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<meta name="description" content="Search results for: GTAW"> <meta name="keywords" content="GTAW"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="GTAW"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 9</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: GTAW</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Evaluation of Stress Relief using Ultrasonic Peening in GTAW Welding and Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) in Stainless Steel, and Comparison with the Thermal Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamidreza%20Mansouri">Hamidreza Mansouri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the construction industry, the lifespan of a metal structure is directly related to the quality of welding. In most metal structures, the welded area is considered critical and is one of the most important factors in design. To date, many fracture incidents caused by these types of cracks have occurred. Various methods exist to increase the lifespan of welds to prevent failure in the welded area. Among these methods, the application of ultrasonic peening, in addition to the stress relief process, can manually and more precisely adjust the geometry of the weld toe and prevent stress concentration in this part. This research examined Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) on common structural steels and 316 stainless steel, which require precise welding, to predict the optimal condition. The GTAW method was used to create residual stress; two samples underwent ultrasonic stress relief, and for comparison, two samples underwent thermal stress relief. Also, no treatment was considered for two samples. The residual stress of all six pieces was measured by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) method. Then, the two ultrasonically stress-relieved samples and two untreated samples were exposed to a corrosive environment to initiate cracking and determine the effectiveness of the ultrasonic stress relief method. Thus, the residual stress caused by GTAW in the samples decreased by 3.42% with thermal treatment and by 7.69% with ultrasonic peening. Furthermore, the results show that the untreated sample developed cracks after 740 hours, while the ultrasonically stress-relieved piece showed no cracks. Given the high costs of welding and post-welding zone modification processes, finding an economical, effective, and comprehensive method that has the least limitations alongside a broad spectrum of usage is of great importance. Therefore, the impact of various ultrasonic peening stress relief parameters and the selection of the best stress relief parameter to achieve the longest lifespan for the weld area is highly significant. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GTAW%20welding" title="GTAW welding">GTAW welding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress%20corrosion%20cracking%28SCC%29" title=" stress corrosion cracking(SCC)"> stress corrosion cracking(SCC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20method" title=" thermal method"> thermal method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasonic%20peening." title=" ultrasonic peening."> ultrasonic peening.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185199/evaluation-of-stress-relief-using-ultrasonic-peening-in-gtaw-welding-and-stress-corrosion-cracking-scc-in-stainless-steel-and-comparison-with-the-thermal-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185199.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">50</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Modelling Magnetohydrodynamics to Investigate Variation of Shielding Gases on Arc Characteristics in the GTAW Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stuart%20W.%20Campbell">Stuart W. Campbell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexander%20M.%20Galloway"> Alexander M. Galloway</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norman%20A.%20McPherson"> Norman A. McPherson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Duncan%20Camilleri"> Duncan Camilleri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Micallef"> Daniel Micallef</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gas tungsten arc welding requires a gas shield to be present in order to protect the arc area from contamination by atmospheric gases. As a result of each gas having its own unique thermophysical properties, the shielding gas selected can have a major influence on the arc stability, welding speed, weld appearance and geometry, mechanical properties and fume generation. Alternating shielding gases is a relatively new method of discreetly supplying two different shielding gases to the welding region in order to take advantage of the beneficial properties of each gas, as well as the inherent pulsing effects generated. As part of an ongoing process to fully evaluate the effects of this novel supply method, a computational fluid dynamics model has been generated to include the gas dependent thermodynamic and transport properties in order to evaluate the effects that an alternating gas supply has on the arc plasma. Experimental trials have also been conducted to validate the model arc profile predictions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alternating%20shielding%20gases" title="Alternating shielding gases">Alternating shielding gases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ANSYS%20CFX" title=" ANSYS CFX"> ANSYS CFX</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gas%20tungsten%20arc%20welding%28GTAW%29" title=" Gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW)"> Gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetohydrodynamics%28MHD%29" title=" magnetohydrodynamics(MHD)"> magnetohydrodynamics(MHD)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7607/modelling-magnetohydrodynamics-to-investigate-variation-of-shielding-gases-on-arc-characteristics-in-the-gtaw-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7607.