Ordubad National Reserve and the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Shaki_Khans" title="Palace of Shaki Khans">Palace of Shaki Khans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> Among other architectural treasures are <a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle_(Mardakan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrangular castle (Mardakan)">Quadrangular Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mardakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardakan">Mardakan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parigala" title="Parigala">Parigala</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yuxar%C4%B1_%C3%87ardaqlar" title="Yuxarı Çardaqlar">Yukhary Chardaglar</a>, several bridges spanning the Aras River, and several mausoleums. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, little monumental architecture was created, but distinctive residences were built in Baku and elsewhere. Among the most recent architectural monuments, the <a href="/wiki/Baku_Metro" title="Baku Metro">Baku subways</a> are noted for their lavish decor.<a href="#cite_note-302">[299]</a> The task for modern Azerbaijani architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics, the search for an architect's own artistic style and inclusion of the existing historico-cultural environment. Major projects such as <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center">Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flame_Towers" title="Flame Towers">Flame Towers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baku_Crystal_Hall" title="Baku Crystal Hall">Baku Crystal Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baku_White_City" title="Baku White City">Baku White City</a> and <a href="/wiki/SOCAR_Tower" title="SOCAR Tower">SOCAR Tower</a> have transformed the country's skyline and promotes its contemporary identity.<a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uzeyir_Hajibeyov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Uzeyir_Hajibeyov.jpg/170px-Uzeyir_Hajibeyov.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Uzeyir_Hajibeyov.jpg/255px-Uzeyir_Hajibeyov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Uzeyir_Hajibeyov.jpg/340px-Uzeyir_Hajibeyov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2779" data-file-height="3822" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Uzeyir_Hajibeyov" title="Uzeyir Hajibeyov">Uzeyir Hajibeyov</a> merged traditional <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani music">Azerbaijani music</a> with Western styles in the early 20th century.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Music of Azerbaijan</a> builds on <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk traditions</a> that reach back nearly a thousand years,<a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a> evolving around the badge of <a href="/wiki/Monody" title="Monody">monody</a>, producing rhythmically diverse melodies.<a href="#cite_note-EMD-306">[303]</a> The music has a branchy <a href="/wiki/Musical_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical mode">mode</a> system, where <a href="/wiki/Chromaticism" title="Chromaticism">chromatization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Major_and_minor" title="Major and minor">major and minor</a> <a href="/wiki/Musical_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical scale">scales</a> is of great importance.<a href="#cite_note-EMD-306">[303]</a> Among national musical instruments there are 14 <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instruments</a>, eight percussion instruments and six wind instruments.<a href="#cite_note-307">[304]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>, "in terms of ethnicity, culture and religion the Azerbaijani are musically much closer to Iran than Turkey."<a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pht-Vugar_Ibadov_eurovision_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pht-Vugar_Ibadov_eurovision_%282%29.jpg/220px-Pht-Vugar_Ibadov_eurovision_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pht-Vugar_Ibadov_eurovision_%282%29.jpg/330px-Pht-Vugar_Ibadov_eurovision_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pht-Vugar_Ibadov_eurovision_%282%29.jpg/440px-Pht-Vugar_Ibadov_eurovision_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2682" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alim_Qasimov" title="Alim Qasimov">Alim Qasimov</a> performs <a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">mugham</a> at <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2012" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2012">Eurovision Song Contest 2012</a>. The Azerbaijani Mugham was inscribed in 2008 as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpiece of Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Mugham</a> is usually a suite with poetry and instrumental interludes. When performing mugham, the singers have to transform their emotions into singing and music. In contrast to the mugham traditions of Central Asian countries, Azerbaijani mugham is more free-form and less rigid; it is often compared to the improvised field of <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> proclaimed the Azerbaijani mugham tradition a <a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Meykhana" title="Meykhana">Meykhana</a> is a kind of traditional Azerbaijani distinctive folk unaccompanied song, usually performed by several people improvising on a particular subject.<a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashik" title="Ashik">Ashiq</a> combines poetry, storytelling, dance, and vocal and instrumental music into a traditional performance art that stands as a symbol of Azerbaijani culture. It is a mystic <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a> or traveling bard who sings and plays the <a href="/wiki/Baglama" class="mw-redirect" title="Baglama">saz</a>. This tradition has its origin in the <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanistic</a> beliefs of ancient <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-European_University_Institute,_Florence,_Italy-311">[308]</a> Ashiqs' songs are semi-improvised around common bases. Azerbaijan's ashiq art was included in the list of <a href="/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Intangible Cultural Heritage">Intangible Cultural Heritage</a> by UNESCO in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-312">[309]</a> Since the mid-1960s, Western-influenced <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_pop_music" title="Azerbaijani pop music">Azerbaijani pop music</a>, in its various forms, that has been growing in popularity in Azerbaijan, while genres such as <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_rock" title="Azerbaijani rock">rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_hip_hop" title="Azerbaijani hip hop">hip hop</a> are widely produced and enjoyed. Azerbaijani pop and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_folk_music" title="Azerbaijani folk music">Azerbaijani folk music</a> arose with the international popularity of performers like <a href="/wiki/Alim_Qasimov" title="Alim Qasimov">Alim Qasimov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Behbudov" title="Rashid Behbudov">Rashid Behbudov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vagif_Mustafazadeh" title="Vagif Mustafazadeh">Vagif Mustafazadeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Magomayev_(musician)" title="Muslim Magomayev (musician)">Muslim Magomayev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shovkat_Alakbarova" title="Shovkat Alakbarova">Shovkat Alakbarova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rubaba_Muradova" title="Rubaba Muradova">Rubaba Muradova</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a> Azerbaijan is an enthusiastic participant in the Eurovision Song Contest. Azerbaijan made its debut appearance at the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2008" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2008">Eurovision Song Contest</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2009" title="Azerbaijan in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009">country's entry</a> gained third place in 2009 and fifth the following year.<a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eldar_%26_Nigar" class="mw-redirect" title="Eldar & Nigar">Ell and Nikki</a> won the first place at the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2011" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2011">Eurovision Song Contest 2011</a> with the song "<a href="/wiki/Running_Scared_(Ell_%26_Nikki_song)" title="Running Scared (Ell & Nikki song)">Running Scared</a>", entitling Azerbaijan to host the contest in <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2012" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2012">2012</a>, in Baku.<a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a> They have qualified for every Grand Final up until the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2018" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2018">2018 edition of the contest</a>, entering with <a href="/wiki/X_My_Heart_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="X My Heart (song)">X My Heart</a> by singer <a href="/wiki/Aisel_(singer)" title="Aisel (singer)">Aisel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a> There are dozens of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_dances" title="Azerbaijani dances">Azerbaijani folk dances</a>. They are performed at formal celebrations and the dancers wear national clothes like the chokha, which is well-preserved within the national dances. Most dances have a very fast rhythm.<a href="#cite_note-318">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azerbaijan_tradition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Azerbaijan_tradition.jpg/170px-Azerbaijan_tradition.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Azerbaijan_tradition.jpg/255px-Azerbaijan_tradition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Azerbaijan_tradition.jpg/340px-Azerbaijan_tradition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="2689" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Azerbaijani clothing and musical instruments</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_art" title="Azerbaijani art">Azerbaijani art</a> is represented by a wide range of handicrafts, such as <a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">chasing</a>, jeweling, engraving in metal, carving in wood, stone, or bone, carpet-making, lasing, pattern weaving and printing, and knitting and embroidery. Each of these types of decorative art, evidence of the endowments of the Azerbaijan nation, is very much in favor here. Many interesting facts pertaining to the development of arts and crafts in Azerbaijan were reported by numerous merchants, travelers, and diplomats who had visited these places at different times.<a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani rug">Azerbaijani carpet</a> is a traditional handmade textile of various sizes, with a dense texture and a pile or pile-less surface, whose patterns are characteristic of Azerbaijan's many carpet-making regions. In November 2010 the Azerbaijani carpet was proclaimed a <a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpiece of Intangible Heritage</a> by UNESCO.<a href="#cite_note-320">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[318]</a> Azerbaijani carpets can be categorized under several large groups and a multitude of subgroups. Scientific research of the Azerbaijani carpet is connected with the name of <a href="/wiki/Latif_Karimov" title="Latif Karimov">Latif Karimov</a>, a prominent Soviet-era scientist and artist.<a href="#cite_note-322">[319]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lahic_folk_art.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lahic_folk_art.png/220px-Lahic_folk_art.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lahic_folk_art.png/330px-Lahic_folk_art.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lahic_folk_art.png/440px-Lahic_folk_art.png 2x" data-file-width="4372" data-file-height="2906" /></a><figcaption>Handwork coppery in <a href="/wiki/Lah%C4%B1c,_Ismailli" title="Lahıc, Ismailli">Lahij</a></figcaption></figure> Azerbaijan has been since ancient times known as a center of a large variety of crafts. Archeology testifies to the well-developed agriculture, stock raising, metalworking, pottery, ceramics, and carpet-weaving that date as far back as to the 2nd millennium BC. Archeological sites in Dashbulaq, Hasansu, Zayamchai, and Tovuzchai uncovered from the BTC pipeline have revealed early Iron Age artifacts.<a href="#cite_note-323">[320]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheki_dvoretc_rospisi_az.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sheki_dvoretc_rospisi_az.jpg/400px-Sheki_dvoretc_rospisi_az.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sheki_dvoretc_rospisi_az.jpg/600px-Sheki_dvoretc_rospisi_az.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Sheki_dvoretc_rospisi_az.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniature painting</a> of a battle scene on the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Shaki_Khans" title="Palace of Shaki Khans">Palace of Shaki Khans</a>, 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Shaki,_Azerbaijan" title="Shaki, Azerbaijan">city of Shaki</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Gamigaya_Petroglyphs" title="Gamigaya Petroglyphs">Gamigaya Petroglyphs</a>, which date back to the 1st to 4th millennium BC, are located in Azerbaijan's <a href="/wiki/Ordubad_District" title="Ordubad District">Ordubad District</a>. They consist of some 1,500 dislodged and carved rock paintings with images of deer, goats, bulls, dogs, snakes, birds, fantastic beings, and people, carriages, and various symbols were found on basalt rocks.<a href="#cite_note-324">[321]</a> Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Ethnographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnographer">ethnographer</a> and adventurer <a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Thor Heyerdahl</a> was convinced that people from the area went to <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> in about 100 AD, took their boatbuilding skills with them, and transmuted them into the <a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Viking boats</a> in northern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-325">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[323]</a> Over the centuries, Azerbaijani art has gone through many stylistic changes. Painting is traditionally characterized by a warmth of colour and light, as exemplified in the works of <a href="/wiki/Azim_Azimzade" title="Azim Azimzade">Azim Azimzade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahruz_Kangarli" title="Bahruz Kangarli">Bahruz Kangarli</a>, and a preoccupation with religious figures and cultural motifs.<a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a> Azerbaijani painting enjoyed preeminence in Caucasus for hundreds of years, from the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> periods, and through the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> periods, the latter two of which saw fruition in Azerbaijan. Notable artists include <a href="/wiki/Sattar_Bahlulzade" title="Sattar Bahlulzade">Sattar Bahlulzade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Togrul_Narimanbekov" title="Togrul Narimanbekov">Togrul Narimanbekov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahir_Salahov" title="Tahir Salahov">Tahir Salahov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alakbar_Rezaguliyev" title="Alakbar Rezaguliyev">Alakbar Rezaguliyev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Gadim_Iravani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Gadim Iravani">Mirza Gadim Iravani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikayil_Abdullayev" title="Mikayil Abdullayev">Mikayil Abdullayev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boyukagha_Mirzazade" title="Boyukagha Mirzazade">Boyukagha Mirzazade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 1211px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaki_khan_palace_interier.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Usta Gambar Karabakhi – Tree of Life (Palace of Shaki Khans)"><img alt="Usta Gambar Karabakhi – Tree of Life (Palace of Shaki Khans)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Shaki_khan_palace_interier.jpg/130px-Shaki_khan_palace_interier.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Shaki_khan_palace_interier.jpg/195px-Shaki_khan_palace_interier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Shaki_khan_palace_interier.jpg/260px-Shaki_khan_palace_interier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2646" data-file-height="3062" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Usta_Gambar_Karabakhi" title="Usta Gambar Karabakhi">Usta Gambar Karabakhi</a> – Tree of Life (<a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Shaki_Khans" title="Palace of Shaki Khans">Palace of Shaki Khans</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_sitting_woman_by_Irevani.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mirza Gadim Iravani – Portrait of sitting woman (National Art Museum of Azerbaijan)"><img alt="Mirza Gadim Iravani – Portrait of sitting woman (National Art Museum of Azerbaijan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Portrait_of_sitting_woman_by_Irevani.jpg/112px-Portrait_of_sitting_woman_by_Irevani.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Portrait_of_sitting_woman_by_Irevani.jpg/168px-Portrait_of_sitting_woman_by_Irevani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Portrait_of_sitting_woman_by_Irevani.jpg/224px-Portrait_of_sitting_woman_by_Irevani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="523" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Gadim_Iravani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Gadim Iravani">Mirza Gadim Iravani</a> – Portrait of sitting woman (<a href="/wiki/National_Art_Museum_of_Azerbaijan" title="National Art Museum of Azerbaijan">National Art Museum of Azerbaijan</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Da%C4%9F_m%C9%99nz%C9%99r%C9%99si_%E2%80%93_B%C9%99hruz_K%C9%99ng%C9%99rli.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bahruz Kangarli – Landscape with mountains (National Art Museum of Azerbaijan)"><img alt="Bahruz Kangarli – Landscape with mountains (National Art Museum of Azerbaijan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Da%C4%9F_m%C9%99nz%C9%99r%C9%99si_%E2%80%93_B%C9%99hruz_K%C9%99ng%C9%99rli.jpg/113px-Da%C4%9F_m%C9%99nz%C9%99r%C9%99si_%E2%80%93_B%C9%99hruz_K%C9%99ng%C9%99rli.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Da%C4%9F_m%C9%99nz%C9%99r%C9%99si_%E2%80%93_B%C9%99hruz_K%C9%99ng%C9%99rli.jpg/169px-Da%C4%9F_m%C9%99nz%C9%99r%C9%99si_%E2%80%93_B%C9%99hruz_K%C9%99ng%C9%99rli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Da%C4%9F_m%C9%99nz%C9%99r%C9%99si_%E2%80%93_B%C9%99hruz_K%C9%99ng%C9%99rli.jpg/226px-Da%C4%9F_m%C9%99nz%C9%99r%C9%99si_%E2%80%93_B%C9%99hruz_K%C9%99ng%C9%99rli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="2609" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bahruz_Kangarli" title="Bahruz Kangarli">Bahruz Kangarli</a> – Landscape with mountains (<a href="/wiki/National_Art_Museum_of_Azerbaijan" title="National Art Museum of Azerbaijan">National Art Museum of Azerbaijan</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_of_Reichstag.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Azim Azimzade – Ruins of Reichstag (National Art Museum of Azerbaijan)"><img alt="Azim Azimzade – Ruins of Reichstag (National Art Museum of Azerbaijan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ruins_of_Reichstag.jpg/118px-Ruins_of_Reichstag.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ruins_of_Reichstag.jpg/177px-Ruins_of_Reichstag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ruins_of_Reichstag.jpg/236px-Ruins_of_Reichstag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="340" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Azim_Azimzade" title="Azim Azimzade">Azim Azimzade</a> – Ruins of Reichstag (<a href="/wiki/National_Art_Museum_of_Azerbaijan" title="National Art Museum of Azerbaijan">National Art Museum of Azerbaijan</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khurshidbanu_Natavan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Khurshidbanu_Natavan.jpg/180px-Khurshidbanu_Natavan.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Khurshidbanu_Natavan.jpg/270px-Khurshidbanu_Natavan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Khurshidbanu_Natavan.jpg/360px-Khurshidbanu_Natavan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2122" data-file-height="3289" /></a><figcaption>Painting of <a href="/wiki/Khurshidbanu_Natavan" title="Khurshidbanu Natavan">Khurshidbanu Natavan</a>, one of the most distinguished Azerbaijani poets. She was also the daughter of the last ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate" title="Karabakh Khanate">Karabakh Khanate</a>.</figcaption></figure> The earliest known figure in written <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature" title="Azerbaijani literature">Azerbaijani literature</a> was <a href="/wiki/Izzeddin_Hasanoghlu" title="Izzeddin Hasanoghlu">Izzeddin Hasanoghlu</a>, who composed a <a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)">divan</a> consisting of Persian and Azerbaijani <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-beale-329">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-caferoglu-330">[327]</a> In Persian ghazals he used a pen-name, while his Azerbaijani ghazals were composed under his own name of Hasanoghlu.<a href="#cite_note-beale-329">[326]</a> Among the medieval authors was Persian poet and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami</a>, called Ganjavi after his place of birth, <a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a>, who was the author of the <a href="/wiki/Khamsa_of_Nizami" title="Khamsa of Nizami">Khamsa</a> ("The Quintuplet"), composed of five romantic poems, including "The Treasure of Mysteries", "Khosrow and Shīrīn", and "Leyli and Mejnūn".<a href="#cite_note-331">[328]</a> Classical literature was formed in the 14th century based on the various Early Middle Ages dialects of <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a>. Among the poets of this period were <a href="/wiki/Kadi_Burhan_al-Din" title="Kadi Burhan al-Din">Gazi Burhanaddin</a>, Haqiqi (pen-name of <a href="/wiki/Jahan_Shah" title="Jahan Shah">Jahan Shah Qara Qoyunlu</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Habibi_(poet)" title="Habibi (poet)">Habibi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tyrrell1-332">[329]</a> The end of the 14th century was the start of literary activity of <a href="/wiki/Nesimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nesimi">Imadaddin Nasimi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-333">[330]</a> one of the greatest Azerbaijani<a href="#cite_note-334">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-burrill-335">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[333]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufi</a> mystical poets of the late 14th and early 15th centuries<a href="#cite_note-nesimibritannica-337">[334]</a> and one of the most prominent early divan masters in Turkic literary history,<a href="#cite_note-nesimibritannica-337">[334]</a> who also composed poetry in Persian<a href="#cite_note-burrill-335">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-babinger-338">[335]</a> and Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-nesimibritannica-337">[334]</a> The divan and ghazal styles were further developed by poets <a href="/wiki/Qasem-e_Anvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasem-e Anvar">Qasem-e Anvar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuzuli_(poet)" title="Fuzuli (poet)">Fuzuli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a> <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Ismail I">Shah Ismail I</a> who wrote under the pen name “Khata'i”. