CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135dadf5e95a8db',cH: 'rfUFzi70eSpJR8II15SalqhoLDUZ1cPrxSrD2qrgrlQ-1739796121-1.2.1.1-gUg8.UyRbjnityNI_4.gAmj5gCzvPXkcu.HDH8GGT7YSH8ARIv9G70wRnSUTtXIq',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=small-scale&__cf_chl_tk=UpaVKlWs6cBOoAxmSfg6YWDsYCiH61GxnXeU6hApEok-1739796121-1.0.1.1-tEmYabch81patGdF4AIQT1GK14ALh2CD6wBH0fYoC_w",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739796121',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=small-scale&__cf_chl_f_tk=UpaVKlWs6cBOoAxmSfg6YWDsYCiH61GxnXeU6hApEok-1739796121-1.0.1.1-tEmYabch81patGdF4AIQT1GK14ALh2CD6wBH0fYoC_w",md: "EBzERn_HOc2KB3taS9eGnrHHNiMkwF_Z3gFq6fQhRAc-1739796121-1.2.1.1-yiFJAwIi9nXIg8ymq90XEu9QcmZy0fmxSfZlQufhsa4o9olpvlpCerQB3fdC71R.h2QBFsFHBCWYnwY6Tf8PEYXPQRkYiF_HKES6S1GdLNlQjCbjuSxlZ_wcUv2iIEjhRcuaFqSsxar7edlpVOFY1LbWN.t7I1sV2vnScKqRTmuooZC2CCSoVWrhOHztRNxq8ugfRSrjPhtP0hKA2xKFtCtJWCJMV.PzKt7JMKnH1HuwZzqV_BYDLBwHFt2nMRKS6eek1l5fp77KhVe05pR8kHCJtWtl6tCIho3Ht_lyvriaYZy99OYKYPwIjCl9IML7Tk.vYBdC0BDJAKkb6HqrkKIkLyM30EPjzZ5LXCNDfjFJv65MXKJFVlDjI9wpRR4FrZj6Imw.cP4OSoh114noNza.W.w.AlaYolD62aUUqGJejrNNm8iYx_O3SCsFjRieUF32uO17sXL9q_UHjIH2dgpoKQ3U1N6fG8YZSH6pibkkxtYJOA9Sn6bUO.a58YVQY23Bq6wOaao7NjeWlOhHJpei_1gcpPMLGNV2pu_ZmbxmN4dGsinSzLLBWoJYxBUTgz4P0JNSpr_OwuSCG95L8zW4CGOwm1Bg0fLq4L8Yg2cvs8Ly7qndnYVl3Oh2l_mf4oEwt2TEDgH553zdV_4m2wpvBFzm7oCxKyTDxwhoT.k9dFa6sV91ti1QnNijfmjPLodSHQ9nh9eyDrHXIH3jFm6wFFX42zba6M47df11SQyg1iL18bHsP70Dkr9LkvWc09x3iY_5fnnwIqIB2VJ_l5Dpk_lwTOxKPTajmmiyX7q8rNvtzsfkALUlnmHuiMM_N_gPSzpPwmg6KqpqCdZHz0w2rk0VvYo8_M.tCEI6ht7T0nA0xX0KEUvFUeTGeA_bhBL4Here6FKpCKRKJJc0eS9_29h2HogFiNMJLDywmNxxeHSakepzMUEitovmmZnFqkzYCmyjOFZl4ZFRT93o2QnRuNVTfcz5eurxM9pPOJN5zy1RmNd8hvB555JAlu8MKILhm5HfrNAqb3jMQ48iqseEnOnoZCxBC4pgdmswZoZoqa2s0GXSAgN8jt.opP4uuu32MoaL1Fa3ysR0yX1acwcmZpR0Dezob0cSCvbmIZ8PAPsolFFx2sJK10R5wkaTl5ocjKFKx0zvIuXJg74eTQWd3GF_JizT4rk8aZYcWAhGniGxfE4PXxwYMobwgPRPJmMeGfw4535gjlR_fYiD1fkRXOdNgBMwy57EH2tB_qs_nAwp7DKs9ES3ou0rZzGErRNLKIUD6cLeLbbzEbN4NKP2i9FOWJ3GdpL.vkr48iJwn_wIAnu0IZf7kHMuxSEag4rzMm639jMgw9LylbC9dCvFWBMHuxuA89lHiQnWv6ihfjffgdMYBIuyAwCjnjZiQOhpDjydnICdbisiKu.YBuo0LeHAVV3F3Ll7Qx2aSZqeGMC4JkDAYMgnPSuqhFTxyoPzM9U_JD2hV_RO3SPUD.t2VJnK19unSz6CYOF5ZUA7TfvyNEE1Qe_0COGAHifAmHcU27_MRYh_PVWtZlkflz_fbW5GQKRO3zjP.JTr_7118LuzBkg7JczMfXYnE04hPXOrSMGcfmQ1w5tT.RNxWCb70q.945dJrLtra9XNQSHQA6LJAnmjWpCOLkgnKC_qkWeItudYvUE2ja7My39KIbryHcmTIyy.la19BuHNQnO.HU8KH.LKwsbaaCD38h4PM3l_e6oa6sYsTYlusP9Qfcq_CZNMX7GLCAtC4Q8HNezyjDGpOZ48kBqacMKCAiyr2IqcbA9YEQ9cuf8.N3rSYPoOe8HXJtfHMvAhB24KkwwLrzMIHUWYY4OqEMecgEyAWMKCfaBRP06CNZcLAJx3Dt0ouXJpa3ZMJFAKO6cJCz0X25Kpr.G50hDXq_r8gMoxJx_TSKXePKV0aZeVbJL8JA",mdrd: "Q5EK_i6fGOOKHrIPF256g7dnrgk_fq_pJcbhqgC7MZQ-1739796121-1.2.1.1-.zN9Id_V9VpOBJiErt7GsF7t5Zu0CcktSvgkmlmZQzlfB6.rCacLmpfU2lgHFmEySQbPBDNEs7LERIrGOYC67sW2yAVMi5VPOM.Z4Jv.y0CvUcoimZKwaLYNqUF4YGws__14Gk8qxLUDdwyQ1OrwgBf8neEhr5t4zrlUtd.urscdR34ZJWZRsoDPSTkrGu6demJwCDAAJwkrrKqwM8y3os5XEDd0Xpc5HkiGba_w7kCsIqejU.gSobeEv0fYwnSR47CdzToXrHgylBe7SsAGp2XoN7TzBh69bs5QpD7g1p7oLQjaYEF3DyOutfIT.kLZCUaCge3EbHLiRKtnEOky3g27zu8oEI5XhNfSCSFf11g8xuj3PQb5ZriLxrcngwxvQdBKFwyTIQugqO8YAgpa.vIgs7Q95pUUo6pSA0EtUVf3.pQKon0JvXa93Tvybx.tkftrqEkn3SYd3KNKrOPIZkgRiyNzqsZ7Q1VWhbOzrwPjAboxkYRV0BrMNQi9Ga78TK6N4TMo3kp7s7KbyJ8ua_rHz4QGTTkGFra5S7oqdkI.pUiD_TNIWtuxuONcQsPxfJRLj6dXKSzgBmAv8oL1gH.Cg48ms9r9TNaAc9T0dnBK7hqc_zuvieTS.dtYLMt4f.mKhRI_YKhw_oaHwZUv3wurenfgK.NdssXYtl17.up3gwH6CUxwp_rLl0Rr2C9vBtrV4YY4og1C46u3FCJzE393cekFE0GNRuNgdAjX_hqRrjvENlULpERTIWW39QKi.cOixwGkLUMU7gGndrbWOdg7iZsWLN_VR0r3pGIGkL1AosJ3cQDZlpQNAVYpBuavhRtSSH0rwibTPWUV2kIhZE8Ns0GYqmj2lBcif8MkKSd8wuxgtHU_Asoki8XcCVWNvI8fvaYMi226wEfJG7W0Q3YrNoHV3wUq45S4jIbvCnFdSdWD3MQUALFnFl0kab6wHannamY52yik9YiHh59RjcmntQbIwJLUyAivJOL1InzjYYKWXabILv_r1PH3cFDAXmIxnkLWS150SaOXujwibAy1PwYJcPpXr4hNCRPraxyJYcNhmRH3MGFt1Bmx_x.39aiarWoUFr1kCn0DC1EzcEO67SXkF_kG2JBshrXcOZCROhGxyzP7DKh57oxhD.gxsaDdThIrk7ksvx2XaKvskUFucGMKmPZSIa7F7jsHJYfZtY34pzlhRlFiCm4XheJaLptuT8Y4F_2iySHBLZAI6xDibDqtxrHRJatRY9otcmvxhh_BatiH0Tyf0H.tZdQ7bR_HUIBvt_FlnlxbERQtuPlnD.u7UzxVzdEVCnCZyGGCDmxYMNyMVDarHJ.k9.IlSG8qmKmikd6l7YkgaECI.9K.8Q6ouxYLzmV0NyqlQUlrpREMCC7MM_dWzyZJe.2ifNfZgUprAGSyfifuSQQBsrLLgjWYlSQ5fVa.S2aiGnpohWBnZSGdklj8BCT725IPNfJDvmEbF2IV0B6bm02GVErGcBvjTtPrZCUwroXkNgidUG8EYWP9worSI6OoGRKJ6BcI4OzolOqkhSqbpx_W9uN5wRq4znUE2fYWjCB2zi2lDOjvigv.Wk.f_8CdRM3lY33pf1WdSSYZa95e0xW.1vPOL02IHWTOPakZIU3nDhANB7WcqGQ9N.21NHQlc5HNS.dznqHMgVUIcHiaHhZeDy.otCwQVTcHVBCO7q1gDADmZLDoE_2JfCFye7lozKHp.pDND406NUXcPZDUa66ViBL8Q4WL0PSKZ6gJcugp8TBSTcHkUCYBNnRwLehnNQTDnXtLUWiEYot5KXGCyi4_KKjElDvAq0Y6k8KgQF.I0GL2D41XCqDSfRx3PEmL0oveiTNOlYwdVdsAO603HhsYc.OGtjNxdHmUW5H0gNjnYZ78IgYoGicetURX6dew_SSAndQdCmZsVNL8i3TQSBGbBfNHYXmQjV7gELJV3L99JncJ_0pqVn4Dv4XaW596UGYnyJm9.xQr25dt93WjGyIl.g"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135dadf5e95a8db';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=small-scale&__cf_chl_rt_tk=UpaVKlWs6cBOoAxmSfg6YWDsYCiH61GxnXeU6hApEok-1739796121-1.0.1.1-tEmYabch81patGdF4AIQT1GK14ALh2CD6wBH0fYoC_w" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>