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">436</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Tribological Study of TiC Powder Cladding on 6061 Aluminum Alloy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuan-Ching%20Lin">Yuan-Ching Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sin-Yu%20Chen"> Sin-Yu Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pei-Yu%20Wu"> Pei-Yu Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study reports the improvement in the wear performance of A6061 aluminum alloy clad with mixed powders of titanium carbide (TiC), copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al) using the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) method. The wear performance of the A6061 clad layers was evaluated by performing pin-on-disc mode wear test. Experimental results clearly indicate an enhancement in the hardness of the clad layer by about two times that of the A6061 substrate without cladding. Wear test demonstrated a significant improvement in the wear performance of the clad layer when compared with the A6061 substrate without cladding. Moreover, the interface between the clad layer and the A6061 substrate exhibited superior metallurgical bonding. Due to this bonding, the clad layer did not spall during the wear test; as such, massive wear loss was prevented. Additionally, massive oxidized particulate debris was generated on the worn surface during the wear test; this resulted in three-body abrasive wear and reduced the wear behavior of the clad surface. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GTAW%E3%80%81A6061%20aluminum%20alloy" title="GTAW銆丄6061 aluminum alloy">GTAW銆丄6061 aluminum alloy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%E3%80%81surface%20modification" title="銆乻urface modification">銆乻urface modification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tribological%20study" title=" tribological study"> tribological study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TiC%20powder%20cladding" title=" TiC powder cladding"> TiC powder cladding</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25409/tribological-study-of-tic-powder-cladding-on-6061-aluminum-alloy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25409.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">463</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Investigation of Distortion and Impact Strength of 304 L Butt Joint Using Different Weld Groove </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Sharma">A. Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20S.%20Sandhu"> S. S. Sandhu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.Shahi"> A.Shahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Kumar"> A. Kumar </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the effects of geometric configurations of butt joints i.e. double V groove, double U groove and UV groove of AISI 304L of thickness 12 mm by using Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) are investigated. The magnitude of transverse shrinkage stress and distortion generated during welding under the unrestrained conditions of butt joints is the main objective of the study. The effect of groove design on impact strength and metallurgical properties are also studied. The Finite element analysis for the groove design is done and compared the actual experimentation. The experimental results and the FEM results were compared and reveal a very good correlation for distortion and weld groove design for multipass joint with a standard analogy of 80%. In the case of VV groove design it was found that the transverse stress and cumulative deflection have the lowest value. It was found that the UV groove design had the maximum ultimate and yield tensile strength, VV groove had the highest impact strength. Vicker鈥檚 hardness value of all the groove design was measured. Micro structural studies were carried out using conventional microscopic tools which revealed a lot of useful information for correlating the microstructure with mechanical properties. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weld%20groove%20design" title="weld groove design">weld groove design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distortion" title=" distortion"> distortion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AISI%20304%20L" title=" AISI 304 L"> AISI 304 L</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=butt%20joint" title=" butt joint"> butt joint</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FEM" title=" FEM"> FEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GTAW" title=" GTAW"> GTAW</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20711/investigation-of-distortion-and-impact-strength-of-304-l-butt-joint-using-different-weld-groove" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20711.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">366</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Characterization of Two Hybrid Welding Techniques on SA 516 Grade 70 Weldments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20T.%20Z.%20Butt">M. T. Z. Butt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Ahmad"> T. Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20A.%20Siddiqui"> N. A. Siddiqui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Commercially SA 516 Grade 70 is frequently used for the manufacturing of pressure vessels, boilers and storage tanks etc. in fabrication industry. Heat input is the major parameter during welding that may bring significant changes in the microstructure as well as the mechanical properties. Different welding technique has different heat input rate per unit surface area. Materials with large thickness are dealt with different combination of welding techniques to achieve required mechanical properties. In the present research two schemes: Scheme 1: SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding) & GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) and Scheme 2: SMAW & SAW (Submerged Arc Welding) of hybrid welding techniques have been studied. The purpose of these schemes was to study hybrid welding effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the weldment, heat affected zone and base metal area. It is significant to note that the thickness of base plate was 12 mm, also welding conditions and parameters were set according to ASME Section IX. It was observed that two different hybrid welding techniques performed on two different plates demonstrated that the mechanical properties of both schemes are more or less similar. It means that the heat input, welding techniques and varying welding operating conditions & temperatures did not make any detrimental effect on the mechanical properties. Hence, the hybrid welding techniques mentioned in the present study are favorable to implicate for the industry using the plate thickness around 12 mm thick. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grade%2070" title="grade 70">grade 70</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GTAW" title=" GTAW"> GTAW</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20welding" title=" hybrid welding"> hybrid welding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SAW" title=" SAW"> SAW</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SMAW" title=" SMAW"> SMAW</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51031/characterization-of-two-hybrid-welding-techniques-on-sa-516-grade-70-weldments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51031.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">339</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Gas Tungsten Arc Welded Joints of Cast Al-Mg-Sc Alloy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Subbaiah">K. Subbaiah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20V.%20Jeyakumar"> C. V. Jeyakumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20R.%20Koteswara%20Rao"> S. R. Koteswara Rao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cast Aluminum-Magnesium-Scandium alloy was Gas Tungsten Arc (GTA) welded, and the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joint and its component parts were examined and analyzed. The global joint fractured in the base metal, and thus possessed slightly greater tensile strength than the base metal. These results clearly show that Gas Tungsten Arc welding is an optimum / suitable welding process for cast Aluminum-Magnesium-Scandium alloys. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cast%20Al-Mg-Sc%20alloy" title="cast Al-Mg-Sc alloy">cast Al-Mg-Sc alloy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GTAW" title=" GTAW"> GTAW</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microstructure" title=" microstructure"> microstructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20properties" title=" mechanical properties"> mechanical properties</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18496/gas-tungsten-arc-welded-joints-of-cast-al-mg-sc-alloy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18496.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">412</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Intermetallic Phases in the Fusion Weld of CP Ti to Stainless Steel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juzar%20Vohra">Juzar Vohra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ravish%20Malhotra"> Ravish Malhotra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tim%20Pasang"> Tim Pasang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mana%20Azizi"> Mana Azizi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuan%20Tao"> Yuan Tao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masami%20Mizutani">Masami Mizutani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, dissimilar welding of titanium to stainless steels is reported. Laser Beam Welding (LBW) and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) were employed to join CPTi to SS304. The welds were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). FeTi, Ti2Cr and Fe2Ti dendrites are formed along with beta phase titanium matrix. The hardness values of these phases are high which makes them brittle and leading to cracking along the weld pool. However, it is believed that cracking, hence, fracturing of this weld joint is largely due to the difference in thermal properties of the two alloys. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dissimilar%20metals" title="dissimilar metals">dissimilar metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fusion%20welding" title=" fusion welding"> fusion welding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intermetallics" title=" intermetallics"> intermetallics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brittle" title=" brittle"> brittle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35283/intermetallic-phases-in-the-fusion-weld-of-cp-ti-to-stainless-steel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35283.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">495</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Study the Effect of Sensitization on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Gas Tungsten Arc Welded AISI 304 Stainless Steel Joints</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Viranshu%20Kumar">Viranshu Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hitesh%20Arora"> Hitesh Arora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pradeep%20Joshi"> Pradeep Joshi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> SS 304 is Austenitic stainless steel with Chromium and Nickel as basic constituents. It has excellent corrosion resistance properties and very good weldability. Austenitic stainless steels have superior mechanical properties at high temperatures and are used extensively in a range of applications. SS 304L has wide applications in various industries viz. Nuclear, Pharmaceutical, marine, chemical etc. due to its excellent applications and ease of joining this material has become very popular for fabrication as well as weld surfacing. Austenitic stainless steels have a tendency to form chromium depleted zones at the grain boundaries during welding and heat treatment, where chromium combines with available carbon in the vicinity of the grain boundaries, to produce an area depleted in chromium, and thus becomes susceptible to intergranular corrosion. This phenomenon is known as sensitization. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensitization" title="sensitization">sensitization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SS%20304" title=" SS 304"> SS 304</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GTAW" title=" GTAW"> GTAW</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20properties" title=" mechanical properties"> mechanical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbideprecipitationHAZ" title=" carbideprecipitationHAZ"> carbideprecipitationHAZ</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microstructure" title=" microstructure"> microstructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro%20hardness" title=" micro hardness"> micro hardness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tensile%20strength" title=" tensile strength"> tensile strength</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21758/study-the-effect-of-sensitization-on-the-microstructure-and-mechanical-properties-of-gas-tungsten-arc-welded-aisi-304-stainless-steel-joints" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21758.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">398</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Structural and Microstructural Analysis of White Etching Layer Formation by Electrical Arcing Induced on the Surface of Rail Track</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Ahmed%20Ali%20Al-Juboori">Ali Ahmed Ali Al-Juboori</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Zhu"> H. Zhu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Wexler"> D. Wexler</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Li"> H. Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Lu"> C. Lu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20McLeod"> J. McLeod</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Pannila"> S. Pannila</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Barnes"> J. Barnes</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A number of studies have focused on the formation mechanics of white etching layer and its origin in the railway operation. Until recently, the following hypotheses consider the precise mechanics of WELs formation: (i) WELs are the result of thermal process caused by wheel slip; (ii) WELs are mechanically induced by severe plastic deformation; (iii) WELs are caused by a combination of thermo-mechanical process. The mechanisms discussed above lead to occurrence of white etching layers on the area of wheel and rail contact. This is because the contact patch which is the active point of the wheel on the rail is exposed to highest shear stresses which result in localised severe plastic deformation; and highest rate of heat caused by wheel slipe during excessive traction or braking effort. However, if the WELs are not on the running band area, it would suggest that there is another cause of WELs formation. In railway system, particularly electrified railway, arcing phenomenon has been occurring more often and regularly on the rails. In electrified railway, the current is delivered to the train traction motor via contact wires and then returned to the station via the contact between the wheel and the rail. If the contact between the wheel and the rail is temporarily losing, due to dynamic vibration, entrapped dirt or water, lubricant effect or oxidation occurrences, high current can jump through the gap and results in arcing. The other resources of arcing also include the wheel passage the insulated joint and lightning on a train during bad weather. During the arcing, an extensive heat is generated and speared over a large area of top surface of rail. Thus, arcing is considered another heat source in the rail head (rather than wheel slipe) that results in microstructural changes and white etching layer formation. A head hardened (HH) rail steel, cut from a curved rail truck was used for the investigation. Samples were sectioned from a depth of 10 mm below the rail surface, where the material is considered to be still within the hardened layer but away from any microstructural changes on the top surface layer caused by train passage. These samples were subjected to electrical discharges by using Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) machine. The arc current was controlled and moved along the samples surface in the direction of travel, as indicated by an arrow. Five different conditions were applied on the surface of the samples. Samples containing pre-existed WELs, taken from ex-service rail surface, were also considered in this study for comparison. Both simulated and ex-serviced WELs were characterised by advanced methods including SEM, TEM, TKD, EDS, XRD. Samples for TEM and TKFD were prepared by Focused Ion Beam (FIB) milling. The results showed that both simulated WELs by electrical arcing and ex-service WEL comprise similar microstructure. Brown etching layer was found with WELs and likely induced by a concurrent tempering process. This study provided a clear understanding of new formation mechanics of WELs which contributes to track maintenance procedure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=white%20etching%20layer" title="white etching layer">white etching layer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arcing" title=" arcing"> arcing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brown%20etching%20layer" title=" brown etching layer"> brown etching layer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=material%20characterisation" title=" material characterisation"> material characterisation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112880/structural-and-microstructural-analysis-of-white-etching-layer-formation-by-electrical-arcing-induced-on-the-surface-of-rail-track" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112880.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">121</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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