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Dede_Korkut" title="Book of Dede Korkut">Book of Dede Korkut</a> consists of two manuscripts copied in the 16th century,<a href="#cite_note-Meeker-339">[336]</a> and was not written earlier than the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-Kafadar-340">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-IranicaOguzKhan-341">[338]</a> It is a collection of 12 stories reflecting the oral tradition of Oghuz nomads.<a href="#cite_note-IranicaOguzKhan-341">[338]</a> The 16th-century poet <a href="/wiki/Fuzuli_(poet)" title="Fuzuli (poet)">Fuzuli</a> produced his timeless philosophical and lyrical Qazals in Arabic, Persian, and Azerbaijani. Benefiting immensely from the fine literary traditions of his environment, and building upon the legacy of his predecessors, Fuzuli was destined to become the leading literary figure of his society. His major works include The Divan of Ghazals and The Qasidas. In the same century, Azerbaijani literature further flourished with the development of ashik (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: Aşıq) poetic genre of bards. During the same period, under the pen-name of Khatāī (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: خطائی for sinner) Shah Ismail I wrote about 1,400 verses in Azerbaijani,<a href="#cite_note-minorsky1-342">[339]</a> which were later published as his Divan. A unique literary style known as qoshma (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: qoşma for improvisation) was introduced in this period and developed by Shah Ismail and later by his son and successor, Shah <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_I" title="Tahmasp I">Tahmasp I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mino-343">[340]</a> In the span of the 17th and 18th centuries, Fuzuli's unique genres as well ashik poetry were taken up by prominent poets and writers such as <a href="/wiki/Qovsi_of_Tabriz" class="mw-redirect" title="Qovsi of Tabriz">Qovsi of Tabriz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Persia" title="Abbas II of Persia">Shah Abbas Sani</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agha_Mesih_Shirvani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agha Mesih Shirvani (page does not exist)">Agha Mesih Shirvani</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Ага Масих Ширвани">ru</a>], Nishat, <a href="/wiki/Molla_Vali_Vidadi" title="Molla Vali Vidadi">Molla Vali Vidadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molla_Panah_Vagif" title="Molla Panah Vagif">Molla Panah Vagif</a>, Amani, Zafar and others. Along with Turks, <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a>, Azerbaijanis celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Koroglu" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic of Koroglu">Epic of Koroglu</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: kor oğlu for blind man's son), a legendary folk hero.<a href="#cite_note-samuel-344">[341]</a> Several documented versions of Koroglu epic remain at the Institute for Manuscripts of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan">National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-caferoglu-330">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Azerbaijan">Media of Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Azerbaijan" title="Media freedom in Azerbaijan">Media freedom in Azerbaijan</a></div> The first newspaper in Azerbaijani, <a href="/wiki/Akinchi" title="Akinchi">Akinchi</a> was published in 1875.<a href="#cite_note-345">[342]</a> There are three state-owned television channels: <a href="/wiki/AzTV" title="AzTV">AzTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idman_Azerbaijan_TV" title="Idman Azerbaijan TV">Idman TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medeniyyet_TV" title="Medeniyyet TV">Medeniyyet TV</a>. There is one public channel and 6 private channels: <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ctimai_Television" title="İctimai Television">İctimai Television</a>, Space TV, <a href="/wiki/Lider_TV" title="Lider TV">Lider TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azad_Azerbaijan_TV" title="Azad Azerbaijan TV">Azad Azerbaijan TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xazar_TV" title="Xazar TV">Xazar TV</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_TV_(Azerbaijan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Real TV (Azerbaijan) (page does not exist)"> Real TV</a> [<a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_TV_(Az%C9%99rbaycan)" class="extiw" title="az:Real TV (Azərbaycan)">az</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Region_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Region TV">ARB</a>.<a href="#cite_note-346">[343]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Cinema of Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Azerbaijan" title="Television in Azerbaijan">Television in Azerbaijan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Film_of_Azerbaijan_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Film_of_Azerbaijan_1916.jpg/220px-Film_of_Azerbaijan_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Film_of_Azerbaijan_1916.jpg/330px-Film_of_Azerbaijan_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Film_of_Azerbaijan_1916.jpg/440px-Film_of_Azerbaijan_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>Scene from the Azerbaijani film <a href="/wiki/In_the_Kingdom_of_Oil_and_Millions" title="In the Kingdom of Oil and Millions">In the Kingdom of Oil and Millions</a>, 1916</figcaption></figure> The film industry in Azerbaijan dates back to 1898. Azerbaijan was among the first countries involved in cinematography,<a href="#cite_note-mishon-347">[344]</a> with the apparatus first showing up in Baku.<a href="#cite_note-cinemainazerbaijan-348">[345]</a> In 1919 a documentary The Celebration of the Anniversary of Azerbaijani Independence was filmed on the first anniversary of Azerbaijan's independence from Russia, 27 May, and premiered in June 1919 at several theatres in Baku.<a href="#cite_note-ocaz-349">[346]</a> After the Soviet power was established in 1920, <a href="/wiki/Nariman_Narimanov" title="Nariman Narimanov">Nariman Narimanov</a>, chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Azerbaijan, signed a decree nationalizing Azerbaijan's cinema. This also influenced the creation of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_animation" title="Azerbaijani animation">Azerbaijani animation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ocaz-349">[346]</a> In 1991, after Azerbaijan gained its independence from the Soviet Union, the first Baku International Film Festival East-West was held in Baku. In December 2000, former President Heydar Aliyev signed a decree proclaiming 2 August to be the professional holiday of filmmakers of Azerbaijan. Today Azerbaijani filmmakers are again dealing with issues similar to those faced by cinematographers prior to the establishment of the Soviet Union in 1920. Once again, both choices of content and sponsorship of films are largely left up to the initiative of the filmmaker.<a href="#cite_note-mishon-347">[344]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Az%C9%99rbaycan_dolmas%C4%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Az%C9%99rbaycan_dolmas%C4%B1.jpg/240px-Az%C9%99rbaycan_dolmas%C4%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Az%C9%99rbaycan_dolmas%C4%B1.jpg/360px-Az%C9%99rbaycan_dolmas%C4%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Az%C9%99rbaycan_dolmas%C4%B1.jpg/480px-Az%C9%99rbaycan_dolmas%C4%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dolma" title="Dolma">Dolma</a>, a traditional Azerbaijani meal</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani cuisine</a> uses an abundance of seasonal vegetables and greens. Fresh herbs, including mint, cilantro (coriander), dill, basil, parsley, tarragon, leeks, chives, thyme, marjoram, green onion, and watercress, are popular and often accompany main dishes on the table. Climatic diversity and fertility of the land are reflected in the national dishes, which are based on fish from the Caspian Sea, local meat (mainly mutton and beef), and seasonal vegetables and greens. Saffron-rice <a href="/wiki/Plov" class="mw-redirect" title="Plov">plov</a> is the flagship food in Azerbaijan, and <a href="/wiki/Black_tea" title="Black tea">black tea</a> is the national beverage.<a href="#cite_note-350">[347]</a> Azerbaijanis often use traditional <a href="/wiki/Armudu" title="Armudu">armudu</a> (pear-shaped) glass as they have very strong <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_tea_culture" title="Azerbaijani tea culture">tea culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aze-351">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[349]</a> Popular traditional dishes include <a href="/wiki/Bozbash" title="Bozbash">bozbash</a> (lamb soup that exists in several regional varieties with the addition of different vegetables), <a href="/wiki/Qutab" title="Qutab">qutab</a> (fried turnover with a filling of greens or minced meat) and <a href="/wiki/Dushbara" class="mw-redirect" title="Dushbara">dushbara</a> (dumplings filled with ground meat and spices). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Sport in Azerbaijan">Sport in Azerbaijan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:344px;max-width:344px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mamedyarov,_Shamkir_2016.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mamedyarov%2C_Shamkir_2016.JPG/168px-Mamedyarov%2C_Shamkir_2016.JPG" decoding="async" width="168" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mamedyarov%2C_Shamkir_2016.JPG/252px-Mamedyarov%2C_Shamkir_2016.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Mamedyarov%2C_Shamkir_2016.JPG 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="400" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Shakhriyar_Mamedyarov" title="Shakhriyar Mamedyarov">Shakhriyar Mamedyarov</a> was the 2013 <a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship" title="World Rapid Chess Championship">World Rapid Chess</a> and three-time <a href="/wiki/European_Team_Chess_Championship" title="European Team Chess Championship">European Team Chess</a> champion.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Teymur_R%C9%99c%C9%99bov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Teymur_R%C9%99c%C9%99bov.jpg/168px-Teymur_R%C9%99c%C9%99bov.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Teymur_R%C9%99c%C9%99bov.jpg/252px-Teymur_R%C9%99c%C9%99bov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Teymur_R%C9%99c%C9%99bov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="400" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Teimour_Radjabov" title="Teimour Radjabov">Teimour Radjabov</a> was the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2019" title="Chess World Cup 2019">World Cup</a> and three-time European Team Chess champion.</div></div></div></div></div> Freestyle wrestling has been traditionally regarded as Azerbaijan's <a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">national sport</a>, in which Azerbaijan has won <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_at_the_Olympics" title="Azerbaijan at the Olympics">fourteen medals</a>, including four golds, since joining the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>. The most popular sports are <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> and wrestling.<a href="#cite_note-353">[350]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Football_Federations_of_Azerbaijan" title="Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan">Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan</a>, with 9,122 registered players, is the largest sporting association in the country.<a href="#cite_note-354">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[352]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_national_football_team" title="Azerbaijan national football team">national football team</a> demonstrates relatively low performance in the international arena compared to the nation football clubs. The most successful clubs are <a href="/wiki/Neft%C3%A7i_PFK" title="Neftçi PFK">Neftçi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qaraba%C4%9F_FK" title="Qarabağ FK">Qarabağ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gabala_FK" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabala FK">Gabala</a>. In <a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_UEFA_Europa_League" title="2012–13 UEFA Europa League">2012</a>, Neftchi Baku became the first Azerbaijani team to advance to the group stage of a European competition.<a href="#cite_note-356">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[354]</a> In <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_UEFA_Europa_League" title="2014–15 UEFA Europa League">2014</a>, Qarabağ became the second Azerbaijani club advancing to the group stage of <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League" title="UEFA Europa League">UEFA Europa League</a>. In 2017, after beating <a href="/wiki/F.C._Copenhagen" title="F.C. Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> 2–2 (<a href="/wiki/Away_goals_rule" title="Away goals rule">a</a>) in the play-off round of the <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_UEFA_Champions_League" title="2017–18 UEFA Champions League">UEFA Champions League</a>, Qarabağ became the first Azerbaijani club to reach the group stage.<a href="#cite_note-358">[355]</a> <a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">Futsal</a> is another popular sport in Azerbaijan. The <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_national_futsal_team" title="Azerbaijan national futsal team">Azerbaijan national futsal team</a> reached fourth place in the <a href="/wiki/2010_UEFA_Futsal_Championship" title="2010 UEFA Futsal Championship">2010 UEFA Futsal Championship</a>, while domestic club <a href="/wiki/Araz_Nax%C3%A7ivan" title="Araz Naxçivan">Araz Naxçivan</a> clinched bronze medals at the <a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UEFA_Futsal_Cup" title="2009–10 UEFA Futsal Cup">2009–10 UEFA Futsal Cup</a> and <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Futsal_Cup" title="2013–14 UEFA Futsal Cup">2013–14 UEFA Futsal Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-359">[356]</a> Azerbaijan was the main sponsor of Spanish football club <a href="/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_de_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlético de Madrid">Atlético de Madrid</a> during seasons 2013/2014 and 2014/2015, a partnership that the club described should 'promote the image of Azerbaijan in the world'.<a href="#cite_note-360">[357]</a> Azerbaijan is one of the traditional powerhouses of world chess,<a href="#cite_note-361">[358]</a> having hosted many international chess tournaments and competitions and became <a href="/wiki/European_Team_Chess_Championship" title="European Team Chess Championship">European Team Chess Championship</a> winners in 2009, 2013 and 2017.<a href="#cite_note-362">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[361]</a> Notable chess players include <a href="/wiki/Teimour_Radjabov" title="Teimour Radjabov">Teimour Radjabov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahriyar_Mammadyarov" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahriyar Mammadyarov">Shahriyar Mammadyarov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Makogonov" title="Vladimir Makogonov">Vladimir Makogonov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vugar_Gashimov" title="Vugar Gashimov">Vugar Gashimov</a> and former <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Champion" class="mw-redirect" title="World Chess Champion">World Chess Champion</a> <a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a>. As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&action=edit">[update]</a>, country's home of <a href="/wiki/Shamkir_Chess" title="Shamkir Chess">Shamkir Chess</a> a category 22 event and one of the highest rated tournaments of all time.<a href="#cite_note-365">[362]</a> <a href="/wiki/Backgammon" title="Backgammon">Backgammon</a> also plays a major role in Azerbaijani culture.<a href="#cite_note-366">[363]</a> The game is very popular in Azerbaijan and is widely played among the local public.<a href="#cite_note-367">[364]</a> There are also different variations of backgammon developed and analyzed by Azerbaijani experts.<a href="#cite_note-368">[365]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Closing_ceremony_of_the_IV_Islamic_Solidarity_Games_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Closing_ceremony_of_the_IV_Islamic_Solidarity_Games_15.jpg/240px-Closing_ceremony_of_the_IV_Islamic_Solidarity_Games_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Closing_ceremony_of_the_IV_Islamic_Solidarity_Games_15.jpg/360px-Closing_ceremony_of_the_IV_Islamic_Solidarity_Games_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Closing_ceremony_of_the_IV_Islamic_Solidarity_Games_15.jpg/480px-Closing_ceremony_of_the_IV_Islamic_Solidarity_Games_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1361" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baku_National_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Baku National Stadium">Baku National Stadium</a> was used for the first <a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European Games</a> in June 2015.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Women%27s_Volleyball_Super_League" title="Azerbaijan Women's Volleyball Super League">Azerbaijan Women's Volleyball Super League</a> placed fourth at the <a href="/wiki/2005_Women%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship" title="2005 Women's European Volleyball Championship">2005 European Championship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-369">[366]</a> Over the last years, clubs like <a href="/wiki/Rabita_Baku" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabita Baku">Rabita Baku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerrail_Baku" title="Azerrail Baku">Azerrail Baku</a> achieved great success at European cups.<a href="#cite_note-370">[367]</a> Azerbaijani volleyball players include likes of <a href="/wiki/Valeriya_Korotenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeriya Korotenko">Valeriya Korotenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oksana_Parkhomenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksana Parkhomenko">Oksana Parkhomenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inessa_Korkmaz" title="Inessa Korkmaz">Inessa Korkmaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natalya_Mammadova" title="Natalya Mammadova">Natalya Mammadova</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alla_Hasanova" title="Alla Hasanova">Alla Hasanova</a>. Other Azerbaijani athletes are <a href="/wiki/Namig_Abdullayev" title="Namig Abdullayev">Namig Abdullayev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toghrul_Asgarov" title="Toghrul Asgarov">Toghrul Asgarov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rovshan_Bayramov" title="Rovshan Bayramov">Rovshan Bayramov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharif_Sharifov" title="Sharif Sharifov">Sharif Sharifov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariya_Stadnik" title="Mariya Stadnik">Mariya Stadnik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farid_Mansurov" title="Farid Mansurov">Farid Mansurov</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amateur_wrestling" title="Amateur wrestling">wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazim_Huseynov" title="Nazim Huseynov">Nazim Huseynov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elnur_Mammadli" title="Elnur Mammadli">Elnur Mammadli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elkhan_Mammadov_(judoka)" title="Elkhan Mammadov (judoka)">Elkhan Mammadov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rustam_Orujov" title="Rustam Orujov">Rustam Orujov</a> in judo, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Aghayev" title="Rafael Aghayev">Rafael Aghayev</a> in karate, <a href="/wiki/Magomedrasul_Majidov" title="Magomedrasul Majidov">Magomedrasul Majidov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aghasi_Mammadov" title="Aghasi Mammadov">Aghasi Mammadov</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Pashayev" title="Nizami Pashayev">Nizami Pashayev</a> in <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">Olympic weightlifting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azad_Asgarov" title="Azad Asgarov">Azad Asgarov</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">pankration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Mammadov" title="Eduard Mammadov">Eduard Mammadov</a> in kickboxing, and <a href="/wiki/K-1" title="K-1">K-1</a> fighter <a href="/wiki/Zabit_Samedov" title="Zabit Samedov">Zabit Samedov</a>. Azerbaijan has a <a href="/wiki/Baku_City_Circuit" title="Baku City Circuit">Formula One racetrack</a>, constructed in 2012,<a href="#cite_note-371">[368]</a> and the country hosted its first <a href="/wiki/2016_European_Grand_Prix" title="2016 European Grand Prix">Formula One Grand Prix</a> in 2016<a href="#cite_note-372">[369]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Grand_Prix" title="Azerbaijan Grand Prix">Azerbaijan Grand Prix</a> since 2017. Other annual sporting events held in the country are the <a href="/wiki/Baku_Cup" title="Baku Cup">Baku Cup</a> tennis tournament and the <a href="/wiki/Tour_d%27Azerba%C3%AFdjan" title="Tour d'Azerbaïdjan">Tour d'Azerbaïdjan</a> cycling race. Azerbaijan hosted several major sport competitions since the late 2000s, including the <a href="/wiki/2013_F1_Powerboat_World_Championship_season" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 F1 Powerboat World Championship season">2013 F1 Powerboat World Championship</a>, <a href="/wiki/2012_FIFA_U-17_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="2012 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup">2012 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/2011_AIBA_World_Boxing_Championships" title="2011 AIBA World Boxing Championships">2011 AIBA World Boxing Championships</a>, <a href="/wiki/2010_European_Wrestling_Championships" title="2010 European Wrestling Championships">2010 European Wrestling Championships</a>, <a href="/wiki/2009_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_European_Championships" title="2009 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships">2009 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Taekwondo_Championships" title="European Taekwondo Championships">2014 European Taekwondo Championships</a>, <a href="/wiki/2014_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_European_Championships" title="2014 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships">2014 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships</a>, and <a href="/wiki/42nd_Chess_Olympiad" title="42nd Chess Olympiad">2016 World Chess Olympiad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-373">[370]</a> Baku was selected to host the <a href="/wiki/2015_European_Games" title="2015 European Games">2015 European Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-374">[371]</a> Baku hosted the fourth <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Solidarity_Games" title="Islamic Solidarity Games">Islamic Solidarity Games</a> in 2017<a href="#cite_note-375">[372]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Youth_Summer_Olympic_Festival" title="2019 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival">2019 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival</a>,<a href="#cite_note-376">[373]</a> and was a host of <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2020" title="UEFA Euro 2020">UEFA Euro 2020</a>.<a href="#cite_note-377">[374]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Azerbaijan" title="Portal:Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Azerbaijan" title="Outline of Azerbaijan">Outline of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Azerbaijan-related_articles" title="Index of Azerbaijan-related articles">Index of Azerbaijan-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan">List of World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Defense_%26_Foreign_Affairs_Handbook_on_Azerbaijan" title="The Defense & Foreign Affairs Handbook on Azerbaijan">The Defense & Foreign Affairs Handbook on Azerbaijan</a> (2006)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn, -ˈdʒæn/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d8\/En-Azerbaijan-pronunciation.ogg\/En-Azerbaijan-pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-Azerbaijan-pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/En-Azerbaijan-pronunciation.ogg/En-Azerbaijan-pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-Azerbaijan-pronunciation.ogg" title="File:En-Azerbaijan-pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">AZ-ər-by-JA(H)N</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌɑːzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn, ˌæz-/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">A(H)Z-ər-by-JAHN</a>;<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: Azərbaycan <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Azerbaijani" title="Help:IPA/Azerbaijani">[ɑːzæɾbɑjˈdʒɑn]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikası <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Azerbaijani" title="Help:IPA/Azerbaijani">[ɑːzæɾbɑjˈdʒɑn ɾespublikɑˈsɯ]</a>; Azerbaijan Republic is sometimes used in an official capacity. </li> <li id="cite_note-control-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-control_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-control_213-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-control_213-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-control_213-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-control_213-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-control_213-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-control_213-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-control_213-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-control_213-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-control_213-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-control_213-10">k</a> City under the direct authority of the republic. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ask.org.az/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Konstitusiya_ENG.pdf">"The Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan"</a> (PDF). President of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The Official Website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://ask.org.az/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Konstitusiya_ENG.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2020. <q>I. The official language of the Republic of Azerbaijan is Azerbaijani Language. The Republic of Azerbaijan guarantees the development of Azerbaijani Language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=President+of+the+Republic+of+Azerbaijan&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Azerbaijan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fask.org.az%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F10%2FKonstitusiya_ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2019ethnic-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2019ethnic_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.gov.az/source/demoqraphy/en/001_11-12en.xls">"National (ethnic) composition of population"</a>. <a href="/wiki/State_Statistics_Committee" title="State Statistics Committee">State Statistics Committee</a>. 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Statistics+Committee&rft.atitle=National+%28ethnic%29+composition+of+population&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.az%2Fsource%2Fdemoqraphy%2Fen%2F001_11-12en.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaPorte2016-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LaPorte2016_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LaPorte2016_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LaPorte2016_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaPorte2016" class="citation book cs1">LaPorte, Jody (2016). "Semi-presidentialism in Azerbaijan". In <a href="/wiki/Robert_Elgie_(academic)" title="Robert Elgie (academic)">Elgie, Robert</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sophia_Moestrup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sophia Moestrup (page does not exist)">Moestrup, Sophia</a> (eds.). Semi-Presidentialism in the Caucasus and Central Asia. London: Palgrave Macmillan (published 15 May 2016). pp. 91–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-137-38781-3_4">10.1057/978-1-137-38781-3_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-38780-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-38780-6"><bdi>978-1-137-38780-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2016939393">2016939393</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6039791976">6039791976</a>. <q>LaPorte examines the dynamics of semi-presidentialism in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan's regime is a curious hybrid, in which semi-presidential institutions operate in the larger context of authoritarianism. The author compares formal Constitutional provisions with the practice of politics in the country, suggesting that formal and informal sources of authority come together to enhance the effective powers of the presidency. In addition to the considerable formal powers laid out in the Constitution, Azerbaijan's president also benefits from the support of the ruling party and informal family and patronage networks. LaPorte concludes by discussing the theoretical implications of this symbiosis between formal and informal institutions in Azerbaijan's semi-presidential regime.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Semi-presidentialism+in+Azerbaijan&rft.btitle=Semi-Presidentialism+in+the+Caucasus+and+Central+Asia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=91-117&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6039791976&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2016939393&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F978-1-137-38781-3_4&rft.isbn=978-1-137-38780-6&rft.aulast=LaPorte&rft.aufirst=Jody&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan">"Azerbaijan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 24 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fazerbaijan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2022.zip">(Archived 2022 edition.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.AZ-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.AZ_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.AZ_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.AZ_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.AZ_5-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=912,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Azerbaijan)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. April 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2024+Edition.+%28Azerbaijan%29&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2024-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FApril%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D912%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wb-gini-6"><a href="#cite_ref-wb-gini_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/">"Gini Index coefficient"</a>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 16 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+Index+coefficient&rft.pub=CIA+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fgini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income%2Fcountry-comparison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-7"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1">Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach2011" class="citation book cs1">Roach, Peter (2011). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15253-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15253-2"><bdi>978-0-521-15253-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15253-2&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> While often politically aligned with Europe, Azerbaijan is generally considered to be at least mostly in Southwest Asia geographically with its northern part bisected by the <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">standard Asia–Europe divide</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a>. The United Nations <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm">classification of world regions</a> places Azerbaijan in Western Asia; the <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> places it mostly in Southwest Asia <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/">[1]</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Azerbaijan">Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary</a> places it in both; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/society/education-resources/?xpop=1">NationalGeographic.com</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46781/Azerbaijan">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> also place Georgia in Asia. Conversely, some sources place Azerbaijan in Europe such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/eu.htm">Worldatlas.com</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarcave,_Sidney1968" class="citation book cs1">Harcave, Sidney (1968). Russia: A History: Sixth Edition. Lippincott. p. 267.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%3A+A+History%3A+Sixth+Edition&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Lippincott&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Harcave%2C+Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojtahed-Zadeh,_Pirouz2007" class="citation book cs1">Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (2007). Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran: A Study of the Origin, Evolution, and Implications of the Boundaries of Modern Iran with Its 15 Neighbors in the Middle East by a Number of Renowned Experts in the Field. Universal. p. 372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-933-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-933-5"><bdi>978-1-58112-933-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boundary+Politics+and+International+Boundaries+of+Iran%3A+A+Study+of+the+Origin%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Implications+of+the+Boundaries+of+Modern+Iran+with+Its+15+Neighbors+in+the+Middle+East+by+a+Number+of+Renowned+Experts+in+the+Field&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=Universal&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58112-933-5&rft.au=Mojtahed-Zadeh%2C+Pirouz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swietochowski_Borderland-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swietochowski_Borderland_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swietochowski_Borderland_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swietochowski_Borderland_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swietochowski_Borderland_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swietochowski_Borderland_14-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwietochowski1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Swietochowski" title="Tadeusz Swietochowski">Swietochowski, Tadeusz</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FfRYRwAACAAJ">Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 69, 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07068-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07068-3"><bdi>978-0-231-07068-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+Azerbaijan%3A+A+Borderland+in+Transition&rft.pages=69%2C+133&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-231-07068-3&rft.aulast=Swietochowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFfRYRwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-L._Batalden_1997_98-15"><a href="#cite_ref-L._Batalden_1997_98_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Batalden1997" class="citation book cs1">L. Batalden, Sandra (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WFjPAxhBEaEC">The newly independent states of Eurasia: handbook of former Soviet republics</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89774-940-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89774-940-4"><bdi>978-0-89774-940-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+newly+independent+states+of+Eurasia%3A+handbook+of+former+Soviet+republics&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-89774-940-4&rft.aulast=L.+Batalden&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWFjPAxhBEaEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Pipes, Richard</a> (1997). The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism 1917–1923 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 218–220, 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-30951-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-30951-7"><bdi>978-0-674-30951-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+the+Soviet+Union%3A+Communism+and+Nationalism+1917%E2%80%931923&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=218-220%2C+229&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-674-30951-7&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924142728/https://yeltsin.ru/day-by-day/1991/08/31/40769/">"Азербайджан. Восстановлена государственная независимость"</a>. Ельцин Центр (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yeltsin.ru/day-by-day/1991/08/31/40769/">the original</a> on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD.+%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyeltsin.ru%2Fday-by-day%2F1991%2F08%2F31%2F40769%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2006" class="citation book cs1">King, David C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/azerbaijan00king/page/27">Azerbaijan</a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/azerbaijan00king/page/27">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2011-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2011-8"><bdi>978-0-7614-2011-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-2011-8&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fazerbaijan00king%2Fpage%2F27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZürcher2007" class="citation book cs1">Zürcher, Christoph (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/postsovietwarsre00zurc">The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.)</a>. New York: New York University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/postsovietwarsre00zurc/page/n180">168</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9709-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9709-9"><bdi>978-0-8147-9709-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Post-Soviet+Wars%3A+Rebellion%2C+Ethnic+Conflict%2C+and+Nationhood+in+the+Caucasus+%28%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D.+ed.%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-9709-9&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BCrcher&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpostsovietwarsre00zurc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503185041/http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res1993/res822.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Резолюция СБ ООН № 822 от 30 April 1993 года</bdi></a> (in Russian). United Nations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res1993/res822.htm">the original</a> on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%91+%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D+%E2%84%96+822+%D0%BE%D1%82+30+April+1993+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Frussian%2Fdocumen%2Fscresol%2Fres1993%2Fres822.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res1993/res853.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Резолюция СБ ООН № 853 от 29 июля 1993 года</bdi></a> (in Russian). United Nations. Retrieved 4 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%91+%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D+%E2%84%96+853+%D0%BE%D1%82+29+%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8F+1993+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Frussian%2Fdocumen%2Fscresol%2Fres1993%2Fres853.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503185045/http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res1993/res874.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Резолюция СБ ООН № 874 14 октября 1993 года</bdi></a> (in Russian). United Nations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res1993/res874.htm">the original</a> on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%91+%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D+%E2%84%96+874+14+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+1993+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Frussian%2Fdocumen%2Fscresol%2Fres1993%2Fres874.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503185053/http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res1993/res884.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Резолюция СБ ООН № 884 от 12 ноября 1993 года</bdi></a> (in Russian). United Nations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res1993/res884.htm">the original</a> on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%91+%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D+%E2%84%96+884+%D0%BE%D1%82+12+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+1993+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Frussian%2Fdocumen%2Fscresol%2Fres1993%2Fres884.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2020" class="citation news cs1">Kramer, Andrew E. (10 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/09/world/middleeast/armenia-settlement-nagorno-karabakh-azerbaijan.html">"Facing Military Debacle, Armenia Accepts a Deal in Nagorno-Karabakh War"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201110010658/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/09/world/middleeast/armenia-settlement-nagorno-karabakh-azerbaijan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Facing+Military+Debacle%2C+Armenia+Accepts+a+Deal+in+Nagorno-Karabakh+War&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F11%2F09%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Farmenia-settlement-nagorno-karabakh-azerbaijan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbel2023" class="citation news cs1">Ebel, Francesca (28 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/28/nagorno-karabakh-dissolved-azerbaijan-armenia/">"Defeated by force, Nagorno-Karabakh government declares it will dissolve"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Defeated+by+force%2C+Nagorno-Karabakh+government+declares+it+will+dissolve&rft.date=2023-09-28&rft.aulast=Ebel&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2F09%2F28%2Fnagorno-karabakh-dissolved-azerbaijan-armenia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FCO-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FCO_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FCO_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FCO_26-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1019233781986">"Azerbaijan: Membership of international groupings/organisations"</a>. British Foreign & Commonwealth Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609103711/http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1019233781986">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan%3A+Membership+of+international+groupings%2Forganisations&rft.pub=British+Foreign+%26+Commonwealth+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fco.gov.uk%2Fservlet%2FFront%3Fpagename%3DOpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage%26c%3DPage%26cid%3D1007029394365%26a%3DKCountryProfile%26aid%3D1019233781986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropa_Publications_Limited1998" class="citation book cs1">Europa Publications Limited (1998). Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Routledge. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-058-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-058-5"><bdi>978-1-85743-058-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe+and+the+Commonwealth+of+Independent+States&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-058-5&rft.au=Europa+Publications+Limited&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_28-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_28-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_28-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan">"Azerbaijan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 8 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fazerbaijan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2022.zip">(Archived 2022 edition.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell2010" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Svante E. (2010). Azerbaijan Since Independence. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 165, 284. <q>Indicative of general regional trends and a natural reemergence of previously oppressed religious identity, an increasingly popular ideological basis for the pursuit of political objectives has been Islam.... The government, for its part, has shown an official commitment to Islam by building mosques and respecting Islamic values... Unofficial Islamic groups sought to use aspects of Islam to mobilize the population and establish the foundations for a future political struggle.... Unlike Turkey, Azerbaijan does not have the powerful ideological legacy of secularism... the conflict with Armenia has bred frustration that is increasingly being answered by a combined Islamic and nationalist sentiment, especially among younger people... All major political forces are committed to secularism and are based, if anything, on a nationalist agenda.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan+Since+Independence&rft.pages=165%2C+284&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Svante+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/europecentral-asia/azerbaijan">"Human Rights Watch: Azerbaijan"</a>. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 6 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+Watch%3A+Azerbaijan&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Feuropecentral-asia%2Fazerbaijan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoutsma1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martijn_Theodoor_Houtsma" title="Martijn Theodoor Houtsma">Houtsma, M. Th.</a> (1993). First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936 (reprint ed.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09796-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09796-4"><bdi>978-90-04-09796-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+1913%E2%80%931936&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09796-4&rft.aulast=Houtsma&rft.aufirst=M.+Th.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schippmann-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Schippmann_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchippmann1989" class="citation book cs1">Schippmann, Klaus (1989). Azerbaijan: Pre-Islamic History. Encyclopædia Iranica. pp. 221–224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-95-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-95-5"><bdi>978-0-933273-95-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan%3A+Pre-Islamic+History&rft.pages=221-224&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-933273-95-5&rft.aulast=Schippmann&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamoux2003" class="citation book cs1">Chamoux, François (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hellenisticcivil00cham">Hellenistic Civilization</a>. John Wiley and Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hellenisticcivil00cham/page/n37">26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22241-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22241-5"><bdi>978-0-631-22241-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+Civilization&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22241-5&rft.aulast=Chamoux&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhellenisticcivil00cham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth_A.B.2002" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth A.B., Baynham E.J. (2002). Alexander the Great in Fact and fiction. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925275-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925275-6"><bdi>978-0-19-925275-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great+in+Fact+and+fiction&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925275-6&rft.aulast=Bosworth+A.B.&rft.aufirst=Baynham+E.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaumont-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Chaumont_35-0">^</a> Nevertheless, "despite being one of the chief vassals of Sasanian <a href="/wiki/Shahanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahanshah">Shahanshah</a>, the Albanian king had only a semblance of authority, and the Sassanid <a href="/wiki/Marzban" title="Marzban">marzban</a> (military governor) held most civil, religious, and military authority. </li> <li id="cite_note-dictionary-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwietochowski1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Swietochowski" title="Tadeusz Swietochowski">Swietochowski, Tadeusz</a> (1999). Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3550-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3550-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-3550-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Azerbaijan&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-3550-4&rft.aulast=Swietochowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarmesteter2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Darmesteter" title="James Darmesteter">Darmesteter, James</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avesta.org/ka/yt13sbe.htm">"Frawardin Yasht"</a>. Avesta Khorda Avesta: Book of Common Prayer (reprint ed.). Kessinger Publishing. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-0852-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-0852-5"><bdi>978-1-4191-0852-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frawardin+Yasht&rft.btitle=Avesta+Khorda+Avesta%3A+Book+of+Common+Prayer&rft.pages=93&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4191-0852-5&rft.aulast=Darmesteter&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avesta.org%2Fka%2Fyt13sbe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Library_of_Congress-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+az0014)">"Azerbaijan: Early History: Iranian and Greek Influences"</a>. U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 7 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan%3A+Early+History%3A+Iranian+and+Greek+Influences&rft.pub=U.S.+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Baz0014%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabahi2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sabahi, Farian (2000). La pecora e il tappeto: i nomadi Shahsevan dell'Azerbaigian iraniano (in Italian). Ariele. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-86480-74-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-86480-74-1"><bdi>978-88-86480-74-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+pecora+e+il+tappeto%3A+i+nomadi+Shahsevan+dell%27Azerbaigian+iraniano&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Ariele&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-88-86480-74-1&rft.aulast=Sabahi&rft.aufirst=Farian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atabaki2006-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Atabaki2006_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtabaki2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Touraj_Atabaki" title="Touraj Atabaki">Atabaki, Touraj</a> (4 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M3adD9kNH1gC&pg=PA132">Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers</a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-964-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-964-6"><bdi>978-1-86064-964-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+and+the+First+World+War%3A+Battleground+of+the+Great+Powers&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2006-09-04&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-964-6&rft.aulast=Atabaki&rft.aufirst=Touraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM3adD9kNH1gC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-I.B.Tauris-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I.B.Tauris_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I.B.Tauris_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtabaki2000" class="citation book cs1">Atabaki, Touraj (2000). Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran. I.B.Tauris. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-554-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-554-9"><bdi>978-1-86064-554-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan%3A+Ethnicity+and+the+Struggle+for+Power+in+Iran&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-554-9&rft.aulast=Atabaki&rft.aufirst=Touraj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-I.B._Tauris-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I.B._Tauris_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I.B._Tauris_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDekmejianSimonian2003" class="citation book cs1">Dekmejian, R. Hrair; Simonian, Hovann H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_jdnke35AgC">Troubled Waters: The Geopolitics of the Caspian Region</a>. I.B. Tauris. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-922-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-922-6"><bdi>978-1-86064-922-6</bdi></a>. <q>Until 1918, when the Musavat regime decided to name the newly independent state Azerbaijan, this designation had been used exclusively to identify the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian province of Azerbaijan</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troubled+Waters%3A+The+Geopolitics+of+the+Caspian+Region&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-922-6&rft.aulast=Dekmejian&rft.aufirst=R.+Hrair&rft.au=Simonian%2C+Hovann+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4_jdnke35AgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amsterdam_University_Press-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amsterdam_University_Press_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amsterdam_University_Press_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezvani2014" class="citation book cs1">Rezvani, Babak (2014). Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan: academisch proefschrift. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-485-1928-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-485-1928-6"><bdi>978-90-485-1928-6</bdi></a>. <q>The region to the north of the river Araxes was not called Azerbaijan prior to 1918, unlike the region in northwestern Iran that has been called since so long ago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethno-territorial+conflict+and+coexistence+in+the+caucasus%2C+Central+Asia+and+Fereydan%3A+academisch+proefschrift&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-485-1928-6&rft.aulast=Rezvani&rft.aufirst=Babak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFragner2001" class="citation book cs1">Fragner, B.G. (2001). Soviet Nationalism: An Ideological Legacy to the Independent Republics of Central Asia. I.B. Tauris and Company. pp. 13–32. <q>In the post Islamic sense, Arran and <a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a> are often distinguished, while in the pre-Islamic era, Arran or the western <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a> roughly corresponds to the modern territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In the Soviet era, in a breathtaking manipulation, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">historical Azerbaijan</a> (northwestern Iran) was reinterpreted as "South Azerbaijan" for the Soviets to lay territorial claim on historical Azerbaijan proper which is located in modern-day northwestern Iran.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Nationalism%3A+An+Ideological+Legacy+to+the+Independent+Republics+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=13-32&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+and+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Fragner&rft.aufirst=B.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtabaki2000" class="citation book cs1">Atabaki, Touraj (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MybbePBf9YcC">Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran</a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-554-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-554-9"><bdi>978-1-86064-554-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan%3A+Ethnicity+and+the+Struggle+for+Power+in+Iran&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-554-9&rft.aulast=Atabaki&rft.aufirst=Touraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMybbePBf9YcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBournoutian2016" class="citation book cs1">Bournoutian, George A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5u4mDwAAQBAJ">The 1820 Russian Survey of the Khanate of Shirvan: A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of an Iranian Province prior to its Annexation by Russia</a>. Gibb Memorial Trust. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909724-83-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909724-83-9"><bdi>978-1-909724-83-9</bdi></a>. <q>(...) the Baku and Elisavetpol guberniias, declared their independence (to 1920), and, despite Iranian protests, took the name of Azerbaijan (as noted, the same designation as the historical region in northwestern Iran) (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1820+Russian+Survey+of+the+Khanate+of+Shirvan%3A+A+Primary+Source+on+the+Demography+and+Economy+of+an+Iranian+Province+prior+to+its+Annexation+by+Russia&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Gibb+Memorial+Trust&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-909724-83-9&rft.aulast=Bournoutian&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5u4mDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComrie1981" class="citation book cs1">Comrie, Bernard (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QTU7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA162">The languages of the Soviet Union</a>. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29877-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29877-3"><bdi>978-0-521-29877-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6627395">6627395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+languages+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6627395&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29877-3&rft.aulast=Comrie&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQTU7AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzakov" class="citation web cs1">Azakov, Siyavush. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116061819/http://www.globalsocialscience.org/uploads/c_GlobalSSH%20-%20Azerbaijan%20institutional%20report%20FINAL.pdf">"National report on institutional landscape and research policy Social Sciences and Humanities in Azerbaijan"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences">Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsocialscience.org/uploads/c_GlobalSSH%20-%20Azerbaijan%20institutional%20report%20FINAL.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 November 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+report+on+institutional+landscape+and+research+policy+Social+Sciences+and+Humanities+in+Azerbaijan&rft.pub=Azerbaijan+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.aulast=Azakov&rft.aufirst=Siyavush&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsocialscience.org%2Fuploads%2Fc_GlobalSSH%2520-%2520Azerbaijan%2520institutional%2520report%2520FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Dizadji2010" class="citation book cs1">H. Dizadji (2010). Journey from Tehran to Chicago: My Life in Iran and the United States, and a Brief History of Iran. US: Trafford Publishing. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4269-2918-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4269-2918-2"><bdi>978-1-4269-2918-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+from+Tehran+to+Chicago%3A+My+Life+in+Iran+and+the+United+States%2C+and+a+Brief+History+of+Iran&rft.place=US&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4269-2918-2&rft.au=H.+Dizadji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaumont1984" class="citation book cs1">Chaumont, M. L. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/albania-iranian-aran-arm">"Albania"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albania&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Chaumont&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Falbania-iranian-aran-arm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2017" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian (2017). Christianity: The Biography: 2000 Years of Global History. Zondervan Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53628-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53628-4"><bdi>978-0-310-53628-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+The+Biography%3A+2000+Years+of+Global+History&rft.pub=Zondervan+Academic&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-310-53628-4&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhsan_Yarshater1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Ehsan Yarshater</a> (1983). The Cambridge history of Iran, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20092-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20092-9"><bdi>978-0-521-20092-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Iran%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20092-9&rft.au=Ehsan+Yarshater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Barthold, V.V. Sochineniya; p. 558: "Whatever the former significance of the Oghuz people in Eastern Asia, after the events of the 8th and 9th centuries, it focuses more and more on the West, on the border of the Pre-Asian cultural world, which was destined to be invaded by the Oghuz people in the 11th century, or, as they were called only in the west, by the Turkmen." </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanbyBeyazitRugiadiPeacock2016" class="citation book cs1">Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina; Peacock, A. C. S. (27 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BPrjCwAAQBAJ&q=Tughril+and+Chaghri+Seljuk+Empire&pg=PA6">Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-589-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-589-4"><bdi>978-1-58839-589-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Court+and+Cosmos%3A+The+Great+Age+of+the+Seljuqs&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2016-04-27&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-589-4&rft.aulast=Canby&rft.aufirst=Sheila+R.&rft.au=Beyazit%2C+Deniz&rft.au=Rugiadi%2C+Martina&rft.au=Peacock%2C+A.+C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBPrjCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DTughril%2Band%2BChaghri%2BSeljuk%2BEmpire%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewsenSalvatico2001" class="citation book cs1">Hewsen, Robert H.; Salvatico, Christoper C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfZBrFza_IYC">Armenia: A Historical Atlas</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-33228-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-33228-4"><bdi>978-0-226-33228-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%3A+A+Historical+Atlas&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-226-33228-4&rft.aulast=Hewsen&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.au=Salvatico%2C+Christoper+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZfZBrFza_IYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelian1982" class="citation book cs1">Samuelian, Thomas J. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iiduAAAAMAAJ&pg=45">Hewsen, Robert H. (1982). Thomas J. Samuelian, ed. "Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians". Classical Armenian Culture: Influences and Creativity. (Philadelphia: Scholars Press. p. 45.)</a>. Scholars Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89130-565-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89130-565-1"><bdi>978-0-89130-565-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hewsen%2C+Robert+H.+%281982%29.+Thomas+J.+Samuelian%2C+ed.+%22Ethno-History+and+the+Armenian+Influence+upon+the+Caucasian+Albanians%22.+Classical+Armenian+Culture%3A+Influences+and+Creativity.+%28Philadelphia%3A+Scholars+Press.+p.+45.%29&rft.pub=Scholars+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-89130-565-1&rft.aulast=Samuelian&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiiduAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3D45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewsen2001" class="citation book cs1">Hewsen, Robert H. (2001). Armenia: a Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 32–33, map 19 (shows the territory of modern Nagorno–Karabakh as part of the <a href="/wiki/Orontids" class="mw-redirect" title="Orontids">Orontids</a>' Kingdom of Armenia).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%3A+a+Historical+Atlas&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=32-33%2C+map+19+%28shows+the+territory+of+modern+Nagorno-Karabakh+as+part+of+the+Orontids%27+Kingdom+of+Armenia%29&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hewsen&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VII_в_1877-58"><a href="#cite_ref-VII_в_1877_58-0">^</a> Моисей Хоренский. Армянская География VII в. Перевод Патканова К.П. СПб., 1877. стр. 40,17 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Hewsen, Robert H. "The Kingdom of Artsakh", in T. Samuelian & M. Stone, eds. Medieval Armenian Culture. Chico, CA, 1983 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarshater1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Yarshater, E. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vii">"The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. 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Cambridge: Wiesbaden: Reichert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89500-070-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89500-070-6"><bdi>978-3-89500-070-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Third+European+Conference+of+Iranian+Studies&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=Nicholas+Sims-Williams+%28ed.%29&rft.pub=Wiesbaden%3A+Reichert&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-89500-070-6&rft.aulast=Ludwig&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2007" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Olivier (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMcn6Ik1v0C&pg=PA7">The new Central Asia: geopolitics and the birth of nations</a> (reprint ed.). I.B. Tauris. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-552-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-552-4"><bdi>978-1-84511-552-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+Central+Asia%3A+geopolitics+and+the+birth+of+nations&rft.pages=6&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-552-4&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-eMcn6Ik1v0C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/413374/Nezami">"Neẓāmī"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204172005/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/413374/Nezami">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ne%E1%BA%93%C4%81m%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F413374%2FNezami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Khaqani">"Khāqānī"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 19 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kh%C4%81q%C4%81n%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FKhaqani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Ward2009" class="citation book cs1">R. Ward, Steven (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/immortalmilitary00ward">Immortal: a military history of Iran and its armed forces</a>. 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Rowman & Littlefield. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-389-20577-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-389-20577-7"><bdi>978-0-389-20577-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+evolution+of+middle+eastern+landscapes%3A+an+outline+to+A.D.+1840%2C+Part+1840&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-389-20577-7&rft.aulast=Malcolm+Wagstaff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtcPWhU10mGMC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Altstadt1992" class="citation book cs1">L. 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Hoover Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-9182-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-9182-1"><bdi>978-0-8179-9182-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Azerbaijani+Turks%3A+power+and+identity+under+Russian+rule&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-9182-1&rft.aulast=L.+Altstadt&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsZVN2MwWZVAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkiner2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shirin_Akiner" title="Shirin Akiner">Akiner, Shirin</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N8IKR0oqdRkC">The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security</a>. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0501-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0501-6"><bdi>978-0-7007-0501-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caspian%3A+Politics%2C+Energy+and+Security&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0501-6&rft.aulast=Akiner&rft.aufirst=Shirin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN8IKR0oqdRkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ĀŠRAFIRANICA-69"><a href="#cite_ref-ĀŠRAFIRANICA_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalland" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Balland, D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/asraf-gilzay-the-afghan-chief-who-ruled-as-shah-over-part-of-iran-from-1137-1725-to-1142-1729">"ĀŠRAF ḠILZAY"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. 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Columbia University Press. pp. 69, 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07068-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07068-3"><bdi>978-0-231-07068-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+Azerbaijan%3A+A+Borderland+in+Transition&rft.pages=69%2C+133&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-231-07068-3&rft.aulast=Swietochowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFfRYRwAACAAJ%26q%3DRussia%2Band%2BIran%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bgreat%2Bgame%3A%2Btravelogues%2Band%2Borientalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Batalden1997" class="citation book cs1">L. Batalden, Sandra (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WFjPAxhBEaEC&q=The+newly+independent+states+of+Eurasia:+handbook+of+former+Soviet+republics">The newly independent states of Eurasia: handbook of former Soviet republics</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89774-940-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89774-940-4"><bdi>978-0-89774-940-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+newly+independent+states+of+Eurasia%3A+handbook+of+former+Soviet+republics&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-89774-940-4&rft.aulast=L.+Batalden&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWFjPAxhBEaEC%26q%3DThe%2Bnewly%2Bindependent%2Bstates%2Bof%2BEurasia%3A%2Bhandbook%2Bof%2Bformer%2BSoviet%2Brepublics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1980" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Christopher J. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y85tAAAAMAAJ">Armenia, the survival of a nation</a>. Croom Helm. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-0210-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-0210-2"><bdi>978-0-7099-0210-2</bdi></a>. <q>Tsitsianov next moved against the semi-independent Iranian khanates. On the thinnest of pretexts, he captured the Muslim town of Gandja, the seat of Islamic learning in the Caucasus (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%2C+the+survival+of+a+nation&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-0210-2&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy85tAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaparov2014" class="citation book cs1">Saparov, Arsène (2014). From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the Making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-63783-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-63783-7"><bdi>978-1-317-63783-7</bdi></a>. <q>Even though these principalities [the khanates] had not been under Iranian suzerainty since the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Nadir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadir Shah">Nadir Shah</a> in 1747, they were traditionally considered an inalienable part of Iranian domains. (...) To the semi-independent Caucasian principalities, the appearance of the new Great Power (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Conflict+to+Autonomy+in+the+Caucasus%3A+The+Soviet+Union+and+the+Making+of+Abkhazia%2C+South+Ossetia+and+Nagorno+Karabakh&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-63783-7&rft.aulast=Saparov&rft.aufirst=Ars%C3%A8ne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKashani-Sabet1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kashani-Sabet, Firoozeh (May 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020743800064473">"Fragile Frontiers: The Diminishing Domains of Qajar Iran"</a>. International Journal of Middle East Studies. 29 (2): 210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020743800064473">10.1017/s0020743800064473</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7438">0020-7438</a>. <q>In 1795, Ibrahim Khalil Khan, the wali of Qarabagh, warned Sultan Selim III of Aqa Muhammad Khan's ambitions. Fearing for his independence, he informed the Sultan of Aqa Muhammad Khan's ability to subdue Azerbaijan and later Qarabagh, Erivan, and Georgia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Fragile+Frontiers%3A+The+Diminishing+Domains+of+Qajar+Iran&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=210&rft.date=1997-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0020743800064473&rft.issn=0020-7438&rft.aulast=Kashani-Sabet&rft.aufirst=Firoozeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs0020743800064473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkerGrant2010" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Adele Marie; Grant, Bruce (2010). The Russia Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4648-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4648-7"><bdi>978-0-8223-4648-7</bdi></a>. <q>But they were relatively more accessible given the organization of small, centralized, semi-independent khanates that functioned through the decline of Iranian rule after the death of Nadir Shah in the mid-eighteenth century (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russia+Reader%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Politics&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4648-7&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Adele+Marie&rft.au=Grant%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAveryHambly1991" class="citation book cs1">Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin (1991). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20095-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20095-0"><bdi>978-0-521-20095-0</bdi></a>. <q>Agha Muhammad Khan could now turn to the restoration of the outlying provinces of the Safavid kingdom. Returning to Tehran in the spring of 1795, he assembled a force of some 60,000 cavalries and infantry and in Shawwal Dhul-Qa'da/May, set off for Azarbaijan, intending to conquer the country between the rivers Aras and Kura, formerly under Safavid control. This region comprised a number of khanates of which the most important was Qarabagh, with its capital at Shusha; Ganja, with its capital of the same name; Shirvan across the Kura, with its capital at Shamakhi; and to the north-west, on both banks of the Kura, Christian Georgia (Gurjistan), with its capital at Tiflis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20095-0&rft.aulast=Avery&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Hambly%2C+Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Encyclopedia of Soviet law By Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge, Gerard Pieter van den Berg, William B. Simons, Page 457 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_King_(professor_of_international_affairs)" title="Charles King (professor of international affairs)">King, Charles</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HyJpAAAAMAAJ">The ghost of freedom: a history of the Caucasus</a>. University of Michigan. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517775-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517775-6"><bdi>978-0-19-517775-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ghost+of+freedom%3A+a+history+of+the+Caucasus&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517775-6&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHyJpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHacikyanBasmaijanFranchukOuzounian2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Agop_Jack_Hacikyan" title="Agop Jack Hacikyan">Hacikyan, Agop Jack</a>; Basmaijan, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan, eds. (2005). The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the eighteenth century to modern times. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-3221-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-3221-4"><bdi>978-0-8143-3221-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heritage+of+Armenian+Literature%3A+From+the+eighteenth+century+to+modern+times&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-3221-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Gabor Agoston, Bruce Alan Masters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA125">Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</a> Infobase Publishing, 1 January 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7">978-1-4381-1025-7</a> p. 125 </li> <li id="cite_note-CAUCAIRANICA-81"><a href="#cite_ref-CAUCAIRANICA_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMultiple_Authors" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Multiple Authors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/caucasus-index">"Caucasus and Iran"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 3 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caucasus+and+Iran&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.au=Multiple+Authors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcaucasus-index&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2010" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. p. 1035. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-672-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-672-5"><bdi>978-1-85109-672-5</bdi></a>. <q>January 1804. (...) Russo-Persian War. Russian invasion of Persia. (...) In January 1804 Russian forces under General Paul Tsitsianov (Sisianoff) invade Persia and storm the citadel of Ganjeh, beginning the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+Chronology+of+Conflict%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=1035&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-672-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1992" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Erik (1992). Wars and Peace Treaties: 1816 to 1991. London: Routledge. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07822-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07822-1"><bdi>978-0-415-07822-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+and+Peace+Treaties%3A+1816+to+1991&rft.place=London&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07822-1&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.nl-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_84-1">b</a> Timothy C. Dowling (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA728">Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond</a> pp. 728–729 ABC-CLIO, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-948-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-948-6">978-1-59884-948-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Batalden1997" class="citation book cs1">L. Batalden, Sandra (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WFjPAxhBEaEC">The Newly Independent States of Eurasia: Handbook of Former Soviet Republics</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89774-940-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89774-940-4"><bdi>978-0-89774-940-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Newly+Independent+States+of+Eurasia%3A+Handbook+of+Former+Soviet+Republics&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-89774-940-4&rft.aulast=L.+Batalden&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWFjPAxhBEaEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbelMenon2000" class="citation book cs1">Ebel, Robert E.; Menon, Rajan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-sCpf26vBZ0C&q=Energy+and+conflict+in+Central+Asia+and+the+Caucasus">Energy and conflict in Central Asia and the Caucasus</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0063-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0063-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-0063-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energy+and+conflict+in+Central+Asia+and+the+Caucasus&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-0063-1&rft.aulast=Ebel&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Menon%2C+Rajan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-sCpf26vBZ0C%26q%3DEnergy%2Band%2Bconflict%2Bin%2BCentral%2BAsia%2Band%2Bthe%2BCaucasus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreeva2010" class="citation book cs1">Andreeva, Elena (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FfRYRwAACAAJ">Russia and Iran in the great game: travelogues and orientalism</a> (reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78153-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78153-4"><bdi>978-0-415-78153-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+Iran+in+the+great+game%3A+travelogues+and+orientalism&rft.pages=6&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-78153-4&rft.aulast=Andreeva&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFfRYRwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÇiçek,_KemalKuran,_Ercüment2000" class="citation book cs1">Çiçek, Kemal; Kuran, Ercüment (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c5VpAAAAMAAJ">The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilisation</a>. University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-6782-18-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-6782-18-7"><bdi>978-975-6782-18-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Ottoman-Turkish+Civilisation&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-975-6782-18-7&rft.au=%C3%87i%C3%A7ek%2C+Kemal&rft.au=Kuran%2C+Erc%C3%BCment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc5VpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerBrysac2009" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Karl E.; Brysac, Shareen Blair (17 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FPBn2KZWNuMC">Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia</a>. Basic Books. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-3678-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-3678-2"><bdi>978-0-7867-3678-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tournament+of+Shadows%3A+The+Great+Game+and+the+Race+for+Empire+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2009-03-17&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-3678-2&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Karl+E.&rft.au=Brysac%2C+Shareen+Blair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFPBn2KZWNuMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronin2013" class="citation book cs1">Cronin, Stephanie, ed. (2013). Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions since 1800. Routledge. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-62433-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-62433-6"><bdi>978-0-415-62433-6</bdi></a>. <q>Perhaps the most important legacy of Yermolov was his intention from early on to prepare the ground for the conquest of the remaining khanates under Iranian rule and to make the River Aras the new border. (...) Another provocative action by Yermolov was the Russian occupation of the northern shore of Lake Gokcha (Sivan) in the Khanate of Iravan in 1825. A clear violation of Golestan, this action was the most significant provocation by the Russian side. The Lake Gokcha occupation clearly showed that it was Russia and not Iran which initiated hostilities and breached Golestan and that Iran was left with no choice but to come up with a proper response.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranian-Russian+Encounters%3A+Empires+and+Revolutions+since+1800&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-62433-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowling2015" class="citation book cs1">Dowling, Timothy C., ed. (2015). Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond. ABC-CLIO. p. 729. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-948-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-948-6"><bdi>978-1-59884-948-6</bdi></a>. <q>In May 1826, Russia, therefore, occupied Mirak, in the Erivan khanate, in violation of the Treaty of Gulistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+at+War%3A+From+the+Mongol+Conquest+to+Afghanistan%2C+Chechnya%2C+and+Beyond&rft.pages=729&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-948-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Mikaberidze2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mikaberidze" title="Alexander Mikaberidze">Alexander Mikaberidze</a> (2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 664. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4146-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4146-6"><bdi>978-1-4422-4146-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Georgia&rft.pages=664&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-4146-6&rft.au=Alexander+Mikaberidze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasimov2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gasimov, Zaur (2022). "Observing Iran from Baku: Iranian Studies in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan". Iranian Studies. 55 (1): 38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2020.1865136">10.1080/00210862.2020.1865136</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233889871">233889871</a>. <q>The preoccupation with Iranian culture, literature, and language was widespread among Baku-, Ganja-, and Tiflis-based Shia as well as Sunni intellectuals, and it never ceased throughout the nineteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=Observing+Iran+from+Baku%3A+Iranian+Studies+in+Soviet+and+Post-Soviet+Azerbaijan&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210862.2020.1865136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233889871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gasimov&rft.aufirst=Zaur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gasimov1-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gasimov1_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gasimov1_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasimov2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gasimov, Zaur (2022). "Observing Iran from Baku: Iranian Studies in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan". Iranian Studies. 55 (1): 37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2020.1865136">10.1080/00210862.2020.1865136</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233889871">233889871</a>. <q>Azerbaijani national identity emerged in post-Persian Russian-ruled East Caucasia at the end of the nineteenth century, and was finally forged during the early Soviet period.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=Observing+Iran+from+Baku%3A+Iranian+Studies+in+Soviet+and+Post-Soviet+Azerbaijan&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210862.2020.1865136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233889871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gasimov&rft.aufirst=Zaur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Swietochowski, Tadeusz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EPP3ti4hysUC&pg=PA104">Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia 2003</a> Taylor and Francis, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-137-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-137-7">978-1-85743-137-7</a> p. 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-smithmusavat-96"><a href="#cite_ref-smithmusavat_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Michael (April 2001). "Anatomy of Rumor: Murder Scandal, the Musavat Party and Narrative of the Russian Revolution in Baku, 1917–1920". Journal of Contemporary History. 36 (2): 228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200940103600202">10.1177/002200940103600202</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159744435">159744435</a>. <q>The results of the March events were immediate and total for the Musavat. Several hundreds of its members were killed in the fighting; up to 12,000 Muslim civilians perished; thousands of others fled Baku in a mass exodus</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+Rumor%3A+Murder+Scandal%2C+the+Musavat+Party+and+Narrative+of+the+Russian+Revolution+in+Baku%2C+1917%E2%80%931920&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=228&rft.date=2001-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200940103600202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159744435%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-minahan-97"><a href="#cite_ref-minahan_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan1998" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James B. (1998). Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30610-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30610-5"><bdi>978-0-313-30610-5</bdi></a>. <q>The tensions and fighting between the Azerbaijanis and the Armenians in the federation culminated in the massacre of some 12,000 Azerbaijanis in Baku by radical Armenians and Bolshevik troops in March 1918</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miniature+Empires%3A+A+Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Newly+Independent+States&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30610-5&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Smith" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Michael Smith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200401031542/http://old.sakharov-center.ru/publications/azrus/az_004.htm">"Pamiat' ob utratakh i Azerbaidzhanskoe obshchestvo/Traumatic Loss and Azerbaijani. National Memory"</a>. Azerbaidzhan i Rossiia: obshchestva i gosudarstva (Azerbaijan and Russia: Societies and States) (in Russian). Sakharov Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.sakharov-center.ru/publications/azrus/az_004.htm">the original</a> on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Azerbaidzhan+i+Rossiia%3A+obshchestva+i+gosudarstva+%28Azerbaijan+and+Russia%3A+Societies+and+States%29&rft.atitle=Pamiat%27+ob+utratakh+i+Azerbaidzhanskoe+obshchestvo%2FTraumatic+Loss+and+Azerbaijani.+National+Memory&rft.au=Michael+Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.sakharov-center.ru%2Fpublications%2Fazrus%2Faz_004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kazemzadeh-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kazemzadeh_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kazemzadeh_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kazemzadeh_99-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazemzadeh1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Firuz_Kazemzadeh" title="Firuz Kazemzadeh">Kazemzadeh, Firuz</a> (1951). The Struggle for Transcaucasia: 1917–1921. The New York Philosophical Library. pp. 124, 222, 229, 269–270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8305-0076-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8305-0076-5"><bdi>978-0-8305-0076-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Transcaucasia%3A+1917%E2%80%931921&rft.pages=124%2C+222%2C+229%2C+269-270&rft.pub=The+New+York+Philosophical+Library&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-0-8305-0076-5&rft.aulast=Kazemzadeh&rft.aufirst=Firuz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Schulze, Reinhard. A Modern History of the Islamic World. I.B.Tauris, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-822-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-822-9">978-1-86064-822-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope2006" class="citation book cs1">Pope, Hugh (2006). Sons of the conquerors: the rise of the Turkic world. New York: The Overlook Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-804-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-804-4"><bdi>978-1-58567-804-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sons+of+the+conquerors%3A+the+rise+of+the+Turkic+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-58567-804-4&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_DuncanHolman_(Jr.)1994" class="citation book cs1">Raymond Duncan, Walter; Holman (Jr.), G. Paul (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethnicnationalis00dunc">Ethnic nationalism and regional conflict: the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia</a>. US: Westview Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethnicnationalis00dunc/page/109">109–112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07068-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07068-3"><bdi>978-0-231-07068-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+nationalism+and+regional+conflict%3A+the+former+Soviet+Union+and+Yugoslavia&rft.place=US&rft.pages=109-112&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-231-07068-3&rft.aulast=Raymond+Duncan&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Holman+%28Jr.%29%2C+G.+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethnicnationalis00dunc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contact.az/topics_en.asp?id=4902&pb=2&vr=en&yr=2011&mdn=1">"Azerbaijan celebrates day of victory over fascism"</a>. "Contact.az". 9 May 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan+celebrates+day+of+victory+over+fascism&rft.date=2011-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.contact.az%2Ftopics_en.asp%3Fid%3D4902%26pb%3D2%26vr%3Den%26yr%3D2011%26mdn%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110904204708/http://www.azernews.az/en/Nation/20409-Victory_over_Nazis_%E2%80%98was_impossible_without_Baku_oil%E2%80%99">"Victory over Nazis 'was impossible without Baku oil'"</a>. "AzerNEWS". 8 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azernews.az/en/Nation/20409-Victory_over_Nazis_%E2%80%98was_impossible_without_Baku_oil%E2%80%99">the original</a> on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Victory+over+Nazis+%27was+impossible+without+Baku+oil%27&rft.date=2010-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azernews.az%2Fen%2FNation%2F20409-Victory_over_Nazis_%25E2%2580%2598was_impossible_without_Baku_oil%25E2%2580%2599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Croissant-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Croissant_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_P.1998" class="citation book cs1">Michael P., Croissant (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeP7OZZswtcC&pg=PP1">The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: causes and implications</a>. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. pp. 36, 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96241-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96241-8"><bdi>978-0-275-96241-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenia-Azerbaijan+Conflict%3A+causes+and+implications&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=36%2C+37&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96241-8&rft.aulast=Michael+P.&rft.aufirst=Croissant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZeP7OZZswtcC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/reports/1995/communal">"Human Rights Watch. "Playing the "Communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+Watch.+%22Playing+the+%22Communal+Card%22%3A+Communal+Violence+and+Human+Rights%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrw.org%2Freports%2F1995%2Fcommunal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meclis-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meclis_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meclis_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meclis.gov.az/?/az/content/70">"Milli Məclisin tarixi. Azərbaycan SSR Ali Soveti (1920–1991-ci illər)"</a> [The history of Milli Majlis. Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan SSR (1920–1991)]. 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Marshall Cavendish. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2011-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2011-8"><bdi>978-0-7614-2011-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-2011-8&rft.au=David+C.+King&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNCez3ZuV3NoC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peacemaker.un.org/armeniaazerbaijan-bishkekprotocol94">"Bishkek Protocol | UN Peacemaker"</a>. United Nations. 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Retrieved 9 May 2022. <q>The oldest poet of the Azeri literature known so far (and indubitably of Azeri, not of East Anatolian of Khorasani, origin) is ʿEmād-al-dīn Nasīmī (about 1369–1404, q.v.).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=AZERBAIJAN+viii.+Azeri+Turkish&rft.date=1988-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fazerbaijan-viii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-burrill-335">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burrill_335-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-burrill_335-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrill1972" class="citation book cs1">Burrill, Kathleen R.F. (1972). The Quatrains of Nesimi Fourteenth-Century Turkic Hurufi. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-2328-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-2328-8"><bdi>978-90-279-2328-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quatrains+of+Nesimi+Fourteenth-Century+Turkic+Hurufi&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co.+KG&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-90-279-2328-8&rft.aulast=Burrill&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+R.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Balan, Canan (1 July 2008). "Transience, absurdity, dreams and other illusions: Turkish shadow play". Early Popular Visual Culture. 6 (2): 177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17460650802150424">10.1080/17460650802150424</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1746-0654">1746-0654</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191493938">191493938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Popular+Visual+Culture&rft.atitle=Transience%2C+absurdity%2C+dreams+and+other+illusions%3A+Turkish+shadow+play&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191493938%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1746-0654&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17460650802150424&rft.aulast=Balan&rft.aufirst=Canan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nesimibritannica-337">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nesimibritannica_337-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nesimibritannica_337-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nesimibritannica_337-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055331/Seyid-Imadeddin-Nesimi">"Seyid Imadeddin Nesimi"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080118133336/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055331/Seyid-Imadeddin-Nesimi">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 1 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seyid+Imadeddin+Nesimi&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9055331%2FSeyid-Imadeddin-Nesimi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-babinger-338"><a href="#cite_ref-babinger_338-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabinger2008" class="citation web cs1">Babinger, Franz (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729045944/http://www.brillonline.nl/public/LOGIN?sessionid=9e48c95d2ac06a8aacef322fe2b5e652&authstatuscode=400">"Nesīmī, Seyyid ʿImād al-Dīn"</a>. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brillonline.nl/public/LOGIN?sessionid=9e48c95d2ac06a8aacef322fe2b5e652&authstatuscode=400">the original</a> on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.atitle=Nes%C4%ABm%C4%AB%2C+Seyyid+%CA%BFIm%C4%81d+al-D%C4%ABn&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Babinger&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brillonline.nl%2Fpublic%2FLOGIN%3Fsessionid%3D9e48c95d2ac06a8aacef322fe2b5e652%26authstatuscode%3D400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meeker-339"><a href="#cite_ref-Meeker_339-0">^</a> Michael E. Meeker, "The Dede Korkut Ethic", International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 24, No. 3 (Aug. 1992), 395–417. excerpt: The Book of Dede Korkut is an early record of oral Turkic folktales in Anatolia, and as such, one of the mythic charters of Turkish nationalist ideology. The oldest versions of the Book of Dede Korkut consist of two manuscripts copied in the 16th century. The twelve stories that are recorded in these manuscripts are believed to be derived from a cycle of stories and songs circulating among Turkic peoples living in northeastern Anatolia and northwestern Azerbaijan. According to Lewis (1974), an older substratum of these oral traditions dates to conflicts between the ancient Oghuz and their Turkish rivals in Central Asia (the Pecheneks and the Kipchaks), but this substratum has been clothed in references to the 14th-century campaigns of the Akkoyunlu Confederation of Turkic tribes against the Georgians, the Abkhaz, and the Greeks in Trebizond. Such stories and songs would have emerged no earlier than the beginning of the 13th century, and the written versions that have reached us would have been composed no later than the beginning of the 15th century. By this time, the Turkic peoples in question had been in touch with Islamic civilization for several centuries, had come to call themselves "Turcoman" rather than "Oghuz," had close associations with sedentary and urbanized societies, and were participating in Islamized regimes that included nomads, farmers, and townsmen. Some had abandoned their nomadic way of life altogether. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kafadar-340"><a href="#cite_ref-Kafadar_340-0">^</a> Cemal Kafadar(1995), "in Between Two Worlds: Construction of the Ottoman states", University of California Press, 1995. Excerpt: "It was not earlier than the fifteenth century. Based on the fact that the author is buttering up both the Akkoyunlu and Ottoman rulers, it has been suggested that the composition belongs to someone living in the undefined border region lands between the two states during the reign of Uzun Hassan (1466–78). G. Lewis, on the other hand, dates the composition "fairly early in the 15th century at least." </li> <li id="cite_note-IranicaOguzKhan-341">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IranicaOguzKhan_341-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IranicaOguzKhan_341-1">b</a> İlker Evrım Bınbaş, Encyclopædia Iranica, "Oguz Khan Narratives" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/oguz-khan-narratives">Encyclopædia Iranica | Articles</a>. Retrieved October 2010. "The Ketāb-e Dede Qorqut, which is a collection of twelve stories reflecting the oral traditions of the Turkmens in the 15th-century eastern Anatolia, is also called Oḡuz-nāma" </li> <li id="cite_note-minorsky1-342"><a href="#cite_ref-minorsky1_342-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinorsky1942" class="citation journal cs1">Minorsky, Vladimir (1942). "The Poetry of Shah Ismail". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 10 (4): 1053. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00090182">10.1017/S0041977X00090182</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159929872">159929872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=The+Poetry+of+Shah+Ismail&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1053&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00090182&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159929872%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Minorsky&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mino-343"><a href="#cite_ref-Mino_343-0">^</a> V. Minorsky, "The Poetry of Shah Ismail I," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 10/4 (1942): 1006–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-samuel-344"><a href="#cite_ref-samuel_344-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelGregorStutchbury1994" class="citation book cs1">Samuel, Geoffrey; Gregor, Hamish; Stutchbury, Elisabeth (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n74KAAAAYAAJ">Tantra and Popular Religion in Tibet</a>. International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85689-68-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85689-68-5"><bdi>978-81-85689-68-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tantra+and+Popular+Religion+in+Tibet&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=International+Academy+of+Indian+Culture+and+Aditya+Prakashan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-85689-68-5&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=Gregor%2C+Hamish&rft.au=Stutchbury%2C+Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn74KAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFricheLunacharsky1929–1939" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Фриче Владимир Максимович">Friche, Vladimir</a> [in Russian]; <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lunacharsky" title="Anatoly Lunacharsky">Lunacharsky, Anatoly</a> (1929–1939). Литературная энциклопедия. — В 11 т.; М.: издательство Коммунистической академии, Советская энциклопедия, Художественная литература (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F.+%E2%80%94+%D0%92+11+%D1%82.%3B+%D0%9C.%3A+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.date=1929%2F1939&rft.aulast=Friche&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft.au=Lunacharsky%2C+Anatoly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125170255/http://www.ntrc.gov.az/az/content/left/2.html">"Ümumrespublika Televiziya Kanalları"</a>. ntrc.gov.az (in Azerbaijani). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntrc.gov.az/az/content/left/2.html">the original</a> on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ntrc.gov.az&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cmumrespublika+Televiziya+Kanallar%C4%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntrc.gov.az%2Faz%2Fcontent%2Fleft%2F2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mishon-347">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mishon_347-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mishon_347-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/53_folder/53_articles/53_100years.html">"Cinema in Azerbaijan: Pre-Soviet Era"</a>. Azerbaijan International. Autumn 1997. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cinema+in+Azerbaijan%3A+Pre-Soviet+Era&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fazer.com%2Faiweb%2Fcategories%2Fmagazine%2F53_folder%2F53_articles%2F53_100years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cinemainazerbaijan-348"><a href="#cite_ref-cinemainazerbaijan_348-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/53_folder/53_articles/53_100years.html">Celebrating 100 Years in Film, not 80</a> by Aydin Kazimzade. Azerbaijan International, Autumn 1997 </li> <li id="cite_note-ocaz-349">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ocaz_349-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ocaz_349-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocaz.eu/cinema-theatre.html">"Azerbaijani cinema in 1920–1935: Silent films"</a>. OCAZ.eu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Azerbaijani+cinema+in+1920%E2%80%931935%3A+Silent+films&rft.pub=OCAZ.eu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocaz.eu%2Fcinema-theatre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhmedov" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Akhmedov, IA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azeri.ru/az/cuisine/azerbaydjanskaya_kuhnya"><bdi lang="ru">Азербайджанская кухня</bdi></a> (in Russian). Издательство "Ишыг".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%22%D0%98%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B3%22&rft.aulast=Akhmedov&rft.aufirst=IA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azeri.ru%2Faz%2Fcuisine%2Fazerbaydjanskaya_kuhnya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aze-351"><a href="#cite_ref-aze_351-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130105070850/http://www.aze.info/azerbaijan_traditions/chaihana_baku/">"Chaihana: culture in action"</a>. Aze.info. 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Retrieved 27 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=baku2015.com&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan+is+a+country+known+for+its+love+of+sport+and+sportsmanship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baku2015.com%2Fen%2Fazerbaijan%2Fsport.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/dec/10/baku-2015-heralds-new-era-european-sports-movement/">"Baku 2015 heralds new era in European sports movement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>. 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Retrieved 22 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Euro+2020+not+at+risk+from+UEFA+block+on+Azerbaijan+hosting&rft.date=2020-10-20&rft.aulast=Dunbar&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fvirus-outbreak-turkey-international-soccer-brussels-baku-929f9f53d4ad8892cf35dcbbc9f359b4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzerbaijan" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Altstadt, Audrey. Frustrated Democracy in Post-Soviet Azerbaijan (2018)</li> <li>Broers, Broers Laurence. Armenia and Azerbaijan: Anatomy of a rivalry (Edinburgh University Press, 2019).</li> <li>Cornell, Svante E. Azerbaijan since independence (Routledge, 2015).</li> <li>Dragadze, Tamara. "Islam in Azerbaijan: The Position of Women" in Muslim Women's Choices (Routledge, 2020) pp. 152–163.</li> <li>Elliott, Mark. Azerbaijan with Georgia (Trailblazers Publications, 1999).</li> <li>Ergun, Ayça. "Citizenship, National Identity, and Nation-Building in Azerbaijan: Between the Legacy of the Past and the Spirit of Independence." Nationalities Papers (2021): 1–18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/B42D38E5F6DA18CDD6FF2A030A851B0D/S0090599220000811a.pdf/citizenship_national_identity_and_nationbuilding_in_azerbaijan_between_the_legacy_of_the_past_and_the_spirit_of_independence.pdf">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Goltz" title="Thomas Goltz">Goltz, Thomas</a>. Azerbaijan Diary : A Rogue Reporter's Adventures in an Oil-Rich, War-Torn, Post-Soviet Republic. M E Sharpe (1998). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0244-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0244-2">978-0-7656-0244-2</a></li> <li>Habibov, Nazim, Betty Jo Barrett, and Elena Chernyak. "Understanding women's empowerment and its determinants in post-communist countries: Results of Azerbaijan national survey." Women's Studies International Forum. Vol. 62. Pergamon, 2017.</li> <li>Olukbasi, Suha. Azerbaijan: A Political History. I.B. Tauris (2011). Focus on post-Soviet era.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Azerbaijan" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Azerbaijan">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" class="extiw" title="q:Azerbaijan">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Azerbaijan" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Azerbaijan">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Azerbaijan" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Azerbaijan">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Azerbaijan" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Azerbaijan">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" class="extiw" title="voy:Azerbaijan">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_information">General information</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://AZER.com">Azerbaijan International</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azerbaijan.az">Heydar Aliyev Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/">Azerbaijan</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820164509/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/azerbaijan.htm">Azerbaijan</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado at Boulder">University of Colorado at Boulder</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17043424">Country profile</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifs.du.edu/IFs/frm_CountryProfile/AZ">Key Development Forecasts for Azerbaijan</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visions.az/en/">Visions of Azerbaijan Journal</a> of The European Azerbaijan Society</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/364110">Azerbaijan</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Azerbaijan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_government_resources">Major government resources</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.president.az/?locale=en">President of Azerbaijan website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.gov.az/?lang=en">Azerbaijan State Statistical Committee</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://azerbaijan.un.org/en">United Nations Office in Azerbaijan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_news_media">Major news media</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.net.az/">Network NEWS Azerbaijan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114233541/http://news.net.az/">Archived</a> 14 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://today.az/">Azerbaijan Today</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.trend.az/">Trend News Agency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.az/">News.Az</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism_2">Tourism</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090816203105/http://azerbaijan.tourism.az/?%2Fen%2F">Azerbaijan Tourism Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Azerbaijan" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Azerbaijan">Wikimedia Atlas of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925183154/http://www.visions.az/en/travel_tourism/page/1/">Travel in Azerbaijan</a> in Visions of Azerbaijan Journal</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Azerbaijan&params=40.3_N_47.7_E_dim:300000_region:AZ">40°18′N 47°42′E / 40.3°N 47.7°E / 40.3; 47.7</a> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Azerbaijan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Azerbaijan_topics" title="Template:Azerbaijan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Azerbaijan_topics" title="Template talk:Azerbaijan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Azerbaijan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Azerbaijan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Azerbaijan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Azerbaijan-related_articles" title="Index of Azerbaijan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stone Age in Azerbaijan">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_Iron_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Bronze and Iron Age in Azerbaijan">Bronze and Iron age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_culture" title="Nakhchivan culture">Nakhchivan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly%E2%80%93Gadabay_culture" title="Khojaly–Gadabay culture">Khojaly–Gadabay culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughan culture">Mughan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar-Burial_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Jar-Burial Culture">Jar-Burial Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla-Tepe_culture" title="Leyla-Tepe culture">Leyla-Tepe culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arran_(Caucasus)" title="Arran (Caucasus)">Arran (Caucasus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddadids" title="Shaddadids">Shaddadids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshahs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%9313)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–13)">Russo-Persian War (1804–13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Tatar_massacres_of_1905%E2%80%931907" title="Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–1907">Armenian–Tatar massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Days" title="March Days">March Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan#Independent_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Independent Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_name_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the name Azerbaijan">History of the name Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Land_of_Fire" title="The Land of Fire">The Land of Fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Azerbaijan" title="Coat of arms of Azerbaijan"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="444" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geography of Azerbaijan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodies_of_water_of_Azerbaijan" title="Bodies of water of Azerbaijan">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Azerbaijan" title="Climate of Azerbaijan">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Azerbaijan" title="Climate change in Azerbaijan">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of earthquakes in Azerbaijan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Azerbaijan" title="Environment of Azerbaijan">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Azerbaijan" title="Environmental issues in Azerbaijan">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Azerbaijan" title="Extreme points of Azerbaijan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Azerbaijan" title="Fauna of Azerbaijan">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Azerbaijan" title="Flora of Azerbaijan">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geology of Azerbaijan">Geology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caves_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Caves of Azerbaijan">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Azerbaijan" title="Mountains of Azerbaijan">Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of lakes of Azerbaijan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Azerbaijan" title="National parks of Azerbaijan">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Orography of Azerbaijan">Orography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of protected areas of Azerbaijan">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_reserves_of_Azerbaijan" title="State reserves of Azerbaijan">State reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Azerbaijan" title="Wildlife of Azerbaijan">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Azerbaijan" title="Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Azerbaijan" title="Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Azerbaijan" title="Borders of Azerbaijan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of cities in Azerbaijan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Azerbaijan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cabinet of Azerbaijan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitution of Azerbaijan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Azerbaijan" title="Elections in Azerbaijan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Azerbaijan" title="Foreign relations of Azerbaijan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Human rights in Azerbaijan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Azerbaijan">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Children's rights in Azerbaijan">Children's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Azerbaijan" title="Law enforcement in Azerbaijan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Armed_Forces" title="Azerbaijani Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Azerbaijan)" title="National Assembly (Azerbaijan)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of political parties in Azerbaijan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan" title="Prime Minister of Azerbaijan">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_policy_of_Azerbaijan" title="Migration policy of Azerbaijan">Migration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Azerbaijan" title="Economy of Azerbaijan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Azerbaijan" title="Agriculture in Azerbaijan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Azerbaijan" title="Central Bank of Azerbaijan">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of companies of Azerbaijan">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Energy in Azerbaijan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_manat" title="Azerbaijani manat">Manat (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Metallurgy in Azerbaijan">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Azerbaijan" title="Mineral industry of Azerbaijan">Mineral industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Azerbaijan" title="Natural resources of Azerbaijan">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Azerbaijan" title="Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Tourism in Azerbaijan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Transport in Azerbaijan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijani_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Azerbaijani animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Architecture of Azerbaijan">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_art" title="Azerbaijani art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_wine" title="Azerbaijani wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_dances" title="Azerbaijani dances">Dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing" title="Azerbaijani traditional clothing">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_folklore" title="Azerbaijani folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Azerbaijan" title="Public holidays in Azerbaijan">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_national_identity" title="Azerbaijani national identity">National identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature" title="Azerbaijani literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Azerbaijan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_mythology" title="Azerbaijani mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novruz_in_Azerbaijan" title="Novruz in Azerbaijan">Novruz (New Year)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Azerbaijan" title="Public holidays in Azerbaijan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani rug">Rug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Sport in Azerbaijan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_tea_culture" title="Azerbaijani tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Azerbaijan">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_tradition_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding tradition in Azerbaijan">Wedding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Demographics of Azerbaijan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Azerbaijan" title="Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality_in_Azerbaijan" title="Gender equality in Azerbaijan">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_Azerbaijan" title="Medicine in Azerbaijan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Azerbaijan" title="Healthcare in Azerbaijan">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Azerbaijan">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijanis" title="List of Azerbaijanis">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Azerbaijan" title="Women in Azerbaijan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Azerbaijan" title="National symbols of Azerbaijan">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Azerbaijan" title="Flag of Azerbaijan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az%C9%99rbaycan_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Azərbaycan marşı">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Azerbaijan" title="National emblem of Azerbaijan">National emblem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Azerbaijan" title="Outline of Azerbaijan">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Azerbaijan-related_articles" title="Index of Azerbaijan-related articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Caucasus#Azerbaijan" title="Bibliography of the history of the Caucasus">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Azerbaijan" title="Category:Azerbaijan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Azerbaijan" title="Portal:Azerbaijan">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Azerbaijan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Azerbaijan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Azerbaijan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Europe" title="Template talk:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (only <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Armenia" title="Prehistoric Armenia">Prehistoric Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty#History" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty#History" title="Artaxiad dynasty">Artaxiad dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia#History" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia#History" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia"> Arsacid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia#History" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Armenia" title="Medieval Armenia">Medieval Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia#History" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1453–1829" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1453-1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)#History" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">1502-1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1829–1878" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1829-1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#National_awakening:_1880s" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1880-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia#History" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stone Age in Azerbaijan">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_Iron_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Bronze and Iron Age in Azerbaijan">Bronze and Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle Ages in Azerbaijan">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan">Stalinist repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Russification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_history_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Belarusian history in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_in_Belarus" title="Soviet repressions in Belarus">Soviet repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Byelorussia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom#History" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria#History" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Bulgaria" title="Golden Age of Bulgaria">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_(1878%E2%80%931946)" title="History of Bulgaria (1878–1946)">1878-1946</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_since_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bulgaria since 1989">1989-present</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caucasus" title="History of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">Czech Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia#History" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia#History" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_lands_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Czech lands in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia#History" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1526%E2%80%931648)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)">1526-1648</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1648%E2%80%931867)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)">1648-1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1867%E2%80%931918)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)">1867-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">History of Czechoslovakia</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">1918-1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia#History" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech resistance against German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic#History" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">1945-1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">1989-1992</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Estonia" title="Ancient Estonia">Ancient Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1219%E2%80%931346)#Danish_conquest" title="Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)">Danish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana#History" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_under_Swedish_rule" title="Estonia under Swedish rule">Swedish rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estophilia#Estophile_Enlightenment_Period_(1750–1840)" title="Estophilia">Estophile Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">National awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War I">German occupation in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)">1920-1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Estonia" title="Soviet deportations from Estonia">Soviet deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_under_Soviet_rule_(1944%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)">Soviet rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia in World War II</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War II">German occupation of Estonia during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_(CIS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Template:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Template talk:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_(CIS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Belovezh Agreement establishing the CIS</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata_Protocol" title="Alma-Ata Protocol">Alma-Ata Protocol establishing the CIS</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Participants</a>" (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">1991 agreements parties and "participants"</a> (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_relations" title="Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additionally the 1993 <a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> parties and "members" (9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Self-proclaimed "associate member" as defined in the <a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991 agreements parties that do not participate in the summits (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former "participant" that renounced 1991 agreements and 1993 Charter (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (1993–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Olympics" title="Unified Team at the Olympics">Unified Team at the Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Paralympics" title="Unified Team at the Paralympics">Unified Team at the Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_national_bandy_team" title="Commonwealth of Independent States national bandy team">CIS national bandy team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_national_football_team" title="CIS national football team">CIS national football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS men's national ice hockey team">CIS national ice hockey team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_(rugby)" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS (rugby)">CIS national rugby union team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Cup" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Cup">CIS Cup (football)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty (1992-1999/2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Armed_Forces_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States">United Armed Forces (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_CIS_Air_Defense_System" title="Joint CIS Air Defense System">Joint CIS Air Defense System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Defense_of_the_CIS" title="Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS">Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Economic_Space_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Common Economic Space of the Commonwealth of Independent States">Common Economic Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Court_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Economic Court of the Commonwealth of Independent States">Economic Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_the_Establishment_of_a_Free_Trade_Area" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area">1994 FTA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Treaty_on_Free_Trade_Area" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Treaty on Free Trade Area">2011 FTA Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_Free_Trade_in_Services,_Establishment,_Operations_and_Investment" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on Free Trade in Services, Establishment, Operations and Investment">2023 Free Trade in Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Aviation_Committee" title="Interstate Aviation Committee">Interstate Aviation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST" title="GOST">GOST (Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside the CIS framework</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Georgia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Convention" title="Eurasian Patent Convention">Eurasian Patent Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Organization" title="Eurasian Patent Organization">Eurasian Patent Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Assistance_to_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States">EU Technical Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Treaty" title="New Union Treaty">New Union Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Rapid_Reaction_Force" title="Collective Rapid Reaction Force">Collective Rapid Reaction Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Category:Commonwealth of Independent States">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation_(BSEC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation_(BSEC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:6.5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:12.75em;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_Armenia_to_BSEC" title="Permanent Mission of Armenia to BSEC">Armenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, 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width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:12.75em;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:12.75em;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economic_Cooperation_Organization_(ECO)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Template:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Template talk:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economic_Cooperation_Organization_(ECO)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a> (ECO)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_Trade_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Organization Trade Agreement">ECOTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_Secretariat" title="Economic Cooperation Organization Secretariat">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization#List_of_General_Secretaries" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Secretaries-General</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Izmir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Izmir (page does not exist)">Treaty of Izmir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamabad_Declaration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamabad Declaration (page does not exist)">Islamabad Declaration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emblem_of_the_Economic_Cooperation_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emblem of the Economic Cooperation Organization (page does not exist)">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_the_Economic_Cooperation_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of the Economic Cooperation Organization (page does not exist)">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_ECO_Summit" title="1st ECO Summit">Tehran 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_ECO_Summit" title="2nd ECO Summit">Istanbul 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_ECO_Summit" title="3rd ECO Summit">Islamabad 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_ECO_Summit" title="4th ECO Summit">Ashgabat 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Almaty 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Tehran 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Istanbul 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Dushanbe 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Baku 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Tehran 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Istanbul 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_ECO_Summit" title="12th ECO Summit">Baku 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_ECO_Summit" title="13th ECO Summit">Islamabad 2017</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> (as Turkish Cypriot State)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_(OSCE)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OSCE" title="Template:OSCE"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OSCE" title="Template talk:OSCE"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OSCE" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OSCE"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_(OSCE)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partners for Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies and posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Conciliation_and_Arbitration" title="Court of Conciliation and Arbitration">Court of Conciliation and Arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Democratic_Institutions_and_Human_Rights" title="Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights">Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_on_National_Minorities" title="High Commissioner on National Minorities">Commissioner on National Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Representative_on_Freedom_of_the_Media" title="OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media">Representative on Freedom of the Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_Point_for_Roma_and_Sinti_Issues" title="Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues">Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Minsk_Group" title="OSCE Minsk Group">OSCE Minsk Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93OSCE_relations" title="Armenia–OSCE relations">Armenia–OSCE relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93OSCE_relations" title="Azerbaijan–OSCE relations">Azerbaijan–OSCE relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Italy_to_OSCE" title="List of ambassadors of Italy to OSCE">List of ambassadors of Italy to OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomats_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_OSCE" title="List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the OSCE">List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mission_to_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" title="United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active field missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Presence_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Presence in Albania (page does not exist)">Presence in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="OSCE Mission in Kosovo">Mission in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Montenegro (page does not exist)">Mission to Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Moldova (page does not exist)">Mission to Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Serbia (page does not exist)">Mission to Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Skopje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Skopje (page does not exist)">Mission to Skopje</a></li> <li>Centre in Ashgabat</li> <li>Programme Office in Astana</li> <li>Programme Office in Bishkek</li> <li>Programme Office in Dushanbe</li> <li>Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan</li> <li>Personal Representative of the Chairperson-in-Office on the Conflict Dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former field missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Needs_Assessment_Team_in_Armenia" title="OSCE Needs Assessment Team in Armenia">Needs Assessment Team in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Mission_to_Croatia" title="OSCE Mission to Croatia">Mission to Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Verification_Mission" title="Kosovo Verification Mission">Kosovo Verification Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Initiative" title="Community Security Initiative">Community Security Initiative in Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine" title="OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine">Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="Template:GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="Template talk:GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture_(TÜRKSOY)" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TURKSOY" title="Template:TURKSOY"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TURKSOY" title="Template talk:TURKSOY"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TURKSOY" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TURKSOY"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture_(TÜRKSOY)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture</a> (TÜRKSOY)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/T%C3%9CRKSOY.png/100px-T%C3%9CRKSOY.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/T%C3%9CRKSOY.png/150px-T%C3%9CRKSOY.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/T%C3%9CRKSOY.png/200px-T%C3%9CRKSOY.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Găgăuzia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Sakha.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sakha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Sakha.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sakha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Sakha.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sakha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /> <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korkut_Ata_Film_Festival_of_the_Turkic_World" title="Korkut Ata Film Festival of the Turkic World">Korkut Ata Film Festival of the Turkic World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Arts_Capital_of_the_Turkic_World" title="Culture and Arts Capital of the Turkic World">Culture and Arts Capital of the Turkic World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Organization_of_Turkic_States" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Template:Organization of Turkic States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Template talk:Organization of Turkic States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organization of Turkic States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Organization_of_Turkic_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /> <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkic_Speaking_States_summits" title="List of Turkic Speaking States summits">Turkic Speaking States summits</a> (1992-2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkic_Council_summits" title="List of Turkic Council summits">Turkic Council summits</a> (2011-2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Organization_of_Turkic_States_summit" title="2022 Organization of Turkic States summit">2022 (Samarkand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Organization_of_Turkic_States_summit" title="2023 Organization of Turkic States summit">2023 (Astana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Flag of the Organization of Turkic States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Speaking_Countries_Cooperation_Day" title="Turkic Speaking Countries Cooperation Day">Turkic Speaking Countries Cooperation Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Award</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_Turkic_World" title="Supreme Order of Turkic World">Supreme Order of Turkic World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Template:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Template talk:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="History of Nagorno-Karabakh">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Azerbaijanis_from_Armenia" title="Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia">Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_movement" title="Karabakh movement">Karabakh movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miatsum" title="Miatsum">Miatsum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Azerbaijan" title="Armenians in Azerbaijan">Armenians in Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Baku" title="Armenians in Baku">Armenians in Baku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Azerbaijanis in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan">Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_relations" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan relations">Armenia–Azerbaijan relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First war</a> (1988–1994)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ardaql%C4%B1,_Shamkir#Deportation_of_the_Armenian_population" title="Çardaqlı, Shamkir">Çardaqlı clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askeran_clash" title="Askeran clash">Askeran clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumgait_pogrom" title="Sumgait pogrom">Sumgait pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugark_pogrom" title="Gugark pogrom">Gugark pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvartnots_Airport_clash" title="Zvartnots Airport clash">Zvartnots Airport clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_violence_in_Shusha_and_Stepanakert" title="1988 violence in Shusha and Stepanakert">Shusha and Stepanakert pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirovabad_pogrom" title="Kirovabad pogrom">Kirovabad pogrom</a></li> <li>Il-76 crash near Leninakan (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku_pogrom" title="Baku pogrom">Baku pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%9Fanis_Ayrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bağanis Ayrum">Bağanis Ayrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Tbilisi%E2%80%93Agdam_bus_bombing" title="1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing">1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ring" title="Operation Ring">Operation Ring</a></li> <li>Voskepar massacre</li> <li>Battle of Togh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Azerbaijani_Mil_Mi-8_shootdown" title="1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown">1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_on_Abolishment_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast">Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stepanakert" title="Siege of Stepanakert">Siege of Stepanakert</a></li> <li>Operation Dashalty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Azerbaijani_Mil_Mi-8_shootdown" title="1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown">1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gushchular_and_Malibeyli" title="Capture of Gushchular and Malibeyli">Capture of Gushchular and Malibeyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Garadaghly" title="Capture of Garadaghly">Capture of Garadaghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly_massacre" title="Khojaly massacre">Khojaly massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraga_massacre" title="Maraga massacre">Maraga massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shusha_(1992)" title="Battle of Shusha (1992)">Capture of Shusha</a></li> <li>Capture of Artsvashen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Goranboy" title="Operation Goranboy">Operation Goranboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardakert_and_Martuni_Offensives" title="Mardakert and Martuni Offensives">Mardakert and Martuni Offensives</a></li> <li>Operation Həsənqaya</li> <li>Battle of Lachin</li> <li>Operation Qazançı</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état">1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalbajar" title="Battle of Kalbajar">Battle of Kalbajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aghdam" title="Battle of Aghdam">Battle of Aghdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Summer_Offensives" title="1993 Summer Offensives">1993 Summer Offensives</a></li> <li>Operation Geghamasar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Horadiz" title="Operation Horadiz">Operation Horadiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kalbajar" title="Operation Kalbajar">Operation Kalbajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Baku_Metro_bombings" title="1994 Baku Metro bombings">1994 Baku Metro bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Iranian_Air_Force_C-130_shootdown" title="1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown">1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bagratashen_bombing" title="1994 Bagratashen bombing">1994 Bagratashen bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_Azerbaijan" title="Refugees in Azerbaijan">Refugees in Azerbaijan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interwar clashes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Mardakert_clashes" title="2008 Mardakert clashes">2008 Mardakert clashes</a></li> <li>January 2009 Agdam military incident</li> <li>September 2009 Agdam military incident</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nagorno-Karabakh_clashes" title="2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes">2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Mardakert_clashes" title="2010 Mardakert clashes">2010 Mardakert clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_border_clashes" title="2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes">2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" title="2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Armenian_Mil_Mi-24_shootdown" title="2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown">2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown</a></li> <li>2016 Odundağ clashes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></li> <li>2017 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_shelling_of_Alxanl%C4%B1" title="2017 shelling of Alxanlı">Shelling of Alxanlı</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" title="2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes</a></li> <li>2019 clash near Chinari</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2020_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" title="July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incidents_during_the_July_2020_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" title="Incidents during the July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">Incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2020 Azerbaijani protests">Protests in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_July_2020_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">Reactions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second war</a> (2020)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Timeline of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Casualties of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="International reactions to the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_third-party_involvement_in_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Allegations of third-party involvement in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Allegations of third-party involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagiz_offensive" title="Madagiz offensive">Madagiz offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aras_Valley_campaign" title="Aras Valley campaign">Aras Valley campaign</a></li> <li>Bombardments (<a href="/wiki/2020_Barda_missile_attacks" title="2020 Barda missile attacks">Barda</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_Ganja_missile_attacks" title="2020 Ganja missile attacks">Ganja</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_Ghazanchetsots_Cathedral_shelling" title="2020 Ghazanchetsots Cathedral shelling">Ghazanchetsots Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_bombardment_of_Martuni" title="2020 bombardment of Martuni">Martuni</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_bombardment_of_Stepanakert" title="2020 bombardment of Stepanakert">Stepanakert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tartar" title="Bombardment of Tartar">Tartar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hadrut" title="Battle of Hadrut">Battle of Hadrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachin_offensive" title="Lachin offensive">Lachin offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shusha_(2020)" title="Battle of Shusha (2020)">Battle of Shusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Russian_Mil_Mi-24_shootdown" title="2020 Russian Mil Mi-24 shootdown">Russian Mil Mi-24 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="War crimes in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">War crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_prisoners_of_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Armenian prisoners of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Treatment of Armenian POWs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-ceasefire events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%27s_construction_in_areas_gained_in_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Azerbaijan's construction in areas gained in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Azerbaijan's construction in gained areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Armenian_protests" title="2020–2021 Armenian protests">2020–2021 Armenian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping_operations_in_Nagorno-Karabakh#2020" title="Peacekeeping operations in Nagorno-Karabakh">Chaylaggala and Hin Tagher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_border_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis">Border crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_2022_Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_clashes" title="September 2022 Armenia–Azerbaijan clashes">September 2022 escalation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susuzluq_explosion" title="Susuzluq explosion">Susuzluq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping_operations_in_Nagorno-Karabakh#2021" title="Peacekeeping operations in Nagorno-Karabakh">Shusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farukh#History" title="Farukh">Farukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Armenian_protests" title="2022 Armenian protests">2022 Armenian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh">Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh">2023 Azerbaijani offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Armenian_protests" title="2023 Armenian protests">Protests in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_Armenians" title="Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians">Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkadzor_fuel_depot_explosion" title="Berkadzor fuel depot explosion">Berkadzor fuel depot explosion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Administrative divisions of the Republic of Artsakh">Administrative divisions of the Republic of Artsakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepanakert" title="Stepanakert">Stepanakert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askeran_Province" title="Askeran Province">Askeran Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrut_Province" title="Hadrut Province">Hadrut Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashatagh_Province" title="Kashatagh Province">Kashatagh Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martakert_Province" title="Martakert Province">Martakert Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martuni_Province" title="Martuni Province">Martuni Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahumyan_Province" title="Shahumyan Province">Shahumyan Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushi_Province" title="Shushi Province">Shushi Province</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian-occupied_territories_surrounding_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh">Armenian-occupied territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghdam_District" title="Aghdam District">Aghdam District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzuli_District" title="Fuzuli District">Fuzuli District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabrayil_District" title="Jabrayil District">Jabrayil District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalbajar_District" title="Kalbajar District">Kalbajar District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachin_District" title="Lachin District">Lachin District</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lachin_corridor" title="Lachin corridor">Lachin corridor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubadli_District" title="Qubadli District">Qubadli District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangilan_District" title="Zangilan District">Zangilan District</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrosyan" title="Levon Ter-Petrosyan">Levon Ter-Petrosyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan" title="Robert Kocharyan">Robert Kocharyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan" title="Serzh Sargsyan">Serzh Sargsyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan" title="Nikol Pashinyan">Nikol Pashinyan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/15px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/30px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Mkrtchyan" title="Artur Mkrtchyan">Artur Mkrtchyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan" title="Robert Kocharyan">Robert Kocharyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Petrosyan" title="Leonard Petrosyan">Leonard Petrosyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkadi_Ghukasyan" title="Arkadi Ghukasyan">Arkadi Ghukasyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bako_Sahakyan" title="Bako Sahakyan">Bako Sahakyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arayik_Harutyunyan" title="Arayik Harutyunyan">Arayik Harutyunyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvel_Shahramanyan" title="Samvel Shahramanyan">Samvel Shahramanyan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz_Mutallibov" title="Ayaz Mutallibov">Ayaz Mutallibov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Community_of_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh">Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayram_Safarov" title="Bayram Safarov">Bayram Safarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizami_Bahmanov" title="Nizami Bahmanov">Nizami Bahmanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tural_Ganjaliyev" title="Tural Ganjaliyev">Tural Ganjaliyev</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vazgen_Sargsyan" title="Vazgen Sargsyan">Vazgen Sargsyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurgen_Dalibaltayan" title="Gurgen Dalibaltayan">Gurgen Dalibaltayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norat_Ter-Grigoryants" title="Norat Ter-Grigoryants">Norat Ter-Grigoryants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirair_Sefilian" title="Jirair Sefilian">Jirair Sefilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiran_Khachatryan" title="Tiran Khachatryan">Tiran Khachatryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyran_Ohanyan" title="Seyran Ohanyan">Seyran Ohanyan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/15px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/30px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samvel_Babayan" title="Samvel Babayan">Samvel Babayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristapor_Ivanyan" title="Kristapor Ivanyan">Kristapor Ivanyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkady_Ter-Tadevosyan" title="Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan">Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Melkonian" title="Monte Melkonian">Monte Melkonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Harutyunyan" title="Jalal Harutyunyan">Jalal Harutyunyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Arzumanyan" title="Mikael Arzumanyan">Mikael Arzumanyan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isgandar_Hamidov" title="Isgandar Hamidov">Isgandar Hamidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahim_Gaziyev" title="Rahim Gaziyev">Rahim Gaziyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Huseynov" title="Surat Huseynov">Surat Huseynov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeh_Barshadly" title="Valeh Barshadly">Valeh Barshadly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mais_Barkhudarov" title="Mais Barkhudarov">Mais Barkhudarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmat_Mirzayev" title="Hikmat Mirzayev">Hikmat Mirzayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmat_Hasanov" title="Hikmat Hasanov">Hikmat Hasanov</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Polyanichko" title="Viktor Polyanichko">Viktor Polyanichko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grachev" title="Pavel Grachev">Pavel Grachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustam_Muradov" title="Rustam Muradov">Rustam Muradov</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shamil_Basayev" title="Shamil Basayev">Shamil Basayev</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_rules" title="Baker rules">Baker rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishkek_Protocol" title="Bishkek Protocol">Bishkek Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Tehran Communiqué">Tehran Communiqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheleznovodsk_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Zheleznovodsk Communiqué">Zheleznovodsk Communiqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Minsk_Group" title="OSCE Minsk Group">OSCE Minsk Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Process_(Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_negotiations)" title="Prague Process (Armenian–Azerbaijani negotiations)">Prague Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Principles" title="Madrid Principles">Madrid Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement">2020 ceasefire agreement</a></li> <li>2020–2024 monitoring and peacekeeping <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping_operations_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Peacekeeping operations in Nagorno-Karabakh">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Needs_Assessment_Team_in_Armenia" title="OSCE Needs Assessment Team in Armenia">OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Monitoring_Capacity_to_Armenia" title="European Union Monitoring Capacity to Armenia">EUMCAP Oct–Dec 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Planning_Assistance_Team_in_Armenia" title="EU Planning Assistance Team in Armenia">EUPAT Dec 2022–Jan 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Mission_in_Armenia" title="European Union Mission in Armenia">EUMA Feb 2023–present</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement" title="2023 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement">2023 ceasefire agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Declaration" title="Astrakhan Declaration">Astrakhan Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Declaration" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration">Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Lisbon_Summit_Declaration" title="NATO Lisbon Summit Declaration">NATO Lisbon Summit Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Resolution 10/37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Parliamentary_Assembly_Resolution_1416_(2005)" title="Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution 1416 (2005)">PACE Resolution 1416</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Parliamentary_Assembly_Resolution_2085_(2016)" title="Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution 2085 (2016)">PACE Resolution 2085</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_48/114" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 48/114">UNGA Resolution 48/114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_60/285" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 60/285">UNGA Resolution 60/285</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_62/243" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 62/243">UNGA Resolution 62/243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_on_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">UNSC resolutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_822" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 822">822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_853" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 853">853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_874" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 874">874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_884" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 884">884</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_SCO_summit" title="2012 SCO summit">Beijing 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_SCO_summit" title="2014 SCO summit">Dushanbe 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_SCO_summit" title="2017 SCO summit">Astana 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_SCO_summit" title="2022 SCO summit">Samarkand 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit" title="2024 SCO summit">Astana 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit_(heads_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 SCO summit (heads of government)">Islamabad 2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applicants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Evils" title="Three Evils">Three Evils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium" title="SCO Interbank Consortium">SCO Interbank Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q227#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q227#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q227#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123091396">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/139695406">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1260665/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqQyVrd8rRY6vRp7MWbh3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4068887-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92000010">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb116644955">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb116644955">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577523">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131639&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX456191">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567638005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/b211ad01-2f7d-32e9-80ed-cfd6c9eb6845">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/fd46c423-2318-492b-9afc-7d15e683cd98">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/yY776N6v">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027438120">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/044994">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045248">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=42755">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/azerbaycan">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&oldid=1258478938">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&oldid=1258478938</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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